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Xuan Y, Ding TT, Mao XL, Pang S, He R, Qin L, Yuan JZ. Liraglutide alleviates high-fat diet-induced kidney injury in mice by regulating the CaMKKβ/AMPK pathway. Ren Fail 2024; 46:2351473. [PMID: 38915241 PMCID: PMC11207906 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2024.2351473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, has been shown to regulate blood sugar and control body weight, but its ability to treat obesity-related nephropathy has been poorly studied. Therefore, this study was designed to observe the characteristics and potential mechanism of liraglutide against obesity-related kidney disease. METHODS Thirty-six C57BL/6J male mice were randomly divided into six groups (n = 6 per group). Obesity-related nephropathy was induced in mice by continuous feeding of high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, liraglutide (0.6 mg/kg) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) agonists bortezomib (200 μg/kg) were injected for 12 weeks, respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to detect the levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine in serum, as well as urinary protein in urine. Besides, hematoxylin-eosin staining and periodic acid-Schiff staining were used to observe the pathological changes of kidney tissue; immunohistochemistry, western blot, and real-time quantitative PCR to assess the calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase beta (CaMKKβ)/AMPK signaling pathway activation. RESULTS Liraglutide significantly reduced serum lipid loading, improved kidney function, and relieved kidney histopathological damage and glycogen deposition in the mouse model of obesity-related kidney disease induced by HFD. In addition, liraglutide also significantly inhibited the CaMKKβ/AMPK signaling pathway in kidney tissue of HFD-induced mice. However, bortezomib partially reversed the therapeutic effect of liraglutide on HDF-induced nephropathy in mice. CONCLUSIONS Liraglutide has a therapeutic effect on obesity-related kidney disease, and such an effect may be achieved by inhibiting the CaMKKβ/AMPK signaling pathway in kidney tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Xuan
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Baoshan Branch of Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting-ting Ding
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Baoshan Branch of Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-lei Mao
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Baoshan Branch of Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiqing Pang
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Baoshan Branch of Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruibin He
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Baoshan Branch of Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Baoshan Branch of Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang zi Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Baoshan Branch of Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Palacios S, Chedraui P, Sanchez-Borrego R, Coronado P, Simoncini T, Schauding K, Hillard T, Nappi RE. Management of obesity in menopause. Climacteric 2024; 27:357-363. [PMID: 39016333 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2024.2374760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of obesity imposes significant health challenges, particularly in women undergoing menopause. Effective obesity management is essential to mitigate associated comorbidities and improve quality of life. The pillars of obesity treatment encompass lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy and surgical interventions. Pharmacotherapy may be considered for women who do not achieve adequate weight loss through lifestyle changes alone and have obesity or overweight with risk factors. Bariatric surgery is reserved for individuals with severe obesity or those with obesity-related complications. During menopause, hormonal changes contribute to weight gain and fat redistribution, complicating obesity management. Tailored treatment strategies are necessary to address the unique challenges faced by this population. The role of physicians and gynecologists is pivotal in the multidisciplinary approach to obesity management during menopause. Gynecologists are often the primary health-care providers for menopausal women and are in a unique position to offer guidance on weight management. They can provide personalized counseling, coordinate with nutritionists, endocrinologists and bariatric specialists, and monitor the effects of obesity and its treatment on reproductive health. By integrating obesity management into routine gynecological care, gynecologists can significantly impact the overall health and well-being of menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Chedraui
- Escuela de Postgrado en Salud, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador
| | | | - Pluvio Coronado
- Women's Health Institute, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tommaso Simoncini
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Katrin Schauding
- Hormone Hamburg, Practice for Gynecological Endocrinology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Hillard
- Poole Menopause Centre, University Hospitals Dorset, Poole, UK
| | - Rossella E Nappi
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Gynecological Endocrinology and Menopause, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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Merkel R, Hernandez N, Weir V, Zhang Y, Rich MT, Crist RC, Reiner BC, Schmidt HD. An endogenous GLP-1 circuit engages VTA GABA neurons to regulate mesolimbic dopamine neurons and attenuate cocaine seeking. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.20.599574. [PMID: 38979354 PMCID: PMC11230186 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.20.599574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies show that systemic administration of a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist is sufficient to attenuate the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior, an animal model of relapse. However, the neural mechanisms mediating these effects and the role of endogenous central GLP-1 signaling in cocaine seeking remain unknown. Here, we show that voluntary cocaine taking decreased plasma GLP-1 levels in rats and that chemogenetic activation of GLP-1-producing neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) that project to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) decreased cocaine reinstatement. Single nuclei transcriptomics and FISH studies revealed GLP-1Rs are expressed primarily on GABA neurons in the VTA. Using in vivo fiber photometry, we found that the efficacy of a systemic GLP-1R agonist to attenuate cocaine seeking was associated with increased activity of VTA GABA neurons and decreased activity of VTA dopamine neurons. Together, these findings suggest that targeting central GLP-1 circuits may be an effective strategy toward reducing cocaine relapse and highlight a novel functional role of GABAergic GLP-1R-expressing midbrain neurons in drug seeking.
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Ramos Belinchón C, Martínez-Lozano H, Serrano Moreno C, Hernández Castillo D, Lois Chicharro P, Ferreira Ocampo P, Marín-Jiménez I, Bretón Lesmes I, Menchén L. Effectiveness and safety of GLP-1 agonist in obese patients with inflammatory bowel disease. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ENFERMEDADES DIGESTIVAS 2024. [PMID: 38767015 DOI: 10.17235/reed.2024.10305/2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity affects many patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 agonists are a promising therapy for obese patients. However, there is a lack of evidence of the use of these drugs in IBD populations. We investigated the efficacy and safety of GLP-1 agonists in a cohort of obese patients with IBD. METHODS We analyzed a cohort of consecutive IBD patients who received GLP-1 agonists indicated for treating obesity between 2019 and 2021. The GLP-1 agonists included were semaglutide 1.0 mg or liraglutide 3.0 mg. The coprimary endpoints were the percentage of change in body weight from baseline to 6 months and a weight reduction of 5% or more at 6 months. In addition, we reviewed the safety profile of GLP-1 agonist therapy and its impact on the IBD course. RESULTS We included 16 obese patients with IBD (9 CD and 7 UC). The median body mass index at baseline was 35 (32-37). The percentage of change in body weight was -6.2% (-3.4-(-8.5)) at 6 months, and a 5% or more weight reduction was achieved in 58.3% (7/12) of patients at 6 months. The most common side effect was nausea (13.3%), and one patient withdrew for diarrhea. IBD activity score did not change significantly during follow-up. CONCLUSION Our results showed that GLP-1 agonists were effective and had a good safety profile in IBD patients. Most adverse effects were mild, and the IBD activity had no significant changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Ramos Belinchón
- Digestive Diseases, Hospital General Universitario-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón
| | - Helena Martínez-Lozano
- Digestive Diseases, Hospital General Universitario-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, España
| | | | - Diego Hernández Castillo
- Digestive Diseases , Hospital General Universitario-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón
| | | | | | - Ignacio Marín-Jiménez
- Digestive Diseases , Hospital General Universitario-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón
| | - Irene Bretón Lesmes
- Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón
| | - Luis Menchén
- Digestive Diseases, Hospital General Universitario-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón
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Cappelletti AM, Valenzuela Montero A, Cercato C, Duque Ossman JJ, Fletcher Vasquez PE, García García JE, Mancillas-Adame LG, Manrique HA, Ranchos Monterroso FDM, Segarra P, Navas T. Consensus on pharmacological treatment of obesity in Latin America. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13683. [PMID: 38123524 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
A panel of 10 experts in obesity from various Latin American countries held a Zoom meeting intending to reach a consensus on the use of anti-obesity medicines and make updated recommendations suitable for the Latin American population based on the available evidence. A questionnaire with 16 questions was developed using the Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome (Result) methodology, which was iterated according to the modified Delphi methodology, and a consensus was reached with 80% or higher agreement. Failure to reach a consensus led to a second round of analysis with a rephrased question and the same rules for agreement. The recommendations were drafted based on the guidelines of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice. This panel of experts recommends drug therapy in patients with a body mass index of ≥30 or ≥27 kg/m2 plus at least one comorbidity, when lifestyle changes are not enough to achieve the weight loss objective; alternatively, lifestyle changes could be maintained while considering individual parameters. Algorithms for the use of long-term medications are suggested based on drugs that increase or decrease body weight, results, contraindications, and medications that are not recommended. The authors concluded that anti-obesity treatments should be individualized and multidisciplinary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Cappelletti
- Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Argentine Society of Nutrition, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Cintia Cercato
- Endocrinology and Metabology Service, Clinics Hospital, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pablo Segarra
- Ecuadorian Society of Endocrinology, Quito, Ecuador
- Ecuadorian Society of Internal Medicine, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Trina Navas
- General Hospital "Dr. José Gregorio Hernandez", Los Magallanes, Caracas, Venezuela
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Jamal M, Qasem W, Hamshari F, Dsouza C, Alqallaf N, Otiku P, Nnaji CA. Effectiveness and tolerability of liraglutide for the management of weight regain following sleeve gastrectomy. Obes Sci Pract 2024; 10:e706. [PMID: 38259354 PMCID: PMC10801437 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background There is currently very little research evidence on the benefits and safety of liraglutide in the management of weight regain or inadequate weight loss following metabolic and bariatric surgery. This study aimed to determine the clinical effectiveness and tolerability of liraglutide as an adjunct therapy for managing weight regain and inadequate weight loss following sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Methods This was a retrospective analysis of medical records conducted at a private clinic in Kuwait. Results Data of 57 post-SG patients were included in the analysis. The mean (±SD) pre-treatment weight was 96.12 (29.26) kg. Following a median liraglutide treatment duration of approximately 3 months, the mean post-treatment weight was 90.19 (26.82) kg. This represents a statistically significant mean weight loss of 5.94 (6.31) kg (p < 0.001), corresponding to a loss of 6.20% of pre-treatment weight. Patients aged 31-40 years achieved a greater post-treatment weight loss of 7.63 (7.41) kg, a loss of 7.80%, relative to age groups after treatment (p = 0.047). Patients who tolerated ≥2.4 mg of liraglutide recorded a higher mean weight loss of 8.42 (7.63) kg, a loss of 8.10% (p = 0.010). Conclusion The use of liraglutide may be an effective adjunct treatment for weight optimization following SG. Maximizing the tolerable dose may yield greater weight reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Jamal
- Department of Organ TransplantHealth Sciences CenterKuwait UniversityKuwait CityKuwait
- The ClinicKuwait CityKuwait
- Department of SurgeryJaber HospitalKuwait CityKuwait
- Department of SurgeryHealth Sciences CenterKuwait UniversityKuwait CityKuwait
| | - Wafa Qasem
- The ClinicKuwait CityKuwait
- Mubarak HospitalKuwait CityKuwait
| | | | - Carol Dsouza
- Department of SurgeryHealth Sciences CenterKuwait UniversityKuwait CityKuwait
| | | | - Paul Otiku
- Faculty of Health SciencesDepartment of Public HealthLira UniversityLiraUganda
| | - Chukwudi A. Nnaji
- School of Public Health and Family MedicineUniversity of Cape TownRondeboschSouth Africa
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Fernández-Verdejo R, Mey JT, Ravussin E. Effects of ketone bodies on energy expenditure, substrate utilization, and energy intake in humans. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100442. [PMID: 37703994 PMCID: PMC10570604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential of ketogenic approaches to regulate energy balance has recently gained attention since ketones may influence both energy expenditure and energy intake. In this narrative review, we summarized the most relevant evidence about the role of ketosis on energy expenditure, substrate utilization, and energy intake in humans. We considered different strategies to induce ketosis, such as fasting, dietary manipulation, and exogenous ketone sources. In general, ketosis does not have a major influence on energy expenditure but promotes a shift in substrate utilization towards ketone body oxidation. The strategies to induce ketosis by reduction of dietary carbohydrate availability (e.g., ketogenic diets) do not independently influence energy intake, being thus equally effective for weight loss as diets with higher carbohydrate content. In contrast, the intake of medium-chain triglycerides and ketone esters induces ketosis and appears to increase energy expenditure and reduce energy intake in the context of high carbohydrate availability. These latter strategies lead to slightly enhanced weight loss. Unfortunately, distinguishing the effects of the various ketogenic strategies per se from the effects of other physiological responses is not possible with the available human data. Highly controlled, inpatient studies using targeted strategies to isolate the independent effects of ketones are required to adequately address this knowledge gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Fernández-Verdejo
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; Laboratorio de Fisiología del Ejercicio y Metabolismo (LABFEM), Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jacob T Mey
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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Fortin SM, Chen JC, Petticord MC, Ragozzino FJ, Peters JH, Hayes MR. The locus coeruleus contributes to the anorectic, nausea, and autonomic physiological effects of glucagon-like peptide-1. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh0980. [PMID: 37729419 PMCID: PMC10511187 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh0980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Increasing the therapeutic potential and reducing the side effects of U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists used to treat obesity require complete characterization of the central mechanisms that mediate both the food intake-suppressive and illness-like effects of GLP-1R signaling. Our studies, in the rat, demonstrate that GLP-1Rs in the locus coeruleus (LC) are pharmacologically and physiologically relevant for food intake control. Furthermore, agonism of LC GLP-1Rs induces illness-like behaviors, and antagonism of LC GLP-1Rs can attenuate GLP-1R-mediated nausea. Electrophysiological and behavioral pharmacology data support a role for LC GLP-1Rs expressed on presynaptic glutamatergic terminals in the control of feeding and malaise. Collectively, our work establishes the LC as a site of action for GLP-1 signaling and extends our understanding of the GLP-1 signaling mechanism necessary for the development of improved obesity pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M. Fortin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jack C. Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marisa C. Petticord
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Forrest J. Ragozzino
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - James H. Peters
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Matthew R. Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Zhang Z, Zhang Q, Tan Y, Chen Y, Zhou X, Liu S, Yu J. GLP-1RAs caused gastrointestinal adverse reactions of drug withdrawal: a system review and network meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1149328. [PMID: 37484944 PMCID: PMC10359616 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1149328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) significantly reduce postprandial blood glucose, inhibit appetite, and delay gastrointestinal emptying. However, it is controversial that some patients are intolerant to GLP-1RAs. Methods PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using GLP-1RAs with documented withdrawal due to gastrointestinal adverse reactions (GI AEs) from their inception to September 28, 2022. After extracting the information incorporated into the studies, a random-effects network meta-analysis was performed within a frequentist framework. Results 64 RCTs were finally enrolled, which included six major categories of the GLP-1RA. The sample size of the GLP-1RAs treatment group was 16,783 cases. The risk of intolerable gastrointestinal adverse reactions of Liraglutide and Semaglutide was higher than that of Dulaglutide. Meanwhile, the higher the dose of the same GLP-1RA preparation, the more likely to cause these adverse reactions. These intolerable GI AEs were not significantly related to drug homology or formulations and may be related to the degree of suppression of the appetite center. Conclusion Dulaglutide caused the lowest intolerable GI AEs, while Liraglutide and Semaglutide were the highest. For Semaglutide, the higher the dose, the more likely it is to drive GI AEs. Meanwhile, the risk of these GI AEs is independent of the different formulations of the drug. All these findings can effectively guide individualized treatment. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022359346, identifier CRD42022359346.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiling Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Tan
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiqiao Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Su Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiangyi Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Popoviciu MS, Păduraru L, Yahya G, Metwally K, Cavalu S. Emerging Role of GLP-1 Agonists in Obesity: A Comprehensive Review of Randomised Controlled Trials. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10449. [PMID: 37445623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic disease with high prevalence and associated comorbidities, making it a growing global concern. These comorbidities include type 2 diabetes, hypertension, ventilatory dysfunction, arthrosis, venous and lymphatic circulation diseases, depression, and others, which have a negative impact on health and increase morbidity and mortality. GLP-1 agonists, used to treat type 2 diabetes, have been shown to be effective in promoting weight loss in preclinical and clinical studies. This review summarizes numerous studies conducted on the main drugs in the GLP-1 agonists class, outlining the maximum achievable weight loss. Our aim is to emphasize the active role and main outcomes of GLP-1 agonists in promoting weight loss, as well as in improving hyperglycemia, insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, cardio-metabolic, and renal protection. We highlight the pleiotropic effects of these medications, along with their indications, contraindications, and precautions for both diabetic and non-diabetic patients, based on long-term follow-up studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela-Simona Popoviciu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Lorena Păduraru
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Galal Yahya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Al Sharqia 44519, Egypt
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich Str. 24, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Kamel Metwally
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Simona Cavalu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410073 Oradea, Romania
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Wen Q, Fang S, Liang Y, Tian Y, Chen Y, Yuan J, Chen Q. Short-term effect of beinaglutide combined with metformin versus metformin alone on weight loss and metabolic profiles in obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a pilot randomized trial. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1156521. [PMID: 37347114 PMCID: PMC10280986 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1156521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To observe the effect of beinaglutide combined with metformin versus metformin alone on weight loss and metabolic profiles in obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS). Methods A total of 64 overweight/obese women with PCOS diagnosed via the Rotterdam criteria were randomly assigned to metformin(MET) 850 mg twice a day(BID) or combined MET 850 mg BID with beinaglutide (COMB) starting at 0.1mg three times a day(TID)and increasing to 0.2mg TID two weeks later. The main endpoints were changes in anthropometric measurements of obesity. Glucose and lipid metabolic, gonadal profiles, and antral follicle count changes as secondary outcomes were also observed. Results 60(93.75%) patients completed the study. In terms of lowering weight, body mass index (BMI),waist circumference(WC) and waist to height ratio(WHtR), COMB treatment outperformed MET monotherapy. Subjects in the COMB arm lost weight 4.54±3.16kg compared with a 2.47±3.59kg loss in the MET arm. In the COMB group, BMI,WC and WHtR were reduced significantly compared with that in the MET group, respectively. COMB therapy is also more favorable in the reduction of fasting insulin(FINS), total testosterone(TT), and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance(HOMA-IR) when compared to MET therapy. Antral follicle count and ovarian volume were non-significantly changed in both groups.The most frequent side effects in both groups were mild and moderate digestive symptoms. Itching and induration at the injection site were reported with COMB treatment. Conclusion Short-term combined treatment with beinaglutide and metformin appears superior to metformin monotherapy in lowering body weight, BMI, WC,WHtR and improving insulin sensitivity and androgen excess in women with PCOS and obesity, with tolerable adverse events. Clinical trial registration https://www.chictr.org.cn/listbycreater.aspx, identifier ChiCTR2000033741.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wen
- Medical Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Song Fang
- Medical Department of Endocrinology, The Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Longquanyi, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanjing Liang
- Medical Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuting Tian
- Medical Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiding Chen
- Medical Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Yuan
- Medical Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiu Chen
- Medical Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Webster CM, Mittal N, Dhurandhar EJ, Dhurandhar NV. Potential contributors to variation in weight-loss response to liraglutide. Obes Rev 2023:e13568. [PMID: 37069131 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Obesity treatment requires a chronic state of negative energy balance. Obesity medications can help with this, increasing long-term dietary compliance by promoting satiety or reducing hunger. However, efficacy and safety of obesity medications vary for individuals. Early identification of non-responders to obesity medications may limit drug exposure while optimizing benefits for responders. This review summarizes factors that impact weight-loss response to liraglutide. Factors linked to greater weight loss on liraglutide include being female, not having diabetes, having relatively high baseline weight, and losing at least 4% of initial weight after 16 weeks of treatment. Other covariates that may predict treatment response but require further confirmation include central effects, nausea, gastric emptying of solids, and genotype. Baseline body mass index, race, and age seem less relevant for predicting weight-loss response to liraglutide. Lesser known and harder-to-measure factors such as cerebral blood flow, food cue reactivity, gut hormone levels, and dietary adherence possibly impact variability of response to liraglutide. This information should assist healthcare providers with establishing realistic weight-loss probability for individual patients. Future research should improve the ability to identify responders to liraglutide. Importantly, this review may provide a framework to identify responders to other obesity medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsi M Webster
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Neha Mittal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | | | - Nikhil V Dhurandhar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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13
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Wang JY, Wang QW, Yang XY, Yang W, Li DR, Jin JY, Zhang HC, Zhang XF. GLP-1 receptor agonists for the treatment of obesity: Role as a promising approach. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1085799. [PMID: 36843578 PMCID: PMC9945324 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1085799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex disease characterized by excessive fat accumulation which is caused by genetic, environmental and other factors. In recent years, there has been an increase in the morbidity, disability rate,and mortality due to obesity, making it great threat to people's health and lives, and increasing public health care expenses. Evidence from previous studies show that weight loss can significantly reduce the risk of obesity-related complications and chronic diseases. Diet control, moderate exercise, behavior modification programs, bariatric surgery and prescription drug treatment are the major interventions used to help people lose weight. Among them, anti-obesity drugs have high compliance rates and cause noticeable short-term effects in reducing obese levels. However, given the safety or effectiveness concerns of anti-obesity drugs, many of the currently used drugs have limited clinical use. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists are a group of drugs that targets incretin hormone action, and its receptors are widely distributed in nerves, islets, heart, lung, skin, and other organs. Several animal experiments and clinical trials have demonstrated that GLP-1R agonists are more effective in treating or preventing obesity. Therefore, GLP-1R agonists are promising agents for the treatment of obese individuals. This review describes evidence from previous research on the effects of GLP-1R agonists on obesity. We anticipate that this review will generate data that will help biomedical researchers or clinical workers develop obesity treatments based on GLP-1R agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yue Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Quan-Wei Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin-Yu Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dong-Rui Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing-Yu Jin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui-Cong Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xian-Feng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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14
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Gallop MR, Tobin SY, Chaix A. Finding balance: understanding the energetics of time-restricted feeding in mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31 Suppl 1:22-39. [PMID: 36513496 PMCID: PMC9877167 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the course of mammalian evolution, the ability to store energy likely conferred a survival advantage when food became scarce. A long-term increase in energy storage results from an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure, two tightly regulated parameters that generally balance out to maintain a fairly stable body weight. Understanding the molecular determinants of this feat likely holds the key to new therapeutic development to manage obesity and associated metabolic dysfunctions. Time-restricted feeding (TRF), a dietary intervention that limits feeding to the active phase, can prevent and treat obesity and metabolic dysfunction in rodents fed a high-fat diet, likely by exerting effects on energetic balance. Even when body weight is lower in mice on active-phase TRF, food intake is generally isocaloric as compared with ad libitum fed controls. This discrepancy between body weight and energy intake led to the hypothesis that energy expenditure is increased during TRF. However, at present, there is no consensus in the literature as to how TRF affects energy expenditure and energy balance as a whole, and the mechanisms behind metabolic adaptation under TRF are unknown. This review examines our current understanding of energy balance on TRF in rodents and provides a framework for future studies to evaluate the energetics of TRF and its molecular determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly R Gallop
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Selene Y Tobin
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Amandine Chaix
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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15
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Rendell MS. Obesity and diabetes: the final frontier. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2023; 18:81-94. [PMID: 36710450 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2023.2168643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity is a key target in the treatment and prevention of diabetes and independently to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease. We reviewed the options now available and anticipated to deal with obesity. AREAS COVERED We considered the epidemiology, genetics, and causation of obesity and the relationship to diabetes, and the dietary, pharmaceutical, and surgical management of the condition. The literature search covered both popular media via Google Search and the academic literature as indexed on PubMed with search terms including obesity, childhood obesity, adipocytes, insulin resistance, mechanisms of satiety, bariatric surgery, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and SGLT2 inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION Although bariatric surgery has been the primary approach to treating obese individuals, the emergence of agents impacting the brain satiety centers now promises effective, non-invasive treatment of obesity for individuals with and without diabetes. The GLP-1 receptor agonists have assumed the primary role in treating obesity with significant weight loss. Long-term results with semaglutide and tirzepatide are now approaching the success seen with bariatric surgery. Future agents combining the benefits of satiety control and thermogenesis to dissipate caloric excess are under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc S Rendell
- The Association of Diabetes Investigators, Newport Coast, CA, USA
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16
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Sindhvananda W, Poopuangpairoj W, Jaiprasat T, Ongcharit P. Comparison of glucose control by added liraglutide to only insulin infusion in diabetic patient undergoing cardiac surgery: A preliminary randomized-controlled trial. Ann Card Anaesth 2023; 26:63-71. [PMID: 36722590 PMCID: PMC9997471 DOI: 10.4103/aca.aca_214_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Liraglutide, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, has been investigated for safety and effectiveness for blood glucose (BG) control in a surgical setting. However, there are only a few studies specific to cardiac surgery patients. Aims To primarily compare perioperative 1) BG and 2) glycemic variability (GV) between added liraglutide and only insulin infusion in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Setting and Design A randomized control trial was conducted in DM patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Inclusion criteria were age 20-80 years and DM Type 2. Material and Methods : The recruited patients were randomly assigned to Group 1 (added liraglutide with insulin infusion) and Group 2 (insulin infusion). Insulin infusion was based on institutional protocol. Point of care testing (POCT) glucose was used for the adjustment of insulin and BG analysis. Continuous glucose monitor (CGM) was for GV analysis (using Standard deviation: SD). Statistics : t-test, Chi-square or Fisher-exact test, or Mann-Whitney U test. Results : Finally, 60 patients were in our study (Group 1 = 32 vs Group 2 = 28). Perioperative mean BG levels of Group 1 were significantly lower than Group 2 with a mean difference of 15.9 mg/dL. Nine patients (18.7% vs 10.7%, P = 0.384) had BG of 60-70 with mean BGs (109.1 vs 147.9, P = 0.001) in the morning. Thirteen patients (9.4% vs 35.7%, P = 0.025) had BG >180 mg/dL at the 1st operative hour. SDs were increasing, but lower SD of Group 1 were observed at the postoperative period. Mean of SDs at postoperative day 2 were 23.65 vs 32.79 mg/dL, P = 0.018. Conclusions : Liraglutide added with insulin infusion can attenuate perioperative BG and is beneficial in the aspect of lowering GV together with BG at the postoperative period in DM patients. Liraglutide can be applied in cardiac surgery but a rearrangement of time and dosage should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wacharin Sindhvananda
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Weerasake Poopuangpairoj
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Teerarat Jaiprasat
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pachara Ongcharit
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV, Bangkok, Thailand
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17
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A Study on Weight Loss Cause as per the Side Effect of Liraglutide. Cardiovasc Ther 2022; 2022:5201684. [PMID: 36540096 PMCID: PMC9733986 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5201684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Liraglutide is known to have much lower weight loss effects in real clinical fields than in randomized clinical trials because of its side effects (SE) and discomfort associated with injections. This study is aimed at determining whether the side effects of liraglutide affect weight reduction and its maintenance in real-world practice. Methods Endocrinologists conducted a retrospective chart review of data from two tertiary university hospitals. All patients who had been prescribed liraglutide at least once between January 2014 and December 2019 were included. For an average of 3 and 6 months, weight changes due to the presence or absence of SE and discontinuation (MAIN or STOP) of liraglutide were checked. Results Only 40.8% (64/157) of the patients remained on liraglutide for 6 months; 14.7% (23/157) maintained the drug despite SEs (MAIN_SE(+)), and 40.1% (63/157) discontinued the drug despite not having SEs (STOP_SE(-)). At 3 months, there was -5.9 ± 0.6%, -7.9 ± 0.9%, -4.5 ± 0.5%, and -3.4 ± 0.6% weight reduction in the MAIN_SE(-), MAIN_SE(+), STOP_SE(-), and STOP_SE(+) groups, respectively (all p < 0.001 compared to the baseline). However, there were no significant differences in the weight loss between the MAIN (p = 0.062) and STOP (p = 0.204) groups. At 6 months, the weight reduction was -2.0 ± 0.5% (p < 0.001) in MAIN_SE(-), -2.2 ± 0.7% (p < 0.005) in MAIN_SE(+), -1.7 ± 0.7% (p < 0.01) in STOP_SE(-), and -2.0 ± 0.6% (p = 0.01) in STOP_SE(+), compared to baseline. SEs also caused no significant differences in weight loss between the MAIN (p = 0.787) and STOP (p = 0.694) groups. Conclusions Our study confirmed that the side effects of liraglutide did not affect weight reduction. Moreover, in the real world, the continuous rate of liraglutide use is not high, and the weight gradually increases after 3 months. Therefore, in addition to the side effects of liraglutide, the medical staff should consider various factors that affect drug adherence, consider ways to increase compliance, and continue to ensure management so that patients can maintain their weight.
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18
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Elkind-Hirsch KE, Chappell N, Shaler D, Storment J, Bellanger D. Liraglutide 3 mg on weight, body composition, and hormonal and metabolic parameters in women with obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized placebo-controlled-phase 3 study. Fertil Steril 2022; 118:371-381. [PMID: 35710599 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the efficacy and safety of the GLP-1 analog liraglutide 3 mg (LIRA 3 mg) vs. placebo (PL) for reduction of body weight (BW) and hyperandrogenism in women with obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). DESIGN Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING Hospital-based outpatient endocrine and metabolic center. PATIENT(S) Women diagnosed with PCOS (NIH criteria) were randomly assigned to LIRA 3 mg (n = 55) or PL (n = 27) once daily for 32 weeks with lifestyle intervention. INTERVENTION(S) Study visits at baseline and 32 weeks included BW and body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Oral glucose tolerance tests were done with sex steroids, free androgen index (FAI), and lipids measured in the fasting sample. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The primary end points were changes in BW and FAI. Safety was assessed in all patients who received at least one dose of the study drug. RESULT(S) Change in BW from baseline to week 32 was -5.7% (±0.75) with LIRA 3 mg vs. -1.4% (±1.09) with PL. At week 32, more participants on LIRA 3 mg than on PL achieved at least 5% weight reductions (25 of 44 vs. 5 of 23). Free androgen index significantly reduced with LIRA 3 mg compared with the PL where the mean FAI slightly increased. Gastrointestinal events, which were mostly mild to moderate, were reported in 58.2% of the LIRA 3 mg-subjects and 18.5% of PL subjects. CONCLUSION(S) LIRA 3 mg once daily appears superior to PL in reducing BW and androgenicity and improving cardiometabolic parameters in women with PCOS and obesity. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03480022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Elkind-Hirsch
- Woman's Hospital Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana; Woman's Endocrinology and Weight Management Clinic, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
| | - Neil Chappell
- Fertility Answers, Woman's Hospital, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Donna Shaler
- Woman's Hospital Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - John Storment
- Fertility Answers, Woman's Hospital, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Drake Bellanger
- Woman's Endocrinology and Weight Management Clinic, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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19
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Ghidewon M, Wald H, McKnight AD, De Jonghe BC, Breen DM, Alhadeff AL, Borner T, Grill HJ. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) and semaglutide inhibit food intake and body weight through largely distinct, additive mechanisms. Diabetes Obes Metab 2022; 24:1010-1020. [PMID: 35129264 PMCID: PMC9796095 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate whether the potent hypophagic and weight-suppressive effects of growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF15) and semaglutide combined would be a more efficacious antiobesity treatment than either treatment alone by examining whether the neural and behavioural mechanisms contributing to their anorectic effects were common or disparate. MATERIALS/METHODS Three mechanisms were investigated to determine how GDF15 and semaglutide induce anorexia: the potentiation of the intake suppression by gastrointestinal satiation signals; the reduction in motivation to feed; and the induction of visceral malaise. We then compared the effects of short-term, combined GDF15 and semaglutide treatment on weight loss to the individual treatments. Rat pharmaco-behavioural experiments assessed whether GDF15 or semaglutide added to the satiating effects of orally gavaged food and exogenous cholecystokinin (CCK). A progressive ratio operant paradigm was used to examine whether GDF15 or semaglutide reduced feeding motivation. Pica behaviour (ie, kaolin intake) and conditioned affective food aversion testing were used to evaluate visceral malaise. Additionally, fibre photometry studies were conducted in agouti-related protein (AgRP)-Cre mice to examine whether GDF15 or semaglutide, alone or in combination with CCK, modulate calcium signalling in hypothalamic AgRP neurons. RESULTS Semaglutide reduced food intake by amplifying the feeding-inhibitory effect of CCK or ingested food, inhibited the activity of AgRP neurons when combined with CCK, reduced feeding motivation and induced malaise. GDF15 induced visceral malaise but, strikingly, did not affect feeding motivation, the satiating effect of ingested food or CCK signal processing. Combined GDF15 and semaglutide treatment produced greater food intake and body weight suppression than did either treatment alone, without enhancing malaise. CONCLUSIONS GDF15 and semaglutide reduce food intake and body weight through largely distinct processes that produce greater weight loss and feeding suppression when combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ghidewon
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism and School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - H.S. Wald
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism and School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - A. D. McKnight
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - B. C. De Jonghe
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - D. M. Breen
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Global R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - A. L. Alhadeff
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - T. Borner
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - H. J. Grill
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism and School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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20
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Efficacy of Liraglutide in Non-Diabetic Obese Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11112998. [PMID: 35683387 PMCID: PMC9181568 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11112998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: We systematically assessed the efficacy of liraglutide in non-diabetic obese adults. Methods: Six databases were searched up to July 2021 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing liraglutide versus placebo in obese adults. Primary outcomes were body weight and body mass index (BMI). Secondary outcomes were treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), hypoglycemic episodes, HbA1c, and blood pressure. Effect measures were risk ratio (RR) or mean difference (MD) with their confidence interval (95%CI). Random-effects models and inverse variance meta-analyses were used. Quality of evidence was assessed using GRADE. Results: Twelve RCTs (n = 8249) were included. In comparison to placebo, liraglutide reduced body weight (MD −3.35 kg; 95%CI −4.65 to −2.05; p < 0.0001), and BMI (MD −1.45 kg/m2; 95%CI −1.98 to −0.91; p < 0.0001). Liraglutide did not reduce TEAEs (RR 1.08; 95%CI 0.92 to 1.27; p = 0.25), and Hb1Ac (MD −0.76%; 95%CI −2.24 to 0.72; p = 0.31). Furthermore, it did not increase hypoglycemic episodes (RR 2.01; 95%CI 0.37 to 11.02; p = 0.28). Finally, liraglutide reduced systolic blood pressure (MD −3.07 mmHg; 95%CI −3.66 to −2.48; p < 0.0001) and diastolic blood pressure (MD −1.01 mmHg; 95%CI −1.55 to −0.47; p = 0.0003). Seven RCTs had a high risk of bias. Subgroup analyses by length of treatment and doses had effects similar to the overall analyses. Quality of evidence was low or very low for most outcomes. Conclusions: In non-diabetic obese adults, liraglutide reduced body weight, BMI and blood pressure in comparison to placebo. Adverse events, Hb1Ac levels and hypoglycemic episodes were not different than placebo.
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21
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Volcko KL, Brakey DJ, McNamara TE, Meyer MJ, McKay NJ, Santollo J, Daniels D. Control of water intake by a pathway from the nucleus of the solitary tract to the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. Appetite 2022; 172:105943. [PMID: 35131386 PMCID: PMC9903207 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.105943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several brain areas have been shown to participate in thirst and control of fluid intake. An understanding of how these circuits interact, and their roles in the activation, maintenance, and termination of fluid intake remains incomplete. Central glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor activation appears to be an important part of the termination of drinking, but the site(s) of action for this suppression has not yet been determined. In an attempt to use GLP-1 responsiveness as a means to screen targets of hindbrain cells that participate in the termination of thirst and the resultant water intake, we injected the GLP-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 (Ex-4) into three brain areas known to express GLP-1 receptors, and measured subsequent water intake. Ex-4 reduced water consumption when injected into the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH) and nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), but not when injected into the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Using the effective response after injection into the PVH as a guide, we examined the connection between the NTS - the site of endogenous central GLP-1 production - and the PVH. Retrograde tracing combined with Fos immunohistochemistry suggested intake-induced activity in PVH-projecting NTS cells. To test the hypothesis that this pathway is important in the termination of drinking, we chemogenetically activated PVH-projecting hindbrain cells. Interestingly, activation of this population of cells increased water intake, calling into question the heterogeneity of the pathway with respect to the control of fluid intake. Taken together, we conclude that the PVH is a site of action for GLP-1 receptor activation in the inhibition of water intake, but suspect that endogenous GLP-1 in NTS-to-PVH projections may be counterbalanced by a parallel pathway that either activates or maintains already activated water intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Volcko
- Department of Psychology, USA; Behavioral Neuroscience Program, USA
| | - D J Brakey
- Department of Psychology, USA; Behavioral Neuroscience Program, USA
| | | | | | - N J McKay
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York Buffalo State College,Buffalo, NY, 14222, USA
| | - J Santollo
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - D Daniels
- Department of Psychology, USA; Behavioral Neuroscience Program, USA; Center for Ingestive Behavior Research. University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
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22
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Pedersen KM, Gradel AKJ, Ludvigsen TP, Christoffersen BØ, Fuglsang-Damgaard CA, Bendtsen KM, Madsen SH, Manfé V, Refsgaard HHF. Optimization of pig models for translation of subcutaneous pharmacokinetics of therapeutic proteins: Liraglutide, insulin aspart and insulin detemir. Transl Res 2022; 239:71-84. [PMID: 34428585 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prediction of human pharmacokinetics (PK) from data obtained in animal studies is essential in drug development. Here, we present a thorough examination of how to achieve good pharmacokinetic data from the pig model for translational purposes by using single-species allometric scaling for selected therapeutic proteins: liraglutide, insulin aspart and insulin detemir. The predictions were based on non-compartmental analysis of intravenous and subcutaneous PK data obtained from two injection regions (neck, thigh) in two pig breeds, domestic pig and Göttingen Minipig, that were compared with PK parameters reported in humans. The effects of pig breed, injection site and injection depth (insulin aspart only) on the PK of these proteins were also assessed. Results show that the prediction error for human PK was within two-fold for most PK parameters in both pig breeds. Furthermore, pig breed significantly influenced the plasma half-life and mean absorption time (MAT), both being longer in Göttingen Minipigs compared to domestic pigs (P <0.01). In both breeds, thigh vs neck dosing was associated with a higher dose-normalized maximum plasma concentration and area under the curve as well as shorter MAT and plasma half-life (P <0.01). Finally, more superficial injections resulted in faster absorption, higher Cmax/dose and bioavailability of insulin aspart (P <0.05, 3.0 vs 5.0 mm injection depth). In conclusion, pig breed and injection region affected the PK of liraglutide, insulin aspart and insulin detemir and reliable predictions of human PK were demonstrated when applying single-species allometric scaling with the pig as a pre-clinical animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Katrina Jógvansdóttir Gradel
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, DK-2760 Måløv; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Experimental Animal Models, University of Copenhagen.
| | | | | | | | | | - Suzi Høgh Madsen
- Translational Medicine, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, DK-2760 Måløv
| | - Valentina Manfé
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, DK-2760 Måløv
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Konwar M, Bose D, Jaiswal SK, Maurya MK, Ravi R. Efficacy and Safety of Liraglutide 3.0 mg in Patients with Overweight and Obese with or without Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Clin Pract 2022; 2022:1201977. [PMID: 35936066 PMCID: PMC9325632 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1201977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liraglutide in a 3.0 mg subcutaneous dose daily is approved for weight reduction. OBJECTIVES Objectives are to evaluate the efficacy and safety of liraglutide 3.0 mg in patients with overweight and obesity irrespective of diabetic status. METHODS We conducted an electronic database search in PubMed, Embase, and https://ClinicalTrial.gov to identify all randomized control trials (RCTs) that evaluated the efficacy and safety of liraglutide 3.0 mg dose compared to placebo in overweight (≥27 kg/m2) and obese (≥30 kg/m2) patients above 18 years of age. RESULTS We compared the pooled estimate of the study results between liraglutide 3.0 mg groups and placebo groups both in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. The efficacy outcomes that were found to be significant among respective studies involving nondiabetic patients vs. diabetic patients were mean change in body weight from baseline: 12 studies [MD = -5.04 kg (95% CI = -5.60, -4.49), P < 0.001, I 2 = 92.95%] vs. 2 studies [MD = -4.14 kg (95% CI = -4.95, -3.32), P < 0.001, I 2 = 0%], reduction in waist circumference from baseline: 8 studies [MD = -3.64 cm (95% CI = -4.43, -2.85), P < 0.001, I 2 = 96.5%] vs. 2 studies [MD = -3.11 cm (95% CI = -3.88, -2.34), P < 0.001, I 2 = 0%], BMI reduction from baseline: 5 studies [MD = -1.95 kg/m2 (95% CI = -2.22, -1.68) vs. 1 study [MD = -1.86 kg/m2 (95% CI = -2.14, -1.57), P < 0.001, I 2 = 0%, P < 0.001, I 2 = 95.6%], proportion of patients losing more than 5% of weight loss from baseline: 8 studies [RR = 2.21, (95% CI = 1.89, 2.58), P=0.03, I 2 = 59.02%] vs. 2 studies [RR = 2.34, (95% CI = 1.93, 2.85), P=0.39, I 2 = 0.00%], and 10% weight loss from baseline: 7 studies [RR = 3.36, (95% CI = 1.92, 5.91), P=0.00, I 2 = 87.03%] vs. 2 studies [RR = 3.64, (95% CI = 2.46, 5.40), P=0.81, I 2 = 0.00%]. Safety outcome assessment with use of liraglutide 3.0 mg compared with placebo in respective nondiabetic vs. diabetic patients revealed significant proportion of patients experiencing the adverse events: 9 studies [RR = 1.11, (95% CI = 1.04, 1.18), P=0.00I 2 = 79.15%] vs. 2 studies [RR = 1.06, (95% CI = 1.01, 1.11), P=0.42, I 2 = 0.03%] but similar risk of serious adverse events: 9 studies [RR = 1.03, (95% CI = 0.70, 1.51), P=0.26, I 2 = 18.54%] vs. 2 studies [RR = 1.11, (95% CI = 0.67, 1.84), P=0.25, I 2 = 23.77%] and TDAEs: 4 studies [RR = 0.89, (95% CI = 0.35, 2.28), P=0.03, I 2 = 61.89%] vs. 1 study [RR = 2.53, (95% CI = 1.00, 6.37)]. However, the pooled estimates irrespective of the glycaemic status were mean change in body weight from baseline: 14 RCT [MD = -4.91 kg (95% CI = -5.43, -4.39), P < 0.001, I 2 = 92.35%], reduction in waist circumference from baseline: 10 studies [MD = -3.55 cm, (95% CI = -4.21, -2.89), P < 0.001, I 2 = 94.99%], BMI reduction from baseline: 6 studies [MD = -1.86 kg/m2, (95% CI = -2.14, -1.57), P < 0.001, I 2 = 96.14%], and proportion of patients losing more than 5% and 10% of weight from baseline: [RR = 2.23, (95% CI = 1.98, 2.52), P < 0.001, I 2 = 48.87%] and [RR = 3.28, (95% CI = 2.23, 4.83), P < 0.001, I 2 = 78.98%], respectively. Also, the proportion of patients experiencing the adverse event was more with liraglutide 3.0 mg compared with placebo 11 study [RR = 1.09, (95% CI = 1.04, 1.15), P < 0.01, I 2 = 76.60%] and similar risk for both serious adverse events: 11 studies [RR = 1.09, (95% CI = 1.04, 1.15), P < 0.01, I 2 = 76.60%] and TDAEs: 5 studies [RR = 1.14, (95% CI = 0.50, 2.60), P < 0.01, I 2 = 64.93%] with liraglutide compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS Liraglutide in 3.0 mg subcutaneous dose demonstrated significant weight reduction with a reasonable safety profile for patients with overweight or obesity regardless of diabetic status compared to placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahanjit Konwar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Debdipta Bose
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanjeet Kumar Jaiswal
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mitesh kumar Maurya
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, TN Medical College and BYL Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Renju Ravi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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24
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Wharton S, Calanna S, Davies M, Dicker D, Goldman B, Lingvay I, Mosenzon O, Rubino DM, Thomsen M, Wadden TA, Pedersen SD. Gastrointestinal tolerability of once-weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg in adults with overweight or obesity, and the relationship between gastrointestinal adverse events and weight loss. Diabetes Obes Metab 2022; 24:94-105. [PMID: 34514682 PMCID: PMC9293236 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM We evaluated gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events (AEs) with once-weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg in adults with overweight or obesity and their contribution to weight loss (WL). MATERIALS AND METHODS AE analyses pooled data from the Semaglutide Treatment Effect in People With Obesity (STEP) 1-3 trials for participants randomized to 68 weeks of semaglutide 2.4 mg (n = 2117) or placebo (n = 1262). WL was analysed by presence/absence of GI AEs. Mediation analysis estimated WL effects mediated by and unrelated to GI AEs. GI tolerability with semaglutide 2.4 mg maintenance and cessation after dose escalation was evaluated using STEP 4 data among 803 participants tolerating 20 weeks of semaglutide run-in. RESULTS GI AEs were more common with semaglutide 2.4 mg than placebo, with most frequently nausea (43.9% vs. 16.1% of participants), diarrhoea (29.7% vs. 15.9%), vomiting (24.5% vs. 6.3%) and constipation (24.2% vs. 11.1%). Most GI AEs with semaglutide were non-serious (99.5% of AEs), mild-to-moderate (98.1%), transient and occurred most frequently during/shortly after dose escalation. Few semaglutide-treated participants (4.3%) permanently discontinued treatment for GI AEs. In STEP 1-3, mean WL with semaglutide 2.4 mg was similar in participants without (9.6%-17.1%) versus with GI AEs (11.4%-17.7%). Consistent with this observation, mediation analysis found that GI AEs contributed little to semaglutide-induced WL: of the additional 7.6%-14.4% WL with semaglutide versus placebo, <1 percentage point was mediated by GI AEs. In STEP 4, semaglutide 2.4 mg maintenance was well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS GI AEs were more common with semaglutide 2.4 mg than placebo, but typically mild-to-moderate and transient. Semaglutide-induced WL was largely independent of GI AEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Wharton
- York University, McMaster University and Wharton Weight Management ClinicTorontoOntarioCanada
| | | | - Melanie Davies
- Diabetes Research CentreUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research CentreLeicesterUK
| | - Dror Dicker
- Internal Medicine Department & Obesity Clinic, Hasharon Hospital‐Rabin Medical Center, Petach‐Tikva, Sackler Faculty of MedicineTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | | | - Ildiko Lingvay
- Departments of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology and Population and Data SciencesUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexasUSA
| | - Ofri Mosenzon
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hadassah Medical Center; Faculty of MedicineHebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Domenica M. Rubino
- Washington Center for Weight Management and ResearchArlingtonVirginiaUSA
| | | | - Thomas A. Wadden
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Sue D. Pedersen
- C‐ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
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25
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Vosoughi K, Atieh J, Khanna L, Khoshbin K, Prokop LJ, Davitkov P, Murad MH, Camilleri M. Association of Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Analogs and Agonists Administered for Obesity with Weight Loss and Adverse Events: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 42:101213. [PMID: 34877513 PMCID: PMC8633575 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comparative effectiveness of 7 glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agents on weight loss (WL) in obesity remains unknown. METHODS We performed a systematic review, network meta-analysis (NMA) utilizing the following data sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane Central and clinical trial registries, from inception to March 2, 2021. The prespecified criteria for study inclusion were randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of ≥12 weeks' duration. The data appraisal and extraction were performed by two investigators independently, using the published reports. The main outcomes and statistical methods were weight loss over placebo (WLOP) and adverse events (AEs) among GLP-1 agents using random-effects NMA (frequentist approach); relative ranking using surface under the cumulative ranking (SUCRA) method and certainty of evidence using grading of recommendations, assessment, development and evaluations (GRADE). FINDINGS 64 RCTs (from 2004 to 2021) included 27018 patients (median of age, 55.1 years old; 57.4% women; baseline weight 94.8kg and BMI 33.0kg/m2; trial duration 26 weeks). Direct meta-analysis showed significant WLOP with: -1.44kg (95% CI, -2.14 to -0.74) with dulaglutide ≥1.5 mg; -1.82kg (-2.42 to -1.23) with exenatide immediate release (IR); -2.20kg (-4.31 to -0.08) with exenatide extended release (ER); -3.20kg (-6.53 to 0.15) with efpeglenatide; -2.72kg (-3.35 to -2.09) with liraglutide ≤1.8mg; -4.49kg (-5.26 to -3.72) with liraglutide >1.8mg; -0.62kg (-1.22 to -0.02) with lixisenatide; -4.33kg (-5.71 to -3.00) with semaglutide SQ <2.4mg; -9.88kg (-13.17 to -6.59) with semaglutide SQ 2.4mg; -2.73kg (-4.81 to -0.65) with semaglutide oral; and -1.71kg (-2.64 to -0.78) with taspoglutide. Highest WLOP were with semaglutide SQ 2.4mg and <2.4mg, and liraglutide >1.8mg (SUCRAs 100, 86.1, 82.8 respectively). Highest SUCRAs for discontinuation due to AEs were with taspoglutide and liraglutide >1.8mg. Risk of bias was high or unclear for random sequence generation (29.7%), allocation concealment (26.6%), and incomplete outcome data (26.6%). Heterogeneity (I2 >50%) in WL and AEs reflected magnitude, not direction of effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kia Vosoughi
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (CENTER), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Jessica Atieh
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (CENTER), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Lehar Khanna
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (CENTER), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Katayoun Khoshbin
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (CENTER), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Larry J. Prokop
- Library-Public Service Department, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Perica Davitkov
- Veterans Affairs Northeast Ohio Healthcare System and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - M. Hassan Murad
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Michael Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (CENTER), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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26
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Papachristou S, Popovic DS, Papanas N. The new dual gastric inhibitory peptide/glucagon-like peptide 1 agonist tirzepatide in type 2 diabetes: Is the future bright? Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2021; 37:e3503. [PMID: 34626443 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tirzepatide is a dual gastric inhibitory peptide/glucagon-like peptide 1 (GIP/GLP-1) receptor agonist formulated as a synthetic linear peptide, based on the native GIP sequence. It has a prolonged half-life of 5 days, which enables once-weekly dosing. Studies have hitherto demonstrated its superiority in achieving optimal glycaemic control and body weight management, as compared with various agents used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), including GLP-1 receptor agonists. Thus, it is expected to enrich our therapeutic armamentarium in T2DM. However, further experience, notably longer follow-up data and information on cardiovascular effects, is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Papachristou
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Centre, Democritus University of Thrace, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Djordje S Popovic
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Medical Faculty, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nikolaos Papanas
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Centre, Democritus University of Thrace, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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27
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Van J, Frias JP, Bonora E, Raha S, Meyer J, Jung H, Cox D, Konig M, Peleshok J, Bethel MA. Gastrointestinal Tolerability of Once-Weekly Dulaglutide 3.0 mg and 4.5 mg: A Post Hoc Analysis of the Incidence and Prevalence of Nausea, Vomiting, and Diarrhea in AWARD-11. Diabetes Ther 2021; 12:2783-2794. [PMID: 34514554 PMCID: PMC8479017 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-021-01140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal (GI) events are the most frequent treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) reported for glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist therapies. This post hoc analysis of the AWARD-11 phase 3 trial assessed the GI tolerability of dulaglutide at once-weekly doses of 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 mg. METHODS The AWARD-11 trial randomized patients to once-weekly dulaglutide 1.5 mg (n = 612), 3.0 mg (n = 616), or 4.5 mg (n = 614) for 52 weeks. Patients started on dulaglutide 0.75 mg for 4 weeks before escalating stepwise every 4 weeks until the final randomized dose was reached. This study analyzes the onsets, incidences, prevalences, and severities of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea events reported through 52 weeks. RESULTS The highest incidences of nausea (≤ 8%), vomiting (≤ 2%), and diarrhea (≤ 4%) were primarily observed soon after the initiation of dulaglutide treatment at 0.75 mg. Incidence then declined throughout the remainder of the study, even with dose escalation to 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 mg. Most of these GI TEAEs were mild to moderate in severity, with severe nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea events occurring in ≤ 0.6% of patients. Treatment discontinuation due to nausea was low across treatment groups (≤ 1.5%). CONCLUSIONS The tolerability profiles of dulaglutide 3.0 mg and 4.5 mg were consistent with that of the 1.5-mg dose. Patients experiencing GI events were most likely to do so within 2 weeks of treatment initiation, and few patients experienced a new GI event after escalating to the 3.0-mg or 4.5-mg dose. Severe events were infrequent, and when they did occur, no relationship with dose at time of event was observed. Supplementary file1 (MP4 33880 kb).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Van
- Diabetes Research Center, 2492 Walnut Ave, Ste 130, Tustin, CA, 92780, USA
| | - Juan P Frias
- National Research Institute, 2010 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 302, Los Angeles, CA, 90057, USA
| | - Enzo Bonora
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Department of Medicine University and Hospital Trust of Verona Ospedale Maggiore Piazzale Stefani 1, 37126, Verona, Italy
| | - Sohini Raha
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | | | - Heike Jung
- Lilly Deutschland GmbH, Werner-Reimers-Str. 2-4, 61352, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - David Cox
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Manige Konig
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
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28
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Rayner CK, Jones KL, Horowitz M. Semaglutide vs Placebo as an Adjunct to Intensive Behavioral Therapy and Body Weight in Adults With Overweight or Obesity. JAMA 2021; 326:1213-1214. [PMID: 34581745 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K Rayner
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Karen L Jones
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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29
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Rayner CK, Horowitz M. Twincretin therapy for type 2 diabetes: how do two do? Lancet 2021; 398:560-561. [PMID: 34370968 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01597-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K Rayner
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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30
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Borner T, Tinsley IC, Doyle RP, Hayes MR, De Jonghe BC. GLP-1 in diabetes care: Can glycemic control be achieved without nausea and vomiting? Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:542-556. [PMID: 34363224 PMCID: PMC8810668 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduced less than two decades ago, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) rapidly re-shaped the field of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) care by providing glycemic control in tandem with weight loss. However, FDA-approved GLP-1RAs are often accompanied by nausea and emesis, and in some lean T2DM patients, by undesired anorexia. Importantly, the hypophagic and emetic effects of GLP-1RAs are caused by central GLP-1R activation. This review summarizes two different approaches to mitigate the incidence/severity of nausea and emesis related to GLP-1RAs: conjugation with vitamin B12, or related corrin-ring containing compounds ("corrination"), and development of dual-agonists of the GLP-1R with glucose dependent-insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Such approaches could lead to the generation of GLP-1RAs with improved therapeutic efficacy thus, decreasing treatment attrition, increasing patient compliance, and extending treatment to a broader population of T2DM patients. The data reviewed show that it is possible to pharmacologically separate emetic effects of GLP-1RAs from glucoregulatory action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tito Borner
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ian C Tinsley
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States
| | - Robert P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States.,Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States
| | - Matthew R Hayes
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bart C De Jonghe
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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31
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de Souto Barreto P, Rolland Y. Healthy Weight Loss Maintenance with Exercise, Liraglutide, or Both Combined. N Engl J Med 2021; 385:573-574. [PMID: 34347962 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc2109509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) semaglutide is the most recently approved agent of this drug class, and the only GLP-1RA currently available as both subcutaneous and oral formulation. While GLP-1RAs effectively improve glycemic control and cause weight loss, potential safety concerns have arisen over the years. For semaglutide, such concerns have been addressed in the extensive phase 3 registration trials including cardiovascular outcome trials for both subcutaneous (SUSTAIN: Semaglutide Unabated Sustainability in Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes) and oral (PIONEER: Peptide InnOvatioN for the Early diabEtes tReatment) semaglutide and are being studied in further trials and registries, including real world data studies. In the current review we discuss the occurrence of adverse events associated with semaglutide focusing on hypoglycemia, gastrointestinal side effects, pancreatic safety (pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer), thyroid cancer, gallbladder events, cardiovascular aspects, acute kidney injury, diabetic retinopathy (DRP) complications and injection-site and allergic reactions and where available, we highlight potential underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, we discuss whether effects are specific for semaglutide or a class effect. We conclude that semaglutide induces mostly mild-to-moderate and transient gastrointestinal disturbances and increases the risk of biliary disease (cholelithiasis). No unexpected safety issues have arisen to date, and the established safety profile for semaglutide is similar to that of other GLP-1RAs where definitive conclusions for pancreatic and thyroid cancer cannot be drawn at this point due to low incidence of these conditions. Due to its potent glucose-lowering effect, patients at risk for deterioration of existing DRP should be carefully monitored if treated with semaglutide, particularly if also treated with insulin. Given the beneficial metabolic and cardiovascular actions of semaglutide, and the low risk for severe adverse events, semaglutide has an overall favorable risk/benefit profile for patient with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniël H. Van Raalte
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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33
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Saxena AR, Gorman DN, Esquejo RM, Bergman A, Chidsey K, Buckeridge C, Griffith DA, Kim AM. Danuglipron (PF-06882961) in type 2 diabetes: a randomized, placebo-controlled, multiple ascending-dose phase 1 trial. Nat Med 2021; 27:1079-1087. [PMID: 34127852 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01391-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Agonism of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) results in glycemic lowering and body weight loss and is a therapeutic strategy to treat type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity. We developed danuglipron (PF-06882961), an oral small-molecule GLP-1R agonist and found it had comparable efficacy to injectable peptidic GLP-1R agonists in a humanized mouse model. We then completed a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, multiple ascending-dose phase 1 study ( NCT03538743 ), in which we enrolled 98 patients with T2D on background metformin and randomized them to receive multiple ascending doses of danuglipron or placebo for 28 d, across eight cohorts. The primary outcomes were assessment of adverse events (AEs), safety laboratory tests, vital signs and 12-lead electrocardiograms. Most AEs were mild, with nausea, dyspepsia and vomiting most commonly reported. There were no clinically meaningful AEs in laboratory values across groups. Heart rate generally increased with danuglipron treatment at day 28, but no heart-rate AEs were reported. Systolic blood pressure was slightly decreased and changes in diastolic blood pressure were similar with danuglipron treatment at day 28, compared with placebo. There were no clinically meaningful electrocardiogram findings. In this study in T2D, danuglipron was generally well tolerated, with a safety profile consistent with the mechanism of action of GLP-1R agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi R Saxena
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Donal N Gorman
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ryan M Esquejo
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Arthur Bergman
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kristin Chidsey
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Albert M Kim
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Ard J, Fitch A, Fruh S, Herman L. Weight Loss and Maintenance Related to the Mechanism of Action of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists. Adv Ther 2021; 38:2821-2839. [PMID: 33977495 PMCID: PMC8189979 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-021-01710-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic disease associated with many complications. Weight loss of 5-15% can improve many obesity-related complications. Despite the benefits of weight reduction, there are many challenges in losing weight and maintaining long-term weight loss. Pharmacotherapy can help people with obesity achieve and maintain their target weight loss, thereby reducing the risk of obesity-related complications. The prevalence of obesity in the USA has been increasing over the past few decades, and despite the availability of approved anti-obesity medications (AOMs), people with obesity may not be accessing or receiving treatment at levels consistent with the disease prevalence. Reasons for low levels of initiation and long-term use of AOMs may include reluctance of public health and medical organizations to recognize obesity as a disease, lack of reimbursement, provider inexperience, and misperceptions about the efficacy and safety of available treatments. This article aims to inform primary care providers about the mechanism of action of one class of AOMs, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), in weight loss and longer-term maintenance of weight loss, and the efficacy and safety of this treatment class. GLP-1RA therapy was initially developed to treat type 2 diabetes. Owing to their effectiveness in reducing body weight, once-daily subcutaneous administration of liraglutide 3.0 mg has been approved, and once-weekly subcutaneous administration of semaglutide 2.4 mg is being investigated in phase III trials, for obesity management. Considerations regarding adverse effects and contraindications for different drug classes are provided to help guide treatment decision-making when considering pharmacotherapy for weight management in patients with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamy Ard
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Angela Fitch
- MGH Weight Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Endocrine Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sharon Fruh
- College of Nursing, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Lawrence Herman
- Doctor of Medical Science Program, University of Lynchburg, Lynchburg, VA, USA
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Li S, Zhao J, Huang R, Travers J, Klumpp-Thomas C, Yu W, MacKerell AD, Sakamuru S, Ooka M, Xue F, Sipes NS, Hsieh JH, Ryan K, Simeonov A, Santillo MF, Xia M. Profiling the Tox21 Chemical Collection for Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:47008. [PMID: 33844597 PMCID: PMC8041433 DOI: 10.1289/ehp6993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a biomarker of organophosphorous and carbamate exposure in environmental and occupational human health, has been commonly used to identify potential safety liabilities. So far, many environmental chemicals, including drug candidates, food additives, and industrial chemicals, have not been thoroughly evaluated for their inhibitory effects on AChE activity. AChE inhibitors can have therapeutic applications (e.g., tacrine and donepezil) or neurotoxic consequences (e.g., insecticides and nerve agents). OBJECTIVES The objective of the current study was to identify environmental chemicals that inhibit AChE activity using in vitro and in silico models. METHODS To identify AChE inhibitors rapidly and efficiently, we have screened the Toxicology in the 21st Century (Tox21) 10K compound library in a quantitative high-throughput screening (qHTS) platform by using the homogenous cell-based AChE inhibition assay and enzyme-based AChE inhibition assays (with or without microsomes). AChE inhibitors identified from the primary screening were further tested in monolayer or spheroid formed by SH-SY5Y and neural stem cell models. The inhibition and binding modes of these identified compounds were studied with time-dependent enzyme-based AChE inhibition assay and molecular docking, respectively. RESULTS A group of known AChE inhibitors, such as donepezil, ambenonium dichloride, and tacrine hydrochloride, as well as many previously unreported AChE inhibitors, such as chelerythrine chloride and cilostazol, were identified in this study. Many of these compounds, such as pyrazophos, phosalone, and triazophos, needed metabolic activation. This study identified both reversible (e.g., donepezil and tacrine) and irreversible inhibitors (e.g., chlorpyrifos and bromophos-ethyl). Molecular docking analyses were performed to explain the relative inhibitory potency of selected compounds. CONCLUSIONS Our tiered qHTS approach allowed us to generate a robust and reliable data set to evaluate large sets of environmental compounds for their AChE inhibitory activity. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6993.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaizhang Li
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Jinghua Zhao
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruili Huang
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Jameson Travers
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Carleen Klumpp-Thomas
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Wenbo Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Srilatha Sakamuru
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Masato Ooka
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Fengtian Xue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nisha S. Sipes
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jui-Hua Hsieh
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kristen Ryan
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anton Simeonov
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael F. Santillo
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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Decarie-Spain L, Kanoski SE. Ghrelin and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1: A Gut-Brain Axis Battle for Food Reward. Nutrients 2021; 13:977. [PMID: 33803053 PMCID: PMC8002922 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eating behaviors are influenced by the reinforcing properties of foods that can favor decisions driven by reward incentives over metabolic needs. These food reward-motivated behaviors are modulated by gut-derived peptides such as ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) that are well-established to promote or reduce energy intake, respectively. In this review we highlight the antagonizing actions of ghrelin and GLP-1 on various behavioral constructs related to food reward/reinforcement, including reactivity to food cues, conditioned meal anticipation, effort-based food-motivated behaviors, and flavor-nutrient preference and aversion learning. We integrate physiological and behavioral neuroscience studies conducted in both rodents and human to illustrate translational findings of interest for the treatment of obesity or metabolic impairments. Collectively, the literature discussed herein highlights a model where ghrelin and GLP-1 regulate food reward-motivated behaviors via both competing and independent neurobiological and behavioral mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Decarie-Spain
- Human & Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA;
| | - Scott E. Kanoski
- Human & Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA;
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW As a chronic and relapsing disease, obesity impairs metabolism and causes cardiovascular diseases. Although behavioral modification is important for the treatment of obesity, it is difficult to achieve an ideal weight or sustain the process of long-term weight loss. Therefore, the obesity control guidelines strongly recommend lifestyle interventions along with medical treatment for patients who are overweight. There is sufficient evidence supporting that pharmacotherapy in combination with behavior-based interventions can result in significant weight loss and improved cardiometabolism. RECENT FINDINGS Recent meta-analyses of new anti-obesity drugs and their weight-loss efficacy have shown that the overall placebo-subtracted weight reduction (%) for at least 12 months ranged from 2.9 to 6.8% for the following drugs: phentermine/topiramate (6.8%), liraglutide (5.4%), naltrexone/bupropion (4.0%), orlistat (2.9%), and lorcaserin (3.1%). However, very recently, on February 13, 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ordered the withdrawal of lorcaserin from markets, as a clinical trial to assess drug safety showed an increased risk of cancer. Currently, the anti-obesity medications that have been approved by the FDA for chronic weight management are orlistat, phentermine/topiramate, naltrexone/bupropion, and liraglutide. However, they are costly and may have adverse effects in some individuals. Therefore, drug therapy should be initiated in obese individuals after weighing its benefits and risks. One of the strategies for long-term obesity control is that anti-obesity medications should be tailored for specific patients depending on their chronic conditions, comorbidities, and preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jin Tak
- Department of Family Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, 49241, South Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, 49241, South Korea
| | - Sang Yeoup Lee
- Family Medicine Clinic and Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea.
- Department of Medical Education, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea.
- Integrated Research Institute for Natural Ingredients and Functional Foods, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea.
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Gill L, Mackey S. Obstetrician-Gynecologists' Strategies for Patient Initiation and Maintenance of Antiobesity Treatment with Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2021; 30:1016-1027. [PMID: 33626287 PMCID: PMC8290308 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2020.8683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic disease affecting women at higher rates than men. In an obstetrics and gynecology setting, frequently encountered obesity-related complications are polycystic ovary syndrome, fertility and pregnancy complications, and increased risk of breast and gynecological cancers. Obstetrician-gynecologists (OBGYNs) are uniquely positioned to diagnose and treat obesity, given their role in women's primary health care and the increasing prevalence of obesity-related fertility and pregnancy complications. The metabolic processes of bodyweight regulation are complex, which makes weight-loss maintenance challenging, despite dietary modifications and exercise. Antiobesity medications (AOMs) can facilitate weight loss by targeting appetite regulation. There are four AOMs currently approved for long-term use in the United States, of which liraglutide 3.0 mg is among the most efficacious. Liraglutide 3.0 mg, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA), is superior to placebo in achieving weight loss and improving cardiometabolic profile, in both clinical trial and real-world settings. In addition, women with fertility complications receiving liraglutide 1.8–3.0 mg can benefit from improved ovarian function and fertility. Liraglutide 3.0 mg is generally well tolerated, but associated with transient gastrointestinal side effects, which can be mitigated. In this review, we present the risks of obesity and benefits of weight loss for women, and summarize clinical development of GLP-1 RAs for weight management. Finally, we provide practical advice and recommendations for OBGYNs to open the discussion about bodyweight with their patients, initiate lifestyle modification and GLP-1 RA treatment, and help them persist with these interventions to achieve optimal weight loss with associated health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gill
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Suzanne Mackey
- Salvéo Weight Management, Voorhees Township, New Jersey, USA
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Sabatini PV, Frikke-Schmidt H, Arthurs J, Gordian D, Patel A, Rupp AC, Adams JM, Wang J, Beck Jørgensen S, Olson DP, Palmiter RD, Myers MG, Seeley RJ. GFRAL-expressing neurons suppress food intake via aversive pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2021357118. [PMID: 33593916 PMCID: PMC7923658 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021357118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The TGFβ cytokine family member, GDF-15, reduces food intake and body weight and represents a potential treatment for obesity. Because the brainstem-restricted expression pattern of its receptor, GDNF Family Receptor α-like (GFRAL), presents an exciting opportunity to understand mechanisms of action for area postrema neurons in food intake; we generated GfralCre and conditional GfralCreERT mice to visualize and manipulate GFRAL neurons. We found infection or pathophysiologic states (rather than meal ingestion) stimulate GFRAL neurons. TRAP-Seq analysis of GFRAL neurons revealed their expression of a wide range of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. Artificially activating GfralCre -expressing neurons inhibited feeding, decreased gastric emptying, and promoted a conditioned taste aversion (CTA). GFRAL neurons most strongly innervate the parabrachial nucleus (PBN), where they target CGRP-expressing (CGRPPBN) neurons. Silencing CGRPPBN neurons abrogated the aversive and anorexic effects of GDF-15. These findings suggest that GFRAL neurons link non-meal-associated pathophysiologic signals to suppress nutrient uptake and absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul V Sabatini
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | - Joe Arthurs
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115
| | - Desiree Gordian
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Anita Patel
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Alan C Rupp
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jessica M Adams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790
| | - Jine Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, 43002 Yichang, China
| | | | - David P Olson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Richard D Palmiter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115
| | - Martin G Myers
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
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Effectiveness of liraglutide 3 mg for the treatment of obesity in a real-world setting without intensive lifestyle intervention. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:776-786. [PMID: 33473176 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00739-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the efficacy and safety of liraglutide 3 mg daily in combination with diet and exercise 2, 4, and 6 months after initiation in real-world settings in Korea. METHODS People first using liraglutide starting in 2018 were recruited from ten sites in Korea. Body weight and body mass index (BMI) were measured after 2, 4, and 6 months and compared with baseline values. RESULTS The full cohort comprised 769 participants: 672 in the 2-month group, 427 in the 4-month group, and 219 in the 6-month group. The baseline mean ± standard deviation of BMI and body weight were 32.2 ± 5.1 kg/m2, and 87.5 ± 18.8 kg, respectively. Body weight and BMI decreased after initiation of liraglutide treatment: -2.94 kg and -1.08 kg/m2 at 2 months; -4.23 kg and -1.55 kg/m2 at 4 months, and -5.14 kg and -1.89 kg/m2 at 6 months (all P < 0.001). In the 6-month cohort, 52.5% and 18.3% of subjects lost ≥5% and ≥10% of body weight, respectively. After 6 months, systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly by 3.90 and 1.93 mmHg, respectively. In those with diabetes mellitus, HbA1c and fasting glucose levels decreased significantly by 1.14% and 27.8 mg/dl, respectively. Among all participants, 27.6% experienced adverse effects, including nausea (20.8%), vomiting (5.2%), diarrhoea (2.5%), and skin rash (3.6%). Documented reasons for discontinuation of treatment were lack of effect (4.4%), adverse events (4.3%), and high cost (3.1%). CONCLUSIONS In real-world settings in Korea, daily treatment with liraglutide 3 mg was associated with clinically meaningful weight loss without serious adverse events.
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Larsen AT, Gydesen S, Sonne N, Karsdal MA, Henriksen K. The dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonist KBP-089 and the GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide act complimentarily on body weight reduction and metabolic profile. BMC Endocr Disord 2021; 21:10. [PMID: 33413317 PMCID: PMC7791885 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-020-00678-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight loss therapy is becoming more and more important, and two classes of molecules, namely amylin receptor and GLP-1 receptor agonists, have shown promise in this regard. Interestingly, these molecules have several overlapping pharmacological effects, such as suppression of gastric emptying, reduction of glucagon secretion and weight loss in common; however, they also have distinct effects on prandial insulin secretion. Hence, a combination of these two mechanisms is of significant interest. METHODS In this study, we investigated the add-on potential of the dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonist (DACRA) KBP-089 in combination with the GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide as obesity treatment in high-fat diet (HFD) fed rats. RESULTS Increasing doses of KBP-089 and liraglutide alone and in combination were studied with respect to their effects on body weight, food intake and glucose metabolism during a 9-week intervention study conducted in HFD rats. Further, the gastric emptying rate during an oral glucose tolerance was assessed. Treatment with KBP-089 and liraglutide dose-dependently lowered body weight 15% (at 2.5 μg/kg/day) and 7% (at 400 μg/kg/day) in HFD rats, respectively, while the combination resulted in a 21% body weight reduction, which was mirrored by reduction in fat depot sizes. Gastric emptying and glucose metabolism were improved, primarily by KBP-089, although liraglutide led to a reduction in fasting plasma glucagon. CONCLUSION DACRAs complement GLP-1 on food intake, body weight, and glucose tolerance indicating the potential for an add-on therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Thorsø Larsen
- Nordic Bioscience Biomarkers and Research, Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hovedgade 207, 2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Sofie Gydesen
- Nordic Bioscience Biomarkers and Research, Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hovedgade 207, 2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Nina Sonne
- Nordic Bioscience Biomarkers and Research, Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hovedgade 207, 2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Morten Asser Karsdal
- Nordic Bioscience Biomarkers and Research, Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hovedgade 207, 2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Kim Henriksen
- Nordic Bioscience Biomarkers and Research, Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hovedgade 207, 2730, Herlev, Denmark.
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Abstract
<abstract>
<p>Overweight and obesity have grown in children in the last decades and are now an epidemic, leading to significant public health issues in developed and underdeveloped nations. Obese children have a higher prevalence of skin lesions than normal weight children. The present study is an updated-on state of the art of studies describing the association between childhood obesity and related skin lesions. The most frequent obesity-associated dermatological complications in children are acanthosis nigricans and acrochordons, atopic dermatitis, skin infections, and endocrinological changes including hyperinsulinism and hyperandrogenism. Other common skin manifestations associated with obesity are striae distensae and plantar hyperkeratosis. Although the causes of the majority of the skin lesions associated with obesity are not known, the larger mass of adipose tissue and the secretion of peptides (cytokines, hormones, etc.) from enlarged fat cells due to obesity could lead to skin lesions. Therefore, the prevention of obesity is essential to avoid most skin-associated lesions.</p>
</abstract>
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Li QX, Gao H, Guo YX, Wang BY, Hua RX, Gao L, Shang HW, Lu X, Xu JD. GLP-1 and Underlying Beneficial Actions in Alzheimer's Disease, Hypertension, and NASH. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:721198. [PMID: 34552561 PMCID: PMC8450670 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.721198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
GLP-1 is derived from intestinal L cells, which takes effect through binding to GLP-1R and is inactivated by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). Since its discovery, GLP-1 has emerged as an incretin hormone for its facilitation in insulin release and reduction of insulin resistance (IR). However, GLP-1 possesses broader pharmacological effects including anti-inflammation, neuro-protection, regulating blood pressure (BP), and reducing lipotoxicity. These effects are interconnected to the physiological and pathological processes of Alzheimer's disease (AD), hypertension, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Currently, the underlying mechanism of these effects is still not fully illustrated and a better understanding of them may help identify promising therapeutic targets of AD, hypertension, and NASH. Therefore, we focus on the biological characteristics of GLP-1, render an overview of the mechanism of GLP-1 effects in diseases, and investigate the potential of GLP-1 analogues for the treatment of related diseases in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Xuan Li
- Clinical Medicine of “5+3” Program, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Xin Guo
- Department of Oral Medicine, Basic Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo-Ya Wang
- Eight Program of Clinical Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Rong-xuan Hua
- Clinical Medicine of “5+3” Program, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Biomedical Engineering. Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Wei Shang
- Morphological Experiment Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Morphological Experiment Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Dong Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jing-Dong Xu,
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Preoperative considerations of new long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in diabetes mellitus. Br J Anaesth 2020; 126:567-571. [PMID: 33341227 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2020.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Wang Y, Yu Z, Xiao W, Lu S, Zhang J. Allosteric binding sites at the receptor-lipid bilayer interface: novel targets for GPCR drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2020; 26:690-703. [PMID: 33301977 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
As a superfamily of membrane receptors, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have significant roles in human physiological processes, including cell proliferation, metabolism, and neuromodulation. GPCRs are vital targets of therapeutic drugs, and their allosteric regulation represents a novel direction for drug discovery. Given the numerous breakthroughs in structural biology, diverse allosteric sites on GPCRs have been identified within the extracellular and intracellular loops, and the seven core transmembrane helices. However, a unique type of allosteric site has also been discovered at the interface of the receptor-lipid bilayer, similar to the β2-adrenergic receptor. Here, we review recent identifications of these allosteric sites and the detailed modulator-target interactions within the interface for each modulator to highlight the role of lipids in GPCR allosteric drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhengtian Yu
- Nutshell Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Xiao
- Nutshell Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China; Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China; Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China.
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Kalra S, Kalhan A, Berard L. Oral glucagon-like peptide-receptor agonists (GLP1RA) counseling: comparison with insulin counseling. Postgrad Med 2020; 132:663-666. [PMID: 32781867 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2020.1809906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kalra
- Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital Karnal , Karnal, India
| | - Atul Kalhan
- Endocrinology, Royal Glamorgan Hospital , Cardiff, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Lori Berard
- Diabetes Management and Clinical Trial Operations - Nurse Consultant , Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Grill HJ. A Role for GLP-1 in Treating Hyperphagia and Obesity. Endocrinology 2020; 161:bqaa093. [PMID: 32516384 PMCID: PMC7899438 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic recurring disease whose prevalence has almost tripled over the past 40 years. In individuals with obesity, there is significant increased risk of morbidity and mortality, along with decreased quality of life. Increased obesity prevalence results, at least partly, from the increased global food supply that provides ubiquitous access to tasty, energy-dense foods. These hedonic foods and the nonfood cues that through association become reward predictive cues activate brain appetitive control circuits that drive hyperphagia and weight gain by enhancing food-seeking, motivation, and reward. Behavioral therapy (diet and lifestyle modifications) is the recommended initial treatment for obesity, yet it often fails to achieve meaningful weight loss. Furthermore, those who lose weight regain it over time through biological regulation. The need to effectively treat the pathophysiology of obesity thus centers on biologically based approaches such as bariatric surgery and more recently developed drug therapies. This review highlights neurobiological aspects relevant to obesity causation and treatment by emphasizing the common aspects of the feeding-inhibitory effects of multiple signals. We focus on glucagon like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) signaling as a promising obesity treatment target by discussing the activation of intestinal- and brain-derived GLP-1 and GLP-1R expressing central nervous system circuits resulting from normal eating, bariatric surgery, and GLP-1R agonist drug therapy. Given the increased availability of energy-dense foods and frequent encounters with cues that drive hyperphagia, this review also describes how bariatric surgery and GLP-1R agonist therapies influence food reward and the motivational drive to overeat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey J Grill
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Graduate Groups for Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Jalleh R, Pham H, Marathe CS, Wu T, Buttfield MD, Hatzinikolas S, Malbert CH, Rigda RS, Lange K, Trahair LG, Feinle-Bisset C, Rayner CK, Horowitz M, Jones KL. Acute Effects of Lixisenatide on Energy Intake in Healthy Subjects and Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Relationship to Gastric Emptying and Intragastric Distribution. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12071962. [PMID: 32630191 PMCID: PMC7400134 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists induce weight loss, which has been suggested to relate to the slowing of gastric emptying (GE). In health, energy intake (EI) is more strongly related to the content of the distal, than the total, stomach. We evaluated the effects of lixisenatide on GE, intragastric distribution, and subsequent EI in 15 healthy participants and 15 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Participants ingested a 75-g glucose drink on two separate occasions, 30 min after lixisenatide (10 mcg) or placebo subcutaneously, in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design. GE and intragastric distribution were measured for 180 min followed by a buffet-style meal, where EI was quantified. Relationships of EI with total, proximal, and distal stomach content were assessed. In both groups, lixisenatide slowed GE markedly, with increased retention in both the proximal (p < 0.001) and distal (p < 0.001) stomach and decreased EI (p < 0.001). EI was not related to the content of the total or proximal stomach but inversely related to the distal stomach at 180 min in health on placebo (r = -0.58, p = 0.03) but not in T2D nor after lixisenatide in either group. In healthy and T2D participants, the reduction in EI by lixisenatide is unrelated to changes in GE/intragastric distribution, consistent with a centrally mediated effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Jalleh
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia; (R.J.); (C.S.M.); (T.W.); (M.H.)
| | - Hung Pham
- Adelaide Medical School, Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia; (H.P.); (S.H.); (R.S.R.); (K.L.); (L.G.T.); (C.F.-B.); (C.K.R.)
| | - Chinmay S. Marathe
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia; (R.J.); (C.S.M.); (T.W.); (M.H.)
- Adelaide Medical School, Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia; (H.P.); (S.H.); (R.S.R.); (K.L.); (L.G.T.); (C.F.-B.); (C.K.R.)
| | - Tongzhi Wu
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia; (R.J.); (C.S.M.); (T.W.); (M.H.)
- Adelaide Medical School, Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia; (H.P.); (S.H.); (R.S.R.); (K.L.); (L.G.T.); (C.F.-B.); (C.K.R.)
| | - Madeline D. Buttfield
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia;
| | - Seva Hatzinikolas
- Adelaide Medical School, Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia; (H.P.); (S.H.); (R.S.R.); (K.L.); (L.G.T.); (C.F.-B.); (C.K.R.)
| | - Charles H. Malbert
- Aniscan, Institut National de la Rechercher Agronomique, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France;
| | - Rachael S. Rigda
- Adelaide Medical School, Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia; (H.P.); (S.H.); (R.S.R.); (K.L.); (L.G.T.); (C.F.-B.); (C.K.R.)
| | - Kylie Lange
- Adelaide Medical School, Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia; (H.P.); (S.H.); (R.S.R.); (K.L.); (L.G.T.); (C.F.-B.); (C.K.R.)
| | - Laurence G. Trahair
- Adelaide Medical School, Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia; (H.P.); (S.H.); (R.S.R.); (K.L.); (L.G.T.); (C.F.-B.); (C.K.R.)
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Adelaide Medical School, Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia; (H.P.); (S.H.); (R.S.R.); (K.L.); (L.G.T.); (C.F.-B.); (C.K.R.)
| | - Christopher K. Rayner
- Adelaide Medical School, Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia; (H.P.); (S.H.); (R.S.R.); (K.L.); (L.G.T.); (C.F.-B.); (C.K.R.)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia; (R.J.); (C.S.M.); (T.W.); (M.H.)
- Adelaide Medical School, Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia; (H.P.); (S.H.); (R.S.R.); (K.L.); (L.G.T.); (C.F.-B.); (C.K.R.)
| | - Karen L. Jones
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia; (R.J.); (C.S.M.); (T.W.); (M.H.)
- Adelaide Medical School, Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia; (H.P.); (S.H.); (R.S.R.); (K.L.); (L.G.T.); (C.F.-B.); (C.K.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-83137821
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Holmbäck U, Forslund A, Grudén S, Alderborn G, Söderhäll A, Hellström PM, Lennernäs H. Effects of a novel combination of orlistat and acarbose on tolerability, appetite, and glucose metabolism in persons with obesity. Obes Sci Pract 2020; 6:313-323. [PMID: 32523721 PMCID: PMC7278902 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is an unmet medical need for a safe and effective weight loss product with minimal systemic side-effects. In this study, the effect of a novel modified-release fixed-dose combination of orlistat and acarbose (MR-OA) was compared with conventional orlistat (CO) regarding tolerability, appetite and glucose metabolism. METHODS Sixty-seven men with obesity, aged 24 to 60 years with body mass indexes (BMIs) 33 to 40 kg m-2 or BMIs 30 to 32 kg m-2 and waist circumference above 102 cm were included. They were randomized to either three different doses of the test formulation MR-OA (60 mg orlistat/20 mg acarbose, 90/30 and 120/40) or CO (Xenical, 120 mg orlistat) for a 2-week study of daily treatment. The participants spent days 1 and 14 at the clinical research centre where they received standardized meals, had blood sampling and filled in questionnaires regarding tolerability and appetite after meals. In days 2 to 13, the participants were at home and continued to fill in the questionnaires daily. RESULTS In the MR-OA groups, reports of liquid and oily stools as well as faecal incontinence were fewer, whereas reports of gastric distension and flatulence were higher, compared with the CO group. More participants reported decreased hunger in the 90/30 and 120/40 MR-OA, and postprandial plasma glucose concentration was reduced in all MR-OA groups compared with CO. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that by using a modified-release dosage form, orlistat and acarbose can be combined without compromising tolerability. Furthermore, MR-OA shows promising effects regarding reduction of appetite and reduces postprandial glucose. Tolerability is coupled to compliance and thereby efficacy of a treatment; therefore, this novel combination MR-OA could be an effective approach for weight loss treatment. A follow-up study in a more diverse population and for a longer duration with weight loss as primary outcome variable is planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Holmbäck
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and MetabolismUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Anders Forslund
- Department of Women's and Children's HealthUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
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Papathanasiou T, Strathe A, Agersø H, Lund TM, Overgaard RV. Impact of dose-escalation schemes and drug discontinuation on weight loss outcomes with liraglutide 3.0 mg: A model-based approach. Diabetes Obes Metab 2020; 22:969-977. [PMID: 32009288 PMCID: PMC7317899 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the impact on weight loss of the treatment changes in overweight or obese people that may be needed in case of gastrointestinal (GI) tolerability issues during escalation of the glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue liraglutide. MATERIALS AND METHODS The individual longitudinal body weight data from the main trial periods of three phase II/III trials in overweight or obese patients (56-week treatment with once-daily liraglutide 1.2, 1.8, 2.4 or 3.0 mg or placebo, n = 4952) were analysed using a non-linear mixed-effect modelling approach. Individual pharmacokinetic profiles were derived based on published pharmacokinetic models. Baseline body weight, baseline glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), age, gender, diabetes status (no diabetes, prediabetes or type 2 diabetes), race and trial region were investigated as covariates. As a form of external validation, the model was used to predict the weight regain after treatment cessation at week 56 (data not included in model development). RESULTS A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model provided an adequate description of the weight loss trajectories for all studied doses. Gender and diabetes status were identified as the most influential covariates, and an underlying seasonal weight fluctuation was identified. Slower than that recommended, one-week dose-escalation algorithms led up to 2 weeks slower initial weight loss but similar long-term weight loss trajectories. CONCLUSIONS The relationship between liraglutide systemic exposure and weight loss was successfully established in overweight or obese people. The model could predict the time course of weight regain after treatment cessation and suggests that GI tolerability can be mitigated by slower escalation with only minor impact on the weight loss trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Papathanasiou
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Quantitative Clinical PharmacologySøborgDenmark
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Anders Strathe
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Quantitative Clinical PharmacologySøborgDenmark
| | - Henrik Agersø
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Quantitative Clinical PharmacologySøborgDenmark
| | - Trine Meldgaard Lund
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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