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Reference growth curves to identify weight status (underweight, overweight or obesity) in children and adolescents: systematic review. Br J Nutr 2023:1-13. [PMID: 36695353 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522003786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The identification of somatic growth, through reference curves, can be used to create strategies and public policies to reduce public health problems such as malnutrition and obesity and to identify underweight, overweight and obesity. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify studies providing reference growth curves for weight status in children and adolescents. A systematic search was conducted in eight databases and in gray literature (Google scholar). To assess the risk of bias/methodological quality of studies, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-sectional Studies (NHLBI) was used. Overall, 86 studies that met the inclusion criteria were included. Through the values of reference growth curves for the identification of underweight, overweight and obesity, it was possible to verify that there is great variability among percentiles for the identification of underweight, overweight and obesity. The most prevalent percentiles for underweight were P3 and P5; for overweight, the most prevalent was P85 and the most prevalent percentiles for obesity were P95 and P97. The most prevalent anthropometric indicators were Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist Circumference (WC), Body Mass (BM) for age and height for age. Conclusion: Such data can demonstrate that the optimal growth must be reached, through the standard growth curves, but that the reference curves demonstrate a cut of the population growth, raising possible variables that can influence the optimal growth, such as an increase in the practice of physical activities and an awareness of proper nutrition.
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Inokuchi M, Matsuo N, Takayama JI, Hasegawa T. Reference values of inside leg length and inside leg length to stature ratio for Japanese children, 0-12 years of age. Ann Hum Biol 2022; 49:1-9. [PMID: 35191816 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2022.2045355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large datasets of detailed anthropometric measurements are scarce in children. The Japanese Standard Association 1978-1981 survey provides a rare opportunity to use high quality data from Japanese children. AIM To construct inside leg length (ILL) and inside leg length to stature ratio (ILL/S) reference centile curves for Japanese children. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The study sample consisted of 14,825 boys and 14,577 girls age 0 to 18 years for stature and weight measurements, and 9,064 boys and 8,796 girls age 0 to 12 years for ILL measurements, who participated in the 1978-1981 national survey on body sizes. LMS method was used to construct the reference centile curves. The reference centile curves for stature, weight, ILL and ILL/S were compared to those of British children. RESULTS The L, M, S reference values for Japanese children are presented for stature, weight, ILL and ILL/S. Compared with British children of 0-12 years of age, Japanese children of 0-12 years of age had shorter median stature, shorter median ILL and shorter median ILL/S. CONCLUSIONS We presented the first reference values for ILL and ILL/S in Japanese children. Japanese children had relatively shorter legs compared to British children since infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikako Inokuchi
- Health Center, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutake Matsuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,The Institute for Healthcare Quality Improvement, Tokyo Healthcare Foundation, Tokyo, Japan.,National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - John I Takayama
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, USA
| | - Tomonobu Hasegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Kok Grouleff M, Wielsøe M, Berthelsen D, Mulvad G, Isidor S, Long M, Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC. Anthropometric measures and blood pressure of Greenlandic preschool children. Int J Circumpolar Health 2021; 80:1954382. [PMID: 34291707 PMCID: PMC8300929 DOI: 10.1080/22423982.2021.1954382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aims to describe anthropometric data of Greenlandic preschool children, blood pressure (BP) measures and effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy in a follow-up of the ACCEPT birth cohort. The study included 102 children (55 boys and 47 girls) aged 3.5-5.5 years. Anthropometric measures included weight, height, head circumference (HC), body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumference, ratio for height/weight, waist/height, waist/hip and BP measurements. Overweight and obesity-prevalence was determined using the international obesity task force BMI references for children. Significant increases in anthropometrics from 3.5 to 5.5 years included weight, height, HC and hip circumference, whereas ratio for height/weight, waist/hip and waist/height decreased. Boys had significantly larger HC than girls. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was similar (35.1%) between genders. Mean systolic and diastolic BP were 104 and 68 mmHg, respectively. Children of mothers smoking during pregnancy had higher hip circumference, lower waist/hip ratio and higher diastolic BP. The study present updated anthropometric data and BP of Greenlandic preschool children and effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher than previously reported and maternal smoking during pregnancy affected the child data.Abbreviations ACCEPT: Adaptation to Climate Change, Environmental Pollution and dietary Transition; BMI: Body Mass Index; BP: Blood Pressure; Circ: Circumference; DBP: Diastolic Blood Pressure; FFH: Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact test; HC: Head Circumference; H: Height; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HiC: Hip Circumference; IOTF International Obesity Task Force, Max: maximum, Min: minimum, P25: 25th percentile, P75: 75th percentile, SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure, SD: Standard Deviation; VDLD: very-low-density lipoprotein; WaC: Waist Circumference, W: Weight, WHO: World Health Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Kok Grouleff
- Center for Arctic Health and Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maria Wielsøe
- Center for Arctic Health and Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dina Berthelsen
- Department of Health Care, Queen Ingrid’s Health Center, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Gert Mulvad
- Greenland Centre for Health Research, Institute of Nursing and Health Sciences,University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Silvia Isidor
- Greenland Centre for Health Research, Institute of Nursing and Health Sciences,University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Manhai Long
- Center for Arctic Health and Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eva Cecilie Bonefeld-Jørgensen
- Center for Arctic Health and Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Greenland Centre for Health Research, Institute of Nursing and Health Sciences,University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
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Taxová Braunerová R, Kunešová M, Heinen MM, Rutter H, Hassapidou M, Duleva V, Pudule I, Petrauskienė A, Sjöberg A, Lissner L, Spiroski I, Gutiérrez-González E, Kelleher CC, Bergh IH, Metelcová T, Vignerová J, Brabec M, Buoncristiano M, Williams J, Simmonds P, Zamrazilová H, Hainer V, Yngve A, Rakovac I, Breda J. Waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio in 7-year-old children-WHO Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative. Obes Rev 2021; 22 Suppl 6:e13208. [PMID: 34402567 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Childhood obesity is a serious global health problem. Waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) reflect body fat distribution in children. The objectives of this study were to assess WC and WHtR in 7-year-old children and to determine body mass index (BMI), WC, and WHtR differences in children from 10 selected countries across Europe (Bulgaria, Czechia, Greece, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Norway, Spain, and Sweden) participating in the World Health Organization (WHO) Europe Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI). The 50th and 90th percentile of WC (according to COSI and "Identification and prevention of Dietary- and lifestyle-induced health EFfects In Children and infantS" (IDEFICS) cutoff values) and WHtR above 0.5 were used as measures of abdominal obesity in a unique sample of 38,975 children aged 7.00-7.99 years. Southern European countries, including Greece and Spain, showed significantly higher BMI, WC, and WHtRin both genders (p < 0.0001) than Eastern and Northern Europe. The highest values for WC were observed in Greece (60.8 ± 7.36 cm boys; 60.3 ± 7.48 cm girls), North Macedonia (60.4 ± 7.91 cm boys; 59.0 ± 8.01 cm girls), and Spain (59.7 ± 6.96 cm boys; 58.9 ± 6.77 cm girls). WC and WHtRin may add an information about the occurrence of central obesity in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie Kunešová
- Obesity Management Centre, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mirjam M Heinen
- National Nutrition Surveillance Centre, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Harry Rutter
- Department of Social and Policy Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Maria Hassapidou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vesselka Duleva
- Department of Food and Nutrition, National Centre of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Iveta Pudule
- Department of Research and Health Statistics, Centre for Disease and Prevention Control, Riga, Latvia
| | - Aušra Petrauskienė
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Agneta Sjöberg
- Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lauren Lissner
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine at Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Igor Spiroski
- Institute of Public Health, Skopje, North Macedonia.,Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | | | - Cecily C Kelleher
- College of Health and Agricultural Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ingunn Holden Bergh
- Department of Health and Inequality, Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tereza Metelcová
- Obesity Management Centre, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic.,1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Vignerová
- Obesity Management Centre, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Brabec
- Institute of Computer Science, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Buoncristiano
- World Health Organization (WHO) European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Division of Country Health Programmes, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Julianne Williams
- World Health Organization (WHO) European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Division of Country Health Programmes, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Philippa Simmonds
- World Health Organization (WHO) European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Division of Country Health Programmes, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Hana Zamrazilová
- Obesity Management Centre, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Hainer
- Obesity Management Centre, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Agneta Yngve
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Studies, Uppsala University, Sweden.,School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ivo Rakovac
- World Health Organization (WHO) European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Division of Country Health Programmes, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - João Breda
- World Health Organization (WHO) European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Division of Country Health Programmes, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Distribution of waist-to-height ratio and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents: a population-based study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9524. [PMID: 33947900 PMCID: PMC8096959 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88951-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to evaluate the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) distribution and assess its relationship with cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents. A total of 8091 subjects aged 10–18 years were included from a nationally representative survey. Participants were classified into three groups: (1) < 85th, (2) ≥ 85th and < 95th, and (3) ≥ 95th percentile of WHtR. The WHtR distribution varied with sex and age. Whereas WHtR decreased from age 10–15 years in boys and from age 10–12 years in girls, it slightly increased thereafter. Compared to the < 85th percentile group, the WHtR ≥ 85th and < 95th percentile group had an odds ratio (OR) of 1.2 for elevated blood pressure (BP), 1.89 for elevated triglycerides (TGs), 1.47 for reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and 4.82 for metabolic syndrome (MetS). The ≥ 95th percentile group had an OR of 1.4 for elevated BP, 2.54 for elevated glucose, 2.22 for elevated TGs, 1.74 for reduced HDL-C, and 9.45 for MetS compared to the < 85th percentile group. Our results suggest that sex- and age-specific WHtR percentiles can be used as a simple clinical measurement to estimate cardiometabolic risk.
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Inokuchi M, Matsuo N, Takayama JI, Hasegawa T. Population-based waist circumference reference values in Japanese children (0-6 years): comparisons with Dutch, Swedish and Turkish preschool children. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2021; 34:349-356. [PMID: 33675207 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2020-0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During 1978-1981 the Japanese Standards Association conducted a national survey to collect 64 distinct body measurements for Japanese children and adults. During 1978-1981, the prevalence of childhood obesity was relatively low yet the population was well nourished in Japanese children. The aim of this study is to construct waist circumference and waist circumference to stature ratio reference centile curves for Japanese preschool children. METHODS We utilized 1978-1981 national survey data on body sizes. There are 4937 boys and 4758 girls age 0-6 years for waist circumference measurements. Waist circumference was measured at the level of the umbilicus. Using LMS method, centile curves were constructed for waist circumference and waist circumference to stature ratio. These reference values were compared with those of Dutch, Swedish and Turkish children. RESULTS Centile reference curves were made for clinical and epidemiological use. Japanese children had smaller waist circumference centile values as compared to waist circumference measured at the midpoint of the lowest rib cage and the iliac crest of Dutch, Swedish and Turkish children. However, Japanese children had comparable waist circumference to stature ratio centile values to those of Dutch and Turkish children. CONCLUSIONS This study presents the first age-, sex-, and ethnicity-specific reference values for waist circumference and waist circumference to stature ratio in Japanese preschool children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikako Inokuchi
- Health Center, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutake Matsuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- The Institute for Healthcare Quality Improvement, Tokyo Healthcare Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
- National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - John I Takayama
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, USA
| | - Tomonobu Hasegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
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Ghouili H, Ouerghi N, Ben Khalifa W, Boughalmi A, Dridi A, Gmada N, Bouassida A. First reference curves of waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio for Tunisian children. Arch Pediatr 2020; 27:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Inokuchi M, Matsuo N, Takayama JI, Hasegawa T. National anthropometric reference values and growth curves for Japanese children: history and critical review. Ann Hum Biol 2019; 46:287-292. [PMID: 31257942 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2019.1638453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Context: Child health statistics are a critical component of child health assessment. However, the importance of nationally representative data on growth is not well recognised for Japanese children. Objective: The aim of this paper is to review the national growth surveys for Japanese children and to discuss the clinical use of the national growth reference values and growth curves. Methods: There are five governmental organisations surveying health and growth in Japanese children. Based on these studies, several aspects of the current governmental policy on child growth assessment have been examined. This review focussed on national anthropometric studies reported by Japanese investigators in English for international readers to understand Japanese issues. Results: A variety of growth reference curves have been developed since the early 1980s in Japan. However, these references have several limitations: incomplete data for both infants and young adults, limited description of socio-economic factors and continued governmental use of weight-for-height rather than BMI. Conclusion: Japanese child health statistics use measures that are applicable only to Japanese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikako Inokuchi
- Health Center, Keio University , Tokyo , Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Nobutake Matsuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan.,The Institute for Healthcare Quality Improvement, Tokyo Healthcare Foundation , Tokyo , Japan.,National Center for Child Health and Development , Tokyo , Japan
| | - John I Takayama
- Department of Pediatrics, California University School of Medicine , San Francisco , USA
| | - Tomonobu Hasegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
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Ma C, Lu Q, Wang R, Yin F. Using height-corrected definition of metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2019; 32:429-438. [PMID: 31050656 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2018-0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is common among children and adolescents. Age- and gender-specific references or age-, gender- and height-specific references were used in pediatric MS definitions. More recently, an increasing number of studies documented that the ratio of waist circumference (WC) to height (WHtR) and blood pressure to height (BPHR) were easy anthropometric indexes for detection of obesity and hypertension in children and adolescents. For these reasons, height-corrected MS definition was proposed. WHtR and BPHR were used as alternatives to WC and BP in the definition of MS. In the present review, we discuss the possibility of the height-corrected MS definition for identifying MS in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunming Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Qiang Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Fuzai Yin
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, No. 258 Wenhua Road, Qinhuangdao 066000, Hebei Province, China, Phone: +86-335-3634208, Fax: +86-335-3032042
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Kim MS, Kim SY, Kim JH. Secular change in waist circumference and waist-height ratio and optimal cutoff of waist-height ratio for abdominal obesity among Korean children and adolescents over 10 years. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2018; 62:261-268. [PMID: 30514064 PMCID: PMC6642921 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2018.07038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the time trends of waist circumference (WC) and waist-height ratio (WHR), and to present WC and WHR distributions with optimal WHR cutoff for abdominal obesity in Korean children and adolescents. METHODS We performed a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of data from 13,257 children and adolescents (6,987 boys and 6,270 girls) aged 6-18 years who were included in the third to sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2005-2015). Linear regression analyses were used to identify secular changes in WC and WHR by age, sex, and KNHANES waves. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to determine the optimal WHR cutoff values for abdominal obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors. RESULTS The mean WC and WHR distributions from 2005 to 2015 showed no significant secular changes between the KNHANES 4 waves (P for trend ≥0.05 in all ages and both sexes). The mean WCs in the present study were lower than those in the 2007 Korean National Growth Charts. The mean WHR at ages <13 years was statistically higher in the boys than in the girls, but did not significantly differ between the sexes among those aged 13 to 18 years. The optimal WHR cutoff for abdominal obesity was 0.48 (area under the curve, 0.985; 95% confidence interval, 0.985-0.985) in the 13- to 18-yearold adolescents. CONCLUSION WC and WHR showed no secular changes over 10 years. The optimal WHR cutoff for abdominal obesity of 0.48 is useful for diagnosing and managing obesity and thus preventing obesityrelated cardiometabolic complications in 13- to 18-year-old Korean adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sub Kim
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Daejin Medical Center, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Se Young Kim
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Daejin Medical Center, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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Is the ratio waist circumference to height (WHtR) of 0.5 a universal measure for abdominal adiposity in children and adolescents? Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 40:1141-2. [PMID: 27076274 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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