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Wu D, Lee HH, Ba R, Turnbill V, Wang X, Luo Y, Walczak P, Fieremans E, Novikov DS, Martin LJ, Northington FJ, Zhang J. In vivo mapping of cellular resolution neuropathology in brain ischemia with diffusion MRI. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk1817. [PMID: 39018390 PMCID: PMC466947 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk1817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Noninvasive mapping of cellular pathology can provide critical diagnostic and prognostic information. Recent advances in diffusion magnetic resonance imaging enabled in vivo examination of tissue microstructures well beyond the imaging resolution. Here, we proposed to use diffusion time-dependent diffusion kurtosis imaging (tDKI) to simultaneously assess cellular morphology and transmembrane permeability in hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. Through numerical simulations and organoid imaging, we demonstrated the feasibility of capturing effective size and permeability changes using tDKI. In vivo MRI of HI-injured mouse brains detected a shift of the tDKI peak to longer diffusion times, suggesting swelling of the cellular processes. Furthermore, we observed a faster decrease of the tDKI tail, reflecting increased transmembrane permeability associated with up-regulated water exchange or necrosis. Such information, unavailable from a single diffusion time, can predict salvageable tissues. Preliminary applications of tDKI in patients with ischemic stroke suggested increased transmembrane permeability in stroke regions, illustrating tDKI's potential for detecting pathological changes in the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong-Hsi Lee
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ruicheng Ba
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Victoria Turnbill
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- School of Medical Imaging, Weifang Medical School, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Department of Radiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Els Fieremans
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dmitry S. Novikov
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lee J. Martin
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Frances J. Northington
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jiangyang Zhang
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Yao Y, Liu F, Gu Z, Wang J, Xu L, Yu Y, Cai J, Ren R. Emerging diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets in post-stroke hemorrhagic transformation and brain edema. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1286351. [PMID: 38178909 PMCID: PMC10764516 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1286351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a devastating condition that can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. The aftermath of a stroke, particularly hemorrhagic transformation (HT) and brain edema, can significantly impact the prognosis of patients. Early detection and effective management of these complications are crucial for improving outcomes in stroke patients. This review highlights the emerging diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets including claudin, occludin, zonula occluden, s100β, albumin, MMP-9, MMP-2, MMP-12, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, TGF-β, IL-10, IL-4, IL-13, MCP-1/CCL2, CXCL2, CXCL8, CXCL12, CCL5, CX3CL1, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, P-selectin, E-selectin, PECAM-1/CD31, JAMs, HMGB1, vWF, VEGF, ROS, NAC, and AQP4. The clinical significance and implications of these biomarkers were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yao
- Department of Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhaowen Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lintao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Department of Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Reng Ren
- Department of Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Toader C, Tataru CP, Florian IA, Covache-Busuioc RA, Dumitrascu DI, Glavan LA, Costin HP, Bratu BG, Ciurea AV. From Homeostasis to Pathology: Decoding the Multifaceted Impact of Aquaporins in the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14340. [PMID: 37762642 PMCID: PMC10531540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs), integral membrane proteins facilitating selective water and solute transport across cell membranes, have been the focus of extensive research over the past few decades. Particularly noteworthy is their role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and fluid balance in neural compartments, as dysregulated AQP expression is implicated in various degenerative and acute brain pathologies. This article provides an exhaustive review on the evolutionary history, molecular classification, and physiological relevance of aquaporins, emphasizing their significance in the central nervous system (CNS). The paper journeys through the early studies of water transport to the groundbreaking discovery of Aquaporin 1, charting the molecular intricacies that make AQPs unique. It delves into AQP distribution in mammalian systems, detailing their selective permeability through permeability assays. The article provides an in-depth exploration of AQP4 and AQP1 in the brain, examining their contribution to fluid homeostasis. Furthermore, it elucidates the interplay between AQPs and the glymphatic system, a critical framework for waste clearance and fluid balance in the brain. The dysregulation of AQP-mediated processes in this system hints at a strong association with neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's Disease, idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus, and Alzheimer's Disease. This relationship is further explored in the context of acute cerebral events such as stroke and autoimmune conditions such as neuromyelitis optica (NMO). Moreover, the article scrutinizes AQPs at the intersection of oncology and neurology, exploring their role in tumorigenesis, cell migration, invasiveness, and angiogenesis. Lastly, the article outlines emerging aquaporin-targeted therapies, offering a glimpse into future directions in combatting CNS malignancies and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corneliu Toader
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (D.-I.D.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.V.C.)
- Department of Vascular Neurosurgery, National Institute of Neurology and Neurovascular Diseases, 077160 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Calin Petru Tataru
- Department of Opthamology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Central Military Emergency Hospital “Dr. Carol Davila”, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioan-Alexandru Florian
- Department of Neurosciences, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Razvan-Adrian Covache-Busuioc
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (D.-I.D.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.V.C.)
| | - David-Ioan Dumitrascu
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (D.-I.D.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Luca Andrei Glavan
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (D.-I.D.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Horia Petre Costin
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (D.-I.D.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Bogdan-Gabriel Bratu
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (D.-I.D.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Alexandru Vlad Ciurea
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (D.-I.D.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.V.C.)
- Neurosurgery Department, Sanador Clinical Hospital, 010991 Bucharest, Romania
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Wu D, Turnbill V, Lee HH, Wang X, Ba R, Walczak P, Martin LJ, Fieremans E, Novikov DS, Northington FJ, Zhang J. In vivo Mapping of Cellular Resolution Neuropathology in Brain Ischemia by Diffusion MRI. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.08.552374. [PMID: 37609182 PMCID: PMC10441332 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.08.552374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive mapping of cellular pathology can provide critical diagnostic and prognostic information. Recent developments in diffusion MRI have produced new tools for examining tissue microstructure at a level well below the imaging resolution. Here, we report the use of diffusion time ( t )-dependent diffusion kurtosis imaging ( t DKI) to simultaneously assess the morphology and transmembrane permeability of cells and their processes in the context of pathological changes in hypoxic-ischemic brain (HI) injury. Through Monte Carlo simulations and cell culture organoid imaging, we demonstrate feasibility in measuring effective size and permeability changes based on the peak and tail of t DKI curves. In a mouse model of HI, in vivo imaging at 11.7T detects a marked shift of the t DKI peak to longer t in brain edema, suggesting swelling and beading associated with the astrocytic processes and neuronal neurites. Furthermore, we observed a faster decrease of the t DKI tail in injured brain regions, reflecting increased membrane permeability that was associated with upregulated water exchange upon astrocyte activation at acute stage as well as necrosis with disrupted membrane integrity at subacute stage. Such information, unavailable with conventional diffusion MRI at a single t, can predict salvageable tissues. For a proof-of-concept, t DKI at 3T on an ischemic stroke patient suggested increased membrane permeability in the stroke region. This work therefore demonstrates the potential of t DKI for in vivo detection of the pathological changes in microstructural morphology and transmembrane permeability after ischemic injury using a clinically translatable protocol.
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Zhong Y, Zhang B, Huang Y, Du J, Liang B, Li Z, Ye R, Wang B, Xian H, Yang X, Rong W, Guo X, Yang X, Huang Z. CircBCL11B acts as a ceRNA to facilitate 1,2-dichloroethane-induced astrocyte swelling via miR-29b-3p/AQP4 axis in SVG p12 cells. Toxicol Lett 2023; 380:40-52. [PMID: 37028497 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
1,2-Dichloroethane (1,2-DCE) is a pervasive environmental pollutant found in ambient and residential air, as well as ground and drinking water. Brain edema is the primary pathological consequence of 1,2-DCE overexposure. We found that microRNA (miRNA)-29b dysregulation after 1,2-DCE exposure can aggravate brain edema by suppressing aquaporin 4 (AQP4). Moreover, circular RNAs (circRNAs) can regulate the expression of downstream target genes through miRNA, and affect protein function. However, circRNAs' role in 1,2-DCE-induced brain edema via miR-29b-3p/AQP4 axis remains unclear. To address the mechanism's bottleneck, we explored the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network underlying 1,2-DCE-driven astrocyte swelling in SVG p12 cells by circRNA sequencing, electron microscopy and isotope 3H labeling combined with the 3-O-methylglucose uptake method. The results showed that 25 and 50mM 1,2-DCE motivated astrocyte swelling, characterized by increased water content, enlarged cell vacuoles, and mitochondrial swelling. This was accompanied by miR-29b-3p downregulation and AQP4 upregulation. We verified that AQP4 were negatively regulated by miR-29b-3p in 1,2-DCE-induced astrocyte swelling. Also, circRNA sequencing highlighted that circBCL11B was upregulated by 1,2-DCE. This was manifested as circBCL11B overexpression playing an endogenous competitive role via upregulating AQP4 by binding to miR-29b-3p, thus leading to astrocyte swelling. Conversely, circBCL11B knockdown reversed the 1,2-DCE-motivated AQP4 upregulation and alleviated the cell swelling. Finally, we demonstrated that the circBCL11B was targeted to miR-29b-3p by fluorescence in situ hybridization and dual-luciferase reporter assay. In conclusion, our findings indicate that circBCL11B acts as a competing endogenous RNA to facilitate 1,2-DCE-caused astrocyte swelling via miR-29b-3p/AQP4 axis. These observations provide new insight into the epigenetic mechanisms underlying 1,2-DCE-induced brain edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Zhong
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Bingli Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuji Huang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiaxin Du
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Boxuan Liang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhiming Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Rongyi Ye
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Bo Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hongyi Xian
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Weifeng Rong
- Institute of Chemical Surveillance, Guangdong Provincial Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Xiang Guo
- Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Xingfen Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhenlie Huang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Urushihata T, Takuwa H, Takahashi M, Kershaw J, Shibata S, Nitta N, Tachibana Y, Yasui M, Higuchi M, Obata T. Distribution of intraperitoneally administered deuterium-labeled water in aquaporin-4-knockout mouse brain after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:1071272. [PMID: 36685250 PMCID: PMC9853453 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1071272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction As the movement of water in the brain is known to be involved in neural activity and various brain pathologies, the ability to assess water dynamics in the brain will be important for the understanding of brain function and the diagnosis and treatment of brain diseases. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is a membrane channel protein that is highly expressed in brain astrocytes and is important for the movement of water molecules in the brain. Methods In this study, we investigated the contribution of AQP4 to brain water dynamics by administering deuterium-labeled water (D2O) intraperitoneally to wild-type and AQP4 knockout (AQP4-ko) mice that had undergone surgical occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Water dynamics in the infarct region and on either side of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) was monitored with proton-density-weighted imaging (PDWI) performed on a 7T animal MRI. Results D2O caused a negative signal change quickly after administration. The AQP4-ko mice showed a delay of the time-to-minimum in both the contralateral and ipsilateral ACA regions compared to wild-type mice. Also, only the AQP4- ko mice showed a delay of the time-to-minimum in the ipsilateral ACA region compared to the contralateral side. In only the wild-type mice, the signal minimum in the ipsilateral ACA region was higher than that in the contralateral ACA region. In the infarct region, the signal attenuation was slower for the AQP4-ko mice in comparison to the wild-type mice. Discussion These results suggest that AQP4 loss affects water dynamics in the ACA region not only in the infarct region. Dynamic PDWI after D2O administration may be a useful tool for showing the effects of AQP4 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Urushihata
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan,Department of Integrative Physiology, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takuwa
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan,Quantum Neuromapping and Neuromodulation Group, Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Manami Takahashi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan,Quantum Neuromapping and Neuromodulation Group, Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan,Department of Quantum Biology and Molecular Imaging, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jeff Kershaw
- Applied MRI Research, Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sayaka Shibata
- Applied MRI Research, Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nitta
- Applied MRI Research, Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tachibana
- Applied MRI Research, Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masato Yasui
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, Keio Advanced Research Center for Water Biology and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takayuki Obata
- Applied MRI Research, Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan,*Correspondence: Takayuki Obata,
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Yan JH, Wang YJ, Sun YR, Pei YH, Ma HW, Mu YK, Qin LH. The lymphatic drainage systems in the brain: a novel target for ischemic stroke? Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:485-491. [DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.346484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Fan L, Wu P, Li X, Tie L. Aquaporins in Cardiovascular System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1398:125-135. [PMID: 36717490 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that aquaporins (AQPs) are involved in the regulation of cardiovascular function and the development of related diseases, especially in cerebral ischemia, congestive heart failure, hypertension, and angiogenesis. Therefore, further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism accounting for the association between AQPs and vascular function-related diseases, which may lead to novel approaches to the prevention and treatment of those diseases. Here we will discuss the expression and physiological roles of AQPs in vascular tissues and summarize recent progress in the research on AQPs related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Pin Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejun Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Lu Tie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Xiao M, Hou J, Xu M, Li S, Yang B. Aquaporins in Nervous System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1398:99-124. [PMID: 36717489 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) mediate water flux between the four distinct water compartments in the central nervous system (CNS). In the present chapter, we mainly focus on the expression and function of the nine AQPs expressed in the CNS, which include five members of aquaporin subfamily: AQP1, AQP4, AQP5, AQP6, and AQP8; three members of aquaglyceroporin subfamily: AQP3, AQP7, and AQP9; and one member of superaquaporin subfamily: AQP11. In addition, AQP1, AQP2, and AQP4 expressed in the peripheral nervous system are also reviewed. AQP4, the predominant water channel in the CNS, is involved both in the astrocyte swelling of cytotoxic edema and the resolution of vasogenic edema and is of pivotal importance in the pathology of brain disorders such as neuromyelitis optica, brain tumors, and neurodegenerative disorders. Moreover, AQP4 has been demonstrated as a functional regulator of recently discovered glymphatic system that is a main contributor to clearance of toxic macromolecule from the brain. Other AQPs are also involved in a variety of important physiological and pathological process in the brain. It has been suggested that AQPs could represent an important target in treatment of brain disorders like cerebral edema. Future investigations are necessary to elucidate the pathological significance of AQPs in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xiao
- Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaoyu Hou
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- Basic Medical College, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Shao Li
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Baoxue Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Quintin S, Barpujari A, Mehkri Y, Hernandez J, Lucke-Wold B. The glymphatic system and subarachnoid hemorrhage: disruption and recovery. EXPLORATION OF NEUROPROTECTIVE THERAPY 2022; 2:118-130. [PMID: 35756328 PMCID: PMC9221287 DOI: 10.37349/ent.2022.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The glymphatic system, or glial-lymphatic system, is a waste clearance system composed of perivascular channels formed by astrocytes that mediate the clearance of proteins and metabolites from the brain. These channels facilitate the movement of cerebrospinal fluid throughout brain parenchyma and are critical for homeostasis. Disruption of the glymphatic system leads to an accumulation of these waste products as well as increased interstitial fluid in the brain. These phenomena are also seen during and after subarachnoid hemorrhages (SAH), contributing to the brain damage seen after rupture of a major blood vessel. Herein this review provides an overview of the glymphatic system, its disruption during SAH, and its function in recovery following SAH. The review also outlines drugs which target the glymphatic system and may have therapeutic applications following SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Quintin
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Arnav Barpujari
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Yusuf Mehkri
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Jairo Hernandez
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Brandon Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Diaz A, Woo Y, Martin-Jimenez C, Merino P, Torre E, Yepes M. Tissue-type plasminogen activator induces TNF-α-mediated preconditioning of the blood-brain barrier. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:667-682. [PMID: 34796748 PMCID: PMC9051146 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211060395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic tolerance is a phenomenon whereby transient exposure to a non-injurious preconditioning stimulus triggers resistance to a subsequent lethal ischemic insult. Despite the fact that not only neurons but also astrocytes and endothelial cells have a unique response to preconditioning stimuli, current research has been focused mostly on the effect of preconditioning on neuronal death. Thus, it is unclear if the blood-brain barrier (BBB) can be preconditioned independently of an effect on neuronal survival. The release of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) from perivascular astrocytes in response to an ischemic insult increases the permeability of the BBB. In line with these observations, treatment with recombinant tPA increases the permeability of the BBB and genetic deficiency of tPA attenuates the development of post-ischemic edema. Here we show that tPA induces ischemic tolerance in the BBB independently of an effect on neuronal survival. We found that tPA renders the BBB resistant to an ischemic injury by inducing TNF-α-mediated astrocytic activation and increasing the abundance of aquaporin-4-immunoreactive astrocytic end-feet processes in the neurovascular unit. This is a new role for tPA, that does not require plasmin generation, and with potential therapeutic implications for patients with cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Diaz
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes
National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yena Woo
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes
National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cynthia Martin-Jimenez
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes
National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Paola Merino
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes
National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Enrique Torre
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes
National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Manuel Yepes
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes
National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology & Center for Neurodegenerative
Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center,
Atlanta, GA, USA
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12
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Garcia-Martin G, Alcover-Sanchez B, Wandosell F, Cubelos B. Pathways Involved in Remyelination after Cerebral Ischemia. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:751-765. [PMID: 34151767 PMCID: PMC9878953 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210610093658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain ischemia, also known as ischemic stroke, occurs when there is a lack of blood supply into the brain. When an ischemic insult appears, both neurons and glial cells can react in several ways that will determine the severity and prognosis. This high heterogeneity of responses has been a major obstacle in developing effective treatments or preventive methods for stroke. Although white matter pathophysiology has not been deeply assessed in stroke, its remodelling can greatly influence the clinical outcome and the disability degree. Oligodendrocytes, the unique cell type implied in CNS myelination, are sensible to ischemic damage. Loss of myelin sheaths can compromise axon survival, so new Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells are required to restore brain function. Stroke can, therefore, enhance oligodendrogenesis to regenerate those new oligodendrocytes that will ensheath the damaged axons. Given that myelination is a highly complex process that requires coordination of multiple pathways such as Sonic Hedgehog, RTKs or Wnt/β-catenin, we will analyse new research highlighting their importance after brain ischemia. In addition, oligodendrocytes are not isolated cells inside the brain, but rather form part of a dynamic environment of interactions between neurons and glial cells. For this reason, we will put some context into how microglia and astrocytes react against stroke and influence oligodendrogenesis to highlight the relevance of remyelination in the ischemic brain. This will help to guide future studies to develop treatments focused on potentiating the ability of the brain to repair the damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Garcia-Martin
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Berta Alcover-Sanchez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Wandosell
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Cubelos
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain,Address correspondence to this author at the Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Tel: 34-91-1964561; Fax: 34-91-1964420; E-mail:
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13
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Urushihata T, Takuwa H, Takahashi M, Kershaw J, Tachibana Y, Nitta N, Shibata S, Yasui M, Higuchi M, Obata T. Exploring cell membrane water exchange in aquaporin-4-deficient ischemic mouse brain using diffusion-weighted MRI. Eur Radiol Exp 2021; 5:44. [PMID: 34617156 PMCID: PMC8494869 DOI: 10.1186/s41747-021-00244-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aquaporin-4 is a membrane channel protein that is highly expressed in brain astrocytes and facilitates the transport of water molecules. It has been suggested that suppression of aquaporin-4 function may be an effective treatment for reducing cellular edema after cerebral infarction. It is therefore important to develop clinically applicable measurement systems to evaluate and better understand the effects of aquaporin-4 suppression on the living body. METHODS Animal models of focal cerebral ischemia were created by surgically occluding the middle cerebral artery of wild-type and aquaporin-4 knockout mice, after which multi-b-value multi-diffusion-time diffusion-weighted imaging measurements were performed. Data were analyzed with both the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) model and a compartmental water-exchange model. RESULTS ADCs were estimated for five different b value ranges. The ADC of aquaporin-4 knockout mice in the contralateral region was significantly higher than that of wild-type mice for each range. In contrast, aquaporin-4 knockout mice had significantly lower ADC than wild-type mice in ischemic tissue for each b-value range. Genotype-dependent differences in the ADC were particularly significant for the lowest ranges in normal tissue and for the highest ranges in ischemic tissue. The ADCs measured at different diffusion times were significantly different for both genotypes. Fitting of the water-exchange model to the ischemic region data found that the water-exchange time in aquaporin-4 knockout mice was approximately 2.5 times longer than that in wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS Multi-b-value multi-diffusion-time diffusion-weighted imaging may be useful for in vivo research and clinical diagnosis of aquaporin-4-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Urushihata
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, QST, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takuwa
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, QST, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Manami Takahashi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, QST, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Jeff Kershaw
- Applied MRI Research, Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, QST, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tachibana
- Applied MRI Research, Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, QST, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nitta
- Applied MRI Research, Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, QST, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Sayaka Shibata
- Applied MRI Research, Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, QST, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masato Yasui
- Keio Advanced Research Center for Water Biology and Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, 160-0016, Japan
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, QST, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Takayuki Obata
- Applied MRI Research, Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, QST, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.
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14
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Obenaus A, Badaut J. Role of the noninvasive imaging techniques in monitoring and understanding the evolution of brain edema. J Neurosci Res 2021; 100:1191-1200. [PMID: 34048088 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human brain injury elicits accumulation of water within the brain due to a variety of pathophysiological processes. As our understanding of edema emerged two temporally (and cellular) distinct processes were identified, cytotoxic and vasogenic edema. The emergence of both types of edema is reflected by the temporal evolution and is influenced by the underlying pathology (type and extent). However, this two-edema compartment model does not adequately describe the transition between cytotoxic and vasogenic edema. Hence, a third category has been proposed, termed ionic edema, that is observed in the transition between cytotoxic and vasogenic edema. Magnetic resonance neuroimaging of edema today primarily utilizes T2-weighted (T2WI) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). Clinical diagnostics and translational science studies have clearly demonstrated the temporal ability of both T2WI and DWI to monitor edema content and evolution. DWI measures water mobility within the brain reflecting cytotoxic edema. T2WI at later time points when vasogenic edema develops visualizes increased water content in the brain. Clinically relevant imaging modalities, including ultrasound and positron emission tomography, are not typically used to assess edema. In sum, edema imaging is an important cornerstone of clinical diagnostics and translational studies and can guide effective therapeutics manage edema and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Obenaus
- Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jérôme Badaut
- Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,CNRS UMR5287, INCIA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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15
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Duhaut DE, Heurteaux C, Gandin C, Ichai C, Quintard H. The Antiedematous Effect of Exogenous Lactate Therapy in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Physiological and Mechanistic Approach. Neurocrit Care 2021; 35:747-755. [PMID: 33880700 PMCID: PMC8692279 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-021-01219-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Sodium lactate (SL) has been described as an efficient therapy in treating raised intracranial pressure (ICP). However, the precise mechanism by which SL reduces intracranial hypertension is not well defined. An antiedematous effect has been proposed but never demonstrated. In this context, the involvement of chloride channels, aquaporins, or K–Cl cotransporters has also been suggested, but these mechanisms have never been assessed when using SL. Methods In a rat model of traumatic brain injury (TBI), we compared the effect of SL versus mannitol 20% on ICP, cerebral tissue oxygen pressure, and brain water content. We attempted to clarify the involvement of chloride channels in the antiedematous effects associated with lactate therapy in TBI. Results An equimolar single bolus of SL and mannitol significantly reduced brain water content and ICP and improved cerebral tissue oxygen pressure 4 h after severe TBI. The effect of SL on brain water content was much longer than that of mannitol and persisted at 24 h post TBI. Western blot and immunofluorescence staining analyses performed 24 h after TBI revealed that SL infusion is associated with an upregulation of aquaporin 4 and K–Cl cotransporter 2. Conclusions SL is an effective therapy for treating brain edema after TBI. This study suggests, for the first time, the potential role of chloride channels in the antiedematous effect induced by exogenous SL.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Emmanuel Duhaut
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Pasteur 2, Le Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France
- UMR7275, Institut de Pharmacologie moléculaire et cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Catherine Heurteaux
- UMR7275, Institut de Pharmacologie moléculaire et cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Carine Gandin
- UMR7275, Institut de Pharmacologie moléculaire et cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Carole Ichai
- UMR7275, Institut de Pharmacologie moléculaire et cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Hervé Quintard
- UMR7275, Institut de Pharmacologie moléculaire et cellulaire, Valbonne, France.
- Intensive Care Unit, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland.
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16
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Sylvain NJ, Salman MM, Pushie MJ, Hou H, Meher V, Herlo R, Peeling L, Kelly ME. The effects of trifluoperazine on brain edema, aquaporin-4 expression and metabolic markers during the acute phase of stroke using photothrombotic mouse model. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183573. [PMID: 33561476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death and the third leading cause of disability globally. Edema is a hallmark of stroke resulting from dysregulation of water homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS) and plays the major role in stroke-associated morbidity and mortality. The overlap between cellular and vasogenic edema makes treating this condition complicated, and to date, there is no pathogenically oriented drug treatment for edema. Water balance in the brain is tightly regulated, primarily by aquaporin 4 (AQP4) channels, which are mainly expressed in perivascular astrocytic end-feet. Targeting AQP4 could be a useful therapeutic approach for treating brain edema; however, there is no approved drug for stroke treatment that can directly block AQP4. In this study, we demonstrate that the FDA-approved drug trifluoperazine (TFP) effectively reduces cerebral edema during the early acute phase in post-stroke mice using a photothrombotic stroke model. This effect was combined with an inhibition of AQP4 expression at gene and protein levels. Importantly, TFP does not appear to induce any deleterious changes on brain electrolytes or metabolic markers, including total protein or lipid levels. Our results support a possible role for TFP in providing a beneficial extra-osmotic effect on brain energy metabolism, as indicated by the increase of glycogen levels. We propose that targeting AQP4-mediated brain edema using TFP is a viable therapeutic strategy during the early and acute phase of stroke that can be further investigated during later stages to help in developing novel CNS edema therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Sylvain
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Mootaz M Salman
- Medical Sciences Division, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK.
| | - M Jake Pushie
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Huishu Hou
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Vedashree Meher
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Rasmus Herlo
- Neurotechnology Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Lissa Peeling
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Michael E Kelly
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
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17
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Wang W, Ji Z, Yuan C, Yang Y. Mechanism of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived-Extracellular Vesicle in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Neurochem Res 2020; 46:455-467. [PMID: 33258087 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are implicated in cerebral ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury process. In this study, after extraction and identification of human umbilical cord MSCs (HMCs)-derived EVs, I/R rat models were established and treated with HMC-EVs to measure pathological damage, apoptosis and inflammation in brain tissues. The differentially expressed microRNAs (miRs) in HMC-EVs and I/R rat tissues were screened. The downstream gene and pathways of miR-24 were analyzed. The gain- and loss-of function of miR-24 in HMC-EVs was performed in I/R rat models and hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) cell models. SH-SY5Y cells were subjected to hypoxia and biological behaviors were detected by MTT assay, colony formation experiment, EdU staining and Transwell assays, and cells were incubated with the inhibitors of downstream pathways. As expected, infarct size, brain tissue apoptosis and inflammation were decreased after HMC-EVs treatment. miR-24 overexpression in HMC-EVs reduced I/R injury, while miR-24 knockdown in HMC-EVs impaired the protective roles of HMC-EVs in I/R injury. HMC-EVs-carried miR-24 could target AQP4 to activate the P38 MAPK/ERK1/2/P13K/AKT pathway, and thus promoted the proliferation and migration of SH-SY5Y cells after H/R injury, which were reversed by LY294002 and PD98095. Taken together, HMC-EVs-carried miR-24 played protective roles in I/R injury, possibly by targeting AQP4 and activating the P38 MAPK/ERK1/2/P13K/AKT pathway. This study may offer novel perspective for I/R injury treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Chengyang People's Hospital, No. 600 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Ji
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Chengyang People's Hospital, No. 600 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Yuan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Qingdao Chengyang People's Hospital, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfang Yang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Chengyang People's Hospital, No. 600 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Lana D, Ugolini F, Giovannini MG. An Overview on the Differential Interplay Among Neurons-Astrocytes-Microglia in CA1 and CA3 Hippocampus in Hypoxia/Ischemia. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:585833. [PMID: 33262692 PMCID: PMC7686560 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.585833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons have been long regarded as the basic functional cells of the brain, whereas astrocytes and microglia have been regarded only as elements of support. However, proper intercommunication among neurons-astrocytes-microglia is of fundamental importance for the functional organization of the brain. Perturbation in the regulation of brain energy metabolism not only in neurons but also in astrocytes and microglia may be one of the pathophysiological mechanisms of neurodegeneration, especially in hypoxia/ischemia. Glial activation has long been considered detrimental for survival of neurons, but recently it appears that glial responses to an insult are not equal but vary in different brain areas. In this review, we first take into consideration the modifications of the vascular unit of the glymphatic system and glial metabolism in hypoxic conditions. Using the method of triple-labeling fluorescent immunohistochemistry coupled with confocal microscopy (TIC), we recently studied the interplay among neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in chronic brain hypoperfusion. We evaluated the quantitative and morpho-functional alterations of the neuron-astrocyte-microglia triads comparing the hippocampal CA1 area, more vulnerable to ischemia, to the CA3 area, less vulnerable. In these contiguous and interconnected areas, in the same experimental hypoxic conditions, astrocytes and microglia show differential, finely regulated, region-specific reactivities. In both areas, astrocytes and microglia form triad clusters with apoptotic, degenerating neurons. In the neuron-astrocyte-microglia triads, the cell body of a damaged neuron is infiltrated and bisected by branches of astrocyte that create a microscar around it while a microglial cell phagocytoses the damaged neuron. These coordinated actions are consistent with the scavenging and protective activities of microglia. In hypoxia, the neuron-astrocyte-microglia triads are more numerous in CA3 than in CA1, further indicating their protective effects. These data, taken from contiguous and interconnected hippocampal areas, demonstrate that glial response to the same hypoxic insult is not equal but varies significantly. Understanding the differences of glial reactivity is of great interest to explain the differential susceptibility of hippocampal areas to hypoxia/ischemia. Further studies may evidence the differential reactivity of glia in different brain areas, explaining the higher or lower sensitivity of these areas to different insults and whether glia may represent a target for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lana
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Filippo Ugolini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Anatomopathology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria G Giovannini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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19
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Pro-Inflammatory Role of AQP4 in Mice Subjected to Intrastriatal Injections of the Parkinsonogenic Toxin MPP. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112418. [PMID: 33167342 PMCID: PMC7694382 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is critically involved in brain water and volume homeostasis and has been implicated in a wide range of pathological conditions. Notably, evidence has been accrued to suggest that AQP4 plays a proinflammatory role by promoting release of astrocytic cytokines that activate microglia and other astrocytes. Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD), and we have previously shown that astrocytes in substantia nigra (SN) are enriched in AQP4 relative to cortical astrocytes, and that their complement of AQP4 is further increased following treatment with the parkinsonogenic toxin MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine). Here, we investigated the effect of Aqp4 deletion on microglial activation in mice subjected to unilateral intrastriatal injection of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+, the toxic metabolite of MPTP). Our results show that MPP+ injections lead to a pronounced increase in the expression level of microglial activating genes in the ventral mesencephalon of wild type (WT) mice, but not Aqp4−/− mice. We also show, in WT mice, that MPP+ injections cause an upregulation of nigral AQP4 and swelling of astrocytic endfeet. These findings are consistent with the idea that AQP4 plays a pro-inflammatory role in Parkinson’s disease, secondary to the dysregulation of astrocytic volume homeostasis.
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20
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Murata Y, Sugimoto K, Yang C, Harada K, Gono R, Harada T, Miyashita Y, Higashisaka K, Katada R, Tanaka J, Matsumoto H. Activated microglia-derived macrophage-like cells exacerbate brain edema after ischemic stroke correlate with astrocytic expression of aquaporin-4 and interleukin-1 alpha release. Neurochem Int 2020; 140:104848. [PMID: 32920036 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Brain edema following brain infarction affects mobility and mortality. The mechanisms underlying this process remain to be elucidated. Animal studies have shown that aquaporin-4 (AQP4) expression in astrocytes increases after stroke, and its deletion significantly reduces brain swelling. Recently, two kinds of cells, resident microglia-derived macrophage-like cells (MG-MΦ) and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BM-MΦ), have been reported to accumulate in the ischemic core and stimulate adjacent astrocytes. Therefore, we hypothesized that these cells play crucial roles in the expression of AQP4 and ultimately lead to exacerbated brain edema. To verify this hypothesis, we investigated the role of MG- or BM-MΦ in brain edema using a rat model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and rat astrocyte primary cultures. AQP4 expression significantly increased in the peri-infarct tissue at 3-7 days post-reperfusion (dpr) and in the core tissue at 5 and 7 dpr, which synchronized with the expression of Iba1, Il1a, Tnf, and C1qa mRNA. Interleukin (IL)-1α treatment or coculture with MG- and BM-MΦ increased AQP4 expression in astrocytes, while an IL-1 receptor type I antagonist reduced these effects. Furthermore, aggravated animals exhibited high expression of Aqp4 and Il1a mRNA in the ischemic core at 7 dpr, which led to the exacerbation of brain edema. MG-MΦ signature genes were highly expressed in the ischemic core in aggravated rats, while BM-MΦ signature genes were weakly expressed. These findings suggest that IL-1α produced by MG-MΦ induces astrocytic AQP4 expression in the peri-infarct and ischemic core tissues, thereby exacerbating brain edema. Therefore, the regulation of MG-MΦ may prevent the exacerbation of brain edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Murata
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Kana Sugimoto
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Chihpin Yang
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Harada
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Rina Gono
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Teiji Harada
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Yohei Miyashita
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Kazuma Higashisaka
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Ryuichi Katada
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Junya Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Matsumoto
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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21
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Filchenko I, Blochet C, Buscemi L, Price M, Badaut J, Hirt L. Caveolin-1 Regulates Perivascular Aquaporin-4 Expression After Cerebral Ischemia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:371. [PMID: 32523952 PMCID: PMC7261922 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Edema is a hallmark of many brain disorders including stroke. During vasogenic edema, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability increases, contributing to the entry of plasma proteins followed by water. Caveolae and caveolin-1 (Cav-1) are involved in these BBB permeability changes. The expression of the aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel relates to brain swelling, however, its regulation is poorly understood. Here we tested whether Cav-1 regulates AQP4 expression in the perivascular region after brain ischemia in mice. We showed that Cav-1 knockout mice had enhanced hemispheric swelling and decreased perivascular AQP4 expression in perilesional and contralateral cortical regions compared to wild-type. Glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes displayed less branching and ramification in Cav-1 knockout mice compared to wild-type animals. There was a positive correlation between the area of perivascular AQP4-immunolabelling and branch length of Glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes in wild-type mice, not seen in Cav-1 knockout mice. In summary, we show for the first time that loss of Cav-1 results in decreased AQP4 expression and impaired perivascular AQP4 covering after cerebral ischemia associated with altered reactive astrocyte morphology and enhanced brain swelling. Therapeutic approaches targeting Cav-1 may provide new opportunities for improving stroke outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Filchenko
- Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.,North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Camille Blochet
- Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lara Buscemi
- Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Price
- Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jerome Badaut
- Brain Molecular Imaging Lab, CNRS UMR 5287, INCIA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Basic Science Department, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Lorenz Hirt
- Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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22
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Dasdelen D, Mogulkoc R, Baltaci AK. Aquaporins and Roles in Brain Health and Brain Injury. Mini Rev Med Chem 2020; 20:498-512. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666191018142007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the literature screening, aquaporins were found in the cerebral structures including the pia mater, choroid plexus, ependyma, piriform cortex, hippocampus, dorsal thalamus, supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nuclei, white matter and subcortical organ. Among these, the most common are AQP1, AQP4, and AQP9. The roles of aquaporins have been demonstrated in several diseases such as cerebral edema, various central nervous system tumors, Alzheimer’s Disease and epilepsy. In this review, the relationship between brain/brain-injury and aquaporin, has been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dervis Dasdelen
- Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Rasim Mogulkoc
- Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
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23
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Johnsen M, Kubacki T, Yeroslaviz A, Späth MR, Mörsdorf J, Göbel H, Bohl K, Ignarski M, Meharg C, Habermann B, Altmüller J, Beyer A, Benzing T, Schermer B, Burst V, Müller RU. The Integrated RNA Landscape of Renal Preconditioning against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:716-730. [PMID: 32111728 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019050534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although AKI lacks effective therapeutic approaches, preventive strategies using preconditioning protocols, including caloric restriction and hypoxic preconditioning, have been shown to prevent injury in animal models. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie the enhanced resistance to AKI conferred by such approaches is needed to facilitate clinical use. We hypothesized that these preconditioning strategies use similar pathways to augment cellular stress resistance. METHODS To identify genes and pathways shared by caloric restriction and hypoxic preconditioning, we used RNA-sequencing transcriptome profiling to compare the transcriptional response with both modes of preconditioning in mice before and after renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. RESULTS The gene expression signatures induced by both preconditioning strategies involve distinct common genes and pathways that overlap significantly with the transcriptional changes observed after ischemia-reperfusion injury. These changes primarily affect oxidation-reduction processes and have a major effect on mitochondrial processes. We found that 16 of the genes differentially regulated by both modes of preconditioning were strongly correlated with clinical outcome; most of these genes had not previously been directly linked to AKI. CONCLUSIONS This comparative analysis of the gene expression signatures in preconditioning strategies shows overlapping patterns in caloric restriction and hypoxic preconditioning, pointing toward common molecular mechanisms. Our analysis identified a limited set of target genes not previously known to be associated with AKI; further study of their potential to provide the basis for novel preventive strategies is warranted. To allow for optimal interactive usability of the data by the kidney research community, we provide an online interface for user-defined interrogation of the gene expression datasets (http://shiny.cecad.uni-koeln.de:3838/IRaP/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Johnsen
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Torsten Kubacki
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Martin Richard Späth
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jannis Mörsdorf
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heike Göbel
- Institute for Pathology, Diagnostic and Experimental Nephropathology Unit
| | - Katrin Bohl
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases
| | - Michael Ignarski
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases
| | - Caroline Meharg
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; and
| | - Bianca Habermann
- Development Biology Institute of Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | | | - Andreas Beyer
- Institute for Pathology, Diagnostic and Experimental Nephropathology Unit.,Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Benzing
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Pathology, Diagnostic and Experimental Nephropathology Unit.,Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schermer
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Pathology, Diagnostic and Experimental Nephropathology Unit.,Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Volker Burst
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany;
| | - Roman-Ulrich Müller
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; .,Institute for Pathology, Diagnostic and Experimental Nephropathology Unit.,Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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24
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Rauen K, Pop V, Trabold R, Badaut J, Plesnila N. Vasopressin V 1a Receptors Regulate Cerebral Aquaporin 1 after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:665-674. [PMID: 31547764 PMCID: PMC7045352 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain edema formation contributes to secondary brain damage and unfavorable outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Aquaporins (AQP), highly selective water channels, are involved in the formation of post-trauma brain edema; however, their regulation is largely unknown. Because vasopressin receptors are involved in AQP-mediated water transport in the kidney and inhibition of V1a receptors reduces post-trauma brain edema formation, we hypothesize that cerebral AQPs may be regulated by V1a receptors. Cerebral Aqp1 and Aqp4 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and AQP1 and AQP4 protein levels were quantified in wild-type and V1a receptor knockout (V1a-/-) mice before and 15 min, 1, 3, 6, 12, or 24 h after experimental TBI by controlled cortical impact. In non-traumatized mice, we found AQP1 and AQP4 expression in cortical neurons and astrocytes, respectively. Experimental TBI had no effect on Aqp4 mRNA or AQP4 protein expression, but increased Aqp1 mRNA (p < 0.05) and AQP1 protein expression (p < 0.05) in both hemispheres. The Aqp1 mRNA and AQP1 protein regulation was blunted in V1a receptor knockout mice. The V1a receptors regulate cerebral AQP1 expression after experimental TBI, thereby unraveling the molecular mechanism by which these receptors may mediate brain edema formation after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Rauen
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery & Institute for Surgical Research, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
- University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Department of Geriatric Psychiatry & Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Viorela Pop
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Raimund Trabold
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery & Institute for Surgical Research, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Jerome Badaut
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
- Aquitaine Institute for Cognitive and Integrative Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery & Institute for Surgical Research, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (Synergy), Munich, Germany
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25
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The Pattern of AQP4 Expression in the Ageing Human Brain and in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041225. [PMID: 32059400 PMCID: PMC7072949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the absence of lymphatics, fluid and solutes such as amyloid-β (Aβ) are eliminated from the brain along basement membranes in the walls of cerebral capillaries and arteries—the Intramural Peri-Arterial Drainage (IPAD) pathway. IPAD fails with age and insoluble Aβ is deposited as plaques in the brain and in IPAD pathways as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA); fluid accumulates in the white matter as reflected by hyperintensities (WMH) on MRI. Within the brain, fluid uptake by astrocytes is regulated by aquaporin 4 (AQP4). We test the hypothesis that expression of astrocytic AQP4 increases in grey matter and decreases in white matter with onset of CAA. AQP4 expression was quantitated by immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy in post-mortem occipital grey and white matter from young and old non-demented human brains, in CAA and in WMH. Results: AQP4 expression tended to increase with normal ageing but AQP4 expression in severe CAA was significantly reduced when compared to moderate CAA (p = 0.018). AQP4 expression tended to decline in the white matter with CAA and WMH, both of which are associated with impaired IPAD. Adjusting the level of AQP4 activity may be a valid therapeutic target for restoring homoeostasis in the brain as IPAD fails with age and CAA.
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26
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Ichkova A, Fukuda AM, Nishiyama N, Paris G, Obenaus A, Badaut J. Small Interference RNA Targeting Connexin-43 Improves Motor Function and Limits Astrogliosis After Juvenile Traumatic Brain Injury. ASN Neuro 2019; 11:1759091419847090. [PMID: 31194577 PMCID: PMC6566476 DOI: 10.1177/1759091419847090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenile traumatic brain injury (jTBI) is the leading cause of death and disability for children and adolescents worldwide, but there are no pharmacological treatments available. Aquaporin 4 (AQP4), an astrocytic perivascular protein, is increased after jTBI, and inhibition of its expression with small interference RNA mitigates edema formation and reduces the number of reactive astrocytes after jTBI. Due to the physical proximity of AQP4 and gap junctions, coregulation of AQP4 and connexin 43 (Cx43) expressions, and the possibility of water diffusion via gap junctions, we decided to address the potential role of astrocytic gap junctions in jTBI pathophysiology. We evaluated the role of Cx43 in the spread of the secondary injuries via the astrocyte network, such as edema formation associated with blood–brain barrier dysfunctions, astrogliosis, and behavioral outcome. We observed that Cx43 was altered after jTBI with increased expression in the perilesional cortex and in the hippocampus at several days post injury. In a second set of experiments, cortical injection of small interference RNA against Cx43 decreased Cx43 protein expression, improved motor function recovery, and decreased astrogliosis but did not result in differences in edema formation as measured via T2-weighted imaging or diffusion-weighted imaging at 1 day or 3 days. Based on our findings, we can speculate that while decreasing Cx43 has beneficial roles, it likely does not contribute to the spread of edema early after jTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew M. Fukuda
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University Medical Center, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Nina Nishiyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University Medical Center, CA, USA
| | - Germaine Paris
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University Medical Center, CA, USA
| | - Andre Obenaus
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University Medical Center, CA, USA
- Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jerome Badaut
- CNRS UMR5287, University of Bordeaux, France
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University Medical Center, CA, USA
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27
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Clément T, Rodriguez-Grande B, Badaut J. Aquaporins in brain edema. J Neurosci Res 2018; 98:9-18. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tifenn Clément
- CNRS UMR 5287, INCIA, University of Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
| | | | - Jérôme Badaut
- CNRS UMR 5287, INCIA, University of Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
- Department of Basic Science; Loma Linda University School of Medicine; Loma Linda California
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28
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Sun L, Zhang Y, Liu E, Ma Q, Anatol M, Han H, Yan J. The roles of astrocyte in the brain pathologies following ischemic stroke. Brain Inj 2018; 33:712-716. [PMID: 30335519 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2018.1531311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aim: In this work, we systematically explored the physiological functions of astrocytes and their roles following ischemic stroke, additionally, the potential therapy strategy targeting the astrocytes was also discussed. Methods: This work searched the PubMed database (including MEDLINE) until 14 Feb 2018, and furthermore, the studies were identified through cross-referencing and by consulting the experts in this field. Results: This study indicated that the astrocytes can not only play harmful roles following ischemic stroke through release of inflammatory factors and formation of glial scar but also have protective effects through quenching glutamate excitotoxicity and maintaining the clearance function of glymphatic system in brain. Conclusion: Owing to their important roles in physiological functions of brain and in the pathological conditions following ischemic stroke, the astrocytes might be a potential but promising therapeutic target for treating the ischemic stroke in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Sun
- a Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Peking University , Beijing , China
| | - Yixuan Zhang
- a Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Peking University , Beijing , China
| | - E Liu
- a Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Peking University , Beijing , China
| | - Qingyi Ma
- b Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine , Loma Linda University , Loma Linda , USA
| | - Manaenko Anatol
- c Departments of Neurology , University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Hongbin Han
- d Beijing Key Lab of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technology , Beijing , China
| | - Junhao Yan
- a Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Peking University , Beijing , China.,d Beijing Key Lab of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technology , Beijing , China
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29
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Effect of Thrombin-Induced MCP-1 and MMP-3 Production Via PAR1 Expression in Murine Intervertebral Discs. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11320. [PMID: 30054581 PMCID: PMC6063965 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29669-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural changes in nucleus pulposus cells induce intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration as a consequence of cytokine generation, biochemical products, and changes in the local environment. We have previously shown that inflammatory cytokines induce murine IVD (mIVD) angiogenesis and macrophage migration. Although the physiological roles of thrombin, a known proinflammatory factor, are documented, its relationship to IVD degeneration remains largely unexplored. Thrombin mediates cellular responses via the activation of protease-activated receptors such as PAR1 which has been studied in numerous cell types, but not extensively in IVD cells. This study was designed to investigate the endogenous expression of thrombin, tissue factor, and PAR1 in cultured coccygeal mIVDs. Thrombin exclusively induced MCP-1 via the MAPK-ERK and PI3K-AKT pathways. MCP-1 produced by mIVDs induced macrophage migration and thrombin treatment increased MMP-3 production to induce mIVD degeneration. These effects of thrombin on mIVDs were abrogated by a PAR1 inhibitor and suggest that thrombin may be a novel factor capable of stimulating cytokine activity implicated in the regulation several aspects of mIVDs. Mechanisms governing mIVDs, which are regulated by thrombin/PAR1 signaling, require elucidation if our understanding of IVD degenerative mechanisms is to advance.
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30
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Gomes A, da Silva IV, Rodrigues CMP, Castro RE, Soveral G. The Emerging Role of microRNAs in Aquaporin Regulation. Front Chem 2018; 6:238. [PMID: 29977890 PMCID: PMC6021494 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are membrane channels widely distributed in human tissues. AQPs are essential for water and energy homeostasis being involved in a broad range of pathophysiological processes such as edema, brain injury, glaucoma, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, salivary and lacrimal gland dysfunction, cancer, obesity and related metabolic complications. Compelling evidence indicates that AQPs are targets for therapeutic intervention with potential broad application. Nevertheless, efficient AQP modulators have been difficult to find due to either lack of selectivity and stability, or associated toxicity that hamper in vivo studies. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are naturally occurring small non-coding RNAs that regulate post-transcriptional gene expression and are involved in several diseases. Recent identification of miRNAs as endogenous modulators of AQP expression provides an alternative approach to target these proteins and opens new perspectives for therapeutic applications. This mini-review compiles the current knowledge of miRNA interaction with AQPs highlighting miRNA potential for regulation of AQP-based disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Gomes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department Bioquimica e Biologia Humana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês V da Silva
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department Bioquimica e Biologia Humana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cecília M P Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department Bioquimica e Biologia Humana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui E Castro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department Bioquimica e Biologia Humana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Graça Soveral
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department Bioquimica e Biologia Humana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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31
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Rodriguez-Grande B, Obenaus A, Ichkova A, Aussudre J, Bessy T, Barse E, Hiba B, Catheline G, Barrière G, Badaut J. Gliovascular changes precede white matter damage and long-term disorders in juvenile mild closed head injury. Glia 2018; 66:1663-1677. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Rodriguez-Grande
- CNRS UMR5287, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, University of Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
| | - Andre Obenaus
- CNRS UMR5287, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, University of Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
- Department of Pediatrics; Loma Linda University School of Medicine; Loma Linda California
- Basic Science Department; Loma Linda University School of Medicine; Loma Linda California
- Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, Division of Biomedical Sciences; UC Riverside; Riverside California
- Department of Pediatrics; University of California, Irvine; Irvine California
| | - Aleksandra Ichkova
- CNRS UMR5287, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, University of Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
| | - Justine Aussudre
- CNRS UMR5287, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, University of Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
| | - Thomas Bessy
- CNRS UMR5287, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, University of Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
| | - Elodie Barse
- CNRS UMR5287, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, University of Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
- EPHE, PSL; Bordeaux France
| | - Bassem Hiba
- CNRS UMR5287, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, University of Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
| | - Gwénaëlle Catheline
- CNRS UMR5287, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, University of Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
- EPHE, PSL; Bordeaux France
| | - Grégory Barrière
- CNRS UMR5287, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, University of Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
| | - Jerome Badaut
- CNRS UMR5287, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, University of Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
- Basic Science Department; Loma Linda University School of Medicine; Loma Linda California
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32
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Pretreatment with Shuanghe-Tang Extract Attenuates Postischemic Brain Injury and Edema in a Mouse Model of Stroke: An Analysis of Medicinal Herbs Listed in Dongui Bogam. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:2479602. [PMID: 29599893 PMCID: PMC5828342 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2479602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Aim Although stroke is among the leading causes of death and long-term disability, there are few effective treatments for limiting the severity of neurological sequelae. We evaluated the effects of 29 medicinal herbs listed in the Pung chapter of the 17th century Korean medical text Dongui Bogam on stroke symptoms in a mouse model of cerebral ischemia. Methods Focal cerebral ischemia was induced via photothrombosis. Infarct volume, brain edema, and neurological deficits were evaluated. Immunofluorescence staining for tight junction proteins and aquaporin 4 (AQP4) was performed following ischemic injury. Results Based on our initial findings, we examined the effects of two prescriptions in which the candidate herbs comprised more than 60% of the total formula: Shuanghe-tang and Zengsunsiwu-tang. Pretreatment with Shuanghe-tang significantly reduced infarct volume, decreased blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, attenuated edema, and improved neurological and motor functions in a dose-dependent manner (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg), while no such effects were observed in mice pretreated with Zengsunsiwu-tang. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed significant increases in ipsilateral occludin and zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) expression in Shuanghe-tang-pretreated mice, as well as increased AQP4 immunofluorescence. Conclusions These results indicate that Shuanghe-tang may protect against brain injury and promote recovery of neurological function following ischemia.
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Jullienne A, Fukuda AM, Ichkova A, Nishiyama N, Aussudre J, Obenaus A, Badaut J. Modulating the water channel AQP4 alters miRNA expression, astrocyte connectivity and water diffusion in the rodent brain. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4186. [PMID: 29520011 PMCID: PMC5843607 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22268-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) facilitate water diffusion through the plasma membrane. Brain aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is present in astrocytes and has critical roles in normal and disease physiology. We previously showed that a 24.9% decrease in AQP4 expression after in vivo silencing resulted in a 45.8% decrease in tissue water mobility as interpreted from magnetic resonance imaging apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC). Similar to previous in vitro studies we show decreased expression of the gap junction protein connexin 43 (Cx43) in vivo after intracortical injection of siAQP4 in the rat. Moreover, siAQP4 induced a loss of dye-coupling between astrocytes in vitro, further demonstrating its effect on gap junctions. In contrast, silencing of Cx43 did not alter the level of AQP4 or water mobility (ADC) in the brain. We hypothesized that siAQP4 has off-target effects on Cx43 expression via modification of miRNA expression. The decreased expression of Cx43 in siAQP4-treated animals was associated with up-regulation of miR224, which is known to target AQP4 and Cx43 expression. This could be one potential molecular mechanism responsible for the effect of siAQP4 on Cx43 expression, and the resultant decrease in astrocyte connectivity and dramatic effects on ADC values and water mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Jullienne
- Basic Sciences Department, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Andrew M Fukuda
- Basic Sciences Department, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | | | - Nina Nishiyama
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | | | - André Obenaus
- Basic Sciences Department, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Jérôme Badaut
- Basic Sciences Department, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
- CNRS-UMR 5287, University of Bordeaux, 33076, Bordeaux, France.
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Blood-Brain Barrier Damage as the Starting Point of Leukoaraiosis Caused by Cerebral Chronic Hypoperfusion and Its Involved Mechanisms: Effect of Agrin and Aquaporin-4. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:2321797. [PMID: 29682525 PMCID: PMC5846350 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2321797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
White matter lesion (WML) is popular in the patients aged over 65. Brain edema and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction due to cerebral chronic hypoperfusion (CCH) contributed to WML. Preserving astrocyte polarity is vital for BBB integrity. In our experiment, CCH model is established by bilateral carotid arteries occlusion (2VO). Leukoaraiosis was verified by fiber density stain, and brain edema was evaluated using brain water content measuring. The expressions of agrin and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) were evaluated, as well as the integrity of BBB. Astrocyte polarity was assessed by visualizing the distribution of AQP4 on astrocyte end-feet membranes. The results showed that expression of AQP4 firstly increased and then decreased, as agrin expression decreased gradually. At 3 days after 2VO, AQP4 and agrin displayed the most opposite expression with the former increasing and the latter decreasing; at the same time, brain edema reached high point as well as BBB permeability, and astrocyte polarity was degeneration. In the later phase, brain edema and BBB permeability were getting recovered, but WML was getting more evident. In accordance with that, agrin and AQP4 expression decreased significantly with astrocyte polarity reducing. We speculated that agrin and AQP4 played key roles in development of WML by mediating BBB damage in CCH, and BBB dysfunction due to reduced astrocyte polarity is the starting point of WMH.
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Hirt L, Price M, Benakis C, Badaut J. Aquaporins in neurological disorders. CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2514183x17752902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Hirt
- Neurology service, department of clinical neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre de recherche en neurosciences (CRN), CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Price
- Neurology service, department of clinical neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre de recherche en neurosciences (CRN), CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Benakis
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Munich, Germany
| | - Jérôme Badaut
- CNRS UMR 5287, INCIA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Basic science, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Koizumi S, Hirayama Y, Morizawa YM. New roles of reactive astrocytes in the brain; an organizer of cerebral ischemia. Neurochem Int 2018; 119:107-114. [PMID: 29360494 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The brain consists of neurons and much higher number of glial cells. They communicate each other, by which they control brain functions. The brain is highly vulnerable to several insults such as ischemia, but has a self-protective and self-repairing mechanisms against these. Ischemic tolerance or preconditioning is an endogenous neuroprotective phenomenon, where a mild non-lethal ischemic episode can induce resistance to a subsequent severe ischemic injury in the brain. Because of its neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia or stroke, ischemic tolerance has been widely studied. However, almost all studies have been performed from the viewpoint of neurons. Glial cells are structurally in close association with synapses. Recent studies have uncovered the active roles of astrocytes in modulating synaptic connectivity, such as synapse formation, elimination and maturation, during development or pathology. However, glia-mediated ischemic tolerance and/or neuronal repairing have received only limited attention. We and others have demonstrated that glial cells, especially astrocytes, play a pivotal role in regulation of induction of ischemic tolerance as well as repairing/remodeling of neuronal networks by phagocytosis. Here, we review our current understanding of (1) glial-mediated ischemic tolerance and (2) glia-mediated repairing/remodeling of the penumbra neuronal networks, and highlight their mechanisms as well as their potential benefits, problems, and therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schuichi Koizumi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Yuri Hirayama
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Yosuke M Morizawa
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
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Modulation of Post-Stroke Plasticity and Regeneration by Stem Cell Therapy and Exogenic Factors. CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR APPROACHES TO REGENERATION AND REPAIR 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-66679-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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38
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Nakano T, Nishigami C, Irie K, Shigemori Y, Sano K, Yamashita Y, Myose T, Tominaga K, Matsuo K, Nakamura Y, Ishikura H, Kamimura H, Egawa T, Mishima K. Goreisan Prevents Brain Edema after Cerebral Ischemic Stroke by Inhibiting Aquaporin 4 Upregulation in Mice. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2017; 27:758-763. [PMID: 29153303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is a water-selective transport protein expressed in astrocytes throughout the central nervous system. AQP4 level increases after cerebral ischemia and results in ischemic brain edema. Brain edema markedly influences mortality and motor function by elevating intracranial pressure that leads to secondary brain damage. Therefore, AQP4 is an important target to improve brain edema after cerebral ischemia. The Japanese herbal Kampo medicine, goreisan, is known to inhibit AQP4 activity. Here, we investigated whether goreisan prevents induction of brain edema by cerebral ischemia via AQP4 using 4-hour middle cerebral artery occlusion (4h MCAO) mice. METHODS Goreisan was orally administered at a dose of 500 mg/kg twice a day for 5 days before MCAO. AQP4 expression and motor coordination were measured by Western blotting and rotarod test, respectively. RESULTS Brain water content of 4h MCAO mice was significantly increased at 24 hours after MCAO. Treatment with goreisan significantly decreased both brain water content and AQP4 expression in the ischemic brain at 24 hours after MCAO. In addition, treatment with goreisan alleviated motor coordination deficits at 24 hours after MCAO. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggested that goreisan may be a useful new therapeutic option for ischemic brain edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Nakano
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Care Management, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Jyonan, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Jyonan, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Chisa Nishigami
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Jyonan, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keiichi Irie
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Jyonan, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Shigemori
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazunori Sano
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Jyonan, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuta Yamashita
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Jyonan, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Myose
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Jyonan, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koji Tominaga
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Care Management, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Jyonan, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koichi Matsuo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Care Management, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Jyonan, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Nakamura
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Ishikura
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kamimura
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Care Management, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Jyonan, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Egawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Care Management, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Jyonan, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenichi Mishima
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Jyonan, Fukuoka, Japan
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Liu YL, Xu ZM, Yang GY, Yang DX, Ding J, Chen H, Yuan F, Tian HL. Sesamin alleviates blood-brain barrier disruption in mice with experimental traumatic brain injury. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:1445-1455. [PMID: 28770828 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sesamin, a major lignan of sesame oil, was reported to have neuroprotective effects in several brain injury models. However, its protective action in maintaining blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity has not been studied. In this study we investigated the effects of sesamin on the BBB in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and explored the underlying mechanisms. Adult male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to a controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury and then received sesamin (30 mg·kg-1·d-1, ip). The mice were euthanized on the 1st and 3rd days after CCI injury and samples were collected for analysis. Sesamin treatment significantly attenuated CCI-induced brain edema on the 1st and 3rd days after the injury, evidenced by the decreases in water content, tissue hemoglobin levels, Evans blue extravasation and AQP4 expression levels in the ipsilateral cortical tissue compared with the vehicle-treated group. Furthermore, sesamin treatment significantly alleviated CCI-induced loss of the tight junction proteins ZO-1 and occludin in the brain tissues. The neuroprotective mechanisms of sesamin were further explored in cultured mouse brain microvascular bEnd.3 cells subjected to biaxial stretch injury (SI). Pretreatment with sesamin (50 μmol/L) significantly alleviated SI-induced loss of ZO-1 in bEnd.3 cells. Furthermore, we revealed that pretreatment with sesamin significantly attenuated SI-induced oxidative stress and early-stage apoptosis in bEnd.3 cells by decreasing the activation of ERK, p-38 and caspase-3. In conclusion, sesamin alleviates BBB disruption at least partly through its anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effects on endothelial cells in CCI injury. These findings suggest that sesamin may be a promising potential therapeutic intervention for preventing disruption of the BBB after TBI.
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Huang BR, Chen TS, Bau DT, Chuang IC, Tsai CF, Chang PC, Lu DY. EGFR is a pivotal regulator of thrombin-mediated inflammation in primary human nucleus pulposus culture. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8578. [PMID: 28819180 PMCID: PMC5561020 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09122-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We found that the coagulation and cytokine pathways were important mechanisms involve in the degeneration of intervertebral discs (IVD) using a microarray approach to analyze gene expression in different grades of specimens. Furthermore, using a cytokine/chemokine array, a significant increase in CXCL8 expression was observed in human nucleus pulposus (NP) cells after thrombin treatment. The enhancement of CXCL8 expression by thrombin was activated by the PAR1 receptor. Importantly, analysis of degenerated human NP tissue samples showed that EGFR expression positively correlated with the grade of tissue degeneration. In NP cells, thrombin caused an increase in phosphorylation of the EGFR at the Tyr1068, and treatment with the pharmacological EGFR inhibitor, AG1473 effectively blocked thrombin-enhanced CXCL8 production. Surprisingly, inhibition of STAT3 for 24 h decreased expression of EGFR. Treatment with thrombin also increased Akt and GSK3α/β activation; this activation was also blocked by EGFR inhibitor. Although c-Src, ERK, and FAK were activated by thrombin, only c-Src and ERK were involved in the STAT3/CXCL8 induction. Our findings indicate that stimulation of an inflammatory response in NP cells by thrombin is part of a specific pathophysiology that modulates the EGFR activation through activation of Src/ERK/STAT3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor-Ren Huang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pathology, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Da-Tian Bau
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - I-Chen Chuang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Fang Tsai
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Chang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Dah-Yuu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Department of Photonics and Communication Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Osmotherapy With Hypertonic Saline Attenuates Global Cerebral Edema Following Experimental Cardiac Arrest via Perivascular Pool of Aquaporin-4. Crit Care Med 2017; 44:e702-10. [PMID: 27035238 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000001671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that osmotherapy with hypertonic saline attenuates cerebral edema following experimental cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation by exerting its effect via the perivascular pool of aquaporin-4. We used mice with targeted disruption of the gene encoding α-syntrophin (α-Syn) that demonstrate diminished perivascular aquaporin-4 pool but retain the non-endfoot and ependymal pools. DESIGN Laboratory animal study. SETTING University animal research laboratory. INTERVENTIONS Isoflurane-anesthetized adult male wild-type C57B/6 or α-Syn mice were subjected to cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation and treated with either a continuous IV infusion of 0.9% saline or various concentrations of hypertonic saline. Serum osmolality, regional brain water content, blood-brain barrier disruption, and aquaporin-4 protein expression were determined at 24 hours after cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Hypertonic saline (7.5%) treatment significantly attenuated water content in the caudoputamen complex and cortex compared with 0.9% saline treatment in wild-type mice subjected to cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation. In contrast, in α-Syn mice subjected to cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 7.5% hypertonic saline treatment did not attenuate water content. Treatment with 7.5% hypertonic saline attenuated blood-brain barrier disruption at 24 hours following cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation in wild-type mice but not in α-Syn mice. Total aquaporin-4 protein expression was not different between 0.9% saline and hypertonic saline-treated wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS Following experimental cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation: 1) continuous hypertonic saline therapy maintained to achieve serum osmolality of ≈ 350 mOsm/L is beneficial for the treatment of cerebral edema; 2) perivascular pool of aquaporin-4 plays a critical role in water egress from brain; and 3) hypertonic saline attenuates blood-brain barrier disruption via perivascular aquaporin-4 pool.
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Shi Z, Zhang W, Lu Y, Lu Y, Xu L, Fang Q, Wu M, Jia M, Wang Y, Dong L, Yan X, Yang S, Yuan F. Aquaporin 4-Mediated Glutamate-Induced Astrocyte Swelling Is Partially Mediated through Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 Activation. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:116. [PMID: 28503134 PMCID: PMC5408017 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are one of the most abundant cell types in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), and astrocyte swelling is the primary event associated with brain edema. Glutamate, the principal excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter in the CNS, is released at high levels after brain injury including cerebral ischemia. This leads to astrocyte swelling, which we previously demonstrated is related to metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) activation. Aquaporin 4 (AQP4), the predominant water channel in the brain, is expressed in astrocyte endfeet and plays an important role in brain edema following ischemia. Studies recently showed that mGluR5 is also expressed on astrocytes. Therefore, it is worth investigating whether AQP4 mediates the glutamate-induced swelling of astrocytes via mGluR5. In the present study, we found that 1 mM glutamate induced astrocyte swelling, quantified by the cell perimeter, but it had no effect on astrocyte viability measured by the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed that AQP4, among AQP1, 4, 5, 9 and 11, was the main molecular expressed in cultured astrocytes. Glutamate-induced cell swelling was accompanied by a concentration-dependent change in AQP4 expression. Furthermore, RNAi technology revealed that AQP4 gene silencing inhibited glutamate-induced astrocyte swelling. Moreover, we found that mGluR5 expression was greatest among the mGluRs in cultured astrocytes and was co-expressed with AQP4. Activation of mGluR5 in cultured astrocytes using (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG), an mGluR5 agonist, mimicked the effect of glutamate. This effect was abolished by co-incubation with the mGluR5 antagonist fenobam but was not influenced by DL-threo-β-benzyloxyaspartic acid (DL-TBOA), a glutamate transporter inhibitor. Finally, experiments in a rat model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) revealed that co-expression of mGluR5 and AQP4 was increased in astrocyte endfeet around capillaries in the penumbra, and this was accompanied by brain edema. Collectively, these results suggest that glutamate induces cell swelling and alters AQP4 expression in astrocytes via mGluR5 activation, which may provide a novel approach for the treatment of edema following brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfang Shi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System InjuryBeijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular DiseaseBeijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System InjuryBeijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular DiseaseBeijing, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System InjuryBeijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular DiseaseBeijing, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System InjuryBeijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular DiseaseBeijing, China
| | - Lixin Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System InjuryBeijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular DiseaseBeijing, China
| | - Qing Fang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System InjuryBeijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular DiseaseBeijing, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System InjuryBeijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular DiseaseBeijing, China
| | - Mei Jia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System InjuryBeijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular DiseaseBeijing, China
| | - Yujiao Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System InjuryBeijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular DiseaseBeijing, China
| | - Liping Dong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System InjuryBeijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular DiseaseBeijing, China
| | - Xu Yan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System InjuryBeijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular DiseaseBeijing, China
| | - Shaohua Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System InjuryBeijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular DiseaseBeijing, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science CenterFort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System InjuryBeijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular DiseaseBeijing, China
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Hirt L, Price M, Mastour N, Brunet JF, Barrière G, Friscourt F, Badaut J. Increase of aquaporin 9 expression in astrocytes participates in astrogliosis. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:194-206. [PMID: 28419510 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Here we assess the potential functional role of increased aquaporin 9 (APQ9) in astrocytes. Increased AQP9 expression was achieved in primary astrocyte cultures by transfection of a plasmid-containing green fluorescent protein fused to either wild-type or mutated human AQP9. Increased AQP9 expression and phosphorylation at Ser222 were associated with a significant change in astrocyte morphology, mainly with a higher number of processes. Similar phenotypic changes are observed in astrogliosis processes after injury. In parallel, we observed that in vivo, thrombin preconditioning before ischemic stroke induced an early increase in AQP9 expression in the male mouse brain. This increased AQP9 expression was also associated with astrocyte morphological changes, especially in the white matter tract. Astrocyte reactivity is debated as being either beneficial or deleterious. As thrombin preconditioning leads to a decrease in lesion size after stroke, our data suggest that the early increase in AQP9 concomitant with astrocyte reactivity leads to a beneficial effect. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Hirt
- Neurology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Price
- Neurology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nabil Mastour
- Neurosurgery Research Group, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Brunet
- Neurosurgery Research Group, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jerome Badaut
- CNRS UMR 5287, INCIA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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Hirt L, Fukuda AM, Ambadipudi K, Rashid F, Binder D, Verkman A, Ashwal S, Obenaus A, Badaut J. Improved long-term outcome after transient cerebral ischemia in aquaporin-4 knockout mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:277-290. [PMID: 26767580 PMCID: PMC5363745 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15623290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of stroke is water accumulation (edema) resulting from dysregulation of osmotic homeostasis. Brain edema contributes to tissue demise and may lead to increased intracranial pressure and lethal herniation. Currently, there are only limited treatments to prevent edema formation following stroke. Aquaporin 4 (AQP4), a brain water channel, has become a focus of interest for therapeutic approaches targeting edema. At present, there are no pharmacological tools to block AQP4. The role of AQP4 in edema after brain injury remains unclear with conflicting results from studies using AQP4-/- mice and of AQP4 expression following stroke. Here, we studied AQP4 and its role in edema formation by testing AQP4-/- mice in a model of middle cerebral artery occlusion using novel quantitative MRI water content measurements, histology and behavioral changes as outcome measures. Absence of AQP4 was associated with decreased mortality and increased motor recovery 3 to 14 days after stroke. Behavioral improvement was associated with decreased lesion volume, neuronal cell death and neuroinflammation in AQP4-/- compared to wild type mice. Our data suggest that the lack of AQP4 confers an overall beneficial role at long term with improved neuronal survival and reduced neuroinflammation, but without a direct effect on edema formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Hirt
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and Lausanne University, Switzerland
| | - Andrew M Fukuda
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Kamalakar Ambadipudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Faisil Rashid
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Devin Binder
- Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Alan Verkman
- Medicine and Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stephen Ashwal
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Andre Obenaus
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jerome Badaut
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA .,Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,CNRS UMR5287, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs ) mediate water flux between the four distinct water compartments in the central nervous system (CNS). In the present chapter, we mainly focus on the expression and function of the 9 AQPs expressed in the CNS, which include five members of aquaporin subfamily: AQP1, AQP4, AQP5, AQP6, and AQP8; three members of aquaglyceroporin subfamily: AQP3, AQP7, and AQP9; and one member of superaquaporin subfamily: AQP11. In addition, AQP1, AQP2 and AQP4 expressed in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are also reviewed. AQP4, the predominant water channel in the CNS, is involved both in the astrocyte swelling of cytotoxic edema and the resolution of vasogenic edema, and is of pivotal importance in the pathology of brain disorders such as neuromyelitis optica , brain tumors and Alzheimer's disease. Other AQPs are also involved in a variety of important physiological and pathological process in the brain. It has been suggested that AQPs could represent an important target in treatment of brain disorders like cerebral edema. Future investigations are necessary to elucidate the pathological significance of AQPs in the CNS.
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Tie L, Wang D, Shi Y, Li X. Aquaporins in Cardiovascular System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 969:105-113. [PMID: 28258568 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1057-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that some aquaporins (AQPs ), including AQP1, AQP4, AQP7 and AQP9, are expressed in endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and heart of cardiovascular system. These AQPs are involved in the cardiovascular function and in pathological process of related diseases, such as cerebral ischemia , congestion heart failure , hypertension and angiogenesis. Therefore, it is important to understand the accurate association between AQPs and cardiovascular system, which may provide novel approaches to prevent and treat related diseases. Here we will discuss the expression and physiological function of AQPs in cardiovascular system and summarize recent researches on AQPs related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Tie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, and Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yundi Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xuejun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, and Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Aquaporin-4 and Cerebrovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081249. [PMID: 27529222 PMCID: PMC5000647 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular diseases are conditions caused by problems with brain vasculature, which have a high morbidity and mortality. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is the most abundant water channel in the brain and crucial for the formation and resolution of brain edema. Considering brain edema is an important pathophysiological change after stoke, AQP4 is destined to have close relation with cerebrovascular diseases. However, this relation is not limited to brain edema due to other biological effects elicited by AQP4. Till now, multiple studies have investigated roles of AQP4 in cerebrovascular diseases. This review focuses on expression of AQP4 and the effects of AQP4 on brain edema and neural cells injuries in cerebrovascular diseases including cerebral ischemia, intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage. In the current review, we pay more attention to the studies of recent years directly from cerebrovascular diseases animal models or patients, especially those using AQP4 gene knockout mice. This review also elucidates the potential of AQP4as an excellent therapeutic target.
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Progress in AQP Research and New Developments in Therapeutic Approaches to Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071146. [PMID: 27438832 PMCID: PMC4964519 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral edema often manifests after the development of cerebrovascular disease, particularly in the case of stroke, both ischemic and hemorrhagic. Without clinical intervention, the influx of water into brain tissues leads to increased intracranial pressure, cerebral herniation, and ultimately death. Strategies to manage the development of edema constitute a major unmet therapeutic need. However, despite its major clinical significance, the mechanisms underlying cerebral water transport and edema formation remain elusive. Aquaporins (AQPs) are a class of water channel proteins which have been implicated in the regulation of water homeostasis and cerebral edema formation, and thus represent a promising target for alleviating stroke-induced cerebral edema. This review examines the significance of relevant AQPs in stroke injury and subsequently explores neuroprotective strategies aimed at modulating AQP expression, with a particular focus on AQP4, the most abundant AQP in the central nervous system.
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Hsu Y, Tran M, Linninger AA. Dynamic regulation of aquaporin-4 water channels in neurological disorders. Croat Med J 2016; 56:401-21. [PMID: 26526878 PMCID: PMC4655926 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2015.56.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 water channels play a central role in brain water regulation in neurological disorders. Aquaporin-4 is abundantly expressed at the astroglial endfeet facing the cerebral vasculature and the pial membrane, and both its expression level and subcellular localization significantly influence brain water transport. However, measurements of aquaporin-4 levels in animal models of brain injury often report opposite trends of change at the injury core and the penumbra. Furthermore, aquaporin-4 channels play a beneficial role in brain water clearance in vasogenic edema, but a detrimental role in cytotoxic edema and exacerbate cell swelling. In light of current evidence, we still do not have a complete understanding of the role of aquaporin-4 in brain water transport. In this review, we propose that the regulatory mechanisms of aquaporin-4 at the transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels jointly regulate water permeability in the short and long time scale after injury. Furthermore, in order to understand why aquaporin-4 channels play opposing roles in cytotoxic and vasogenic edema, we discuss experimental evidence on the dynamically changing osmotic gradients between blood, extracellular space, and the cytosol during the formation of cytotoxic and vasogenic edema. We conclude with an emerging picture of the distinct osmotic environments in cytotoxic and vasogenic edema, and propose that the directions of aquaporin-4-mediated water clearance in these two types of edema are distinct. The difference in water clearance pathways may provide an explanation for the conflicting observations of the roles of aquaporin-4 in edema resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andreas A Linninger
- Andreas Linninger, 851 S Morgan St., SEO 218, MC 063, Chicago, IL 60607, USA,
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Szu JI, Binder DK. The Role of Astrocytic Aquaporin-4 in Synaptic Plasticity and Learning and Memory. Front Integr Neurosci 2016; 10:8. [PMID: 26941623 PMCID: PMC4764708 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2016.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is the predominant water channel expressed by astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS). AQP4 is widely expressed throughout the brain, especially at the blood-brain barrier where AQP4 is highly polarized to astrocytic foot processes in contact with blood vessels. The bidirectional water transport function of AQP4 suggests its role in cerebral water balance in the CNS. The regulation of AQP4 has been extensively investigated in various neuropathological conditions such as cerebral edema, epilepsy, and ischemia, however, the functional role of AQP4 in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory is only beginning to be elucidated. In this review, we explore the current literature on AQP4 and its influence on long term potentiation (LTP) and long term depression (LTD) in the hippocampus as well as the potential relationship between AQP4 and in learning and memory. We begin by discussing recent in vitro and in vivo studies using AQP4-null and wild-type mice, in particular, the impairment of LTP and LTD observed in the hippocampus. Early evidence using AQP4-null mice have suggested that impaired LTP and LTD is brain-derived neurotrophic factor dependent. Others have indicated a possible link between defective LTP and the downregulation of glutamate transporter-1 which is rescued by chronic treatment of β-lactam antibiotic ceftriaxone. Furthermore, behavioral studies may shed some light into the functional role of AQP4 in learning and memory. AQP4-null mice performances utilizing Morris water maze, object placement tests, and contextual fear conditioning proposed a specific role of AQP4 in memory consolidation. All together, these studies highlight the potential influence AQP4 may have on long term synaptic plasticity and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Devin K. Binder
- Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, RiversideCA, USA
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