1
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Shoji Y, Hata A, Maeyama T, Wada T, Hasegawa Y, Nishi E, Ida S, Etani Y, Niihori T, Aoki Y, Okamoto N, Kawai M. Genetic backgrounds and genotype-phenotype relationships in anthropometric parameters of 116 Japanese individuals with Noonan syndrome. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2024; 33:50-58. [PMID: 38572385 PMCID: PMC10985011 DOI: 10.1297/cpe.2024-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) is caused by pathogenic variants in genes encoding components of the RAS/MAPK pathway and presents with a number of symptoms, including characteristic facial features, congenital heart diseases, and short stature. Advances in genetic analyses have contributed to the identification of pathogenic genes in NS as well as genotype-phenotype relationships; however, updated evidence for the detection rate of pathogenic genes with the inclusion of newly identified genes is lacking in Japan. Accordingly, we examined the genetic background of 116 individuals clinically diagnosed with NS and the frequency of short stature. We also investigated genotype-phenotype relationships in the context of body mass index (BMI). Genetic testing revealed the responsible variants in 100 individuals (86%), where PTPN11 variants were the most prevalent (43%) and followed by SOS1 (12%) and RIT1 (9%). The frequency of short stature was the lowest in subjects possessing RIT1 variants. No genotype-phenotype relationships in BMI were observed among the genotypes. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for the detection rate of pathogenic genes and genotype-phenotype relationships in Japanese patients with NS, which will be of clinical importance for accelerating our understanding of the genetic backgrounds of Japanese patients with NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Shoji
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Policy, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ayaha Hata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Maeyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tamaki Wada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuiko Hasegawa
- Department of Genetics, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eriko Nishi
- Department of Genetics, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinobu Ida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuri Etani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Niihori
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okamoto
- Department of Genetics, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kawai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
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2
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Delogu AB, Limongelli G, Versacci P, Adorisio R, Kaski JP, Blandino R, Maiolo S, Monda E, Putotto C, De Rosa G, Chatfield KC, Gelb BD, Calcagni G. The heart in RASopathies. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. PART C, SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2022; 190:440-451. [PMID: 36408797 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.32014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cardiovascular phenotype associated with RASopathies has expanded far beyond the original descriptions of pulmonary valve stenosis by Dr Jaqueline Noonan in 1968 and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by Hirsch et al. in 1975. Because of the common underlying RAS/MAPK pathway dysregulation, RASopathy syndromes usually present with a typical spectrum of overlapping cardiovascular anomalies, although less common cardiac defects can occur. The identification of the causative genetic variants has enabled the recognition of specific correlations between genotype and cardiac phenotype. Characterization and understanding of genotype-phenotype associations is not only important for counseling a family of an infant with a new diagnosis of a RASopathy condition but is also critical for their clinical prognosis with respect to cardiac disease, neurodevelopment and other organ system involvement over the lifetime of the patient. This review will focus on the cardiac manifestations of the most common RASopathy syndromes, the relationship between cardiac defects and causal genetic variation, the contribution of cardiovascular abnormalities to morbidity and mortality and the most relevant follow-up issues for patients affected by RAS/MAPK pathway diseases, with respect to cardiac clinical outcomes and management, in children and in the adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Bibiana Delogu
- Unit of Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Limongelli
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy.,European Reference Network for rare, low-prevalence, or complex disease of the heart (ERN GUARD-Heart), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy. Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Versacci
- Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Rachele Adorisio
- European Reference Network for rare, low-prevalence, or complex disease of the heart (ERN GUARD-Heart), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy. Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiology, Heart and Lung Transplantation, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
| | - Juan Pablo Kaski
- Centre for Pediatric Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Disease, University College London Institute of Cardiovascular Science, London, UK.,Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Stella Maiolo
- European Reference Network for rare, low-prevalence, or complex disease of the heart (ERN GUARD-Heart), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy. Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiology, Heart and Lung Transplantation, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Monda
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy.,European Reference Network for rare, low-prevalence, or complex disease of the heart (ERN GUARD-Heart), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy. Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carolina Putotto
- Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella De Rosa
- Unit of Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Kathryn C Chatfield
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Bruce D Gelb
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute and the Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Giulio Calcagni
- European Reference Network for rare, low-prevalence, or complex disease of the heart (ERN GUARD-Heart), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy. Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiology, Heart and Lung Transplantation, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
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3
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Avery A, Metcalf JS, Maize JC, Swanson LA. Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma in SHOC2 Mutation Associated Noonan-Like Syndrome with Loose Anagen Hair. JAAD Case Rep 2022; 24:52-55. [PMID: 35600568 PMCID: PMC9120911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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4
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Motta M, Solman M, Bonnard AA, Kuechler A, Pantaleoni F, Priolo M, Chandramouli B, Coppola S, Pizzi S, Zara E, Ferilli M, Kayserili H, Onesimo R, Leoni C, Brinkmann J, Vial Y, Kamphausen SB, Thomas-Teinturier C, Guimier A, Cordeddu V, Mazzanti L, Zampino G, Chillemi G, Zenker M, Cavé H, Hertog J, Tartaglia M. Expanding the molecular spectrum of pathogenic SHOC2 variants underlying Mazzanti syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:2766-2778. [PMID: 35348676 PMCID: PMC9402240 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We previously molecularly and clinically characterized Mazzanti syndrome, a RASopathy related to Noonan syndrome that is mostly caused by a single recurrent missense variant (c.4A > G, p.Ser2Gly) in SHOC2, which encodes a leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing protein facilitating signal flow through the RAS-mitogen-associated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. We also documented that the pathogenic p.Ser2Gly substitution causes upregulation of MAPK signaling and constitutive targeting of SHOC2 to the plasma membrane due to the introduction of an N-myristoylation recognition motif. The almost invariant occurrence of the pathogenic c.4A > G missense change in SHOC2 is mirrored by a relatively homogeneous clinical phenotype of Mazzanti syndrome. Here we provide new data on the clinical spectrum and molecular diversity of this disorder, and functionally characterize new pathogenic variants. The clinical phenotype of six unrelated individuals carrying novel disease-causing SHOC2 variants is delineated, and public and newly collected clinical data are utilized to profile the disorder. In silico, in vitro and in vivo characterization of the newly identified variants provides evidence that the consequences of these missense changes on SHOC2 functional behavior differ from what had been observed for the canonical p.Ser2Gly change but converge towards an enhanced activation of the RAS-MAPK pathway. Our findings expand the molecular spectrum of pathogenic SHOC2 variants, provide a more accurate picture of the phenotypic expression associated with variants in this gene, and definitively establish a GoF behavior as the mechanism of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialetizia Motta
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Maja Solman
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adeline A Bonnard
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Robert Debré, Département de Génétique, 75019 Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 1131, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Alma Kuechler
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Francesca Pantaleoni
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Priolo
- UOSD Genetica Medica, Grandeospedale Metropolitano “Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli”, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italia
| | | | - Simona Coppola
- National Centre Rare Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Pizzi
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Erika Zara
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Ferilli
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Hülya Kayserili
- Genetic Diseases Evaluation Center, Medical Genetics Department, Koç University School of Medicine, 34010 İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Roberta Onesimo
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Leoni
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Julia Brinkmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yoann Vial
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Robert Debré, Département de Génétique, 75019 Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 1131, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Susanne B Kamphausen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Cécile Thomas-Teinturier
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Bicêtre, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- INSERM UMR 1018, Cancer and Radiation team, CESP, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Anne Guimier
- Service de Médecine Genomique des Maladies Rares, CRMR Anomalies du développement, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Viviana Cordeddu
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Mazzanti
- Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zampino
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Chillemi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems, Università della Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
- Istituto di Biomembrane, Bioenergetica e Biotecnologie Molecolari, Centro Nazionale delle Ricerche, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Hélène Cavé
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Robert Debré, Département de Génétique, 75019 Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 1131, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Jeroen Hertog
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Lead contact
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5
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Feeding Problems in Patients with Noonan Syndrome: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030754. [PMID: 35160209 PMCID: PMC8836779 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) belongs to the group of Noonan syndrome spectrum disorders (NSSD), which is a group of phenotypically related conditions. Feeding problems are often present not only in infancy but also in childhood, and even beyond that period. We describe the different aspects of feeding problems using a (theoretical) concept proposed in 2019. More than 50% of infants with NS develop feeding problems, and up to half of these infants will be tube-dependent for some time. Although, in general, there is a major improvement between the age of 1 and 2 years, with only a minority still having feeding problems after the age of 2 years, as long as the feeding problems continue, the impact on the quality of life of both NS infants and their caregivers may be significant. Feeding problems in general improve faster in children with a pathogenic PTPN11 or SOS1 variant. The mechanism of the feeding problems is complex, and may be due to medical causes (gastroesophageal reflux disease and delayed gastric emptying, cardiac disease and infections), feeding-skill dysfunction, nutritional dysfunction with increased energy demand, or primary or secondary psychosocial dysfunction. Many of the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. The treatment of the feeding problems may be a medical challenge, especially when the feeding problems are accompanied by feeding-skill dysfunction and psychosocial dysfunction. This warrants a multidisciplinary intervention including psychology, nutrition, medicine, speech language pathology and occupational therapy.
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6
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Leoni C, Blandino R, Delogu AB, De Rosa G, Onesimo R, Verusio V, Marino MV, Lanza GA, Rigante D, Tartaglia M, Zampino G. Genotype-cardiac phenotype correlations in a large single-center cohort of patients affected by RASopathies: Clinical implications and literature review. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 188:431-445. [PMID: 34643321 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are common features in patients affected by RASopathies. The aim of this study was to assess genotype- phenotype correlations, focusing on the cardiac features and outcomes of interventions for cardiac conditions, in a single-center cohort of 116 patients with molecularly confirmed diagnosis of RASopathy, and compare these findings with previously published data. All enrolled patients underwent a comprehensive echocardiographic examination. Relevant information was also retrospectively collected through the analysis of clinical records. As expected, significant associations were found between PTPN11 mutations and pulmonary stenosis (both valvular and supravalvular) and pulmonary valve dysplasia, and between SOS1 mutations and valvular defects. Similarly, HRAS mutations were significantly associated with HCM. Potential associations between less prevalent mutations and cardiac defects were also observed, including RIT1 mutations and HCM, SOS2 mutations and septal defects, and SHOC2 mutations and septal and valve abnormalities. Patients with PTPN11 mutations were the most likely to require both a primary treatment (transcatheter or surgical) and surgical reintervention. Other cardiac anomalies less reported until recently in this population, such as isolated functional and structural mitral valve diseases, as well as a sigmoid-shaped interventricular septum in the absence of HCM, were also reported. In conclusion, our study confirms previous data but also provides new insights on cardiac involvement in RASopathies. Further research concerning genotype/phenotype associations in RASopathies could lead to a more rational approach to surgery and the consideration of drug therapy in patients at higher risk due to age, severity, anatomy, and comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Leoni
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Blandino
- Unit of Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelica Bibiana Delogu
- Unit of Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella De Rosa
- Unit of Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Onesimo
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Verusio
- Unit of Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Marino
- Unit of Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gaetano Antonio Lanza
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCSS, Rome, Italy
| | - Donato Rigante
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy.,Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zampino
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy.,Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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7
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RASopathies: from germline mutations to somatic and multigenic diseases. Biomed J 2021; 44:422-432. [PMID: 34175492 PMCID: PMC8514848 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway is vital for different cellular mechanisms including cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. This importance is highlighted by the high prevalence of mutations in RAS or related proteins of the pathway in cancers. More recently, development abnormalities have been linked to various germline mutations in this pathway and called RASopathies. Interestingly, rare disorders such as RAS-associated leukoproliferative diseases and histiocytosis have also been recently linked to multiple mutations in the same pathway, sometimes with the same mutation. This review will focus on germline RASopathies and rare somatic RASopathies and focus on how gain-of-function mutations in the same pathway can lead to various diseases.
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8
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A Leucine-Rich Repeat Protein Provides a SHOC2 the RAS Circuit: a Structure-Function Perspective. Mol Cell Biol 2021; 41:MCB.00627-20. [PMID: 33526449 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00627-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SHOC2 is a prototypical leucine-rich repeat protein that promotes downstream receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)/RAS signaling and plays important roles in several cellular and developmental processes. Gain-of-function germ line mutations of SHOC2 drive the RASopathy Noonan-like syndrome, and SHOC2 mediates adaptive resistance to mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors. Similar to many scaffolding proteins, SHOC2 facilitates signal transduction by enabling proximal protein interactions and regulating the subcellular localization of its binding partners. Here, we review the structural features of SHOC2 that mediate its known functions, discuss these elements in the context of various binding partners and signaling pathways, and highlight areas of SHOC2 biology where a consensus view has not yet emerged.
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9
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Terai H, Hamamoto J, Emoto K, Masuda T, Manabe T, Kuronuma S, Kobayashi K, Masuzawa K, Ikemura S, Nakayama S, Kawada I, Suzuki Y, Takeuchi O, Suzuki Y, Ohtsuki S, Yasuda H, Soejima K, Fukunaga K. SHOC2 Is a Critical Modulator of Sensitivity to EGFR-TKIs in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 19:317-328. [PMID: 33106373 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
EGFR mutation-positive patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) respond well to treatment with EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKI); however, treatment with EGFR-TKIs is not curative, owing to the presence of residual cancer cells with intrinsic or acquired resistance to this class of drugs. Additional treatment targets that may enhance the efficacy of EGFR-TKIs remain elusive. Using a CRISPR/Cas9-based screen, we identified the leucine-rich repeat scaffold protein SHOC2 as a key modulator of sensitivity to EGFR-TKI treatment. On the basis of in vitro assays, we demonstrated that SHOC2 expression levels strongly correlate with the sensitivity to EGFR-TKIs and that SHOC2 affects the sensitivity to EGFR-TKIs in NSCLC cells via SHOC2/MRAS/PP1c and SHOC2/SCRIB signaling. The potential SHOC2 inhibitor celastrol phenocopied SHOC2 depletion. In addition, we confirmed that SHOC2 expression levels were important for the sensitivity to EGFR-TKIs in vivo. Furthermore, IHC showed the accumulation of cancer cells that express high levels of SHOC2 in lung cancer tissues obtained from patients with NSCLC who experienced acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs. These data indicate that SHOC2 may be a therapeutic target for patients with NSCLC or a biomarker to predict sensitivity to EGFR-TKI therapy in EGFR mutation-positive patients with NSCLC. Our findings may help improve treatment strategies for patients with NSCLC harboring EGFR mutations. IMPLICATIONS: This study showed that SHOC2 works as a modulator of sensitivity to EGFR-TKIs and the expression levels of SHOC2 can be used as a biomarker for sensitivity to EGFR-TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Terai
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. .,Division of Bioregulatory Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Hamamoto
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Bioregulatory Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsura Emoto
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Masuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tadashi Manabe
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuronuma
- Biomedical Laboratory, Department of Research, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keigo Kobayashi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keita Masuzawa
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Ikemura
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Keio Cancer Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sohei Nakayama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kawada
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Takeuchi
- Biomedical Laboratory, Department of Research, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Suzuki
- Division of Bioregulatory Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumio Ohtsuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yasuda
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenzo Soejima
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukunaga
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Davis AA, Haredy MM, Huey J, Scanga H, Zuccoli G, Pollack IF, Tamber MS, Goldstein J, Madan-Khetarpal S, Nischal KK. Syndromic and Systemic Diagnoses Associated With Isolated Sagittal Synostosis. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2019; 7:e2540. [PMID: 32537296 PMCID: PMC7288895 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000002540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Reports of systemic associations in patients with Isolated Sagittal Synostosis (ISS) are sparse. Craniofacial surgeons, and other providers, should be aware that a significant proportion of patients with ISS may have syndromic or systemic involvement. This study investigates the incidence of systemic disease and syndromic diagnosis in a cohort of patients presenting with ISS (ie, patients with sagittal synostosis without other sutural involvement). METHODS This study consists of a retrospective review of patients diagnosed with ISS between 2007 and 2017 at a single institution. Patients were divided according to onset (early <1 year, late >1 year) of ISS. Patient notes were examined for congenital anomalies, systemic conditions, and molecular testing. Only patients with isolated sagittal fusion-meaning, patients with sagittal synostosis and no other sutural involvement-were included. RESULTS Three hundred seventy-seven patients met the inclusion criteria: systemic conditions were identified in 188/377 (50%) of them. One hundred sixty-one patients with early onset (Group A), and 216 patients with late onset ISS (Group B) were identified. Systemic involvement was identified in 38% of Group A and 60% of Group B, which was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Forty-eight of 377 (13%) of patients had a syndromic diagnosis, and 79% of these were confirmed via genetic testing. Thirty-five percent of patients were diagnosed with central nervous system anomalies and 16% had craniofacial anomalies. CONCLUSIONS Nearly 50% of the patients initially diagnosed with ISS were found to have some form of systemic involvement. This supports affording full pediatric and genetic evaluation with molecular testing to these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani A. Davis
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Mostafa M. Haredy
- Department of Plastic Surgery, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh Pa
- Plastic Surgery Department, Cleft and Craniofacial Unit, Sohag University Hospital, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Jennifer Huey
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Hannah Scanga
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Giulio Zuccoli
- Department of Radiology, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa
- Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Ian F. Pollack
- Department of Neurosurgery, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Mandeep S. Tamber
- Department of Neurosurgery, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa
- †Department of Medical Genetics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Jesse Goldstein
- Department of Plastic Surgery, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh Pa
| | - Suneeta Madan-Khetarpal
- *UBC Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Ken K. Nischal
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa
- ‡UPMC Eye center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa
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11
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Akgun-Dogan O, Simsek-Kiper PO, Taskiran E, Lissewski C, Brinkmann J, Schanze D, Göçmen R, Cagdas D, Bilginer Y, Utine GE, Zenker M, Ozen S, Tezcan İ, Alikasifoglu M, Boduroğlu K. ADA2 deficiency in a patient with Noonan syndrome-like disorder with loose anagen hair: The co-occurrence of two rare syndromes. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:2474-2480. [PMID: 31584751 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome-like disorder with loose anagen hair (NS/LAH) is one of the RASopathies, a group of clinically related developmental disorders caused by germline mutations in genes that encode components acting in the RAS/MAPK pathway. Among RASopathies, NS/LAH (OMIM 607721) is an extremely rare, multiple anomaly syndrome characterized by dysmorphic facial features similar to those observed in Noonan syndrome along with some distinctive ectodermal findings including easily pluckable, sparse, thin, and slow-growing hair. ADA2 deficiency (DADA2, OMIM 615688) is a monogenic autoinflammatory disorder caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in ADA2, with clinical features including recurrent fever, livedo racemosa, hepatosplenomegaly, and strokes as well as immune dysregulation. This is the first report of NS/LAH and ADA2 deficiency in the same individual. We report on a patient presenting with facial features, recurrent infections and ectodermal findings in whom both the clinical and molecular diagnoses of NS/LAH and ADA2 deficiency were established, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Akgun-Dogan
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.,Division of Pediatric Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Ümraniye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pelin O Simsek-Kiper
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ekim Taskiran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Christina Lissewski
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Julia Brinkmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Denny Schanze
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rahşan Göçmen
- Department of Radiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Cagdas
- Division of Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yelda Bilginer
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gülen E Utine
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Seza Ozen
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İlhan Tezcan
- Division of Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Alikasifoglu
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Medical Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Koray Boduroğlu
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Medical Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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12
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Jang H, Oakley E, Forbes-Osborne M, Kesler MV, Norcross R, Morris AC, Galperin E. Hematopoietic and neural crest defects in zebrafish shoc2 mutants: a novel vertebrate model for Noonan-like syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:501-514. [PMID: 30329053 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular signal-related kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) pathway is a highly conserved signaling cascade with numerous essential functions in development. The scaffold protein Shoc2 amplifies the activity of the ERK1/2 pathway and is an essential modulator of a variety of signaling inputs. Germline mutations in Shoc2 are associated with the human developmental disease known as the Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair. Clinical manifestations of this disease include congenital heart defects, developmental delays, distinctive facial abnormalities, reduced growth and cognitive deficits along with hair anomalies. The many molecular details of pathogenesis of the Noonan-like syndrome and related developmental disorders, cumulatively called RASopathies, remain poorly understood. Mouse knockouts for Shoc2 are embryonic lethal, emphasizing the need for additional animal models to study the role of Shoc2 in embryonic development. Here, we characterize a zebrafish shoc2 mutant, and show that Shoc2 is essential for development, and that its loss is detrimental for the development of the neural crest and for hematopoiesis. The zebrafish model of the Noonan-like syndrome described here provides a novel system for the study of structure-function analyses and for genetic screens in a tractable vertebrate system.
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Affiliation(s)
- HyeIn Jang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Erin Oakley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Melissa V Kesler
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Rebecca Norcross
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ann C Morris
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Emilia Galperin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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13
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Motta M, Giancotti A, Mastromoro G, Chandramouli B, Pinna V, Pantaleoni F, Di Giosaffatte N, Petrini S, Mazza T, D'Ambrosio V, Versacci P, Ventriglia F, Chillemi G, Pizzuti A, Tartaglia M, De Luca A. Clinical and functional characterization of a novel RASopathy-causing SHOC2 mutation associated with prenatal-onset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:1046-1056. [PMID: 31059601 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SHOC2 is a scaffold protein mediating RAS-promoted activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in response to extracellular stimuli. A recurrent activating mutation in SHOC2 (p.Ser2Gly) causes Mazzanti syndrome, a RASopathy characterized by features resembling Noonan syndrome and distinctive ectodermal abnormalities. A second mutation (p.Met173Ile) supposed to cause loss-of-function was more recently identified in two individuals with milder phenotypes. Here, we report on the third RASopathy-causing SHOC2 mutation (c.807_808delinsTT, p.Gln269_His270delinsHisTyr), which was found associated with prenatal-onset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Structural analyses indicated a possible impact of the mutation on the relative orientation of the two SHOC2's leucine-rich repeat domains. Functional studies provided evidence of its activating role, revealing enhanced binding of the mutant protein to MRAS and PPP1CB, and increased signaling through the MAPK cascade. Differing from SHOC2 S2G , SHOC2 Q269_H270delinsHY is not constitutively targeted to the plasma membrane. These data document that diverse mechanisms in SHOC2 functional dysregulation converge toward MAPK signaling upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialetizia Motta
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Giancotti
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urologic Science, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Gioia Mastromoro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Pinna
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Fondazione Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Francesca Pantaleoni
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Niccolò Di Giosaffatte
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Fondazione Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Stefania Petrini
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Research Laboratories, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Mazza
- Bioinformatics Unit, Fondazione Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Valentina D'Ambrosio
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urologic Science, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Versacci
- Department of Pediatrics, Università Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonio Pizzuti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro De Luca
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Fondazione Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
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14
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Okazaki T, Saito Y, Sugita K, Nosaka K, Ohno K, Hiraoka Y, Kasagi N, Ebiki M, Narai S, Kawashima Y, Takano S, Kai M, Adachi K, Yamamoto O, Nanba E, Maegaki Y. Recurrent Erythema Nodosum in a Child with a SHOC2 Gene Mutation. Yonago Acta Med 2019. [PMID: 30962759 DOI: 10.33160/yam.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of a 6-year-old male who developed recurrent erythema nodosum (EN) at the age of 3 years. The patient exhibited hypertelorism, low-set ears, micrognathia, moderate intellectual disability, thin long fingers, loose anagen hair, and prominent palmoplantar wrinkles. A heterozygous single nucleotide variant in the SHOC2 gene (c.4 A > G, p.S2G) was identified. Patients with a SHOC2 mutation exhibit a unique combination of ectodermal abnormalities including darkly pigmented skin and loose anagen hair. This report is the first to describe EN in a patient with SHOC2 mutation, and to examine the patient's hair using scanning electron microscopy. We hypothesize that the RAS/MAPK pathway is associated with the pathogenesis of cutaneous lesions in patients with SHOC2 mutations via autoinflammation and disturbance of epithelial stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Okazaki
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8504, Japan.,†Department of Clinical Genetics, Tottori University Hospital, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Saito
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Kazunari Sugita
- ‡Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine of Sensory and Motor Organs, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Kanae Nosaka
- §Division of Organ Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Koyo Ohno
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Yumie Hiraoka
- †Department of Clinical Genetics, Tottori University Hospital, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Noriko Kasagi
- †Department of Clinical Genetics, Tottori University Hospital, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Ebiki
- The Development of Innovative Future Medical Treatment, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan.,¶KUSUNOKI - SCALE Incorporated, Yonago 683-0832, Japan
| | - Satoshi Narai
- *Division of Pediatrics and Perinatology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Yuki Kawashima
- *Division of Pediatrics and Perinatology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Shuichi Takano
- ††Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Masachika Kai
- ‡‡Division of Technical Department, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kaori Adachi
- §§Research Initiative Center, Organization for Research Initiative and Promotion, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Osamu Yamamoto
- ‡Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine of Sensory and Motor Organs, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Eiji Nanba
- †Department of Clinical Genetics, Tottori University Hospital, Yonago 683-8504, Japan.,
- Research Strategy Division, Organization for Research Initiative and Promotion, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Maegaki
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8504, Japan.,†Department of Clinical Genetics, Tottori University Hospital, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
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15
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Bessis D, Miquel J, Bourrat E, Chiaverini C, Morice-Picard F, Abadie C, Manna F, Baumann C, Best M, Blanchet P, Bursztejn AC, Capri Y, Coubes C, Giuliano F, Guillaumont S, Hadj-Rabia S, Jacquemont ML, Jeandel C, Lacombe D, Mallet S, Mazereeuw-Hautier J, Molinari N, Pallure V, Pernet C, Philip N, Pinson L, Sarda P, Sigaudy S, Vial Y, Willems M, Geneviève D, Verloes A, Cavé H. Dermatological manifestations in Noonan syndrome: a prospective multicentric study of 129 patients positive for mutation. Br J Dermatol 2019; 180:1438-1448. [PMID: 30417923 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on dermatological manifestations of Noonan syndrome (NS) remain heterogeneous and are based on limited dermatological expertise. OBJECTIVES To describe the dermatological manifestations of NS, compare them with the literature findings, and test for dermatological phenotype-genotype correlations with or without the presence of PTPN11 mutations. METHODS We performed a large 4-year, prospective, multicentric, collaborative dermatological and genetic study. RESULTS Overall, 129 patients with NS were enrolled, including 65 patients with PTPN11-NS, 34 patients with PTPN11-NS with multiple lentigines (NSML), and 30 patients with NS who had a mutation other than PTPN11. Easy bruising was the most frequent dermatological finding in PTPN11-NS, present in 53·8% of patients. Multiple lentigines and café-au-lait macules (n ≥ 3) were present in 94% and 80% of cases of NSML linked to specific mutations of PTPN11, respectively. Atypical forms of NSML could be associated with NS with RAF1 or NRAS mutations. In univariate analysis, patients without a PTPN11 mutation showed (i) a significantly higher frequency of keratinization disorders (P = 0·001), including keratosis pilaris (P = 0·005), ulerythema ophryogenes (P = 0·0001) and palmar and/or plantar hyperkeratosis (P = 0·06, trend association), and (ii) a significantly higher frequency of scarce scalp hair (P = 0·035) and scarce or absent eyelashes (P = 0·06, trend association) than those with PTPN11 mutations. CONCLUSIONS The cutaneous phenotype of NS with a PTPN11 mutation is generally mild and nonspecific, whereas the absence of a PTPN11 mutation is associated with a high frequency of keratinization disorders and hair abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bessis
- Department of Dermatology, Saint-Eloi Hospital, Competence Centre for Rare Skin Diseases, Montpellier, France.,University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1058, Montpellier, France
| | - J Miquel
- Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Femme-Mère-Enfant Hospital, University of South Réunion, Saint-Pierre Réunion, France.,Department of Dermatology, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - E Bourrat
- Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Robert-Debré Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - C Chiaverini
- Department of Dermatology, L'Archet 2 Hospital, Nice, France.,University of Nice, Nice, France
| | - F Morice-Picard
- Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Pellegrin University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - C Abadie
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Sud Hospital, Rennes, France.,University Hospital of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - F Manna
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Department of Medical Information, Epidemiological and Clinical Research Unit, La Colombière Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - C Baumann
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Robert-Debré Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.,University of Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - M Best
- Department of Dermatology, Saint-Eloi Hospital, Competence Centre for Rare Skin Diseases, Montpellier, France.,University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - P Blanchet
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - A-C Bursztejn
- Department of Dermatology, Brabois Hospital, Nancy, France.,University of Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Y Capri
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Robert-Debré Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.,University of Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - C Coubes
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - F Giuliano
- University of Nice, Nice, France.,Department of Clinical Genetics, L'Archet 2 Hospital, Nice, France
| | - S Guillaumont
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - S Hadj-Rabia
- Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Reference Centre for Rare Skin Diseases, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - M-L Jacquemont
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Femme-Mère-Enfant Hospital, University of South Réunion, Saint-Pierre Réunion, France
| | - C Jeandel
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - D Lacombe
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Pellegrin University Hospital of Bordeaux, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - S Mallet
- Department of Dermatology, La Timone Hospital, AP-HM, Marseille, France.,University of Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - J Mazereeuw-Hautier
- Department of Dermatology, Larrey Hospital, Reference Centre for Rare Skin Diseases, Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - N Molinari
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Department of Medical Information, Epidemiological and Clinical Research Unit, La Colombière Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - V Pallure
- Department of Dermatology, CH, Perpignan, Perpignan, France
| | - C Pernet
- Department of Dermatology, Saint-Eloi Hospital, Competence Centre for Rare Skin Diseases, Montpellier, France
| | - N Philip
- University of Marseille, Marseille, France.,Department of Clinical Genetics, La Timone Hospital, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - L Pinson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - P Sarda
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - S Sigaudy
- University of Marseille, Marseille, France.,Department of Clinical Genetics, La Timone Hospital, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Y Vial
- University of Paris-Diderot, Paris, France.,Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Robert-Debré Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - M Willems
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - D Geneviève
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1183, Montpellier, France
| | - A Verloes
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Robert-Debré Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.,University of Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - H Cavé
- University of Paris-Diderot, Paris, France.,Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Robert-Debré Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide information on the scope of cardiac disease in Noonan syndrome. RECENT FINDINGS Noonan syndrome is a common autosomal dominant RASopathy disorder characterized by clinical findings of facial dysmorphism, congenital heart disease, and short stature. The degree of genetic heterogeneity has recently become evident in that Noonan syndrome is now known to be caused by mutations in a large variety of genes which produce dysregulation of the RAS-MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling pathway. The scope of cardiac disease in Noonan syndrome is quite variable depending on the gene mutation, with some mutations usually associated with a high incidence of congenital heart defects (PTPN11, KRAS, and others) while those with predominantly hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) have higher risk and morbidity profiles (RAF1, RIT1, and those associated with multiple lentigines). SUMMARY Cardiac disease in Noonan syndrome varies according to the type of gene mutation. The most common forms of cardiac disease include pulmonary stenosis, HCM, and atrial septal defect. HCM in general is associated with increased risk, mortality, and morbidity. New concepts for potential treatments are discussed.
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17
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Couser NL, Keelean-Fuller D, Davenport ML, Haverfield E, Masood MM, Henin M, Aylsworth AS. Cleft palate and hypopituitarism in a patient with Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair-1. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:2024-2027. [PMID: 30240112 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.40432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS), the most common of the RASopathies, is a developmental disorder caused by heterozygous germline mutations in genes encoding proteins in the RAS-MAPK signaling pathway. Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair (NSLH, including NSLH1, OMIM #607721 and NSLH2, OMIM #617506) is characterized by typical features of NS with additional findings of macrocephaly, loose anagen hair, growth hormone deficiency in some, and a higher incidence of intellectual disability. All NSLH1 reported cases to date have had an SHOC2 c.4A>G, p.Ser2Gly mutation; NSLH2 cases have been reported with a PPP1CB c.146G>C, p.Pro49Arg mutation, or c.166G>C, p.Ala56Pro mutation. True cleft palate does not appear to have been previously reported in individuals with NS or with NSLH. While some patients with NS have had growth hormone deficiency (GHD), other endocrine abnormalities are only rarely documented. We present a female patient with NSLH1 who was born with a posterior cleft palate, micrognathia, and mild hypotonia. Other findings in her childhood and young adulthood years include hearing loss, strabismus, and hypopituitarism with growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and gonadotropin deficiencies. The SHOC2 mutation may be responsible for this patient's additional features of cleft palate and hypopituitarism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natario L Couser
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics and Metabolism, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Ophthalmology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Debra Keelean-Fuller
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics and Metabolism, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Marsha L Davenport
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Maheer M Masood
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Mark Henin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Arthur S Aylsworth
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics and Metabolism, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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18
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Abstract
RASopathies are a heterogeneous group of genetic syndromes characterized by mutations in genes that regulate cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, survival, migration, and metabolism. Excluding congenital heart defects, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most frequent cardiovascular defect in patients affected by RASopathies. A worse outcome (in terms of surgical risk and/or mortality) has been described in a specific subset of Rasopathy patients with early onset, severe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy presenting with heart failure. New short-term therapy with a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor has recently been used to prevent heart failure in these patients with a severe form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
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19
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Pierpont EI, Semrud-Clikeman M, Pierpont ME. Variability in clinical and neuropsychological features of individuals with MAP2K1 mutations. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 173:452-459. [PMID: 27862862 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in MAP2K1, a gene expressed within the RAS-mitogen activated protein kinase (RAS/MAPK) pathway, are generally associated with the clinical phenotype of cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome. Here we describe two male patients (ages 16 and 20 years) with mutations in MAP2K1 and heterogeneous clinical presentations. Both young men had short stature, some facial features suggesting a RASopathy and minimal cardiac involvement. Detailed medical and neuropsychological findings are presented alongside a comprehensive review of features of patients with MAP2K1 mutations reported in the literature. Published studies have indicated that cognitive functioning of individuals with MAP2K1 mutations can range from severe intellectual disability to mildly below average. Neither of the individuals presented here had severe intellectual disability, and one had intellectual functioning within the average range. Neurodevelopmental concerns that were common among our two patients included fine motor difficulties, slow processing speed, reduced attention span, learning disabilities, and diminished energy/alertness. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that mutations in MAP2K1, which are frequently associated with neurological complications and intellectual disability, can be associated with a milder clinical and neurocognitive profile more typical of individuals with Noonan syndrome. Variability of expression may arise from a complex interplay between RAS/MAPK pathway genotype, epigenetics, medical and obstetric factors, and environmental influences. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mary Ella Pierpont
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
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20
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Lee YM, Kaduwal S, Lee KH, Park JC, Jeong WJ, Choi KY. Sur8 mediates tumorigenesis and metastasis in colorectal cancer. Exp Mol Med 2016; 48:e249. [PMID: 27469030 PMCID: PMC4973316 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2016.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sur8, a scaffold protein of the Ras pathway, interacts with Ras and Raf and modulates the Ras-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. Here we show that Sur8 is overexpressed in established human colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines and CRC patient tissues. Moreover, Sur8 expression is increased during liver metastasis in CRC patients. Sur8 knockdown decreases ERK and Akt activities in CRC cell lines, regardless of their K-Ras, B-Raf or PI3K mutation status. Overexpression or knockdown of Sur8 increases or decreases, respectively, the proliferation or transformation of CRC cell lines. Sur8 knockdown attenuates the migration and invasion of HCT116 CRC cells. Subcutaneous or orthotopic injection of HCT116 cells harboring a doxycycline (Dox)-mediated Sur8 knockdown system in nude mice resulted in decreased tumorigenic potential and inhibited the liver metastatic potential of HCT116 cells. Taken together, our data support the role of Sur8 as a promoter of tumorigenesis and liver metastasis in CRC through its modulation of the Ras-ERK and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mi Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Saluja Kaduwal
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kug Hwa Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Chan Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo-Jeong Jeong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kang-Yell Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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21
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Recent advances in RASopathies. J Hum Genet 2015; 61:33-9. [PMID: 26446362 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2015.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RASopathies or RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) syndromes are a group of phenotypically overlapping syndromes caused by germline mutations that encode components of the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway. These disorders include neurofibromatosis type I, Legius syndrome, Noonan syndrome, Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (formerly called LEOPARD syndrome), Costello syndrome, cardiofaciocutaneous (CFC) syndrome, Noonan-like syndrome, hereditary gingival fibromatosis and capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation. Recently, novel gene variants, including RIT1, RRAS, RASA2, A2ML1, SOS2 and LZTR1, have been shown to be associated with RASopathies, further expanding the disease entity. Although further analysis will be needed, these findings will help to better elucidate an understanding of the pathogenesis of these disorders and will aid in the development of potential therapeutic approaches. In this review, we summarize the novel genes that have been reported to be associated with RASopathies and highlight the cardiovascular abnormalities that may arise in affected individuals.
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22
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Gelb BD, Roberts AE, Tartaglia M. Cardiomyopathies in Noonan syndrome and the other RASopathies. PROGRESS IN PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2015; 39:13-19. [PMID: 26380542 PMCID: PMC4568836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome and related disorders (Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines, Costello syndrome, cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, Noonan syndrome with loose anagen hair, and other related traits) are autosomal dominant traits. Mutations causing these disorders alter proteins relevant for signaling through RAS. Thus, these traits are now collectively called the RASopathies. While the RASopathies have pleiomorphic features, this review will focus on the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy observed in varying percentages of all of these traits. In addition, inherited abnormalities in one pathway gene, RAF1, cause pediatric-onset dilated cardiomyopathy. The pathogeneses for the RASopathy-associated cardiomyopathies are being elucidated, principally using animal models, leading to genotype-specific insights into how signal transduction is perturbed. Based on those findings, small molecule therapies seem possible for RASopathy-associated cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce D Gelb
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Amy E Roberts
- Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Dipartimento di Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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23
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Garavelli L, Cordeddu V, Errico S, Bertolini P, Street ME, Rosato S, Pollazzon M, Wischmeijer A, Ivanovski I, Daniele P, Bacchini E, Lombardi AA, Izzi G, Biasucci G, Del Rossi C, Corradi D, Cazzaniga G, Dominici C, Rossi C, De Luca A, Bernasconi S, Riccardi R, Legius E, Tartaglia M. Noonan syndrome-like disorder with loose anagen hair: a second case with neuroblastoma. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:1902-7. [PMID: 25846317 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair (NSLH), also known as Mazzanti syndrome, is a RASopathy characterized by craniofacial features resembling Noonan syndrome, cardiac defects, cognitive deficits and behavioral issues, reduced growth generally associated with GH deficit, darkly pigmented skin, and an unique combination of ectodermal anomalies. Virtually all cases of NSLH are caused by an invariant and functionally unique mutation in SHOC2 (c.4A>G, p.Ser2Gly). Here, we report on a child with molecularly confirmed NSLH who developed a neuroblastoma, first suspected at the age 3 months by abdominal ultrasound examination. Based on this finding, scanning of the SHOC2 coding sequence encompassing the c.4A>G change was performed on selected pediatric cohorts of malignancies documented to occur in RASopathies (i.e., neuroblastoma, brain tumors, rhabdomyosarcoma, acute lymphoblastic, and myeloid leukemia), but failed to identify a functionally relevant cancer-associated variant. While these results do not support a major role of somatic SHOC2 mutations in these pediatric cancers, this second instance of neuroblastoma in NSLAH suggests a possible predisposition to this malignancy in subjects heterozygous for the c.4A>G SHOC2 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Garavelli
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Pediatrics, IRCCS S. Maria Nuova Hospital, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Viviana Cordeddu
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Errico
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Pediatrics, IRCCS S. Maria Nuova Hospital, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Bertolini
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Simonetta Rosato
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Pediatrics, IRCCS S. Maria Nuova Hospital, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Marzia Pollazzon
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Pediatrics, IRCCS S. Maria Nuova Hospital, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Anita Wischmeijer
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Pediatrics, IRCCS S. Maria Nuova Hospital, Reggio Emilia, Italy.,Department of Medical Genetics, Policlinico Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Ivan Ivanovski
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Pediatrics, IRCCS S. Maria Nuova Hospital, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Paola Daniele
- IRCCS-Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, Mendel Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Ermanno Bacchini
- Department of Pediatrics Radiology, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Giancarlo Izzi
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy
| | - Giacomo Biasucci
- Department of Pediatrics, "Guglielmo da Saliceto" Hospital, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Carmine Del Rossi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Cazzaniga
- Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo/Fondazione MBBM, Monza, Italy
| | - Carlo Dominici
- Department of Pediatrics, Università "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Cesare Rossi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Policlinico Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro De Luca
- IRCCS-Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, Mendel Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Riccardo Riccardi
- Department of Pediatrics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Eric Legius
- Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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24
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Baldassarre G, Mussa A, Banaudi E, Rossi C, Tartaglia M, Silengo M, Ferrero GB. Phenotypic variability associated with the invariant SHOC2 c.4A>G (p.Ser2Gly) missense mutation. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:3120-5. [PMID: 25331583 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair (NS/LAH; OMIM 607721) is a developmental disorder clinically related to Noonan syndrome (NS) and characterized by facial dysmorphisms, postnatal growth retardation, cardiac anomalies (in particular dysplasia of the mitral valve and septal defects), variable neurocognitive impairment, and florid ectodermal features. A distinctive trait of NS/LAH is its association with easily pluckable, slow growing, sparse, and thin hair. This rare condition is due to the invariant c.4A > G missense (p.Ser2Gly) change in SHOC2, which encodes a regulatory protein that participate in RAS signaling. Here we report two patients with molecularly confirmed NS/LAH, with extremely different phenotypic expression, in particular concerning the severity of the cardiac phenotype and neurocognitive profile. While the first available clinical records outlined a relatively homogeneous phenotype in NS/LAH, the present data emphasize that the phenotype spectrum associated with this invariant mutation is wider than previously recognized.
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25
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Zmolikova M, Puchmajerova A, Hecht P, Lebl J, Trkova M, Krepelova A. Coarctation of the aorta in Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:1218-21. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Zmolikova
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics; 2nd Faculty of Medicine; Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Alena Puchmajerova
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics; 2nd Faculty of Medicine; Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hecht
- Childrens‘ Heart Centre; Motol University Hospital; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jan Lebl
- Department of Pediatrics; 2nd Faculty of Medicine; Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital; Prague Czech Republic
| | | | - Anna Krepelova
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics; 2nd Faculty of Medicine; Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital; Prague Czech Republic
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26
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Gripp KW, Zand DJ, Demmer L, Anderson CE, Dobyns WB, Zackai EH, Denenberg E, Jenny K, Stabley DL, Sol-Church K. Expanding the SHOC2 mutation associated phenotype of Noonan syndrome with loose anagen hair: structural brain anomalies and myelofibrosis. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:2420-30. [PMID: 23918763 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome is a heterogenous rasopathy typically presenting with short stature, characteristic facial features, cardiac abnormalities including pulmonic valve stenosis, ASD and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), cryptorchidism, ectodermal abnormalities, and learning differences. The phenotype is variable, and limited genotype phenotype correlation exists with SOS1 mutations often associated with normal cognition and stature, RAF1 mutations entailing a high HCM risk, and certain PTPN11 mutations predisposing to juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. The recently identified SHOC2 mutation (p.Ser2Gly) causes Noonan syndrome with loose anagen hair. We report five patients with this mutation. All had skin hyperpigmentation, sparse light colored hair, increased fine wrinkles, ligamentous laxity, developmental delay, and 4/4 had a structural cardiac anomaly. Hypotonia and macrocephaly occurred in 4/5 (80%); 3/5 (60%) had polyhydramnios, increased birth weight or required use of a feeding tube. Distinctive brain abnormalities included relative megalencephaly and enlarged subarachnoid spaces suggestive of benign external hydrocephalus, and a relatively small posterior fossa as indicated by a vertical tentorium. The combination of a large brain with a small posterior fossa likely resulted in the high rate of cerebellar tonsillar ectopia (3/4; 75%). Periventricular nodular heterotopia was seen in one patient with a thick and dysplastic corpus callosum. We report on the first hematologic neoplasm, myelofibrosis, in a 2-year-old patient with SHOC2 mutation. Myelofibrosis is exceedingly rare in children and young adults. The absence of a somatic JAK2 mutation, seen in the majority of patients with myelofibrosis, is noteworthy as it suggests that germline or somatic SHOC2 mutations are causally involved in myelofibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen W Gripp
- Division of Medical Genetics, A. I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
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27
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Abstract
While the majority of leukemia cases occur in the absence of any known predisposing factor, there are germline mutations that significantly increase the risk of developing hematopoietic malignancies in childhood. In this review article, we describe a number of these mutations and their clinical features. These predispositions can be broadly classified as those leading to bone marrow failure, those involving tumor suppressor genes, DNA repair defects, immunodeficiencies or other congenital syndromes associated with transient myeloid disorders. While leukemia can develop as a secondary event in the aforementioned syndromes, there are also several syndromes that specifically lead to the development of leukemia as their primary phenotype. Many of the genes discussed in this review can also be somatically mutated in other cancers, highlighting the importance of understanding shared alterations and mechanisms underpinning syndromic and sporadic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Stieglitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California San Francisco, USA
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28
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Aoki Y, Niihori T, Banjo T, Okamoto N, Mizuno S, Kurosawa K, Ogata T, Takada F, Yano M, Ando T, Hoshika T, Barnett C, Ohashi H, Kawame H, Hasegawa T, Okutani T, Nagashima T, Hasegawa S, Funayama R, Nagashima T, Nakayama K, Inoue SI, Watanabe Y, Ogura T, Matsubara Y. Gain-of-function mutations in RIT1 cause Noonan syndrome, a RAS/MAPK pathway syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 93:173-80. [PMID: 23791108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS GTPases mediate a wide variety of cellular functions, including cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Recent studies have revealed that germline mutations and mosaicism for classical RAS mutations, including those in HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS, cause a wide spectrum of genetic disorders. These include Noonan syndrome and related disorders (RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase [RAS/MAPK] pathway syndromes, or RASopathies), nevus sebaceous, and Schimmelpenning syndrome. In the present study, we identified a total of nine missense, nonsynonymous mutations in RIT1, encoding a member of the RAS subfamily, in 17 of 180 individuals (9%) with Noonan syndrome or a related condition but with no detectable mutations in known Noonan-related genes. Clinical manifestations in the RIT1-mutation-positive individuals are consistent with those of Noonan syndrome, which is characterized by distinctive facial features, short stature, and congenital heart defects. Seventy percent of mutation-positive individuals presented with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; this frequency is high relative to the overall 20% incidence in individuals with Noonan syndrome. Luciferase assays in NIH 3T3 cells showed that five RIT1 alterations identified in children with Noonan syndrome enhanced ELK1 transactivation. The introduction of mRNAs of mutant RIT1 into 1-cell-stage zebrafish embryos was found to result in a significant increase of embryos with craniofacial abnormalities, incomplete looping, a hypoplastic chamber in the heart, and an elongated yolk sac. These results demonstrate that gain-of-function mutations in RIT1 cause Noonan syndrome and show a similar biological effect to mutations in other RASopathy-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.
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29
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Harmon RM, Simpson CL, Johnson JL, Koetsier JL, Dubash AD, Najor NA, Sarig O, Sprecher E, Green KJ. Desmoglein-1/Erbin interaction suppresses ERK activation to support epidermal differentiation. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:1556-70. [PMID: 23524970 DOI: 10.1172/jci65220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic disorders of the Ras/MAPK pathway, termed RASopathies, produce numerous abnormalities, including cutaneous keratodermas. The desmosomal cadherin, desmoglein-1 (DSG1), promotes keratinocyte differentiation by attenuating MAPK/ERK signaling and is linked to striate palmoplantar keratoderma (SPPK). This raises the possibility that cutaneous defects associated with SPPK and RASopathies share certain molecular faults. To identify intermediates responsible for executing the inhibition of ERK by DSG1, we conducted a yeast 2-hybrid screen. The screen revealed that Erbin (also known as ERBB2IP), a known ERK regulator, binds DSG1. Erbin silencing disrupted keratinocyte differentiation in culture, mimicking aspects of DSG1 deficiency. Furthermore, ERK inhibition and the induction of differentiation markers by DSG1 required both Erbin and DSG1 domains that participate in binding Erbin. Erbin blocks ERK signaling by interacting with and disrupting Ras-Raf scaffolds mediated by SHOC2, a protein genetically linked to the RASopathy, Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair (NS/LAH). DSG1 overexpression enhanced this inhibitory function, increasing Erbin-SHOC2 interactions and decreasing Ras-SHOC2 interactions. Conversely, analysis of epidermis from DSG1-deficient patients with SPPK demonstrated increased Ras-SHOC2 colocalization and decreased Erbin-SHOC2 colocalization, offering a possible explanation for the observed epidermal defects. These findings suggest a mechanism by which DSG1 and Erbin cooperate to repress MAPK signaling and promote keratinocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Harmon
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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30
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Aoki Y, Matsubara Y. Ras/MAPK syndromes and childhood hemato-oncological diseases. Int J Hematol 2012; 97:30-6. [PMID: 23250860 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-012-1239-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) is an autosomal-dominant disease characterized by distinctive facial features, webbed neck, cardiac anomalies, short stature and cryptorchidism. NS exhibits phenotypic overlap with Costello syndrome and cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome. Germline mutations of genes encoding proteins in the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway cause NS and related disorders. Germline mutations in PTPN11, KRAS, SOS1, RAF1, and NRAS have been identified in 60-80 % of NS patients. Germline mutations in HRAS have been identified in patients with Costello syndrome and mutations in KRAS, BRAF, and MAP2K1/2 (MEK1/2) have been identified in patients with CFC syndrome. Recently, mutations in SHOC2 and CBL have been identified in patients with Noonan-like syndrome. It has been suggested that these syndromes be comprehensively termed RAS/MAPK syndromes, or RASopathies. Molecular analysis is beneficial for the confirmation of clinical diagnoses and follow-up with patients using a tumor-screening protocol, as patients with NS and related disorders have an increased risk of developing tumors. In this review, we summarize the genetic mutations, clinical manifestations, associations with malignant tumors, and possible therapeutic approaches for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai, Japan.
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31
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Saito Y, Aoki Y, Muramatsu H, Makishima H, Maciejewski JP, Imaizumi M, Rikiishi T, Sasahara Y, Kure S, Niihori T, Tsuchiya S, Kojima S, Matsubara Y. Casitas B-cell lymphoma mutation in childhood T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Res 2012; 36:1009-15. [PMID: 22591685 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2012.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Somatic CBL mutations have been reported in a variety of myeloid neoplasms but are rare in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We analyzed 77 samples from hematologic malignancies, identifying a somatic mutation in CBL (p.C381R) in one patient with T-ALL that was associated with a uniparental disomy at the CBL locus and a germline heterozygous mutation in one patient with JMML. Two NOTCH1 mutations and homozygous deletions in LEF1 and CDKN2A were identified in T-ALL cells. The activation of the RAS pathway was enhanced, and activation of the NOTCH1 pathway was inhibited in NIH 3T3 cells that expressed p.C381R. This study appears to be the first to identify a CBL mutation in T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Saito
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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32
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Briggs BJ, Dickerman JD. Bleeding disorders in Noonan syndrome. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58:167-72. [PMID: 22012616 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Noonan Syndrome (NS) is a common genetic disease with multiple organ defects including bleeding disorders, which was last reviewed in 1997. Since then significant information has been acquired regarding bleeding problems in NS, specifically on the underlying genetics. Associations between mutated genes and bleeding disorders are reviewed along with prevalence and underlying etiologies. Between 50-89% of NS patients will have a bleeding disorder and since a significant number will require surgery it is important to identify which ones are at risk prior to their procedure. Recommendations regarding screening for bleeding disorders and their treatment are discussed.
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Lee BH, Kim JM, Jin HY, Kim GH, Choi JH, Yoo HW. Spectrum of mutations in Noonan syndrome and their correlation with phenotypes. J Pediatr 2011; 159:1029-35. [PMID: 21784453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate mutation spectrums and their correlations to phenotypes in Noonan syndrome (NS) and NS-related disorders that share functional alterations of the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. STUDY DESIGN Clinical characteristics and genotypes of 10 previously known and 2 candidate genes, SPRY1-4 and SPRED1, were investigated in 59 patients with NS, 17 with cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, 5 with Costello syndrome, and 2 with LEOPARD syndrome. RESULTS PTPN11 (39.0%), SOS1 (20.3%), RAF1 (6.8%), KRAS (5.1%), and BRAF (1.7%) mutations were identified in NS; BRAF (41.2%), SHOC2 (23.5%), and MEK1 (5.9%) mutations in cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome; and HRAS and PTPN11 mutations in Costello syndrome and LEOPARD syndrome, respectively. No additional mutations were identified in 28.9% of NS and 35.3% of cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome. Functional characterizations of 2 RAF1 novel variants, p.P261T and p.S259T, and one SOS1 variant, p.K170E, showed enhanced activity of Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Normal stature was frequent in SOS1 mutations, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in RAF1, and developmental delay in RAF1, BRAF, or SHOC2 mutations. CONCLUSIONS By identifying genotype-phenotype correlations, our study highlights the role of molecular genetic testing in the process of differential diagnosis of NS and NS-related disorders. Pathophysiologies that underlie these correlations are needed to be investigated in terms of their effects on Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom Hee Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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New research highlighted at ASHG meeting. Am J Med Genet A 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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