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Khan A, Camacho JV, Cummins H, Tahir H, Shi R, Kaufman D, Bahna SL. Not all marketed skin cleansers' pH is optimal for atopic dermatitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 2024; 45:284-287. [PMID: 38982600 DOI: 10.2500/aap.2024.45.240026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Background: The normally acidic skin pH changes in atopic dermatitis (AD) to alkaline, which contributes to the associated skin-barrier dysfunction. Hence, acidic cleansers would be preferred, but such information is scarce. Objective: Guiding health-care providers and patients on selecting skin cleansers with a pH optimal for AD. Methods: A total of 250 products were tested: 37 soaps (32 bars, 5 liquid) and 213 syndets (14 bars, 199 liquid); 10% solutions were tested for pH by using a pH meter; pH values 6.65-7.35 were considered neutral. Results: The pH of the tested skin cleansers varied widely (3.59-10.83). All 37 soaps were highly alkaline. In the 14 syndet bars, the pH was neutral in 6, alkaline in 8, and acidic in none. In the 199 syndet liquids, the pH was acidic in 84.9%, neutral in 11.1%, and alkaline in 4.0%. The product's pH was disclosed in none of the 37 soaps and in only 32 syndets (15%) , of which 9 bars were labeled "balanced," whose measured pH was neutral in 6 and alkaline in 3. Of the other 23 syndets, the labeled pH was referred to as "balanced" in 20 whose measured pH was neutral in 2 (6.80, 6.88) and acidic in 18 (3.59-6.59). The pH in the other three syndets was 4.25-6.00. Conclusion: All tested soaps had undesirable pH, whereas 84.9% of the liquid syndets were acidic (which is desirable) and 11.1% were neutral (which could be acceptable). Only 12.8% of the products disclosed the pH, an issue in need of improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Khan
- From the Allergy and Immunology Section, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | | | - Hannah Cummins
- From the Allergy and Immunology Section, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Hamana Tahir
- From the Allergy and Immunology Section, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Runhua Shi
- Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - David Kaufman
- From the Allergy and Immunology Section, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Sami L Bahna
- From the Allergy and Immunology Section, Department of Pediatrics, and
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2
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Andrew PV, Pinnock A, Poyner A, Brown K, Chittock J, Kay LJ, Cork MJ, Danby SG. Maintenance of an Acidic Skin Surface with a Novel Zinc Lactobionate Emollient Preparation Improves Skin Barrier Function in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2024; 14:391-408. [PMID: 38175365 PMCID: PMC10891035 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-023-01084-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The skin of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterised by elevated pH. As a central homeostatic regulator, an increased pH accelerates desquamation and suppresses lipid processing, resulting in diminished skin barrier function. The aim of this study was to determine whether a novel zinc lactobionate emollient cream can strengthen the skin barrier by lowering skin surface pH. METHODS A double-blind, forearm-controlled cohort study was undertaken in patients with AD. Participants applied the test cream to one forearm and a vehicle cream to the other (randomised allocation) twice daily for 56 days. Skin surface pH and barrier function (primary outcomes) were assessed at baseline and after 28 days and 56 days of treatment, amongst other tests. RESULTS A total of 23 adults with AD completed the study. During and after treatment, a sustained difference in skin surface pH was observed between areas treated with the test cream and vehicle (4.50 ± 0.38 versus 5.25 ± 0.54, respectively, p < 0.0001). This was associated with significantly reduced transepidermal water loss (TEWL) on the test cream treated areas compared with control (9.71 ± 2.47 versus 11.20 ± 3.62 g/m2/h, p = 0.0005). Improvements in skin barrier integrity, skin sensitivity to sodium lauryl sulphate, skin hydration, and chymotrypsin-like protease activity were all observed at sites treated with the test cream compared with the control. CONCLUSION Maintenance of an acidic skin surface pH and delivery of physiologic lipids are beneficial for skin health and may help improve AD control by reducing sensitivity to irritants and allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul V Andrew
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Abigail Pinnock
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, UK
| | - Anna Poyner
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kirsty Brown
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, UK
| | - John Chittock
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, UK
| | - Linda J Kay
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, UK
| | - Michael J Cork
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, UK
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, The Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
- Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - Simon G Danby
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, UK
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Choi EH, Kang H. Importance of Stratum Corneum Acidification to Restore Skin Barrier Function in Eczematous Diseases. Ann Dermatol 2024; 36:1-8. [PMID: 38325428 PMCID: PMC10861303 DOI: 10.5021/ad.23.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin barrier function relies on three essential components: stratum corneum (SC) lipids, natural moisturizing factors (NMFs), and the acidic pH of the SC surface. Three endogenous pathways contribute to acidity: free fatty acids from phospholipids, trans-urocanic acid from filaggrin (FLG), and the sodium-proton antiporter (NHE1) activity. An acidic SC environment boosts the activity of enzymes to produce ceramides, which are vital for skin health. Conversely, an elevated pH can lead to increased skin infections, reduced lipid-processing enzyme activity, impaired permeability barrier recovery, and compromised integrity and cohesion of the SC due to increased serine protease (SP) activity. Elevated SC pH is observed in neonatal, aged, and inflamed skin. In atopic dermatitis (AD), it results from decreased NMF due to reduced FLG degradation, decreased fatty acids from reduced lamellar body secretion, and reduced lactic acid due to decreased sweating. Moreover, the imbalance between SP and SP inhibitors disrupts barrier homeostasis. However, acidifying the SC can help restore balance and reduce SP activity. Acidic water bathing has been found to be safe and effective for AD. In three different AD murine models, SC acidification prevented the progression of AD to respiratory allergies. In aging skin, a decrease in NHE1 leads to an increased skin pH. Mild acidic skin care products or moisturizers containing NHE1 activators can normalize skin pH and improve barrier function. In conclusion, maintaining the acidity of the SC is crucial for healthy skin barrier function, leading to significant benefits for various skin conditions, such as AD and aging-related skin issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eung Ho Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.
| | - Hyun Kang
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
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4
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Rajkumar J, Chandan N, Lio P, Shi V. The Skin Barrier and Moisturization: Function, Disruption, and Mechanisms of Repair. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2023; 36:174-185. [PMID: 37717558 DOI: 10.1159/000534136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anatomic layers of the skin are well-defined, and a functional model of the skin barrier has recently been described. Barrier disruption plays a key role in several skin conditions, and moisturization is recommended as an initial treatment in conditions such as atopic dermatitis. This review aimed to analyze the skin barrier in the context of the function model, with a focus on the mechanisms by which moisturizers support each of the functional layers of the skin barrier to promote homeostasis and repair. SUMMARY The skin barrier is comprised of four interdependent layers - physical, chemical, microbiologic, and immunologic - which maintain barrier structure and function. Moisturizers target disruption affecting each of these four layers through several mechanisms and were shown to improve transepidermal water loss in several studies. Occlusives, humectants, and emollients occlude the surface of the stratum corneum (SC), draw water from the dermis into the epidermis, and assimilate into the SC, respectively, in order to strengthen the physical skin barrier. Acidic moisturizers bolster the chemical skin barrier by supporting optimal enzymatic function, increasing ceramide production, and facilitating ideal conditions for commensal microorganisms. Regular moisturization may strengthen the immunologic skin barrier by reducing permeability and subsequent allergen penetration and sensitization. KEY MESSAGES The physical, chemical, microbiologic, and immunologic layers of the skin barrier are each uniquely impacted in states of skin barrier disruption. Moisturizers target each of the layers of the skin barrier to maintain homeostasis and facilitate repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Rajkumar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Neha Chandan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter Lio
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Vivian Shi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Alaska, USA
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5
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Zhao H, Ma X, Song J, Jiang J, Fei X, Luo Y, Ru Y, Luo Y, Gao C, Kuai L, Li B. From gut to skin: exploring the potential of natural products targeting microorganisms for atopic dermatitis treatment. Food Funct 2023; 14:7825-7852. [PMID: 37599562 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02455e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease. Recent studies have revealed that interactions between pathogenic microorganisms, which have a tendency to parasitize the skin of AD patients, play a significant role in the progression of the disease. Furthermore, specific species of commensal bacteria in the human intestinal tract can have a profound impact on the immune system by promoting inflammation and pruritogenesis in AD, while also regulating adaptive immunity. Natural products (NPs) have emerged as promising agents for the treatment of various diseases. Consequently, there is growing interest in utilizing natural products as a novel therapeutic approach for managing AD, with a focus on modulating both skin and gut microbiota. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms and interplay between the skin and gut microbiota in relation to AD. Additionally, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent clinical and fundamental research on NPs targeting the skin and gut microbiota for AD treatment. We anticipate that our work will contribute to the future development of NPs and facilitate research on microbial mechanisms, based on the efficacy of NPs in treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Jiankun Song
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Jingsi Jiang
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Xiaoya Fei
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Yue Luo
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Yi Ru
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chunjie Gao
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Le Kuai
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Bin Li
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
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6
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Hatano Y, Elias PM. "Outside-to-inside," "inside-to-outside," and "intrinsic" endogenous pathogenic mechanisms in atopic dermatitis: keratinocytes as the key functional cells involved in both permeability barrier dysfunction and immunological alterations. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1239251. [PMID: 37638035 PMCID: PMC10451066 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1239251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Permeability barrier disruption has been shown to induce immunological alterations (i.e., an "outside-to-inside" pathogenic mechanism). Conversely, several inflammatory and immunological mechanisms reportedly interrupt permeability barrier homeostasis (i.e., an "inside-to-outside" pathogenic mechanism). It is now widely recognized that alterations of even a single molecule in keratinocytes can lead to not only permeability barrier dysfunction but also to immunological alterations. Such a simultaneous, bidirectional functional change by keratinocytes is herein named an "intrinsic" pathogenic mechanism. Molecules and/or pathways involved in this mechanism could be important not only as factors in disease pathogenesis but also as potential therapeutic targets for inflammatory cutaneous diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and prurigo nodularis. Elevation of skin surface pH following permeability barrier abrogation comprises one of the key pathogenic phenomena of the "outside-to-inside" mechanism. Not only type 2 cytokines (e.g., IL-4, IL-13, IL-31) but also type 1 (e.g. IFN-γ), and type 3 (e.g., IL-17, IL-22) as well as several other inflammatory factors (e.g. histamine) can disrupt permeability barrier homeostasis and are all considered part of the "inside-to-outside" mechanism. Finally, examples of molecules relevant to the "intrinsic" pathogenic mechanism include keratin 1, filaggrin, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Hatano
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Peter M. Elias
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States
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7
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Bieringer E, García Vázquez U, Klein L, Moretó Bravo N, Tobler M, Weuster-Botz D. Bioproduction and applications of aldobionic acids with a focus on maltobionic and cellobionic acid. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2023:10.1007/s00449-023-02872-7. [PMID: 37058246 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-023-02872-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Aldobionic acids are sugar acids which consist of a disaccharide with an anomeric acid group. The most famous is lactobionic acid (LBA). LBA is used in many applications such as food and beverages, pharmaceuticals and medicine, cosmetics or chemical processes. During the last decade, all these industries are observing a shift of consumer preferences towards plant-based options. Thus, the biotechnological industry is trying to replace the animal-derived LBA. Maltobionic acid (MBA) and cellobionic acid (CBA) are two stereoisomers of LBA which have emerged as vegan alternatives. However, MBA and CBA face different obstacles related to their industrial production. While traditionally used electrochemical or chemical catalysis often rely on cost intensive and/or hazardous catalysts, novel production methods with microorganisms are still poorly studied. In the first part, this paper discusses both alternatives in terms of their characteristics and applications. In the second part, it reviews the long-studied chemical production and the novel bioproduction methods, which are based on enzymatic and microbial systems. This review concludes with a discussion of future work needed to bring their production to the industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmeran Bieringer
- TUM School of Engineering and Design, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Chair of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Uxía García Vázquez
- TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Luisa Klein
- TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Núria Moretó Bravo
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Matthias Tobler
- TUM Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Petersgasse 5, 94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Dirk Weuster-Botz
- TUM School of Engineering and Design, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Chair of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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8
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Thibault Greugny E, Bensaci J, Fages F, Stamatas GN. Computational modelling predicts impaired barrier function and higher sensitivity to skin inflammation following pH elevation. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:177-185. [PMID: 36321871 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Skin surface pH has been identified as a key regulator of the epidermal homeostasis through its action on serine protease activity. These enzymes, like kallikreins (KLK), are responsible for the degradation of corneodesmosomes, the protein structures linking together corneocytes, and are regulated by Lympho-Epithelial Kazal-Type-related Inhibitor (LEKTI). KLK activity increases at pH levels higher than physiological. An increase in skin surface pH has been observed in patients suffering from skin diseases characterized by impaired barrier function, like atopic dermatitis. In this work, we introduce an agent-based model of the epidermis to study the impact of a change in skin surface pH on the structural and physiological properties of the epidermis, through the LEKTI-KLK mechanism. We demonstrate that a less acidic pH, compared to the slightly acidic pH observed in healthy skin, is sufficient to significantly affect the water loss at the surface and the amount of irritant permeating through the epidermis. This weakening of the skin barrier function eventually results in a more intense skin inflammation following exposure to an external irritant. This work provides additional evidence that skin surface pH and serine proteases can be therapeutic targets to improve skin barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eléa Thibault Greugny
- Essential Health Translational Science, Johnson & Johnson Santé Beauté France, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France.,Inria Saclay Île-de-France, Lifeware Team, Palaiseau, France
| | - Jalil Bensaci
- Essential Health Translational Science, Johnson & Johnson Santé Beauté France, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France
| | - François Fages
- Inria Saclay Île-de-France, Lifeware Team, Palaiseau, France
| | - Georgios N Stamatas
- Essential Health Translational Science, Johnson & Johnson Santé Beauté France, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France
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9
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Assessment of Cosmetic and Dermatological Properties and Safety of Use of Model Skin Tonics with Kombucha-Fermented Red Berry Extracts. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314675. [PMID: 36499003 PMCID: PMC9741178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Kombucha is a health-promoting beverage that is produced by fermenting sweetened tea using symbiotic cultures of bacteria belonging to the genus Acetobacter, Gluconobacter, and yeast of the genus Saccharomyces. This study compared the cosmetic and dermatological properties of the extracts of the following redberries: R. rubrum, F. vesca, and R. idaeus, and their ferments, which were obtained by fermentation for 10 and 20 days using tea fungus. For this purpose, the fermented and non-fermented extracts were compared in terms of their chemical composition using the HPLC/ESI-MS chromatographic method, demonstrating the high content of biologically active compounds that were present in the ferments. The antioxidant activity of the tested samples was evaluated using DPPH and ABTS tests, as well as by evaluating the scavenging of the external and intracellular free radicals. The cytotoxicity of the extracts and the ferments, as well as the cosmetic formulations, were also determined by conducting Alamar Blue and Neutral Red tests assessing the cell viability and metabolism using skin cell lines: fibroblasts and keratinocytes. In addition, application tests were conducted showing the positive effects of the model cosmetic tonics on the TEWL, the skin hydration, and the skin pH. The results indicate that both the extracts and the ferments that were obtained from kombucha can be valuable ingredients in cosmetic products.
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10
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Laffitte Y, Gray BL. Potentiometric pH Sensor Based on Flexible Screen-Printable Polyaniline Composite for Textile-Based Microfluidic Applications. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1376. [PMID: 36143999 PMCID: PMC9503819 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Skin pH can be used for monitoring infections in a healing wound, the onset of dermatitis, and hydration in sports medicine, but many challenges exist in integrating conventional sensing materials into wearable platforms. We present the development of a flexible, textile-based, screen-printed electrode system for biosensing applications, and demonstrate flexible polyaniline (PANI) composite-based potentiometric sensors on a textile substrate for real-time pH measurement. The pH response of the optimized PANI/dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid/screen-printing ink composite is compared to electropolymerized and drop-cast PANI sensors via open circuit potential measurements. High sensitivity was observed for all sensors between pH 3-10, with a composite based on PANI emeraldine base, demonstrating sufficient response time and a linear sensitivity of -27.9 mV/pH. This exceeded prior flexible screen-printed pH sensors in which all parts of the sensor, including the pH sensing material, are screen-printed. Even better sensitivity was observed for a PANI emeraldine salt composite (-42.6 mV/pH), although the response was less linear. Furthermore, the sensor was integrated into a screen-printed microfluidic channel demonstrating sample isolation during measurement for wearable, micro cloth-based analytical devices. This is the first fully screen-printed flexible PANI composite pH sensor demonstrated on a textile substrate that can additionally be integrated with textile-based microfluidic channels.
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11
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Elias PM. Optimizing emollient therapy for skin barrier repair in atopic dermatitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2022; 128:505-511. [PMID: 35065300 PMCID: PMC9979622 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We compared the principal characteristics of over-the-counter moisturizers with physiological lipid-based barrier repair therapy (BRT). DATA SOURCES An extended literature reported that moisturizers are considered standard ancillary therapy for anti-inflammatory skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis (AD). Additional studies have found that physiological lipid-based BRT can comprise effective, stand-alone therapy for pediatric AD. RESULTS Not all moisturizers are beneficial-some negatively impact skin function, and in doing so, they risk inducing or exacerbating inflammation in patients with AD. The frequent self-reported occurrences of sensitive skin in patients with AD could reflect the potential toxicity of such formulations. A still unanswered question is whether improper formulations could also prove to be counterproductive in other types of sensitive skin, such as rosacea. In contrast, we found how physiological lipid-based BRT (when comprised of the 3 key stratum corneum lipids in sufficient quantities and at an appropriate molar ratio) can correct the barrier abnormality, thereby reducing inflammation in AD and possibly in other inflammatory dermatoses, such as adult eczemas and possibly even psoriasis. CONCLUSION We provide guidelines for the appropriate dispensation of moisturizers and physiological lipid-based, BRT for the treatment of AD. Both over-the-counter (Atopalm) and prescription (EpiCeram) products are available in the United States with these characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Elias
- Department of Dermatology, University of California (UC) San Francisco and Veteran Affairs (VA) Medical Center, San Francisco, California.
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12
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Almawash S, Quadir SS, Al Saqr A, Sharma G, Raza K. Dual Delivery of Fluticasone Propionate and Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride for the Management of Atopic Dermatitis Using a Microemulsion-Based Topical Gel. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:7696-7705. [PMID: 35284709 PMCID: PMC8908482 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The current study investigates the potential for topical delivery of a fluticasone propionate (FP) and levocetirizine dihydrochloride (CTZ)-loaded microemulsion (ME) for the management of atopic dermatitis. Various microemulsion components were chosen based on their solubility and emulsification capabilities, and the ternary phase diagram was constructed. A total of 12 microemulsion formulations were screened for various attributes like vesicle size, polydispersity index, ζ-potential, percent transmittance, density, and pH. The average globule size and ζ-potential of FP and levocetirizine-containing ME were 52.12 nm and -2.98 ζ-potential, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the spherical nature of the globules. The developed system not only controlled the release of both drugs but also enhanced the efficacy of the drugs on a rodent model. Histopathological studies confirmed the safety of the developed system. The present findings provide evidence for a scalable and simpler approach for the management of atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saud Almawash
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheikh Shahnawaz Quadir
- Department
of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ahmed Al Saqr
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince
Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gajanand Sharma
- University
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab
University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Kaisar Raza
- Department
of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer 305817, Rajasthan, India
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13
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Kaniuk Ł, Podborska A, Stachewicz U. Enhanced mechanical performance and wettability of PHBV fiber blends with evening primrose oil for skin patches improving hydration and comfort. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:1763-1774. [DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02805g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The growing problem of skin diseases due to allergies causing atopic dermatitis, which is characterized by itching, burning, and redness, constantly motivates researchers to look for solutions to soothe these effects by moisturizing skin properly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Kaniuk
- Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Cracow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Podborska
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Cracow, Poland
| | - Urszula Stachewicz
- Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Cracow, Poland
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14
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Vanderwolf KJ, Kyle CJ, Faure PA, McAlpine DF, Davy CM. Skin pH varies among bat species and seasons and between wild and captive bats. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab088. [PMID: 34925845 PMCID: PMC8672241 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Skin is a key aspect of the immune system in the defence against pathogens. Skin pH regulates the activity of enzymes produced both by hosts and by microbes on host skin, thus implicating pH in disease susceptibility. Skin pH varies inter- and intra-specifically and is influenced by a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic variables. Increased skin alkalinity is associated with a predisposition to cutaneous infections in humans and dogs, and inter-specific and inter-individual variation in skin pH is implicated in differential susceptibility to some skin diseases. The cutaneous pH of bats has not been characterized but is postulated to play a role in susceptibility to white-nose syndrome (WNS), a fungal infection that has decimated several Nearctic bat species. We used non-invasive probes to measure the pH of bat flight membranes in five species with differing susceptibility to WNS. Skin pH ranged from 4.67 to 8.59 and varied among bat species, geographic locations, body parts, age classes, sexes and seasons. Wild Eptesicus fuscus were consistently more acidic than wild Myotis lucifugus, Myotis leibii and Perimyotis subflavus. Juvenile bats had more acidic skin than adults during maternity season but did not differ during swarming. Male M. lucifugus were more acidic than females during maternity season, yet this trend reversed during swarming. Bat skin was more acidic in summer compared to winter, a pattern also reported in humans. Skin pH was more acidic in captive than wild E. fuscus, suggesting environmental impacts on skin pH. The pH of roosting substrates affects skin pH in captive bats and may partially explain seasonal patterns in wild bats that use different roost types across seasons. Future research on the influence of pH on microbial pathogenic factors and skin barrier function may provide valuable insights on new therapeutic targets for treating bat skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Vanderwolf
- Corresponding author: Environmental and Life Sciences Program, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr., Peterborough, K9L 0G2, Canada.
| | - Christopher J Kyle
- Environmental and Life Sciences Program, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr., Peterborough, K9L 0G2, Ontario, Canada
- Forensic Science Department, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr, Peterborough, K9L 0G2, Ontario, Canada
- Natural Resources DNA Profiling and Forensics Center, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr, Peterborough, K9L 0G2, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul A Faure
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donald F McAlpine
- Department of Natural History, New Brunswick Museum, 277 Douglas Ave, Saint John, E2K 1E5, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Christina M Davy
- Environmental and Life Sciences Program, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr., Peterborough, K9L 0G2, Ontario, Canada
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and Forestry, 1600 West Bank Dr, Peterborough, K9L 0G2, Ontario, Canada
- Current affiliation: Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, K1S 5B6, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Okamoto S, Ogai K, Mukai K, Sugama J. Association of Skin Microbiome with the Onset and Recurrence of Pressure Injury in Bedridden Elderly People. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081603. [PMID: 34442680 PMCID: PMC8400065 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pressure injuries have been identified as one of the main health hazards among bedridden elderly people. Bedridden elderly people often stay in the same position for a long time, because they cannot switch positions; thus, the blood flow in the part of the body that is being compressed between the bed and their own weight is continuously blocked. As a result, redness and ulcers occur due to lacking oxygen and nutrients in the skin tissues, and these sites are often infected with microorganisms and, thus, become suppurative wounds, a condition commonly determined as pressure injuries. If left untreated, the pressure injury will recur with microbial infections, often resulting in cellulitis, osteomyelitis, and sepsis. The skin microbiome, in which many types of bacteria coexist, is formed on the skin surface. However, it remains unclear what characteristic of the skin microbiome among the bedridden elderly constitutes the development and severity of pressure injuries and the development of post-pressure injury infections. Thus, in this review article, we outlined the changes in the skin microbiome among the bedridden elderly people and their potential involvement in the onset and recurrence of pressure injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigefumi Okamoto
- Advanced Health Care Science Research Unit, Innovative Integrated Bio-Research Core, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-0942, Japan;
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-0942, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Kazuhiro Ogai
- AI Hospital/Macro Signal Dynamics Research and Development Center, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-0942, Japan;
| | - Kanae Mukai
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-0942, Japan;
| | - Junko Sugama
- Advanced Health Care Science Research Unit, Innovative Integrated Bio-Research Core, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-0942, Japan;
- Research Center for Implementation Nursing Science Initiative, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
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16
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Sakai S, Makino A, Nishi A, Ichikawa T, Yamashita T, Taniguchi M, Tokudome Y, Hirabayashi Y, Akiyama M, Crumrine D, Uchida Y, Elias PM, Tsuchida T, Hamanaka S. [Pathogenic and Compensatory Mechanisms in Epidermis of Sphingomyelin Synthase 2-Deficient Mice]. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 34:246-252. [PMID: 33915532 DOI: 10.1159/000515608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin (SM) is a constituent of cellular membranes, while ceramides (Cer) produced from SM on plasma membranes serve as a lipid mediator that regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. In the skin, SM also is a precursor of Cer, an important constituent of epidermal permeability barrier. We investigated the role of epidermal SM synthase (SMS)2, an isoform of SMS, which modulates SM and Cer levels on plasma membranes. Although SMS2-knockout (SMS2-KO) mice were not neonatal lethal, an ichthyotic phenotype with epidermal hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis was evident at birth, which persisted until 2 weeks of age. These mice showed abnormal lamellar body morphology and secretion, and abnormal extracellular lamellar membranes in the stratum corneum. These abnormalities were no longer evident by 4 weeks of age in SMS2-KO mice. Our study suggests that (1) exposure to a dry terrestrial environment initiates compensatory responses, thereby normalizing epidermal ichthyotic abnormalities and (2) that a nonlethal gene abnormality can cause an ichthyotic skin phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Sakai
- Laboratory of Biomembrane and Biofunctional Chemistry, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asami Makino
- Lipid Biology Laboratory, Advanced Science Institute, RIKEN Laboratory of Biochemistry, Asaka, Japan
| | - Akihito Nishi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ichikawa
- Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamashita
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Makoto Taniguchi
- Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Tokudome
- Laboratory of Dermatological Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hirabayashi
- Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masashi Akiyama
- Laboratory of Dermatological Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Japan
| | - Debra Crumrine
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.,Northern California Institute for Research and Education, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yoshikazu Uchida
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.,Northern California Institute for Research and Education, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter M Elias
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.,Northern California Institute for Research and Education, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tetsuya Tsuchida
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama, Japan
| | - Sumiko Hamanaka
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama, Japan
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17
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Topical Applications of a Novel Emollient Inhibit Inflammation in Murine Models of Acute Contact Dermatitis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5594646. [PMID: 33954180 PMCID: PMC8057889 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5594646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The benefits of emollients for eczematous dermatitis and psoriasis have been thought to be due to the improvements in epidermal function, including epidermal permeability barrier, stratum corneum hydration, and stratum corneum pH. We determined here whether emollient can direct inhibit cutaneous inflammation. Ear inflammation was induced by topical application of either 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) or 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). Either 1% hydrocortisone cream or the novel emollient was applied to the right ear of the mice 45 min and 2 hours after TPA or DNFB application. The untreated left ear served as untreated controls. Both ear weight and ear thickness were measured 24 hours after TPA and DNFB application. Topical applications of either hydrocortisone cream or emollient significantly decreased both ear thickness and ear weight in comparison to untreated controls. In DNFB model, hydrocortisone significantly lowered expression levels of mRNA for IL-1α, IL-1β, and TNFα, while the emollient markedly decreased expression levels of IL-1α and TNFα mRNA. In TPA model, both hydrocortisone and emollient significantly decreased expression levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα mRNA. In parallel, inflammatory infiltration was also reduced by topical applications of either hydrocortisone or emollient. These results demonstrate that this novel emollient can directly inhibit cutaneous inflammation in murine models of both acute irritant contact dermatitis and acute allergic contact dermatitis. However, whether this emollient could also alleviate eczematous dermatitis in humans remains to be explored.
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18
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Sotiropoulou G, Zingkou E, Pampalakis G. Redirecting drug repositioning to discover innovative cosmeceuticals. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:628-644. [PMID: 33544970 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Skin appearance is essential for self-esteem and quality of life; consequently, skin care products represent a huge market. In particular, cosmeceuticals constitute a hybrid category of skin care formulations, at the interphase of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, rationally designed to target (patho) physiological mechanisms aiming to enhance skin health and appearance. Cosmeceuticals are marketed as anti-ageing, anti-wrinkle, hair regrowth, skin whitening and wound healing agents with special emphasis on scar-free healing. An overview on recent cutting-edge advances concerning the discovery and development of enhanced performance cosmeceuticals by drug repositioning approaches is presented here. In this context, we propose "target repositioning," a new term, to highlight that druggable protein targets implicated in multiple diseases (hubs in the diseasome) can be exploited to accelerate the discovery of molecularly targeted cosmeceuticals that can promote skin health as an added benefit, which is a novel concept not described before. In this direction, emphasis is placed on the role of mouse models, for often untreatable skin diseases, as well as recent breakthroughs on monogenic rare skin syndromes, in promoting compound repositioning to innovative cosmeceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Sotiropoulou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, Greece
| | - Eleni Zingkou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, Greece
| | - Georgios Pampalakis
- Department of Pharmacognosy-Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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19
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Visscher MO, Carr AN, Narendran V. Premature infant skin barrier maturation: status at full-term corrected age. J Perinatol 2021; 41:232-239. [PMID: 32493903 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-020-0704-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of gestational age (GA) and postnatal age on skin barrier integrity by comparing premature infants at full-term corrected age with infants born at term. STUDY DESIGN Parallel comparison of chest skin in 36 premature infants with 39 full-term infants using daily measures of transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin pH, erythema and rash, over 2 weeks. RESULT Chest skin pH was significantly lower for premature infants, indicating that acid mantle formation had occurred in the premature versus full-term infants. Chest TEWL was significantly higher for premature versus full-term infants over 2 weeks, suggesting that even 7-8 weeks after birth, skin integrity is poorer in premature infants. CONCLUSION Skin barrier properties of premature infants at adjusted full-term age differ from full-term infants, suggesting that epidermal barrier development depends on GA and time from birth. These maturational differences may influence premature infant response to topical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marty O Visscher
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA. .,College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | | | - Vivek Narendran
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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20
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Role of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in the development of atopic dermatitis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20237. [PMID: 33214595 PMCID: PMC7678864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77281-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are potent anti-inflammatory drugs, the secretion of which is mediated and controlled by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. However, they are also secreted de novo by peripheral tissues for local use. Several tissues express 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1), including the skin. The inactive GC cortisone is converted by 11β-HSD1 to active GC cortisol, which is responsible for delayed wound healing during a systemic excess of GC. However, the role of 11β-HSD1 in inflammation is unclear. We assessed whether 11β-HSD1 affects the development of atopic dermatitis (AD) in vitro and in vivo. The expression of 11β-HSD1 in the epidermis of AD lesions was higher than that in the epidermis of healthy controls. Knockdown of 11β-HSD1 in human epidermal keratinocytes increased the production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin. In an oxazolone-induced mouse model of AD, localized inhibition of 11β-HSD1 aggravated the development of AD and increased serum cytokine levels associated with AD. Mice with whole-body knockout (KO) of 11β-HSD1 developed significantly worse AD upon induction by oxazolone. We propose that 11β-HSD1 is a major factor affecting AD pathophysiology via suppression of atopic inflammation due to the modulation of active GC in the skin.
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21
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Jiménez M, Muñoz FC, Cervantes-García D, Cervantes MM, Hernández-Mercado A, Barrón-García B, Moreno Hernández-Duque JL, Rodríguez-Carlos A, Rivas-Santiago B, Salinas E. Protective Effect of Glycomacropeptide on the Atopic Dermatitis-Like Dysfunctional Skin Barrier in Rats. J Med Food 2020; 23:1216-1224. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Jiménez
- Department of Microbiology, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Fabiola C. Muñoz
- Department of Microbiology, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Daniel Cervantes-García
- Department of Microbiology, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
- National Council of Science and Technology, Mexico City, México
| | - Maritza M. Cervantes
- Department of Microbiology, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | | | - Berenice Barrón-García
- Department of Microbiology, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | | | - Adrián Rodríguez-Carlos
- Medical Research Unit from Zacatecas, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Zacatecas, México
| | - Bruno Rivas-Santiago
- Medical Research Unit from Zacatecas, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Zacatecas, México
| | - Eva Salinas
- Department of Microbiology, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
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22
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Hülpüsch C, Tremmel K, Hammel G, Bhattacharyya M, Tomassi A, Nussbaumer T, Neumann AU, Reiger M, Traidl‐Hoffmann C. Skin pH-dependent Staphylococcus aureus abundance as predictor for increasing atopic dermatitis severity. Allergy 2020; 75:2888-2898. [PMID: 32562575 DOI: 10.1111/all.14461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis, AD) is characterized by disrupted skin barrier associated with elevated skin pH and skin microbiome dysbiosis, due to high Staphylococcus aureus loads, especially during flares. Since S aureus shows optimal growth at neutral pH, we investigated the longitudinal interplay between these factors and AD severity in a pilot study. METHOD Emollient (with either basic pH 8.5 or pH 5.5) was applied double-blinded twice daily to 6 AD patients and 6 healthy (HE) controls for 8 weeks. Weekly, skin swabs for microbiome analysis (deep sequencing) were taken, AD severity was assessed, and skin physiology (pH, hydration, transepidermal water loss) was measured. RESULTS Physiological, microbiome, and clinical results were not robustly related to the pH of applied emollient. In contrast to longitudinally stable microbiome in HE, S aureus frequency significantly increased in AD over 8 weeks. High S aureus abundance was associated with skin pH 5.7-6.2. High baseline S aureus frequency predicted both increase in S aureus and in AD severity (EASI and local SCORAD) after 8 weeks. CONCLUSION Skin pH is tightly regulated by intrinsic factors and limits the abundance of S aureus. High baseline S aureus abundance in turn predicts an increase in AD severity over the study period. This underlines the importance and potential of sustained intervention regarding the skin pH and urges for larger studies linking skin pH and skin S aureus abundance to understand driving factors of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hülpüsch
- Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine UNIKA‐T Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München Augsburg Germany
| | - Karolina Tremmel
- Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine UNIKA‐T Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München Augsburg Germany
| | - Gertrud Hammel
- Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine UNIKA‐T Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München Augsburg Germany
| | - Madhumita Bhattacharyya
- Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine UNIKA‐T Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München Augsburg Germany
| | - Amedeo Tomassi
- Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine UNIKA‐T Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München Augsburg Germany
| | - Thomas Nussbaumer
- Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine UNIKA‐T Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München Augsburg Germany
| | - Avidan U. Neumann
- Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine UNIKA‐T Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München Augsburg Germany
| | - Matthias Reiger
- Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine UNIKA‐T Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München Augsburg Germany
- CK CARE – Christine Kühne Center for Allergy research and Education Davos Switzerland
| | - Claudia Traidl‐Hoffmann
- Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine UNIKA‐T Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München Augsburg Germany
- ZIEL Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
- CK CARE – Christine Kühne Center for Allergy research and Education Davos Switzerland
- Outpatient Clinic for Environmental Medicine Universitätsklinikum Augsburg Augsburg Germany
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23
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Danby SG, Draelos ZD, Gold LFS, Cha A, Vlahos B, Aikman L, Sanders P, Wu-Linhares D, Cork MJ. Vehicles for atopic dermatitis therapies: more than just a placebo. J DERMATOL TREAT 2020; 33:685-698. [PMID: 32654550 DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2020.1789050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A topical vehicle is a 'carrier system' for an active pharmaceutical (or cosmetic) substance, referred to hereafter as the drug, but a vehicle may also be used on its own as an emollient to ameliorate dry skin. It is well established that the vehicle plays an important role in determining the bioavailability of a given drug at its ultimate target within the skin. Yet in the treatment of atopic eczema/dermatitis (AD), wherein the structure and function of the skin's outer barrier play a pivotal role in the development and course of the condition, the interaction of the vehicle with this barrier carries a particular importance. It is now clear that the often-considered inert excipients of a vehicle bring about changes within the skin at the molecular level that promote barrier restoration and enhance innate immune defenses with therapeutic value to AD patients. Moreover, the vehicle control in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) increasingly displays significant efficacy. In light of this, we consider the implications of vehicle design in relation to AD pathophysiology and the role vehicles play as controls in RCTs of new drug treatments for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon G Danby
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Sheffield Dermatology Research, The University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Amy Cha
- Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Paul Sanders
- Pfizer R&D UK Ltd, Tadworth, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael J Cork
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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24
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Denda M, Umino Y, Kumazawa N, Nakata S. Can simple physicochemical studies predict the effects of molecules on epidermal water‐impermeable barrier function? Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:393-399. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.14075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuki Umino
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center Yokohama Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kumazawa
- Department of Biomolecular Functional Engineering College of Engineering Ibaraki University Ibaraki Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakata
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life Hiroshima University Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
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25
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Aging-associated alterations in epidermal function and their clinical significance. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:5551-5565. [PMID: 32217811 PMCID: PMC7138575 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronologically-aged skin displays multiple functional changes in both the dermis and the epidermis. It appears that epidermal dysfunction, compromised permeability homeostasis, reduced stratum corneum hydration and elevated skin surface pH predispose to the development of aging-associated cutaneous and extracutaneous disorders. Improvements in epidermal function have been shown to be an effective alternative therapy in the prevention and treatment of some aging-associated cutaneous disorders, including eczematous dermatitis, pruritus, and xerosis. Recent studies demonstrated that epidermal dysfunction leads to the development of chronic, low-grade systemic inflammation, termed ‘inflammaging,’ which is linked to the development of aging-associated systemic disorders. Thus, correction of epidermal dysfunction could comprise a novel strategy in the prevention and treatment of aging-associated systemic disorders as well. In this review, we summarize aging-associated alterations in epidermal function, their underlying mechanisms, and their clinical significance. Regimens to improve epidermal function in the elderly are also discussed.
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26
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A randomized half-body, double blind, controlled trial on the effects of a pH-modified moisturizer vs. standard moisturizer in mild to moderate atopic dermatitis. An Bras Dermatol 2020; 95:320-325. [PMID: 32291095 PMCID: PMC7253898 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Higher skin pH in atopic dermatitis contributes to impaired epidermal barrier. A moisturizer compatible with physiological pH could improve atopic dermatitis. Objective To determine the effect of a physiologically compatible pH moisturizer in atopic dermatitis. Methods A randomized half body, double blind, controlled trial involving patients with stable atopic dermatitis was performed. pH-modified moisturizer and standard moisturizer were applied to half body for 6 weeks. Results A total of 6 (16.7%) males and 30 (83.3%) females participated. Skin pH reductions from week 0, week 2 and 6 were significant at the forearms (5.315 [0.98] to 4.85 [0.54] to 5.04 [0.78], p = 0.02) and abdomen (5.25 [1.01], 4.82 [0.64], 5.01 [0.59], p = 0.00) but not at the shins (5.01 [0.80], 4.76 [0.49], 4.85 [0.79], p = 0.09) with pH-modified moisturizer. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) at the forearms decreased (4.60 [2.55] to 3.70 [3.10] to 3.00 [3.55], p = 0.00), abdomen (3.90 [2.90] to 2.40 [3.45] to 2.70 [2.25], p = 0.046). SCORAD improved from 14.1 ± 12.75 to 10.5 ± 13.25 to 7 ± 12.25, p = 0.00. In standard moisturizer group, pH reductions were significant at the forearms (5.29 [0.94] to 4.84 [0.55] to 5.02 [0.70], p = 0.00) and abdomen (5.25 [1.09], 4.91 [0.63], 5.12 [0.66], p = 0.00). TEWL at the forearm were (4.80 [2.95], 4.10 [2.15], 4.60 [3.40], p = 0.67), shins (3.80 [1.40], 3.50 [2.35], 4.00 [2.50], p = 0.91) and abdomen (3.70 [2.45], 4.10 [3.60], 3.40 [2.95], p = 0.80). SCORAD improved from 14.2 ± 9.1 to 10.9 ± 10.65 to 10.5 ± 11, p = 0.00. Reduction in pH was observed with both moisturizers while TEWL significantly improved with pH-modified moisturizer. pH-modified moisturizer resulted in greater pH, TEWL and SCORAD improvements however the differences were not significant from standard moisturizer. Study limitation Skin hydration was not evaluated. Conclusion Moisturization is beneficial for atopic dermatitis; use of physiologically compatible pH moisturizer is promising.
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Siska PJ, Singer K, Evert K, Renner K, Kreutz M. The immunological Warburg effect: Can a metabolic-tumor-stroma score (MeTS) guide cancer immunotherapy? Immunol Rev 2020; 295:187-202. [PMID: 32157706 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The "glycolytic switch" also known as the "Warburg effect" is a key feature of tumor cells and leads to the accumulation of lactate and protons in the tumor environment. Intriguingly, non-malignant lymphocytes or stromal cells such as tumor-associated macrophages and cancer-associated fibroblasts contribute to the lactate accumulation in the tumor environment, a phenomenon described as the "Reverse Warburg effect." Localized lactic acidosis has a strong immunosuppressive effect and mediates an immune escape of tumors. However, some tumors do not display the Warburg phenotype and either rely on respiration or appear as a mosaic of cells with different metabolic properties. Based on these findings and on the knowledge that T cell infiltration is predictive for patient outcome, we suggest a metabolic-tumor-stroma score to determine the likelihood of a successful anti-tumor immune response: (a) a respiring tumor with high T cell infiltration ("hot"); (b) a reverse Warburg type with respiring tumor cells but glycolytic stromal cells; (c) a mixed type with glycolytic and respiring compartments; and (d) a glycolytic (Warburg) tumor with low T cell infiltration ("cold"). Here, we provide evidence that these types can be independent of the organ of origin, prognostically relevant and might help select the appropriate immunotherapy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Siska
- Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Singer
- Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katja Evert
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Renner
- Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marina Kreutz
- Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
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Boer DEC, van Smeden J, Al-Khakany H, Melnik E, van Dijk R, Absalah S, Vreeken RJ, Haenen CCP, Lavrijsen APM, Overkleeft HS, Aerts JMFG, Bouwstra JA. Skin of atopic dermatitis patients shows disturbed β-glucocerebrosidase and acid sphingomyelinase activity that relates to changes in stratum corneum lipid composition. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158673. [PMID: 32092464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Patients with Atopic Dermatitis (AD) suffer from inflamed skin and skin barrier defects. Proper formation of the outermost part of the skin, the stratum corneum (SC), is crucial for the skin barrier function. In this study we analyzed the localization and activity of lipid enzymes β-glucocerebrosidase (GBA) and acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) in the skin of AD patients and controls. Localization of both the expression and activity of GBA and ASM in the epidermis of AD patients was altered, particularly at lesional skin sites. These changes aligned with the altered SC lipid composition. More specifically, abnormal localization of GBA and ASM related to an increase in specific ceramide subclasses [AS] and [NS]. Moreover we related the localization of the enzymes to the amounts of SC ceramide subclasses and free fatty acids (FFAs). We report a correlation between altered localization of active GBA and ASM and a disturbed SC lipid composition. Localization of antimicrobial peptide beta-defensin-3 (HBD-3) and AD biomarker Thymus and Activation Regulated Chemokine (TARC) also appeared to be diverging in AD skin compared to control. This research highlights the relation between correct localization of expressed and active lipid enzymes and a normal SC lipid composition for a proper skin barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne E C Boer
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van Smeden
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands; Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hanin Al-Khakany
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Rianne van Dijk
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Samira Absalah
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rob J Vreeken
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands; M4I Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline C P Haenen
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Adriana P M Lavrijsen
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Joke A Bouwstra
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Couto J, Figueirinha A, Batista MT, Paranhos A, Nunes C, Gonçalves LM, Marto J, Fitas M, Pinto P, Ribeiro HM, Pina ME. Fragaria vesca L. Extract: A Promising Cosmetic Ingredient with Antioxidant Properties. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9020154. [PMID: 32074975 PMCID: PMC7070388 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragaria vesca L. (F. vesca), popularly known as wild strawberry, is a plant from the Rosaceae family, found in temperate and subtropical areas of the northern hemisphere. F. vesca leaves have been shown to have antiseptic, emollient, and dermatological protection properties, due to the presence of bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, ellagitannins, and proanthocyanidins. In this study, a F. vesca extract was obtained by an optimized extraction process, and was characterized by HPLC, ROS scavenging activity, cytotoxicity assays in HaCaT cells, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity determination. The most active extract was then incorporated in a hydrogel with hydroxyethylcellulose at 2% (w/w), which was characterized at the physicochemical, stability, cytotoxicity, and ROS scavenging activity levels to evaluate its quality, safety, and efficacy. In vivo studies, human repeat insult patch testing, and an assay to determine their antioxidant efficacy, were also performed. The results showed that the Fragaria vesca extracts had antioxidant activity and that the F. vesca extract-based hydrogel exhibited cutaneous compatibility, acceptability and antioxidant efficacy, being stable, and suitable for topical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Couto
- Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.C.); (A.F.); (M.T.B.); (A.P.); (C.N.)
| | - Artur Figueirinha
- Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.C.); (A.F.); (M.T.B.); (A.P.); (C.N.)
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Batista
- Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.C.); (A.F.); (M.T.B.); (A.P.); (C.N.)
- Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CIEPQPF, Research Center for Chemical Processes Engineering and Forest Products, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Paranhos
- Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.C.); (A.F.); (M.T.B.); (A.P.); (C.N.)
- Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Nunes
- Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.C.); (A.F.); (M.T.B.); (A.P.); (C.N.)
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lídia Maria Gonçalves
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (L.M.G.); (P.P.); (H.M.R.)
| | - Joana Marto
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (L.M.G.); (P.P.); (H.M.R.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (M.E.P.)
| | - Manuel Fitas
- PhD Trials, Avenida Maria Helena Vieira da Silva, nº 24 A, 1750-182 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Pedro Pinto
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (L.M.G.); (P.P.); (H.M.R.)
- PhD Trials, Avenida Maria Helena Vieira da Silva, nº 24 A, 1750-182 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Helena Margarida Ribeiro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (L.M.G.); (P.P.); (H.M.R.)
| | - Maria Eugénia Pina
- Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.C.); (A.F.); (M.T.B.); (A.P.); (C.N.)
- CIEPQPF, Research Center for Chemical Processes Engineering and Forest Products, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (M.E.P.)
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Proksch E, Soeberdt M, Neumann C, Kilic A, Reich H, Abels C. Influence of Buffers of Different pH and Composition on the Murine Skin Barrier, Epidermal Proliferation, Differentiation, and Inflammation. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 32:328-336. [PMID: 31533120 DOI: 10.1159/000501976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The pH of the skin is tightly regulated by endogenous buffering systems. We examined the influence of buffers of different pH and composition on skin barrier repair, pH, inflammation, and epidermal thickness/proliferation/differentiation. After tape-stripping in hairless mice buffers with pH 4-7 were applied in patch test chambers. After removal of the chambers, skin pH and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were monitored for 24 h, and biopsies were taken for histology/immunohistology. Hairless mice showed a basal skin pH of about 5.8. Following barrier disruption and application of water, the pH increased by 0.6 units; increase in pH was reduced by the pH 4 glycolate buffer, unchanged by pH 4 citrate and pH 5.5 buffers, and even increased by the pH 7 buffer. pH 5.5, pH 4 citrate, and pH 4 glycolate buffers led to a slight, while the pH 7 buffer led to a significant increase in TEWL after barrier disruption compared to water. The pH 7 buffers led to a significant increase in epidermal thickness/proliferation/differentiation and inflammation after barrier disruption, whereas buffers with pH 4 and 5.5 caused a slight increase. In conclusion, only the pH 4 glycolate buffer significantly reduced the skin barrier disruption-related increase in skin pH. This was accompanied by only slight increase in epidermal thickness and inflammation compared to water. Application of the pH 7 buffer led to a significant increase in the skin pH, TEWL, epidermal thickness, and inflammation. The results are important for the formulation of topical products for effective acidification in pathological skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Soeberdt
- Dr. August Wolff GmbH and Co. KG Arzneimittel, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Claudia Neumann
- Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ana Kilic
- Dr. August Wolff GmbH and Co. KG Arzneimittel, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hubert Reich
- Dr. August Wolff GmbH and Co. KG Arzneimittel, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Christoph Abels
- Dr. August Wolff GmbH and Co. KG Arzneimittel, Bielefeld, Germany
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Jia T, Qiao W, Yao Q, Wu W, Kaku K. Treatment with Docosahexaenoic Acid Improves Epidermal Keratinocyte Differentiation and Ameliorates Inflammation in Human Keratinocytes and Reconstructed Human Epidermis Models. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24173156. [PMID: 31480216 PMCID: PMC6749566 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that can cause skin barrier function damage. Although co-incubation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) exerts a positive effect on deficient skin models, no studies have investigated the effects of topical treatment with DHA in an inflammatory reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) model. The effects of DHA on monolayer normal human epidermal keratinocyte (NHEK) cells were evaluated using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The skin-related barrier function was assessed using hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining, Western blot (WB), immunohistofluorescence (IF), and ELISA in normal and inflammatory RHE models. Docosahexaenoic acid upregulated filaggrin and loricrin expression at mRNA levels in addition to suppressing overexpression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-α (IL-1α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) stimulated by polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (stimulation cocktail) in cultured NHEK cells. After topical treatment with DHA, cocktail-induced inflammatory characteristics of skin diseases, including barrier morphology, differentiation proteins, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) secretion, were alleviated in RHE models. Supplementation with DHA can improve related barrier function and have anti-inflammation effects in monolayer keratinocytes and RHE models, which indicates that DHA may have potential value for the treatment of inflammation-associated skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinghan Jia
- Pigeon Maternal & Infant Skin Care Research Institute, Shanghai 201700, China.
| | - Wu Qiao
- Department of Marine Bio-Pharmacology, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Qifeng Yao
- Pigeon Maternal & Infant Skin Care Research Institute, Shanghai 201700, China
| | - Wenhui Wu
- Department of Marine Bio-Pharmacology, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Ken Kaku
- Pigeon Maternal & Infant Skin Care Research Institute, Shanghai 201700, China
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The skin as a target for prevention of the atopic march. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2019; 120:145-151. [PMID: 29413338 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Allergic diseases have increased dramatically in the developed world during the past few decades, yet the understanding of risk factors and effective prevention approaches remain limited. In this review, we summarize the evidence supporting the hypothesis that skin-barrier impairment and early-life atopic dermatitis (AD) could play a causal role in the development of sensitization and subsequent food allergies and allergic airways disease (allergic asthma and rhinitis). We further discuss the potential to target the skin barrier as a means to lower the incidence of allergic disease. DATA SOURCES Review of published literature. STUDY SELECTIONS Narrative. RESULTS There is a strong link between AD and sensitization, food allergy, asthma, and allergic rhinitis, particularly AD that is severe and commences in the first 6 months of life. There also is emerging evidence that regular use of prophylactic emollients can significantly decrease the expression of AD, at least while treatment continues. Studies are exploring whether decreased AD expression might modulate the allergic response at a more fundamental level and potentially alter the association between early-life AD and subsequent development of food allergy and allergic airways disease. CONCLUSION Although at this point there is only indirect evidence that early-life emollient use might prevent AD and food allergy, early studies are encouraging. The results of high-quality prevention trials that are in progress are eagerly anticipated. If found to be effective, then neonatal emollient use could be a simple public health measure to lower the incidence of AD, food allergies, and allergic airways disease in future generations.
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33
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Cheng S, Martínez‐Monteagudo SI. Hydrogenation of lactose for the production of lactitol. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.2275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shouyun Cheng
- Dairy & Food Science DepartmentSouth Dakota State University Brookings South Dakota
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34
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Elias PM, Wakefield JS, Man MQ. Moisturizers versus Current and Next-Generation Barrier Repair Therapy for the Management of Atopic Dermatitis. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 32:1-7. [PMID: 30336483 DOI: 10.1159/000493641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We compare here the principal characteristics of over-the-counter moisturizers with physiologic lipid-based barrier repair therapy. Moisturizers are standard ancillary therapy for anti-inflammatory skin disorders, like atopic dermatitis (AD), and can attenuate the emergence of AD, the initial step in the "atopic march." But not all moisturizers are beneficial; some can make skin function worse, and can even induce inflammation, possibly accounting for the frequent occurrence of "sensitive skin" in women. In contrast, physiologic lipid-based barrier repair therapy, if comprised of the 3 key stratum corneum lipids, in sufficient quantities and at an appropriate molar ratio, can correct the barrier abnormality and reduce inflammation in AD, and perhaps in other inflammatory dermatoses.
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Shin KO, Kim KP, Cho Y, Kang MK, Kang YH, Lee YM, Ikushiro H, Yokota M, Yano T, Choe SJ, Choi EH, Lim CJ, Park K, Holleran WM, Park K, Uchida Y. Both Sphingosine Kinase 1 and 2 Coordinately Regulate Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide Production during Keratinocyte Differentiation. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 139:492-494. [PMID: 30227139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyong-Oh Shin
- College of Pharmacy Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Kun Pyo Kim
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Yunhi Cho
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Min-Kyung Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Young-Hee Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Yong-Moon Lee
- College of Pharmacy Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Hiroko Ikushiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Mami Yokota
- Laboratory of Dermatological Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Japan; Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Takato Yano
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Sung Jay Choe
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Eung Ho Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Chae Jin Lim
- Peptide R&D Center, Incospharm Corporation, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Keedon Park
- Peptide R&D Center, Incospharm Corporation, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Walter M Holleran
- Northern California Institute for Research and Education, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kyungho Park
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea; Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Northern California Institute for Research and Education, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - Yoshikazu Uchida
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Northern California Institute for Research and Education, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA.
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36
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Elias PM, Sugarman J. Does moisturizing the skin equate with barrier repair therapy? Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018; 121:653-656.e2. [PMID: 30009880 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Elias
- Department of Dermatology, UC San Francisco and VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California.
| | - Jeffrey Sugarman
- Associate Clinical Professor, Dermatology and Family Medicine, UC San Francisco, California
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37
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Proksch E. pH in nature, humans and skin. J Dermatol 2018; 45:1044-1052. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.14489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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38
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Wat M, Olicker A, Meyerson H, Nedorost S, Paller AS, Cooper K. Topical Hypochlorite and Skin Acidification Improves Erythroderma of Omenn Syndrome. Pediatrics 2018; 141:S408-S411. [PMID: 29610161 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-1249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a case of Omenn syndrome displaying exudative erythroderma and other characteristic features, including alopecia, absent B and naïve T cells, hyper immunoglobulin E levels, and eosinophilia. A pathogenic recombination-activating RAG1 homozygous genetic mutation confirmed the diagnosis. She required frequent antibiotics at both treatment and prophylactic doses, which alone did not control her erythroderma, but her high risk of infection precluded the use of systemic agents such as cyclosporine, which would further suppress her already severely compromised immune system. Thrice-weekly topical dilute hypochlorite compresses, combined with skin acidification with a low pH emollient, were initiated to control inflammation and for cutaneous bacterial prophylaxis. She demonstrated a marked improvement in her erythroderma within days after treatment initiation. Further improvement continued with the addition of systemic corticosteroids, with resolution of erythroderma after her first dose. This case reveals for the first time that dilute topical hypochlorite and skin pH restoration holds promise to control severe dermatitis associated with immunodeficiency and inflammatory syndromes with minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Wat
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; .,University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Arielle Olicker
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Howard Meyerson
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Susan Nedorost
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Amy S Paller
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; and.,Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kevin Cooper
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
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van Smeden J, Dijkhoff IM, Helder RWJ, Al-Khakany H, Boer DEC, Schreuder A, Kallemeijn WW, Absalah S, Overkleeft HS, Aerts JMFG, Bouwstra JA. In situ visualization of glucocerebrosidase in human skin tissue: zymography versus activity-based probe labeling. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:2299-2309. [PMID: 29025868 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m079376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal β-glucocerebrosidase (GBA1), an acid β-glucosidase normally located in lysosomes, converts (glucosyl)ceramides into ceramides, which is crucial to generate an optimal barrier function of the outermost skin layer, the stratum corneum (SC). Here we report on two developed in situ methods to localize active GBA in human epidermis: i) an optimized zymography method that is less labor intensive and visualizes enzymatic activity with higher resolution than currently reported methods using either substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucopyranoside or resorufin-β-D-glucopyranoside; and ii) a novel technique to visualize active GBA1 molecules by their specific labeling with a fluorescent activity-based probe (ABP), MDW941. The latter method pro-ved to be more robust and sensitive, provided higher resolution microscopic images, and was less prone to sample preparation effects. Moreover, in contrast to the zymography substrates that react with various β-glucosidases, MDW941 specifically labeled GBA1. We demonstrate that active GBA1 in the epidermis is primarily located in the extracellular lipid matrix at the interface of the viable epidermis and the lower layers of the SC. With ABP-labeling, we observed reduced GBA1 activity in 3D-cultured skin models when supplemented with the reversible inhibitor, isofagomine, irrespective of GBA expression. This inhibition affected the SC ceramide composition: MS analysis revealed an inhibitor-dependent increase in the glucosylceramide:ceramide ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen van Smeden
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Cluster Biotherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Irini M Dijkhoff
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Cluster Biotherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Richard W J Helder
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Cluster Biotherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hanin Al-Khakany
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Cluster Biotherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne E C Boer
- Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Schreuder
- Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter W Kallemeijn
- Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Samira Absalah
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Cluster Biotherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M F G Aerts
- Medical Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joke A Bouwstra
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Cluster Biotherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Prakash C, Bhargava P, Tiwari S, Majumdar B, Bhargava RK. Skin Surface pH in Acne Vulgaris: Insights from an Observational Study and Review of the Literature. THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND AESTHETIC DERMATOLOGY 2017; 10:33-39. [PMID: 29104722 PMCID: PMC5605222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Recurrent and chronic course of acne vulgaris, despite effect-proven therapies, point to an underfocused aspect in its pathogenesis and management. This study aims to assess in subjects with and without acne, the skin surface pH, a parameter that cumulatively represents functioning of various units of skin, including the barrier. METHODS: A total of 200 patients with acne and 200 age- and sex-matched controls were included. Under basal conditions, facial skin pH was derived from five sites using a skin pH-meter. The relation between skin pH and acne was evaluated according to sex. RESULTS: There were more subjects with normal skin pH in the control group compared to the case group, and the majority of acne occurrences in the case group were related to high skin pH (p=0.000). Mean pH among cases was higher than normal reference value (pH 4.5-5.5 for women, 4-5.5 for men) and that of controls p (<0.001). No significant association was observed between sex and skin pH in either cases or controls (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Increased facial skin pH in patients with acne at basal conditions mirrors a chronic state of stratum corneum instability, which could be predisposing individuals to acne occurrence and/or recurrences. It could possibly be a common domain via which the classical pathomechanisms might be acting in acne. Integrating measures that maintain stratum corneum pH during therapy might prove worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitra Prakash
- Drs. Prakash, P. Bhargava, Tiwari and Majumdar are with the Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Attached Hospitals, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Puneet Bhargava
- Drs. Prakash, P. Bhargava, Tiwari and Majumdar are with the Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Attached Hospitals, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Siddhi Tiwari
- Drs. Prakash, P. Bhargava, Tiwari and Majumdar are with the Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Attached Hospitals, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Banashree Majumdar
- Drs. Prakash, P. Bhargava, Tiwari and Majumdar are with the Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Attached Hospitals, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rishi Kumar Bhargava
- Drs. Prakash, P. Bhargava, Tiwari and Majumdar are with the Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Attached Hospitals, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Elias PM. The how, why and clinical importance of stratum corneum acidification. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:999-1003. [PMID: 28266738 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this article, I review the multiple endogenous mechanisms that contribute to the highly acidic pH of normal stratum corneum (SC). Then, I describe how each mechanism potentially impacts specific defensive functions of the SC. Finally, I review the rapidly expanding, clinical implications and potential therapeutic applications of SC acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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42
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Lee NR, Lee HJ, Yoon NY, Kim D, Jung M, Choi EH. Application of Topical Acids Improves Atopic Dermatitis in Murine Model by Enhancement of Skin Barrier Functions Regardless of the Origin of Acids. Ann Dermatol 2016; 28:690-696. [PMID: 27904267 PMCID: PMC5125949 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2016.28.6.690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The acidic pH of the stratum corneum (SC) is important for epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis. Acidification of the skin surface has been suggested as a therapeutic strategy for skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis (AD). OBJECTIVE We performed an animal study to evaluate the usefulness of acidification of SC for inhibition of AD lesions and to find out if the therapeutic effect of vinegar is attributable to its herbal contents, rather than its acidity. METHODS Five groups of six oxazolone-treated (Ox)-AD mice were treated for three weeks with creams of different acidity: vehicle cream alone (pH 5.5), neutralized vinegar cream (pH 7.4), pH 5.0 vinegar cream, pH 3.5 vinegar cream, and pH 3.5 hydrogen chloride (HCl) cream. Also, we have compared two groups of Ox-AD mice treated with pH 5.5 vehicle cream or pH 5.5 vinegar cream. RESULTS Ox-AD mice treated with acidic creams exhibited fewer AD-like lesions, had significantly lower eczema scores, decreased basal by transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and increased SC hydration compared to the groups given only vehicle and neutral cream. There was no significant difference between the acidic vinegar and HCl groups. Between the groups treated with vehicle and pH 5.5 vinegar cream, there was no difference in eczema score, basal TEWL and SC hydration. CONCLUSION Application of topical acids, regardless of their source materials, inhibits the development of AD lesions by maintenance of skin surface pH and skin barrier function in murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noo Ri Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Hae-Jin Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Na Young Yoon
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Donghye Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Minyoung Jung
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Eung Ho Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
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Lee HJ, Lee NR, Kim BK, Jung M, Kim DH, Moniaga CS, Kabashima K, Choi EH. Acidification of stratum corneum prevents the progression from atopic dermatitis to respiratory allergy. Exp Dermatol 2016; 26:66-72. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Jin Lee
- Department of Dermatology; Cutaneous Biology Research Institute; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Noo Ri Lee
- Department of Dermatology; Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine; Wonju Korea
| | - Bo-Kyung Kim
- Department of Dermatology; Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine; Wonju Korea
| | - Minyoung Jung
- Department of Dermatology; Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine; Wonju Korea
| | - Dong Hye Kim
- Department of Dermatology; Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine; Wonju Korea
| | - Catharina S. Moniaga
- Department of Dermatology; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - Eung Ho Choi
- Department of Dermatology; Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine; Wonju Korea
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Skin pH Is the Master Switch of Kallikrein 5-Mediated Skin Barrier Destruction in a Murine Atopic Dermatitis Model. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:127-35. [PMID: 26763432 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Elevated skin surface pH has been reported in patients with atopic dermatitis. In this study, we explored the role of skin pH in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis using the NC/Tnd murine atopic dermatitis model. Alkalinization of the skin of asymptomatic NC/Tnd mice housed in specific pathogen-free conditions induced kallikrein 5 and activated protease-activated receptor 2, resulting in thymic stromal lymphopoietin secretion and a cutaneous T-helper 2 allergic response. This was associated with increased transepidermal water loss and development of eczematous lesions in these specific pathogen-free NC/Tnd mice, which normally do not suffer from atopic dermatitis. Injection of recombinant thymic stromal lymphopoietin also induced scratching behavior in the specific pathogen-free NC/Tnd mice. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin production and dermatitis induced by alkalinization of the skin could be blocked by the protease-activated receptor 2 antagonist ENMD-1068. In contrast, weak acidification of eczematous skin in conventionally housed NC/Tnd mice reduced kallikrein 5 activity and ameliorated the dermatitis. Onset of the dermatitis was associated with increased epidermal filaggrin expression and impaired activity of the sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1, a known regulator of skin pH. We conclude that alterations in skin pH directly modulate kallikrein 5 activity leading to skin barrier dysfunction, itch, and dermatitis via the protease-activated receptor 2-thymic stromal lymphopoietin pathway.
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Sakai T, Hatano Y, Matsuda-Hirose H, Zhang W, Takahashi D, Jeong SK, Elias PM, Fujiwara S. Combined Benefits of a PAR2 Inhibitor and Stratum Corneum Acidification for Murine Atopic Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:538-541. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Lee NR, Lee HJ, Yoon NY, Kim D, Jung M, Choi EH. Acidic Water Bathing Could Be a Safe and Effective Therapeutic Modality for Severe and Refractory Atopic Dermatitis. Ann Dermatol 2016; 28:126-9. [PMID: 26848237 PMCID: PMC4737823 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2016.28.1.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Noo Ri Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Hae-Jin Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Na Young Yoon
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Donghye Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Minyoung Jung
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Eung Ho Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
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Herbal Medicines Prevent the Development of Atopic Dermatitis by Multiple Mechanisms. Chin J Integr Med 2016; 25:151-160. [PMID: 26740223 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-015-2438-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is among the most common skin disorders in humans. Although a variety of regimens are available for the treatment of AD, preventive approaches are limited. Recent studies have demonstrated that certain naturally-occurring herbal medicines are effective in preventing the development of AD via divergent mechanisms, such as inhibiting cytokine and chemokine expression, IgE production, inflammatory cell infiltration, histamine release, and/or enhancement of epidermal permeability barrier function. Yet, they exhibit few adverse effects. Since herbal medicines are widely available, inexpensive and generally safe, they could represent an ideal approach for preventing the development of AD, in both highly developed and developing countries.
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Atopic March from Atopic Dermatitis to Asthma-Like Lesions in NC/Nga Mice Is Accelerated or Aggravated by Neutralization of Stratum Corneum but Partially Inhibited by Acidification. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:3025-3033. [PMID: 26399697 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged and/or repeated damage to the skin barrier followed by atopic dermatitis (AD) is an initial step in atopic march that ultimately progresses to respiratory allergy. Maintaining normal stratum corneum (SC) acidity has been suggested as a therapeutic or preventive strategy for barrier impairment caused by skin inflammation. We determined whether a representative AD murine model, NC/Nga mice, develops airway inflammation after repeated epicutaneous application followed by inhalation of house dust mite (HDM), implying atopic march, and whether prolongation of non-proper SC acidity accelerates respiratory allergy. HDM was applied to the skin of NC/Nga mice, accompanied by the application of neutral cream (pH 7.4) or acidic cream (pH 2.8) for 6 weeks. Intranasal inhalation of HDM was administered daily during the last 3 days. Repeated epicutaneous applications followed by inhalation of HDM in NC/Nga mice induced an atopic march-like progression from AD lesions to respiratory allergy. Concurrent neutral cream treatment accelerated or aggravated the allergic inflammation in the skin and respiratory system, whereas an acidic cream partially alleviated these symptoms. Collectively, we developed an atopic march in NC/Nga mice by HDM application, and found that prevention of a neutral environment in the SC may be an interventional method to inhibit the march.
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New insight into the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis from analysis of the mutual association between permeability barrier dysfunction and allergic inflammation. DERMATOL SIN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dsi.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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50
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The Importance of Acidification in Atopic Eczema: An Underexplored Avenue for Treatment. J Clin Med 2015; 4:970-8. [PMID: 26239459 PMCID: PMC4470210 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4050970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a form of dermatitis commonly seen in children and adults. Its pathophysiology is complex and is centered on the barrier function of the epidermis. An important aspect of the skin’s barrier is pH, which in turn affects a number of parameters such as the skin flora, protease function, and mediators of inflammation and pruritus. Normal pH for non-neonatal skin is acidic and ranges from 4 to 6. Skin pH in atopic dermatitis patients is often increased into the neutral to basic range, and the resulting cascade of changes contributes to the phenotype of atopic dermatitis. Therefore, the maintenance of normal skin pH remains an important topic in understanding and treating atopic dermatitis. This article will review skin pH and its impact on normal barrier function, pathological pH changes in atopic dermatitis, and the therapeutic considerations related to restoring and maintaining pH balance.
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