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Arvia R, Sollai M, Massi D, Asensio-Calavia P, Urso C, Zakrzewska K. No detectable truncating mutations in large T antigen (LT-Ag) sequence of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) DNA obtained from porocarcinomas. Infect Agent Cancer 2024; 19:9. [PMID: 38515111 PMCID: PMC10956277 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-024-00568-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is associated with Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). In tumor cells the MCPyV large T antigen (LT-Ag) is frequently found truncated and this is considered a major tumor-specific signature. The role of MCPyV in other, non-MCC tumours, is little known. Viral DNA and/or tumour-specific mutations have been sometimes detected in different tumours, but such data are not unequivocal and the involvement of the virus in the tumorigenesis is not clear. In a previous study, we demonstrated a significantly higher prevalence of MCPyV DNA in formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) porocarcinoma tissues compared to the normal skin. In the present study, we investigated the presence of truncating mutations in MCPyV LT-Ag coding region in porocarcinoma specimens. Using several overlapped PCR primer pairs, the complete LT-Ag sequence from two biopsies were obtained. No truncating mutations were detected. The lack of truncating mutations in LT-Ag sequence does not seem to support the role of MCPyV in porocarcinoma oncogenesis. However, an oncogenetic mechanism, different from that proposed for MCC and not associated with the LT-Ag mutations/deletions, cannot be excluded. Further studies of more sequences coding for LT-Ag would be needed to verify this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Arvia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 48, 50134, Florence, Italy.
| | - Mauro Sollai
- Department of Pathology, IRCC Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Daniela Massi
- Division of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Patricia Asensio-Calavia
- Biotechnology of Macromolecules Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Carmelo Urso
- Dermatopathology Study Center of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Krystyna Zakrzewska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 48, 50134, Florence, Italy
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Weber M, Nguyen MB, Li MY, Flora P, Shuda M, Ezhkova E. Merkel Cell Polyomavirus T Antigen-Mediated Reprogramming in Adult Merkel Cell Progenitors. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:2163-2176.e6. [PMID: 37257637 PMCID: PMC10592583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Whether Merkel cells regenerate in adult skin and from which progenitor cells they regenerate are a subject of debate. Understanding Merkel cell regeneration is of interest to the study of Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare neuroendocrine skin cancer hypothesized to originate in a Merkel cell progenitor transformed by Merkel cell polyomavirus small and large T antigens. We sought to understand what the adult Merkel cell progenitors are and whether they can give rise to Merkel cell carcinoma. We used lineage tracing to identify SOX9-expressing cells (SOX9+ cells) as Merkel cell progenitors in postnatal murine skin. Merkel cell regeneration from SOX9+ progenitors occurs rarely in mature skin unless in response to minor mechanical injury. Merkel cell polyomavirus small T antigen and functional imitation of large T antigen in SOX9+ cells enforced neuroendocrine and Merkel cell lineage reprogramming in a subset of cells. These results identify SOX9+ cells as postnatal Merkel cell progenitors that can be reprogrammed by Merkel cell polyomavirus T antigens to express neuroendocrine markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Weber
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Minh Binh Nguyen
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Meng Yen Li
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Pooja Flora
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Masahiro Shuda
- Cancer Virology Program, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elena Ezhkova
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
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Bellott TR, Luz FB, Silva AKFD, Varella RB, Rochael MC, Pantaleão L. Merkel cell polyomavirus and its etiological relationship with skin tumors. An Bras Dermatol 2023; 98:737-749. [PMID: 37407331 PMCID: PMC10589487 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses have been frequently identified in several human neoplasms, but the etiological role of these viruses in some tumors is still a matter of controversy. Polyomaviruses stand out among the main viruses with oncogenic capacity, specifically the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). Recent revisions in the taxonomy of polyomaviruses have divided the Polyomaviridae family into six genera, including 117 species, with a total of 14 currently known human-infecting species. Although the oncogenicity of polyomaviruses has been widely reported in the literature since 1950, the first description of a polyomavirus as an etiological agent of a neoplasm in humans was made only in 2008 with the description of MCPyV, present in approximately 80% of cases of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), with the integration of its genome to that of the tumor cells and tumor-specific mutations, and it is considered the etiological agent of this neoplasm since then. MCPyV has also been detected in keratinocyte carcinomas, such as basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin in individuals with and without immunosuppression. Data on the occurrence of oncogenic viruses potentially involved in oncogenesis, which cause persistence and tissue injury, related to the Merkel cell polyomavirus are still scarce, and the hypothesis that the Merkel cell polyomavirus may play a relevant role in the genesis of other cutaneous carcinomas in addition to MCC remains debatable. Therefore, the present study proposes to explore the current knowledge about the presence of MCPyV in keratinocyte carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Rubim Bellott
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Flávio Barbosa Luz
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Brandão Varella
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mayra Carrijo Rochael
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana Pantaleão
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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Dimitraki MG, Sourvinos G. Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV) and Cancers: Emergency Bell or False Alarm? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225548. [PMID: 36428641 PMCID: PMC9688650 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), the sole member of Polyomavirus associated with oncogenesis in humans, is the major causative factor of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), a rare, neuroendocrine neoplasia of the skin. Many aspects of MCPyV biology and oncogenic mechanisms remain poorly understood. However, it has been established that oncogenic transformation is the outcome of the integration of the viral genome into the host DNA. The high prevalence of MCPyV in the population, along with the detection of the virus in various human tissue samples and the strong association of MCPyV with the emergence of MCC, have prompted researchers to further investigate the role of MCPyV in malignancies other than MCC. MCPyV DNA has been detected in several different non-MCC tumour tissues but with significantly lower prevalence, viral load and protein expression. Moreover, the two hallmarks of MCPyV MCC have rarely been investigated and the studies have produced generally inconsistent results. Therefore, the outcomes of the studies are inadequate and unable to clearly demonstrate a direct correlation between cellular transformation and MCPyV. This review aims to present a comprehensive recapitulation of the available literature regarding the association of MCPyV with oncogenesis (MCC and non-MCC tumours).
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Amorrortu RP, Zhao Y, Fenske NA, Cherpelis BS, Messina JL, Giuliano AR, Sondak VK, Schell MJ, Mckay-Chopin S, Gheit T, Waterboer T, Tommasino M, Rollison DE. Natural History of Incident and Persistent Cutaneous Human Papillomavirus and Human Polyomavirus Infections. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:1162-1174. [PMID: 35022780 PMCID: PMC9518839 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous human papillomaviruses (cuHPV) and polyomaviruses (HPyV) have been implicated in skin cancers; however, interpretation of findings across studies is complicated by limited understanding of the natural history of these infections across normal tissue types. METHODS In total, 675 eyebrow hair (EBH) and skin swab (SSW) samples were collected from 71 skin cancer screening patients every 6 months over 2 years and measured for presence of β-HPV, γ-HPV, and HPyV. Incidence, persistence, and clearance of cuHPV/HPyV were estimated, and risk factors associated with infection were examined. RESULTS Prevalence, incidence, and persistence of β-HPV, γ-HPV, and HPyV were consistently higher in SSW than in EBH, with types 5, 24, 49, 76 and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) having incidence rates greater than 20 per 1000 person-months. Prevalent γ-HPV EBH infections persisted more often in women (P = .024), incident β-HPV EBH infections persisted less often among individuals with history of blistering sunburn (P = .019), and prevalent MCPyV SSW infections persisted more often in those with a history of skin cancer (P = .033). CONCLUSIONS Incidence and persistence of cuHPV/HPyV were observed in SSW and EBH; however, none of the risk factors examined were commonly associated with cuHPV/HPyV infections across normal tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yayi Zhao
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Neil A Fenske
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Basil S Cherpelis
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jane L Messina
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Anna R Giuliano
- Center for Immunization and Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Vernon K Sondak
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Michael J Schell
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Sandrine Mckay-Chopin
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Tarik Gheit
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Massimo Tommasino
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Dana E Rollison
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Nguyen L, Van Hoeck A, Cuppen E. Machine learning-based tissue of origin classification for cancer of unknown primary diagnostics using genome-wide mutation features. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4013. [PMID: 35817764 PMCID: PMC9273599 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31666-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers of unknown primary (CUP) origin account for ∼3% of all cancer diagnoses, whereby the tumor tissue of origin (TOO) cannot be determined. Using a uniformly processed dataset encompassing 6756 whole-genome sequenced primary and metastatic tumors, we develop Cancer of Unknown Primary Location Resolver (CUPLR), a random forest TOO classifier that employs 511 features based on simple and complex somatic driver and passenger mutations. CUPLR distinguishes 35 cancer (sub)types with ∼90% recall and ∼90% precision based on cross-validation and test set predictions. We find that structural variant derived features increase the performance and utility for classifying specific cancer types. With CUPLR, we could determine the TOO for 82/141 (58%) of CUP patients. Although CUPLR is based on machine learning, it provides a human interpretable graphical report with detailed feature explanations. The comprehensive output of CUPLR complements existing histopathological procedures and can enable improved diagnostics for CUP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Nguyen
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arne Van Hoeck
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Cuppen
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Hartwig Medical Foundation, Science Park 408, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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7
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Wijaya WA, Liu Y, Qing Y, Li Z. Prevalence of Merkel Cell Polyomavirus in Normal and Lesional Skin: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:868781. [PMID: 35392226 PMCID: PMC8980839 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.868781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of Merkel cell polyomavirus(MCPyV) in Merkel cell carcinoma(MCC) and non-MCC skin lesions and its possible role in the etiology of other skin diseases remain controversial. To systematically assess the association between MCPyV infection and MCC, non-MCC skin lesions, and normal skin. For this systematic review and meta-analysis, a comprehensive search for eligible studies was conducted using Medline Ovid, Pubmed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane CENTRAL databases until August 2021; references were searched to identify additional studies. Observational studies that investigated the association between MCPyV infection and MCC, non-MCC skin lesions, and normal skin using polymerase chain reaction(PCR) as a detection method and provided sufficient data to calculate the prevalence of MCPyV positivity. A total of 50 articles were included in the study after exclusion criteria were applied. Two reviewers independently reviewed and assessed the eligibility of the studies, and all disagreements were resolved by consensus. To determine the association between MCPyV and MCC, overall odds ratio (OR) were calculated with 95% CI using a random-effects model. Single-arm meta-analyses were performed to examine the prevalence rate of MCPyV+ in MCC, non-MCC skin lesions, and normal skin. The primary analysis was the prevalence rate of MCPyV+ in MCC. Secondary outcomes included the prevalence rate of MCPyV+ in non-MCC skin lesions and normal skin. A total of 50 studies involving 5428 patients were reviewed based on our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Compared with the control group, MCPyV infection was significantly associated with MCC (OR = 3.51, 95% CI = 2.96 - 4.05). The global prevalence of MCPyV+ in MCC, melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, Bowen's disease, actinic keratosis, keratoacanthoma, seborrheic keratosis, and normal skin was 80%, 4%, 15%, 15%, 21%, 6%, 20%, 10%, and 11%, respectively. The current results suggest that MCPyV infection is significantly associated with an increased risk of MCC. However, the low prevalence rate of MCPyV+ in non-MCC skin lesions does not exclude a pathogenic association of this virus with the development of non-MCC skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson A Wijaya
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Qing
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengyong Li
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Mokánszki A, Méhes G, Csoma SL, Kollár S, Chang Chien YC. Molecular Profiling of Merkel Cell Polyomavirus-Associated Merkel Cell Carcinoma and Cutaneous Melanoma. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11020212. [PMID: 33535453 PMCID: PMC7912722 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, high-grade, aggressive cutaneous neuroendocrine malignancy most commonly associated with sun-exposed areas of older individuals. A relatively newly identified human virus, the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of MCC. Our study aimed to examine nine MCC cases and randomly selected 60 melanoma cases to identify MCPyV status and to elucidate genetic differences between virus-positive and -negative cases. Altogether, seven MCPyV-positive MCC samples and four melanoma samples were analyzed. In MCPyV-positive MCC RB1, TP53, FBXW7, CTNNB1, and HNF1A pathogenic variants were identified, while in virus-negative cases only benign variants were found. In MCPyV-positive melanoma cases, besides BRAF mutations the following genes were also affected: PIK3CA, STK11, CDKN2A, SMAD4, and APC. In contrast to studies found in the literature, a higher tumor burden was detected in virus-associated MCC compared to MCPyV-negative cases. No association was identified between virus infection and tumor burden in melanoma samples. We concluded that analyzing the key morphologic and immunohistological features of MCC is critical to avoid confusion with other cutaneous malignancies. Molecular genetic investigations such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) enable molecular stratification, which may have future clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Mokánszki
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (G.M.); (S.L.C.); (Y.-C.C.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-52-411-600
| | - Gábor Méhes
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (G.M.); (S.L.C.); (Y.-C.C.C.)
| | - Szilvia Lilla Csoma
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (G.M.); (S.L.C.); (Y.-C.C.C.)
| | - Sándor Kollár
- Department of Pathology, Kenézy Gyula Teaching Hospital, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Yi-Che Chang Chien
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (G.M.); (S.L.C.); (Y.-C.C.C.)
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Hu Y, Ren S, He Y, Wang L, Chen C, Tang J, Liu W, Yu F. Possible Oncogenic Viruses Associated with Lung Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:10651-10666. [PMID: 33116642 PMCID: PMC7585805 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s263976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death worldwide. Tobacco smoking is the most predominant etiology for lung cancer. However, only a small percentage of heavy smokers develop lung cancer, which suggests that other cofactors are required for lung carcinogenesis. Viruses have been central to modern cancer research and provide profound insights into cancer causes. Nevertheless, the role of virus in lung cancer is still unclear. In this article, we reviewed the possible oncogenic viruses associated with lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Thoracic Surgery Research Room, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Siying Ren
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hunan Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Research Unit of Respiratory Diseases, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Thoracic Surgery Research Room, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Thoracic Surgery Research Room, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Thoracic Surgery Research Room, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingqun Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Thoracic Surgery Research Room, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenliang Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Thoracic Surgery Research Room, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenglei Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Thoracic Surgery Research Room, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, People's Republic of China
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Interdyscyplinary management of verrucous carcinoma in renal transplant recipient on long term immunosuppression. Clinical report. TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tpr.2020.100045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Csoboz B, Rasheed K, Sveinbjørnsson B, Moens U. Merkel cell polyomavirus and non-Merkel cell carcinomas: guilty or circumstantial evidence? APMIS 2020; 128:104-120. [PMID: 31990105 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is the major causative factor of the rare but aggressive cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). Two characteristics of MCPyV-positive MCCs are integration of the viral genome and expression of a truncated version of one of its oncogenic proteins, namely large T antigen. The strong association of MCPyV with MCC development has incited researchers to further investigate a possible role of this virus in other cancers. However, many of the examples displaying the presence of the virus in the various non-MCC cancers are not able to clearly demonstrate a direct connection between cellular transformation and the presence of the virus. The prevalence of the virus is significantly lower in non-MCC cancers compared to MCCs, with a lower level of viral load and sparse viral protein expression. Moreover, the state of the viral genome, and whether a truncated large T antigen is expressed, has rarely been investigated. Nonetheless, considering the strong oncogenic potential of MCPyV proteins in MCC, the plausible contribution of MCPyV to transformation and cancer growth in non-MCC tumors cannot be ruled out. Furthermore, the absence of MCPyV in cancers does not exclude a hit-and-run mechanism, or the oncoproteins of MCPyV may potentiate the neoplastic process mediated by co-infecting oncoviruses such as high-risk human papillomaviruses and Epstein-Barr virus. The current review is focusing on the available data describing the presence of MCPyV in non-MCC tumors, with an aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the corresponding literature and to discuss the potential contribution of MCPyV to non-MCC cancer in light of this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balint Csoboz
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kashif Rasheed
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Baldur Sveinbjørnsson
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ugo Moens
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Jin HT, Park SJ, Choi EK, Kim YS. The frequency of Merkel cell polyomavirus in whole blood from immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients with kidney disease and healthy donors. Microb Pathog 2019; 131:75-80. [PMID: 30910721 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is a rare, aggressive and related to human diseases in immunocompromised patients. MCPyV has been detected in skin neoplasms, various cancers, immunosuppressed patients and immunocompetent individuals. Several studies have confirmed the presence of MCPyV in patients with kidney dysfunction, such as kidney transplant (KTx) and long-term dialysis patients. The aims of this study were to quantify and compare the frequency of MCPyV in whole blood samples from immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients and healthy blood donors and to compare MCPyV genotypes in a Korean population. DNA from Groups 1, 2, and 3 was screened for MCPyV using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) with primer pairs targeting two regions of the large T-antigen. Thirteen of 122 whole-blood samples (12.7%) were positive for MCPyV. The virus was detected in the three groups of patients and healthy donors; specifically, in 5 of 30 (16.7%) KTx patients (Group 1), 6 of 52 (11.5%) dialysis patients (Group 2), and 4 of 40 (10%) healthy donors (Group 3). Low viral DNA loads 4.4-18 copies/μl were observed using qPCR DNA sequences from the two MCPyV-LT regions, which showed high homology with MCPyV sequences belonging to the TKS strain from Japan rather than the Chinese/European/North American strains. The MCPyV DNA was similarly amplified in whole blood from immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients and healthy donors. This virus may be involved in establishing the persistence of infected peripheral leukocytes in the host, based on the incidence of detection of MCPyV DNA in blood samples from immunocompromised and immunocompetent subjects. This study is the first to identify a Korean MCPyV strain in whole-blood samples from Korean patients with kidney disease and healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung-Tae Jin
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, 14066, South Korea
| | - Seok-Joo Park
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, 14066, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Choi
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, 14066, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Graduate School of Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24252, South Korea.
| | - Yong-Sun Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, 14066, South Korea; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24252, South Korea.
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Prado JCM, Monezi TA, Amorim AT, Lino V, Paladino A, Boccardo E. Human polyomaviruses and cancer: an overview. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018; 73:e558s. [PMID: 30328951 PMCID: PMC6157077 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2018/e558s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The name of the family Polyomaviridae, derives from the early observation that cells infected with murine polyomavirus induced multiple (poly) tumors (omas) in immunocompromised mice. Subsequent studies showed that many members of this family exhibit the capacity of mediating cell transformation and tumorigenesis in different experimental models. The transformation process mediated by these viruses is driven by viral pleiotropic regulatory proteins called T (tumor) antigens. Similar to other viral oncoproteins T antigens target cellular regulatory factors to favor cell proliferation, immune evasion and downregulation of apoptosis. The first two human polyomaviruses were isolated over 45 years ago. However, recent advances in the DNA sequencing technologies led to the rapid identification of additional twelve new polyomaviruses in different human samples. Many of these viruses establish chronic infections and have been associated with conditions in immunosuppressed individuals, particularly in organ transplant recipients. This has been associated to viral reactivation due to the immunosuppressant therapy applied to these patients. Four polyomaviruses namely, Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), Trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus (TSPyV), John Cunningham Polyomavirus (JCPyV) and BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) have been associated with the development of specific malignant tumors. However, present evidence only supports the role of MCPyV as a carcinogen to humans. In the present review we present a summarized discussion on the current knowledge concerning the role of MCPyV, TSPyV, JCPyV and BKPyV in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Mann Prado
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Telma Alves Monezi
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Aline Teixeira Amorim
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Vanesca Lino
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Andressa Paladino
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Enrique Boccardo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
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14
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Purdie KJ, Proby CM, Rizvi H, Griffin H, Doorbar J, Sommerlad M, Feltkamp MC, der Meijden EV, Inman GJ, South AP, Leigh IM, Harwood CA. The Role of Human Papillomaviruses and Polyomaviruses in BRAF-Inhibitor Induced Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Benign Squamoproliferative Lesions. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1806. [PMID: 30154763 PMCID: PMC6102365 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) has long been proposed as a cofactor in the pathogenesis of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). More recently, the striking clinico-pathological features of cSCCs that complicate treatment of metastatic melanoma with inhibitors targeting BRAF mutations (BRAFi) has prompted speculation concerning a pathogenic role for oncogenic viruses. Here, we investigate HPV and human polyomaviruses (HPyV) and correlate with clinical, histologic, and genetic features in BRAFi-associated cSCC. Materials and Methods: Patients receiving BRAFi treatment were recruited at Barts Health NHS Trust. HPV DNA was detected in microdissected frozen samples using reverse line probe technology and degenerate and nested PCR. HPV immunohistochemistry was performed in a subset of samples. Quantitative PCR was performed to determine the presence and viral load of HPyVs with affinity for the skin (HPyV6, HPyV7, HPyV9, MCPyV, and TSPyV). These data were correlated with previous genetic mutational analysis of H, K and NRAS, NOTCH1/2, TP53, CDKN2A, CARD11, CREBBP, TGFBR1/2. Chromosomal aberrations were profiled using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays. Results: Forty-five skin lesions from seven patients treated with single agent vemurafenib in 2012–2013 were analyzed: 12 cSCC, 19 viral warts (VW), 2 actinic keratosis (AK), 5 verrucous keratosis/other squamoproliferative (VK/SP) lesions, one melanocytic lesion and 6 normal skin samples. Significant histologic features of viral infection were seen in 10/12 (83%) cSCC. HPV DNA was detected in 18/19 (95%) VW/SP, 9/12 (75%) cSCC, 4/5 (80%) SP, and 3/6 (50%) normal skin samples and in 1/12 cases assessed by immunohistochemistry. HPyV was co-detected in 22/30 (73%) of samples, usually at low viral load, with MCPyV and HPyV7 the most common. SNP arrays confirmed low levels of chromosomal abnormality and there was no significant correlation between HPV or HPyV detection and individual gene mutations or overall mutational burden. Conclusion: Despite supportive clinicopathologic evidence, the role for HPV and HPyV infection in the pathogenesis of BRAFi-induced squamoproliferative lesions remains uncertain. Synergistic oncogenic mechanisms are plausible although speculative. Nonetheless, with the prospect of a significant increase in the adjuvant use of these drugs, further research is justified and may provide insight into the pathogenesis of other BRAFi-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin J Purdie
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte M Proby
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Hasan Rizvi
- Department of Pathology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Griffin
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John Doorbar
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Sommerlad
- Department of Dermatology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mariet C Feltkamp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Els Van der Meijden
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Gareth J Inman
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P South
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Irene M Leigh
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine A Harwood
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Dermatology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Puza CJ, Myers SA, Cardones AR, Beasley GM, Mosca PJ. The impact of transplant rejection on cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in renal transplant recipients. Clin Exp Dermatol 2018; 44:265-269. [PMID: 29952022 DOI: 10.1111/ced.13699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is markedly increased in renal transplant recipients compared with that of the nontransplant population. AIM To investigate whether there is a relationship between transplant rejection and cSCC. METHODS The Duke Enterprise Data Unified Content Explorer historical database was used to identify patients who had undergone a renal transplant at Duke University Hospital during a 20-year period. Data on patient demographics, transplant dates, first rejection episodes, first cSCC development, medication, laboratory results and survival were recorded. RESULTS In total, 1684 patients were identified, of whom 126 (7.5%) experienced an episode of rejection and 46 (4.0%) developed a cSCC after transplant. The incidence of cSCC was significantly greater in the rejection group, with 8.7% of patients developing cSCC compared with 2.2% in the no-rejection group (P < 0.001). Median lag time to cSCC was shorter in the rejection group (2.5 years; age 0.4-9.0 years) than the no-rejection group (4.2 years; range 1.3-20.4 years) (P < 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Transplant rejection is associated with both a higher incidence and an accelerated time course for development of cSCC following renal transplantation. Close dermatological surveillance should be considered following an episode of rejection in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Puza
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - S A Myers
- Department of Dermatology, Duke Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - A R Cardones
- Department of Dermatology, Duke Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - G M Beasley
- Department of Surgery, Duke Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - P J Mosca
- Department of Surgery, Duke Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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16
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Hillen LM, Rennspiess D, Speel EJ, Haugg AM, Winnepenninckx V, Zur Hausen A. Detection of Merkel Cell Polyomavirus in Seborrheic Keratosis. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2648. [PMID: 29375515 PMCID: PMC5767171 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Seborrheic keratosis (SK) is the most common benign cutaneous neoplasm. A subset shows increased p16 expression. Since SK shares several features with verruca vulgaris, e.g., increased p16 expression, human papillomaviruses (HPV) have been suggested as possible causal agents. However, a relevant association could not be established between HPV and SK. In the present study we aimed to investigate the presence of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) in relation to p16 expression in SK. P16 expression was investigated using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Presence of MCPyV was assessed in 23 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples of SK by molecular techniques (i.e., PCR and FISH) and IHC. 16/23 SK showed strong to moderate p16 expression. 6/23 of SK were MCPyV positive by PCR which was confirmed by FISH. Of interest, two samples with strong FISH signals also showed MCPyV expression as tested by IHC. Samples with weaker signal intensity were negative in IHC. P16 expression was not associated with the presence of MCPyV. Concluding, the detection of MCPyV DNA by PCR and FISH in SK reflects the widespread prevalence of MCPyV in the skin. However, low detection rates exclude MCPyV as a major pathogenic factor in SK, most likely representing a coincidental infection. P16 IHC does not appear as useful adjunctive surrogate marker for the presence of MCPyV in SK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Hillen
- Department of Pathology and GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Dorit Rennspiess
- Department of Pathology and GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ernst-Jan Speel
- Department of Pathology and GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Anke M Haugg
- Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Véronique Winnepenninckx
- Department of Pathology and GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Axel Zur Hausen
- Department of Pathology and GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
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17
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Signorini L, Villani S, Ticozzi R, Ambrogi F, Dolci M, Boldorini R, Ciotti M, Ferrante P, Delbue S. Merkel cell polyomavirus DNA in the blood of patients with neurological diseases and healthy controls. Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2017-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is the etiological agent of Merkel cell carcinoma. Its genome has been detected in anatomic districts from healthy and ill subjects. Data regarding the MCPyV DNAemia in neurological patients are lacking. Materials & methods: Blood was obtained from 129 neurological patients and 181 controls (HIV positive or negative). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) was conducted to quantify MCPyV loads in blood specimens. Results: MCPyV DNA was detected in 17.1% of cases and 11.0% of controls in <1% of cells. No association between MCPyV DNA presence and HIV status was observed. Conclusion: Blood cells may be a reservoir for MCPyV. The presence of MCPyV genome in blood of healthy subjects might be relevant for transfusion medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Signorini
- Department of Medicine & Surgery, Via Cadore, 48, University of Milano Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Sonia Villani
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical & Dental Sciences, Via Pascal, 36, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Rosalia Ticozzi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical & Dental Sciences, Via Pascal, 36, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Federico Ambrogi
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Community Health, Medical Statistics, Biometry and Bioinformatics, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Dolci
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical & Dental Sciences, Via Pascal, 36, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Renzo Boldorini
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont Novara, Corso Giuseppe Mazzini, 18, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Marco Ciotti
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Polyclinic Tor Vergata Foundation, 00173 Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Ferrante
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical & Dental Sciences, Via Pascal, 36, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Serena Delbue
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical & Dental Sciences, Via Pascal, 36, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
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18
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Merkel Cell Polyomavirus: A New DNA Virus Associated with Human Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1018:35-56. [PMID: 29052131 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5765-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV or MCV) is a novel human polyomavirus that has been discovered in Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), a highly aggressive skin cancer. MCPyV infection is widespread in the general population. MCPyV-associated MCC is one of the most aggressive skin cancers, killing more patients than other well-known cancers such as cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Currently, however, there is no effective drug for curing this cancer. The incidence of MCC has tripled over the past two decades. With the widespread infection of MCPyV and the increase in MCC diagnoses, it is critical to better understand the biology of MCPyV and its oncogenic potential. In this chapter, we summarize recent discoveries regarding MCPyV molecular virology, host cellular tropism, mechanisms of MCPyV oncoprotein-mediated oncogenesis, and current therapeutic strategies for MCPyV-associated MCC. We also present epidemiological evidence for MCPyV infection in HIV patients and links between MCPyV and non-MCC human cancers.
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19
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Wu JH, Cohen DN, Rady PL, Tyring SK. BRAF inhibitor-associated cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: new mechanistic insight, emerging evidence for viral involvement and perspectives on clinical management. Br J Dermatol 2017; 177:914-923. [PMID: 28129674 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the BRAF proto-oncogene occur in the majority of cutaneous melanomas. The commonly detected valine (V) to glutamate (E) mutation (V600E) is known to drive melanomagenesis and has thus been the target of two highly selective chemotherapeutic agents: vemurafenib and dabrafenib. While BRAF inhibitor therapy has revolutionized the treatment of metastatic melanoma, unanticipated cutaneous toxicities, including the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCCs), are frequently reported and hinder therapeutic durability. However, the mechanisms by which BRAF inhibitors induce cutaneous neoplasms are poorly understood, thus posing a challenge for specific therapies. In this review, we summarize the clinical and molecular profiles of BRAF inhibitor-associated cSCCs, with a focus on factors that may contribute to disease pathogenesis. In particular, we discuss the emerging evidence pointing towards viral involvement in BRAF inhibitor-induced cutaneous neoplasms and offer new perspectives on future therapeutic interventions. Continued clinical and mechanistic studies along this line will not only allow for better understanding of the pathogenic progression of BRAF inhibitor-induced cSCCs, but will also lead to development of new therapeutic and preventative options for patients receiving targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Wu
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, U.S.A.,Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, U.S.A
| | - D N Cohen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, U.S.A
| | - P L Rady
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, U.S.A
| | - S K Tyring
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, U.S.A
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20
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Hampras SS, Locke FL, Chavez JC, Patel NS, Giuliano AR, Miller K, Gheit T, Tommasino M, Rollison DE. Prevalence of cutaneous viral infections in incident cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma detected among chronic lymphocytic leukemia and hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. Leuk Lymphoma 2017; 59:911-917. [PMID: 28679298 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1342822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The role of cutaneous viral infections in the development of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), including cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), among chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and blood and marrow transplant (BMT) patients is not established. CLL (n = 977) and BMT (n = 3587) patients treated at the Moffitt Cancer Center were included in a retrospective cohort study. Human papillomavirus (HPV) and human polyomavirus (HPyV) DNA were examined in a subset of incident SCC tumors. Five-year cumulative incidence of NMSC was 1.42% in both BMT (n = 31 NMSCs) and CLL (n = 18 NMSCs) cohorts. Of the nine SCC tumors examined from each cohort, 22.2% and 33.3% were positive for viral DNA in the transplant (HPV 65, MCV) and CLL (HPV 38, HPV 15, HPyV6) cohort, respectively. Enhanced skin cancer screening of BMT/CLL patients should be conducted to better capture incident NMSCs and examine the role of viral infections in these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalaka S Hampras
- a Department of Cancer Epidemiology , Moffitt Cancer Center , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Frederick L Locke
- b Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy , Moffitt Cancer Center , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Julio C Chavez
- c Department of Malignant Hematology , Moffitt Cancer Center , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Nishit S Patel
- d Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine , University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Anna R Giuliano
- a Department of Cancer Epidemiology , Moffitt Cancer Center , Tampa , FL , USA.,e Center for Infection Research in Cancer , Moffitt Cancer Center , Tampa , Florida , USA
| | - Kyle Miller
- f College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Tarik Gheit
- g Infections and Cancer Biology Group , International Agency for Research on Cancer-World Health Organization , Lyon , France
| | - Massimo Tommasino
- g Infections and Cancer Biology Group , International Agency for Research on Cancer-World Health Organization , Lyon , France
| | - Dana E Rollison
- a Department of Cancer Epidemiology , Moffitt Cancer Center , Tampa , FL , USA.,e Center for Infection Research in Cancer , Moffitt Cancer Center , Tampa , Florida , USA
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21
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Bellott TR, Baez CF, Almeida SG, Venceslau MT, Zalis MG, Guimarães MA, Rochael MC, Luz FB, Varella RB, Almeida JR. Molecular prevalence of Merkel cell polyomavirus in nonmelanoma skin cancer in a Brazilian population. Clin Exp Dermatol 2017; 42:390-394. [DOI: 10.1111/ced.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T. R. Bellott
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro; Niterói Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - C. F. Baez
- Department of Preventive Medicine; Universidade Federal do Rio do Janeiro; Brazil
| | - S. G. Almeida
- Department of Preventive Medicine; Universidade Federal do Rio do Janeiro; Brazil
| | - M. T. Venceslau
- Department of Preventive Medicine; Universidade Federal do Rio do Janeiro; Brazil
| | - M. G. Zalis
- Department of Preventive Medicine; Universidade Federal do Rio do Janeiro; Brazil
| | - M. A. Guimarães
- Department of Preventive Medicine; Universidade Federal do Rio do Janeiro; Brazil
| | - M. C. Rochael
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro; Niterói Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - F. B. Luz
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro; Niterói Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - R. B. Varella
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro; Niterói Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - J. R. Almeida
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro; Niterói Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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22
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Abstract
Recently, an association between Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was reported. However, the underlying carcinogenic effects and the prognosis related to MCPyV are still unclear. The aim of this study was to clarify the incidence and prognosis related to MCPyV infections in NSCLC.Tissue samples from 167 NSCLC patients (92 with squamous cell carcinomas [SCCs] and 75 with adenocarcinomas) were analyzed for the presence of MCPyV and EGFR mutations. Clinicopathological characteristics, disease-free survival rate, and overall survival rate were assessed with respect to MCPyV.MCPyV DNA was detected in 30 patients (18.0%) out of 167 patients, and EGFR mutations were found in 31 out of 127 patients (24.4%). EGFR mutations were more frequently detected in MCPyV-positive patients than in MCPyV-negative patients; however, this did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.075). There was no difference in overall survival between patients with and without MCPyV infections. The disease-free survival rate of patients with pN0 stage, SCC, or EGFR mutations was lower for patients with MCPyV than without MCPyV (P = 0.036, 0.042, and 0.050, respectively).Although the prevalence of MCPyV infection was relatively low, the presence of MCPyV DNA was significantly correlated with cancer prognosis in subgroups of NSCLC patients. These results suggest that MCPyV may be partly associated with pathogenesis and prognosis in some cases of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gun-Jik Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine
| | - Jae-Ho Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Heon Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine
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23
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Yilmaz AS, Ozer HG, Gillespie JL, Allain DC, Bernhardt MN, Furlan KC, Castro LTF, Peters SB, Nagarajan P, Kang SY, Iwenofu OH, Olencki T, Teknos TN, Toland AE. Differential mutation frequencies in metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas versus primary tumors. Cancer 2016; 123:1184-1193. [PMID: 27906449 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exome and targeted sequencing studies have identified potential driver mutations for a variety of tumor types. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is one of the most highly mutated cancers but typically is associated with low rates of metastasis and high survival rates. Nevertheless, metastatic cSCC is a significant health threat; up to 8800 individuals die each year of this disease. METHODS Because it is difficult to predict which cSCCs are more likely to metastasize, and because to the best of the authors' knowledge there are no targeted therapies specifically designated for patients with metastatic cSCC, exome and/or targeted sequencing of 18 metastatic and 10 primary cSCCs was performed to identify mutations that were more frequent in metastatic tumors and might be targeted for therapeutic benefit. The authors compared their results with published sequencing results of an additional 223 primary tumors and 68 metastatic cSCCs. RESULTS The authors identified genes demonstrating higher mutation frequencies in metastatic cSCC compared with primary tumors, including the chromatin remodeling gene lysine methyltransferase 2D (KMT2D) and the classic skin tumor suppressor tumor protein p53 (TP53), which was found to be mutated in 54% of primary tumors compared with 85% of metastatic tumors (P<.0001). CONCLUSIONS These studies appear to uncover potential pathways that are important in metastatic cSCC and that broaden understanding of the biology contributing to aggressive tumor behavior. These results may lead to new therapeutic strategies. Cancer 2017;123:1184-1193. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Selen Yilmaz
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Hatice Gulcin Ozer
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jessica L Gillespie
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Dawn C Allain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Human Genetics, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Pathology, Division of Dermatopathology, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Madison N Bernhardt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Human Genetics, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Karina Colossi Furlan
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Leticia T F Castro
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sara B Peters
- Department of Pathology, Division of Dermatopathology, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Stephen Y Kang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - O Hans Iwenofu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute,The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Thomas Olencki
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute,The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Theodoros N Teknos
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute,The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Amanda Ewart Toland
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Human Genetics, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute,The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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24
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Phylogenetic and structural analysis of merkel cell polyomavirus VP1 in Brazilian samples. Virus Res 2016; 221:1-7. [PMID: 27173789 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the phylogenetic and structural characteristics of the Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV) is increasing but still scarce, especially in samples originating from South America. In order to investigate the properties of MCPyV circulating in the continent in more detail, MCPyV Viral Protein 1 (VP1) sequences from five basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and four saliva samples from Brazilian individuals were evaluated from the phylogenetic and structural standpoint, along with all complete MCPyV VP1 sequences available at Genbank database so far. The VP1 phylogenetic analysis confirmed the previously reported pattern of geographic distribution of MCPyV genotypes and the complexity of the South-American clade. The nine Brazilian samples were equally distributed in the South-American (3 saliva samples); North American/European (2 BCC and 1 saliva sample); and in the African clades (3 BCC). The classification of mutations according to the functional regions of VP1 protein revealed a differentiated pattern for South-American sequences, with higher number of mutations on the neutralizing epitope loops and lower on the region of C-terminus, responsible for capsid formation, when compared to other continents. In conclusion, the phylogenetic analysis showed that the distribution of Brazilian VP1 sequences agrees with the ethnic composition of the country, indicating that VP1 can be successfully used for MCPyV phylogenetic studies. Finally, the structural analysis suggests that some mutations could have impact on the protein folding, membrane binding or antibody escape, and therefore they should be further studied.
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25
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Hampras SS, Michel A, Schmitt M, Waterboer T, Kranz L, Gheit T, Fisher K, Sondak VK, Messina J, Fenske N, Cherpelis B, Tommasino M, Pawlita M, Rollison DE. Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) T-antigen seroreactivity, MCV DNA in eyebrow hairs, and squamous cell carcinoma. Infect Agent Cancer 2015; 10:35. [PMID: 26483848 PMCID: PMC4610041 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-015-0030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The role of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) infection in the etiology of non-melanoma skin cancers, other than Merkel cell carcinoma, is unclear. Previously, we reported a significant association between seropositivity to MCV capsid antigen and MCV DNA-positive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Here we present associations between SCC and seroreactivity to MCV T-antigen (T-Ag) oncoprotein, as well as MCV DNA detected in eyebrow hairs. Findings A clinic-based case–control study, including 171 SCC cases and 300 controls without skin cancer, was conducted at Moffitt Cancer Center in Tampa, Florida. Multiplex assays were used to measure serum antibodies against MCV small and large T-Ag and MCV DNA in both eyebrow hairs and SCC tumors (n = 144). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using logistic regression to evaluate the associations between MCV and SCC. No significant association was observed between seroreactivity to MCV full-length large or small T-Ag and SCC, overall [ORlarge T-Ag = 0.99 (0.48-2.08), ORsmall T-Ag = 0.31 (0.06–1.62)] or when comparing tumor MCV DNA-positive cases to controls [ORlarge T-Ag = 1.06 (0.38–2.93)]. Only presence of MCV DNA in eyebrow hairs was significantly associated with MCV DNA-positive SCC [OR = 4.05 (2.01–8.18)]. Conclusion MCV infection is unlikely to play a direct role in SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalaka S Hampras
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Angelika Michel
- Infection and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Schmitt
- Infection and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany ; Present address: GATC Biotech AG, Constance, Germany
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Infection and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lena Kranz
- Infection and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany ; Present address: Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Langenbeckstrasse 1, Building 708, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tarik Gheit
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer-World Health Organization, Lyon, 69372 France
| | - Kate Fisher
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Vernon K Sondak
- Cutaneous Oncology Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Jane Messina
- Cutaneous Oncology Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL USA ; Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL USA ; Dermatology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Neil Fenske
- Dermatology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL USA ; Cutaneous Surgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Basil Cherpelis
- Dermatology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL USA ; Cutaneous Surgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Massimo Tommasino
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer-World Health Organization, Lyon, 69372 France
| | - Michael Pawlita
- Infection and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dana E Rollison
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
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26
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Tanio S, Matsushita M, Kuwamoto S, Horie Y, Kodani I, Murakami I, Ryoke K, Hayashi K. Low prevalence of Merkel cell polyomavirus with low viral loads in oral and maxillofacial tumours or tumour-like lesions from immunocompetent patients: Absence of Merkel cell polyomavirus-associated neoplasms. Mol Clin Oncol 2015; 3:1301-1306. [PMID: 26807237 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2015.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
It was recently demonstrated that ~80% of Merkel cell carcinomas (MCCs) harbour a novel polyomavirus, Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). MCPyV has been detected in various human tissue samples. However, previous studies on the prevalence of MCPyV in oral tumours or tumour-like lesions are incomplete. To address this issue, we measured MCPyV DNA quantity using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in 327 oral tumours or tumour-like lesions and 54 jaw tumours or cyst lesions from 381 immunocompetent patients, as well as in 4 oral lesions from 4 immunosuppressed patients. qPCR revealed a low MCPyV prevalence (25/381, 6.6%) with low viral loads (0.00024-0.026 copies/cell) in oral and maxillofacial tumours and tumour-like lesions from immunocompetent patients. The prevalence was 7/176 (4.0%) in invasive squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) [2/60 (3.33%) SCCs of the tongue, 4/52 (7.7%) SCCs of the gingiva and 1/19 (5.3%) SCCs of the floor of the mouth], 1/10 (10%) in dysplasias, 1/5 (20%) in adenocarcinomas, 2/13 (15.4%) in adenoid cystic carcinomas, 1/10 (10%) in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, 3/10 (30%) in lipomas, 3/5 (60%) in neurofibromas, 1/3 (33.3%) in Schwannomas, 2/12 (16.7%) in Warthin's tumours, 2/11 (18.2%) in pyogenic granulomas, 1/14 (7.1%) in radicular cysts and 1/12 (8.3%) in ameloblastomas. The prevalence in lesions from immunosuppressed patients (1/4, 25%) was higher compared with that in lesions from immunocompetent patients (25/381, 6.6%), but the difference was not statistically significant. To the best of our knowledge, this study was the first to report prevalence data of MCPyV in tumours and cysts of the jaws (2/54, 3.7%). These data indicated absence of MCPyV-related tumours or tumour-like lesions in the oral cavity and jaws and suggested that the detected MCPyV DNA was derived from non-neoplastic background tissues with widespread low-level MCPyV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Tanio
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Biopathological Surgery, Department of Medicine of Sensory and Motor Organs, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan; Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Michiko Matsushita
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuwamoto
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yasushi Horie
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Isamu Kodani
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Biopathological Surgery, Department of Medicine of Sensory and Motor Organs, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Ichiro Murakami
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ryoke
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Biopathological Surgery, Department of Medicine of Sensory and Motor Organs, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Hayashi
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
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27
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Cohen DN, Lawson SK, Shaver AC, Du L, Nguyen HP, He Q, Johnson DB, Lumbang WA, Moody BR, Prescott JL, Chandra PK, Boyd AS, Zwerner JP, Robbins JB, Tyring SK, Rady PL, Chappell JD, Shyr Y, Infante JR, Sosman JA. Contribution of Beta-HPV Infection and UV Damage to Rapid-Onset Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma during BRAF-Inhibition Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:2624-34. [PMID: 25724524 PMCID: PMC4452444 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE BRAF-inhibition (BRAFi) therapy for advanced melanoma carries a high rate of secondary cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) and risk of other cancers. UV radiation and α-genus human papillomavirus (HPV) are highly associated with SCC, but a novel role for β-genus HPV is suspected in BRAFi-cSCC. Cutaneous β-HPV may act in concert with host and environmental factors in BRAFi-cSCC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Primary BRAFi-cSCC tissue DNA isolated from patients receiving vemurafenib or dabrafenib from two cancer centers was analyzed for the presence of cutaneous oncogenic viruses and host genetic mutations. Diagnostic specimens underwent consensus dermatopathology review. Clinical parameters for UV exposure and disease course were statistically analyzed in conjunction with histopathology. RESULTS Twenty-nine patients contributed 69 BRAFi-cSCC lesions. BRAFi-cSCC had wart-like features (BRAFi-cSCC-WF) in 22% of specimens. During vemurafenib therapy, BRAFi-cSCC-WF arose 11.6 weeks more rapidly than conventional cSCC when controlled for gender and UV exposure (P value = 0.03). Among all BRAFi-cSCC, β-genus HPV-17, HPV-38, HPV-111 were most frequently isolated, and novel β-HPV genotypes were discovered (CTR, CRT-11, CRT-22). Sequencing revealed 63% of evaluated BRAFi-cSCCs harbored RAS mutations with PIK3CA, CKIT, ALK, and EGFR mutations also detected. CONCLUSIONS We examined clinical, histopathologic, viral, and genetic parameters in BRAFi-cSCC demonstrating rapid onset; wart-like histomorphology; β-HPV-17, HPV-38, and HPV-111 infection; UV damage; and novel ALK and CKIT mutations. Discovered β-HPV genotypes expand the spectrum of tumor-associated viruses. These findings enhance our understanding of factors cooperating with BRAF inhibition that accelerate keratinocyte oncogenesis as well as broaden the knowledge base of multifactorial mediators of cancer in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Cohen
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.
| | - Steven K Lawson
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Aaron C Shaver
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Liping Du
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Qin He
- University of Texas, Department of Dermatology, Houston, Texas
| | - Douglas B Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Wilfred A Lumbang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | | | - Alan S Boyd
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee. Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Pathology Consultants of America, Columbia, Tennessee
| | - Jeffrey P Zwerner
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee. Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jason B Robbins
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee. Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Pathology Associates of St. Thomas, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Peter L Rady
- University of Texas, Department of Dermatology, Houston, Texas
| | - James D Chappell
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yu Shyr
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Jeffrey A Sosman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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28
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Sadeghi F, Ghanadan A, Salehi Vaziri M, Bokharaei Salim F, Monavari SH, Keyvani H. Merkel cell polyomavirus infection in a patient with merkel cell carcinoma: a case report. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e17849. [PMID: 25964849 PMCID: PMC4419364 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.17849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and highly aggressive malignancy of the skin which occurs mainly in old people and is very uncommon in young individuals. A new tumor virus belonging to the Polyomaviridae family; Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV) has recently been identified in more than 80% of MCCs. Case Presentation: We conducted a retrospective review on the archives of the Department of Pathology; Imam Khomeini Hospital Cancer Institute affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences to confirm the MCC samples and we found medical records and samples of a young case with MCC who developed leg skin and scalp tumor six and seven years after bone marrow transplantation, respectively. We analyzed patient formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples for the presence of MCPyV DNA using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, and the PCR amplicons were subjected to DNA sequencing. Merkel Cell Polyomavirus DNA was detected in both tumors from patient and sequence analysis of the viral LT3 region showed a close homology to strains circulating worldwide. Conclusions: The findings of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that local, systemic, or tumor-induced immunosuppression may allow the MCPyV to initiate skin aggressive cancer. It is necessary to maintain regular check over patients taking immunosuppressive medications for MCPyV infection. Since there is not any information about detection and molecular biology analysis of MCPyV among Iranian patients with MCC, this study provides more information about MCC and MCPyV in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzin Sadeghi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Alireza Ghanadan
- Department of Dermatopathology, Razi Skin Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mostafa Salehi Vaziri
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Farah Bokharaei Salim
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Seyed Hamidreza Monavari
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Hossein Keyvani, Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2188602205, Fax: +98-2188602205, E-mail:
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29
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Merkel cell polyomavirus and human papillomavirus infections in cervical disease in Iranian women. Arch Virol 2015; 160:1181-7. [PMID: 25721299 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2368-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a necessary cause of cervical neoplasia. Concomitant infection with other infectious agents has been demonstrated to be a cofactor for HPV-related cervical carcinogenesis. The present investigation aimed to determine the prevalence of HPV and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) infections and to evaluate the role of MCPyV as a co-factor for HPV-related cervical carcinogenesis in Iranian women. From 2011 to 2013, a total of 112 cervical samples were examined. Forty-five samples (40.2 %) were positive for HPV. MCPyV was found in 37 samples (33 %). Both HPV and MCPyV were present in 14 samples (12.5 %). MCPyV was seen in 30 % of squamous cell carcinomas, 37.5 % of adenocarcinomas, and 16.7 % of undifferentiated carcinomas. The MCPyV large T antigen (LT-Ag) DNA load was determined as the viral copy number per cell. The median MCPyV LT-Ag copy number in positive women was 0.049 × 10(-3) per cell (range 0.0006 × 10(-3)-4.558 × 10(-3) copies per cell). In comparison with other types of cervical cancer, the MCPyV LT-Ag load was higher in adenocarcinomas (0.1024 × 10(-3) copies per cell). A logistic regression model adjusted to HPV positivity and age revealed no statistically significant association between MCPyV infection and cervical cancer (OR, 1.12; 95 % CI, 0.07-16.83). More studies should be conducted to clarify the role of MCPyV in cervical carcinogenesis.
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30
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Verhaegen ME, Mangelberger D, Harms PW, Vozheiko TD, Weick JW, Wilbert DM, Saunders TL, Ermilov AN, Bichakjian CK, Johnson TM, Imperiale MJ, Dlugosz AA. Merkel cell polyomavirus small T antigen is oncogenic in transgenic mice. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 135:1415-1424. [PMID: 25313532 PMCID: PMC4397111 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and deadly neuroendocrine skin tumor
frequently associated with clonal integration of a polyomavirus, MCPyV, and MCC tumor
cells express putative polyomavirus oncoproteins small T antigen (sTAg) and truncated
large T antigen (tLTAg). Here, we show robust transforming activity of sTAg in
vivo in a panel of transgenic mouse models. Epithelia of pre-term
sTAg-expressing embryos exhibited hyperplasia, impaired differentiation, increased
proliferation and apoptosis, and activation of a DNA damage response. Epithelial
transformation did not require sTAg interaction with the PP2A protein complex, a tumor
suppressor in some other polyomavirus transformation models, but was strictly dependent on
a recently-described sTAg domain that binds Fbxw7, the substrate-binding component of the
SCF ubiquitin ligase complex. Postnatal induction of sTAg using a Cre-inducible transgene
also led to epithelial transformation with development of lesions resembling squamous cell
carcinoma in situ and elevated expression of Fbxw7 target proteins. Our
data establish that expression of MCPyV sTAg alone is sufficient for rapid neoplastic
transformation in vivo, implicating sTAg as an oncogenic driver in MCC
and perhaps other human malignancies. Moreover, the loss of transforming activity
following mutation of the sTAg Fbxw7 binding domain identifies this domain as crucial for in
vivo transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul W Harms
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Tracy D Vozheiko
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jack W Weick
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Dawn M Wilbert
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Thomas L Saunders
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | | | - Timothy M Johnson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Otolaryngology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | - Andrzej A Dlugosz
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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31
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Kraft S, Granter SR. Molecular pathology of skin neoplasms of the head and neck. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2014; 138:759-87. [PMID: 24878016 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2013-0157-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Skin neoplasms include the most common malignancies affecting humans. Many show an ultraviolet (UV)-induced pathogenesis and often affect the head and neck region. OBJECTIVE To review literature on cutaneous neoplasms that show a predilection for the head and neck region and that are associated with molecular alterations. DATA SOURCES Literature review. CONCLUSIONS Common nonmelanoma skin cancers, such as basal and squamous cell carcinomas, show a UV-induced pathogenesis. Basal cell carcinomas are characterized by molecular alterations of the Hedgehog pathway, affecting patched and smoothened genes. While squamous cell carcinomas show UV-induced mutations in several genes, driver mutations are only beginning to be identified. In addition, certain adnexal neoplasms also predominantly affect the head and neck region and show interesting, recently discovered molecular abnormalities, or are associated with hereditary conditions whose molecular genetic pathogenesis is well understood. Furthermore, recent advances have led to an increased understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of melanoma. Certain melanoma subtypes, such as lentigo maligna melanoma and desmoplastic melanoma, which are more often seen on the chronically sun-damaged skin of the head and neck, show differences in their molecular signature when compared to the other more common subtypes, such as superficial spreading melanoma, which are more prone to occur at sites with acute intermittent sun damage. In summary, molecular alterations in cutaneous neoplasms of the head and neck are often related to UV exposure. Their molecular footprint often reflects the histologic tumor type, and familiarity with these changes will be increasingly necessary for diagnostic and therapeutic considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kraft
- From the Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Kraft); and the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Granter)
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32
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Stakaitytė G, Wood JJ, Knight LM, Abdul-Sada H, Adzahar NS, Nwogu N, Macdonald A, Whitehouse A. Merkel cell polyomavirus: molecular insights into the most recently discovered human tumour virus. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:1267-97. [PMID: 24978434 PMCID: PMC4190541 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6031267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A fifth of worldwide cancer cases have an infectious origin, with viral infection being the foremost. One such cancer is Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), a rare but aggressive skin malignancy. In 2008, Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) was discovered as the causative agent of MCC. It is found clonally integrated into the majority of MCC tumours, which require MCPyV oncoproteins to survive. Since its discovery, research has begun to reveal the molecular virology of MCPyV, as well as how it induces tumourigenesis. It is thought to be a common skin commensal, found at low levels in healthy individuals. Upon loss of immunosurveillance, MCPyV reactivates, and a heavy viral load is associated with MCC pathogenesis. Although MCPyV is in many ways similar to classical oncogenic polyomaviruses, such as SV40, subtle differences are beginning to emerge. These unique features highlight the singular position MCPyV has as the only human oncogenic polyomavirus, and open up new avenues for therapies against MCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielė Stakaitytė
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre of Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Jennifer J Wood
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre of Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Laura M Knight
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre of Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Hussein Abdul-Sada
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre of Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Noor Suhana Adzahar
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre of Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Nnenna Nwogu
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre of Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Andrew Macdonald
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre of Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Adrian Whitehouse
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre of Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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33
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Merkel cell carcinoma in immunosuppressed patients. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:1328-50. [PMID: 24978436 PMCID: PMC4190543 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6031328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive cutaneous malignancy. The infectivity of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), an apparent agent in MCC development, may be exacerbated with impaired immune responses. This paper reviews relevant data regarding the role of immunosuppression in the development of MCC and describes modes of immunodeficient states. Because of the inherently low incidence rate of MCC, several case studies and series are also briefly mentioned to provide a more comprehensive summary of MCC in the setting of immunosuppression. We describe immunosuppressed patients who have experienced excessive UV radiation, organ transplantation, human immunodeficiency virus infection/AIDS, autoimmune diseases, and lymphoproliferative disorders. Iatrogenic forms of immunosuppression are also highlighted. Studies that quantify risks consistently report that individuals with a history of solid organ transplantation, autoimmune diseases, AIDS, and/or lymphoproliferative diseases have a significantly elevated risk of developing MCC. Overall, immunocompromised patients also appear to have an early onset and more aggressive course of MCC, with poorer outcomes. Recommendations for multidisciplinary approaches are proposed to effectively prevent and manage MCC in these patients.
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Madeleine MM, Carter JJ, Johnson LG, Wipf GC, Davis C, Berg D, Nelson K, Daling JR, Schwartz SM, Galloway DA. Risk of squamous cell skin cancer after organ transplant associated with antibodies to cutaneous papillomaviruses, polyomaviruses, and TMC6/8 (EVER1/2) variants. Cancer Med 2014; 3:1440-7. [PMID: 24913986 PMCID: PMC4302694 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell skin cancer (SCSC) disproportionately affects organ transplant recipients, and may be related to increased viral replication in the setting of immune suppression. We conducted a nested case–control study among transplant recipients to determine whether SCSC is associated with antibodies to cutaneous human papillomaviruses (HPV), to genes associated with a rare genetic susceptibility to HPV (TMC6/TMC8), or to human polyomaviruses (HPyV). Cases (n = 149) had histologically confirmed SCSC, and controls (n = 290) were individually matched to cases on time since transplant, type of transplant, gender, and race. All subjects had serum drawn immediately prior to transplant surgery. Antibodies to 25 cutaneous HPVs and six HPyVs were assayed by detection of binding to virus-like particles, and 11 TMC6/8 variants were genotyped. After correction for multiple comparisons, only antibodies to HPV37 were associated with SCSC (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2–3.4). Common genetic variants of TMC6/8 were not associated with SCSC, but three variants in TMC8 (rs12452890, rs412611, and rs7208422) were associated with greater seropositivity for species 2 betapapillomaviruses among controls. This study suggests that some betaHPVs, but not polyomaviruses, may play a role in the excess risk of SCSC among transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Madeleine
- Program in Epidemiology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Moens U, Van Ghelue M, Ehlers B. Are human polyomaviruses co-factors for cancers induced by other oncoviruses? Rev Med Virol 2014; 24:343-60. [PMID: 24888895 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Presently, 12 human polyomaviruses are known: BK polyomavirus (BKPyV), JCPyV, KIPyV, WUPyV, Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), HPyV6, HPyV7, Trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus, HPyV9, HPyV10, STLPyV and HPyV12. In addition, the non-human primate polyomavirus simian virus 40 (SV40) seems to circulate in the human population. MCPyV was first described in 2008 and is now accepted to be an etiological factor in about 80% of the rare but aggressive skin cancer Merkel cell carcinoma. SV40, BKPyV and JCPyV or part of their genomes can transform cells, including human cells, and induce tumours in animal models. Moreover, DNA and RNA sequences and proteins of these three viruses have been discovered in tumour tissue. Despite these observations, their role in cancer remains controversial. So far, an association between cancer and the other human polyomaviruses is lacking. Because human polyomavirus DNA has been found in a broad spectrum of cell types, simultaneous dwelling with other oncogenic viruses is possible. Co-infecting human polyomaviruses may therefore act as a co-factor in the development of cancer, including those induced by other oncoviruses. Reviewing studies that report co-infection with human polyomaviruses and other tumour viruses in cancer tissue fail to detect a clear link between co-infection and cancer. Directions for future studies to elaborate on a possible auxiliary role of human polyomaviruses in cancer are suggested, and the mechanisms by which human polyomaviruses may synergize with other viruses in oncogenic transformation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Moens
- University of Tromsø, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Biology, Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Tromsø, Norway
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37
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Brewer JD, Habermann TM, Shanafelt TD. Lymphoma-associated skin cancer: incidence, natural history, and clinical management. Int J Dermatol 2013; 53:267-74. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jerry D. Brewer
- Division of Dermatologic Surgery; Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN USA
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Martin B, Poblet E, Rios JJ, Kazakov D, Kutzner H, Brenn T, Calonje E. Merkel cell carcinoma with divergent differentiation: histopathological and immunohistochemical study of 15 cases with PCR analysis for Merkel cell polyomavirus. Histopathology 2013; 62:711-22. [PMID: 23530585 DOI: 10.1111/his.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To report on 15 cases of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) with divergent differentiation, to characterize its clinicopathological spectrum and its relationship with Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV). METHODS AND RESULTS Fifteen patients with a mean age of 81 years were included. Follow-up was available for 13 cases (range 12 days to 6 years; median 6 months). Recurrence, metastasis and mortality rates were 15.4%, 53.8% and 61.5%, respectively. All tumours showed the typical histological and immunohistochemical features of MCC, with at least one additional divergent component. Eight cases had a single aberrant component (squamous in six cases, follicular in one case, and porocarcinoma in one case), six cases had two aberrant components (squamous and sarcomatous in three cases, glandular and squamous in two cases, and sarcomatous and neuroblastic in one case), and one case had three aberrant components (glandular, squamous, and sarcomatous). All cases had dysplastic changes in the overlying epithelium, and four of 15 showed epidermotropism. PCR analysis for Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) gave negative results in all 12 cases tested. CONCLUSIONS Merkel cell carcinoma with divergent differentiation is a highly aggressive tumour that might be difficult to recognize, owing to its wide histological variability. Negativity for MCV suggests that the virus is not implicated in the development of this subtype of MCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Martin
- Dermatopathology Department, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
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Coursaget P, Samimi M, Nicol JTJ, Gardair C, Touzé A. Human Merkel cell polyomavirus: virological background and clinical implications. APMIS 2013; 121:755-69. [PMID: 23781869 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), identified in humans in 2008, is associated with a relatively rare but aggressive neuroendocrine skin cancer, the Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). MCC incidence is increasing due to the advancing age of the population, the increase in damaging sun exposure and in the number of immunocompromised individuals. MCPyV must be considered as the etiological agent of MCC and thus is the first example of a human oncogenic polyomavirus. MCPyV infection is common, and seroprevalence studies indicate that widespread exposure begins early in life. The majority of adults have anti-MCPyV antibodies and there is a growing body of evidence that healthy human skin harbors resident or transient MCPyV suggesting that MCPyV infection persists throughout life. However, the mode of transmission, the host cells, and the latency characteristics of this virus remain to be elucidated. In addition, it is still not clear whether MCPyV is associated with diseases or lesions other than Merkel cell carcinoma. The etiologic role of MCPyV in MCC opens up opportunities to improve the understanding of this cancer and to potentially improve its treatment.
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Falchook GS, Rady P, Hymes S, Nguyen HP, Tyring SK, Prieto VG, Hong DS, Kurzrock R. Merkel cell polyomavirus and HPV-17 associated with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma arising in a patient with melanoma treated with the BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib. JAMA Dermatol 2013; 149:322-6. [PMID: 23552670 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Approximately 10% to 25% of patients treated with BRAF inhibitors develop cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), but the mechanism responsible has not yet been determined. We report what we believe to be the first case in which Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) and human papillomavirus subtype 17 (HPV-17) were associated with cutaneous SCC that developed during treatment with the BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib. OBSERVATIONS A 62-year-old woman with V600E BRAF -mutant metastatic melanoma enrolled in a phase 1 trial of dabrafenib, a selective inhibitor of V600-mutant BRAF kinase. During the first 6 weeks of treatment, the patient developed multiple skin lesions, including a 6-mm crusted papule on the left eyebrow, which was resected and, on pathology examination, revealed SCC. The DNA extracted from paraffin-embedded tissue was amplified by polymerase chain reaction for detection of MCPyV and epidermodysplasia verruciformis HPV (EV-HPV) types. Analysis of the cloned and sequenced polymerase chain reaction products revealed the presence of MCPyV and HPV-17 DNA. Other EV-HPV subtypes were not detected. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating the coexistence of MCPyV and HPV-17 in cutaneous SCC. Because both viruses have oncogenic potential, their role in the development of BRAF inhibitor-related SCC merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald S Falchook
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Departmentof Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Phase I Clinical Trials Program, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Ciotti M, Porrovecchio R, Perno CF. The novel KI, WU and MC polyomaviruses and human diseases. Future Virol 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.13.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
From 2007 to 2012, the Polyomaviridae family expanded with the discovery of several novel human polyomaviruses. Infection by polyomaviruses is widespread in the human population, but only immunocompromised patients are at risk for disease. Currently, four polyomaviruses have been specifically associated with human diseases: BK polyomavirus, JC polyomavirus, Merkel cell polyomavirus and trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus. The pathogenic potential of the other human polyomaviruses is unknown. This review focuses on the novel Karolinska Institute polyomavirus, Washington University polyomavirus and Merkel cell polyomavirus. Karolinska Institute polyomavirus and Washington University polyomavirus were uncovered in respiratory specimens of children with acute respiratory symptoms. Merkel cell polyomavirus was found in an aggressive skin tumor named Merkel cell carcinoma. The scientific literature concerning the three human polyomaviruses is summarized and discussed including seroepidemiology, detection methods (real-time PCR), histopathological findings and association with clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ciotti
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Foundation Polyclinic Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81-00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Porrovecchio
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Foundation Polyclinic Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81-00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Federico Perno
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Foundation Polyclinic Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81-00133, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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The prevalence of Merkel cell polyomavirus in Japanese patients with Merkel cell carcinoma. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 70:99-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Kazem S, van der Meijden E, Feltkamp MCW. Thetrichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus: virological background and clinical implications. APMIS 2013; 121:770-82. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siamaque Kazem
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden; the Netherlands
| | - Els van der Meijden
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden; the Netherlands
| | - Mariet C. W. Feltkamp
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden; the Netherlands
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Fukumoto H, Sato Y, Hasegawa H, Katano H. Frequent detection of Merkel cell polyomavirus DNA in sera of HIV-1-positive patients. Virol J 2013; 10:84. [PMID: 23496956 PMCID: PMC3608173 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), human polyomavirus-6 (HPyV6), and human polyomavirus-7 (HPyV7) were identified as viruses shed from the skin. Serological analysis revealed that these viruses are common among the general population. However, there is little information about the presence of MCPyV, HPyV6, and HPyV7 in the sera and tissues of immunocompromised individuals. The aims of this study are to know if immune status affects the presence of MCPyV, HPyV6, and HPyV7 in the serum, and to reveal the presence of these viruses in diseased tissues of unknown etiology. Methods Sera from HIV-1-positive and -negative patients were examined by real-time PCR and nested PCR detecting MCPyV, HPyV6 and HPyV7. In addition, diseased tissue samples of unknown etiology were examined. Results Nine out of 23 serum samples (39.1%) from HIV-1-positive patients who had not received anti-retroviral therapy were positive for MCPyV, which is significantly higher than HIV-1-negative patients (6/110, 5.5%, P < 0.01, Chi-square test). MCPyV DNA was detected in tissue samples of Merkel cell carcinoma (22/30 [73%]), encephalitis (4/19 [21%]), pneumonia (3/17 [18%]), and myocarditis (8/14 [57%]). With the exception of Merkel cell carcinoma samples, MCPyV-positive tissues showed low copy numbers of MCPyV DNA by real-time PCR and no expression of the MCPyV large T antigen by immunohistochemistry. HPyV6 and HPyV7 were rarely detected in serum and tissue samples. Conclusions These results suggest that MCPyV viremia is associated with host immunity, and that circulation of HPyV6 and HPyV7 in the serum is rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Fukumoto
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilit Garibyan
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Nidhi Avashia
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Spurgeon ME, Lambert PF. Merkel cell polyomavirus: a newly discovered human virus with oncogenic potential. Virology 2013; 435:118-30. [PMID: 23217622 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A marked escalation in the rate of discovery of new types of human polyomavirus has occurred over the last five years largely owing to recent technological advances in their detection. Among the newly discovered viruses, Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV or MCV) has gained the most attention due to its link with a rare human cancer. Infection with MCPyV is common in the human population, and the virus is detected in several anatomical locations, but most frequently in skin. Study of MCPyV molecular virology has been complicated by the lack of straightforward cell culture models, but recent in vitro studies are making strides towards understanding the virus life cycle, its cellular tropism, and mode of transmission. While MCPyV shares several traditional traits with other human polyomaviruses, the burst of research since its discovery reveals insight into a virus with many unique genetic and mechanistic features. The evidence for a causal link between MCPyV and the rare neuroendocrine cancer, Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC), is compelling. A majority of MCCs contain clonally integrated viral DNA, express viral T antigen transcripts and protein, and exhibit an addiction to the viral large T and small t antigen oncoproteins. The MCPyV large T antigen contains MCC tumor-specific mutations that ablate its replication capacity but preserve its oncogenic functions, and the small t antigen promotes an environment favorable for cap-dependent translation. The mechanisms of MCPyV-induced transformation have not been fully elucidated, but the likely etiological role of this new polyomavirus in human cancer provides a strong opportunity to expand knowledge of virus-host interactions and viral oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Spurgeon
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Detection of Merkel cell polyomavirus with a tumour-specific signature in non-small cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 2013; 108:629-37. [PMID: 23322199 PMCID: PMC3593539 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We searched for a viral aetiology for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), focusing on Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). Methods: We analysed 112 Japanese cases of NSCLC for the presence of the MCPyV genome and the expressions of RNA transcripts and MCPyV-encoded antigen. We also conducted the first analysis of the molecular features of MCPyV in lung cancers. Results: PCR revealed that 9 out of 32 squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), 9 out of 45 adenocarcinomas (ACs), 1 out of 32 large-cell carcinomas, and 1 out of 3 pleomorphic carcinomas were positive for MCPyV DNA. Some MCPyV DNA-positive cancers expressed large T antigen (LT) RNA transcripts. Immunohistochemistry showed that MCPyV LT antigen was expressed in the tumour cells. The viral integration sites were identified in one SCC and one AC. One had both episomal and integrated/truncated forms. The other carried an integrated MCPyV genome with frameshift mutations in the LT gene. Conclusion: We have demonstrated the expression of a viral oncoprotein, the presence of integrated MCPyV, and a truncated LT gene with a preserved retinoblastoma tumour-suppressor protein-binding domain in NSCLCs. Although the viral prevalence was low, the tumour-specific molecular signatures support the possibility that MCPyV is partly associated with the pathogenesis of NSCLC in a subset of patients.
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Detection of Merkel cell polyomavirus in cervical squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas from Japanese patients. Virol J 2012; 9:154. [PMID: 22876976 PMCID: PMC3545865 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) was identified originally in Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), a rare form of human skin neuroendocrine carcinoma. Evidence of MCPyV existence in other forms of malignancy such as cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) is growing. Cervical cancers became the focus of our interest in searching for potentially MCPyV-related tumors because: (i) the major histological type of cervical cancer is the SCC; (ii) the uterine cervix is a common site of neuroendocrine carcinomas histologically similar to MCCs; and (iii) MCPyV might be transmitted during sexual interaction as demonstrated for human papillomavirus (HPV). In this study, we aimed to clarify the possible presence of MCPyV in cervical SCCs from Japanese patients. Cervical adenocarcinomas (ACs) were also studied. Results Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples from 48 cervical SCCs and 16 cervical ACs were examined for the presence of the MCPyV genome by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing analyses. PCR analysis revealed that 9/48 cervical SCCs (19%) and 4/16 cervical ACs (25%) were positive for MCPyV DNA. MCPyV-specific PCR products were sequenced to compare them with reference sequences. The nucleotide sequences in the MCPyV large T (LT)-sequenced region were the same among MCPyV-positive cervical SCCs and AC. Conversely, in the MCPyV viral protein 1 (VP1)-sequenced region, two cervical SCCs and three cervical ACs showed several nucleotide substitutions, of which three caused amino acid substitutions. These sequencing results suggested that three MCPyV variants of the VP1 were identified in our cases. Immunohistochemistry showed that the LT antigen was expressed in tumor cells in MCPyV-positive samples. Genotyping of human HPV in the MCPyV-positive samples revealed that infected HPVs were HPV types 16, 31 and 58 for SCCs and HPV types 16 and 18 for ACs. Conclusions This study provides the first observation that MCPyV coexists in a subset of HPV-associated cervical cancers from Japanese patients. The prevalence of MCPyV in these lesions was close to that observed in the cutaneous SCCs. Further worldwide epidemiological surveys are warranted to determine the possible association of MCPyV with pathogenesis of cervical cancers.
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Haitz KA, Rady PL, Nguyen HP, He Q, Prieto VG, Tyring SK, Ciurea AM. Merkel cell polyomavirus DNA detection in a patient with Merkel cell carcinoma and multiple other skin cancers. Int J Dermatol 2012; 51:442-4. [PMID: 22435435 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kassie A Haitz
- Center for Clinical Studies, Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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de Biase D, Ragazzi M, Asioli S, Eusebi V. Extracutaneous Merkel cell carcinomas harbor polyomavirus DNA. Hum Pathol 2012; 43:980-5. [PMID: 22204708 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma is a neuroendocrine tumor, with characteristic morphological and immunohistochemical features. Originally reported as primary carcinoma of skin, it has been described in numerous other sites such as lymph nodes, oral cavity, breast, vaginal walls, and salivary glands. Recent studies have revealed in cutaneous Merkel cell carcinomas a clonally integrated polyomavirus, named Merkel cell polyomavirus. The aim of the present study was to verify the presence of Merkel cell polyomavirus in 5 cases of primary Merkel cell carcinomas of lymph nodes and 1 case of parotid gland to investigate similarities or differences among Merkel cell carcinomas from various sites. Cases studied were 5 primary Merkel cell carcinomas in lymph nodes, 1 in the parotid gland, and 12 in the skin. Twelve cases of primary and metastatic small cell carcinoma of the lung were also investigated. Immunohistochemistry for keratin 20, chromogranin, synaptophysin, and thyroid transcription factor 1 was performed in all cases. Viral DNA was studied using polymerase chain reaction assay and the products evaluated in agarose gel and sequenced. Cytokeratin 20 and Merkel cell polyomavirus were detected in all cases of primary Merkel cell carcinoma irrespective of their site of origin. On the contrary, all cases of pulmonary small cell carcinoma were negative for both Merkel cell polyomavirus and cytokeratin 20. It appears that cutaneous and extracutaneous Merkel cell carcinomas share similar histologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features. This is further evidence that Merkel cell carcinomas are a multiorgan carcinoma and that Merkel cell polyomavirus might play a role in the pathogenesis of this neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario de Biase
- Department of Hematology and Oncological Sciences "L. & A. Seragnoli," Section of Anatomic Pathology at Bellaria Hospital, University of Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy
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