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Guo H, Bossila EA, Ma X, Zhao C, Zhao Y. Dual Immune Regulatory Roles of Interleukin-33 in Pathological Conditions. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203237. [PMID: 36291105 PMCID: PMC9600220 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33), a member of the IL-1 cytokine family and a multifunctional cytokine, plays critical roles in maintaining host homeostasis and in pathological conditions, such as allergy, infectious diseases, and cancer, by acting on multiple types of immune cells and promoting type 1 and 2 immune responses. IL-33 is rapidly released by immune and non-immune cells upon stimulation by stress, acting as an “alarmin” by binding to its receptor, suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2), to trigger downstream signaling pathways and activate inflammatory and immune responses. It has been recognized that IL-33 displays dual-functioning immune regulatory effects in many diseases and has both pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects, likely depending on its primary target cells, IL-33/sST2 expression levels, cellular context, and the cytokine microenvironment. Herein, we summarize our current understanding of the biological functions of IL-33 and its roles in the pathogenesis of various conditions, including inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, infections, cancers, and cases of organ transplantation. We emphasize the nature of context-dependent dual immune regulatory functions of IL-33 in many cells and diseases and review systemic studies to understand the distinct roles of IL-33 in different cells, which is essential to the development of more effective diagnoses and therapeutic approaches for IL-33-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101499, China
| | - Elhusseny A. Bossila
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101499, China
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Agriculture Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11311, Egypt
| | - Xinran Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101499, China
| | - Chenxu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101499, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101499, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Beijing 100101, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-64807302; Fax: +86-10-64807313
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Askoura M, Abbas HA, Al Sadoun H, Abdulaal WH, Abu Lila AS, Almansour K, Alshammari F, Khafagy ES, Ibrahim TS, Hegazy WAH. Elevated Levels of IL-33, IL-17 and IL-25 Indicate the Progression from Chronicity to Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Hepatitis C Virus Patients. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11010057. [PMID: 35056005 PMCID: PMC8781674 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the most epidemic viral infections in the world. Three-quarters of individuals infected with HCV become chronic. As a consequence of persistent inflammation, a considerable percentage of chronic patients progress to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and finally hepatocellular carcinoma. Cytokines, which are particularly produced from T-helper cells, play a crucial role in immune protection against HCV and the progression of the disease as well. In this study, the role of interleukins IL-33, IL-17, and IL-25 in HCV patients and progression of disease from chronicity to hepatocellular carcinoma will be characterized in order to use them as biomarkers of disease progression. The serum levels of the tested interleukins were measured in patients suffering from chronic hepatitis C (CHC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and healthy controls (C), and their levels were correlated to the degree of liver fibrosis, liver fibrosis markers and viral load. In contrast to the IL-25 serum level, which increased in patients suffering from HCC only, the serum levels of both IL-33 and IL-17 increased significantly in those patients suffering from CHC and HCC. In addition, IL-33 serum level was found to increase by liver fibrosis progression and viral load, in contrast to both IL-17 and IL-25. Current results indicate a significant role of IL-33 in liver inflammation and fibrosis progress in CHC, whereas IL-17 and IL-25 may be used as biomarkers for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momen Askoura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (W.A.H.H.); Tel.: +20-1125226642 (M.A.); +20-1101188800 (W.A.H.H.)
| | - Hisham A. Abbas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Hadeel Al Sadoun
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Wesam H. Abdulaal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Amr S. Abu Lila
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.A.L.); (K.A.); (F.A.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Khaled Almansour
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.A.L.); (K.A.); (F.A.)
| | - Farhan Alshammari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.A.L.); (K.A.); (F.A.)
| | - El-Sayed Khafagy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41552, Egypt
| | - Tarek S. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Wael A. H. Hegazy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (W.A.H.H.); Tel.: +20-1125226642 (M.A.); +20-1101188800 (W.A.H.H.)
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Zeng Z, Hong XY, Li Y, Chen W, Ye G, Li Y, Luo Y. Serum-soluble ST2 as a novel biomarker reflecting inflammatory status and illness severity in patients with COVID-19. Biomark Med 2020; 14:1619-1629. [PMID: 33336592 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2020-0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The authors studied the role of soluble ST2 (sST2) in COVID-19 and its relationship with inflammatory status and disease severity. Materials & methods: Serum levels of sST2 and interleukin (IL)-33, C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid protein (SAA), IL-6 and procalcitonin (PCT), and T lymphocyte subsets from 80 subjects diagnosed with COVID-19 including 36 mild, 41 severe and three asymptomatic cases were tested. Results: Serum sST2 levels were significantly increased in COVID-19 patients, which were positively correlated with CRP, but negatively correlated with CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte counts. Serum sST2 levels in nonsurviving severe cases were persistently high during disease progression. Conclusion: Serum sST2 level test is helpful for reflecting inflammatory status and illness severity of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikun Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Hong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yunhui Li
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Guangming Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yirong Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, Wuhan, 430071, China
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Kulhan NG, Kulhan M, Aydin M, Nayki U, Nayki C, Ulug P, Ata N, Mertoglu C, Cikman A, Sayar İ, Turkler C. Could interleukin-33 and its suppressor of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) receptor have a role in cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infections? Gynecol Endocrinol 2019; 35:796-802. [PMID: 30935248 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2019.1590699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Why most women can clear human papillomavirus (HPV) infections while others can develop permanent infections. The stimulation of immunotolerance of the immune system of the host by the persistent HPV infection may be the answer to this question. Interleukin-33 (IL-33) may play a role in the pathogenesis of HPV infection, this hypothesis was thought to be due to the rapid release of IL-33 from damaged cells following tissue damage, necrosis, and activation of the inflammasome. Thus, in this study, the role of IL-33/suppressor of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) was emphasized in HPV positive and HPV negative cervical tissues. A total of 80 were assessed. The reduced levels of IL-33 and ST2 are associated with cervical HPV infections. There was a statistically significant 42% positive correlation between IL-33 and ST2 in the HPV-positive group. Surprisingly, our data showed no significant difference between the expression levels of IL-33 or ST2 and working status, type of delivery, pre- and post-operative pathology, cigarette, educational status, locality, birth control method, gynecological, and colposcopic findings. We found that as a result of our study; low IL-33 and ST2 levels were associated with HPV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Gozde Kulhan
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan University , Erzincan , Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kulhan
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan University , Erzincan , Turkey
| | - Merve Aydin
- b Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, KTO Karatay University , Konya , Turkey
| | - Umit Nayki
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan University , Erzincan , Turkey
| | - Cenk Nayki
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan University , Erzincan , Turkey
| | - Pasa Ulug
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan University , Erzincan , Turkey
| | - Nahit Ata
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan University , Erzincan , Turkey
| | - Cuma Mertoglu
- c Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan University , Erzincan , Turkey
| | - Aytekin Cikman
- d Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan University , Erzincan , Turkey
| | - İlyas Sayar
- e Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan University , Erzincan , Turkey
| | - Can Turkler
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan University , Erzincan , Turkey
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Brief Report: Statin Effects on Myocardial Fibrosis Markers in People Living With HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2019; 78:105-110. [PMID: 29419569 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In observational studies, patients with HIV have higher levels of soluble ST2 (sST2), galectin-3, and growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) than non-HIV controls. As statins exert pleiotropic immunomodulatory effects that may affect markers of myocardial fibrosis, the objective of the current study is to determine whether biomarkers of myocardial fibrosis reflecting subclinical pathology may be modified by statin therapy in patients with HIV. SETTING AND METHODS Forty HIV+ men and women participated in a single center 12-month randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of atorvastatin 40 mg every day vs. placebo. At baseline and 12-months, sST2, GDF-15, galectin-3 were measured. RESULTS The changes in sST2 were -0.310 (-4.195, 2.075) vs. 1.163 (0.624, 4.715) ng/mL, median (interquartile range) atorvastatin vs. placebo (P = 0.04). The change in sST2 was significantly related to changes in monocyte activation marker sCD14 (r = 0.63, P < 0.0001) and MCP (r = 0.52, P = 0.0009), markers of generalized inflammation hs-IL-6 (r = 0.58, P = 0.0002), oxLDL (r = 0.49, P = 0.002), and GDF-15 (r = 0.54, P = 0.0008). CONCLUSIONS sST2, a member of the IL-1 receptor family and a marker of fibrosis and inflammation increases over time among patients with HIV and this increase is attenuated by statin therapy in HIV. This effect may relate to immunomodulatory mechanisms of statins.
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Wu X, Li Y, Song CB, Chen YL, Fu YJ, Jiang YJ, Ding HB, Shang H, Zhang ZN. Increased Expression of sST2 in Early HIV Infected Patients Attenuated the IL-33 Induced T Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2850. [PMID: 30564243 PMCID: PMC6288272 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell responses were less functional and persisted in an exhausted state in chronic HIV infection. Even in early phase of HIV infection, the dysfunction of HIV-specific T cells can be observed in rapid progressors, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Cytokines play a central role in regulating T cell function. In this study, we sought to elucidate whether IL-33/ST2 axis plays roles in the regulation of T cell function in HIV infection. We found that the level of IL-33 was upregulated in early HIV-infected patients compared with that in healthy controls and has a trend associated with disease progression. In vitro study shows that IL-33 promotes the expression of IFN-γ by Gag stimulated CD4+ and CD8+T cells from HIV-infected patients to a certain extent. However, soluble ST2 (sST2), a decoy receptor of IL-33, was also increased in early HIV infected patients, especially in those with progressive infection. We found that anti-ST2 antibodies attenuated the effect of IL-33 to CD4+ and CD8+T cells. Our data indicates that elevated expression of IL-33 in early HIV infection has the potential to enhance the function of T cells, but the upregulated sST2 weakens the activity of IL-33, which may indirectly contribute to the dysfunction of T cells and rapid disease progression. This data broadens the understanding of HIV pathogenesis and provides critical information for HIV intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yao Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Clinical and Emergency Medical Laboratory Department, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Cheng-Bo Song
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Ya-Li Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Ya-Jing Fu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Yong-Jun Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Hai-Bo Ding
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Shang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Zi-Ning Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
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7
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Abstract
Although immunotherapy has been at the forefront of cancer therapy for the last several years, better clinical responses are still desired. Interleukin-33 is perhaps one of the most overlooked antitumor cytokines. Its ability to promote type 1 immune responses, which control tumor growth in preclinical animal models is overshadowed by its association with type 2 immunity and poor prognosis in some human cancers. Accumulating evidence shows that IL-33 is a powerful new tool for restoring and enhancing the body's natural antitumor immunity cycle. Furthermore, the antitumor mechanisms of IL-33 are two-fold, as it can directly boost CD8+ T cell function and restore dendritic cell dysfunction in vivo. Mechanistic studies have identified a novel pathway induced by IL-33 and its receptor ST2 in which dendritic cells avoid dysfunction and retain cross-priming abilities in tumor-bearing conditions. Here, we also comment on IL-33 data in human cancers and explore the idea that endogenous IL-33 may not deserve its reputation for promoting tumor growth. In fact, tumors may hijack the IL-33/ST2 axis to avoid immune surveillance and escape antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donye Dominguez
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine–Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine–Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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8
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Serum suppression of tumorigenicity 2 level is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 2017; 31:2355-2365. [PMID: 29068834 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the predictive value of soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2), a decoy receptor of IL-33 involved in several inflammatory and immune diseases, for death in HIV infection. DESIGN Patients enrolled in the ANRS CO3 Aquitaine Cohort, a prospective hospital-based cohort of HIV-1-infected patients, who had a plasma sample available in the biobank were systematically eligible. METHODS sST2, soluble CD14 (sCD14) and IL-6 were measured using Luminex multiplex bead-based technology (R&D Systems) and a Bio-Plex 200 instrument (BioRad). Predictive capacities of sST2, sCD14, IL-6 and of the Veterans Aging Cohort Study clinical score at baseline on overall mortality were compared using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 7.2 years [interquartile range (IQR): 6.0; 7.9], 93 deaths from all causes (incidence rate 9.9 per 1000 patient-years; 95% confidence interval 7.9-11.9) were reported in 1414 patients. The median sST2 baseline concentration was 22.9 ng/ml (IQR: 17.7; 30.3) and was higher (30.8 ng/ml, IQR: 21.5; 42.1) in patients who died as compared with those who stayed alive (22.6 ng/ml; IQR: 17.5; 29.6) (P < 10). An increased risk of death of 21% for a concentration 10.0 ng/ml higher of sST2 remained after adjustment for sCD14, IL-6 and Veterans Aging Cohort Study score (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.21; P < 10). The predictive capacity of sST2 was confirmed in a validation cohort (n = 386, 31 deaths) with an improved area c-index from 0.804 without sST2 to 0.811 with sST2. CONCLUSION sST2 is a new valuable biomarker to evaluate the risk of all-cause mortality in HIV disease.
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9
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Gougeon ML. Alarmins and central nervous system inflammation in HIV-associated neurological disorders. J Intern Med 2017; 281:433-447. [PMID: 27862491 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) persist in infected individuals with adequate immunological and virological status. Risk factors for cognitive impairment include hepatitis C virus co-infection, host genetic factors predisposing to HAND, the early establishment of the virus in the CNS and its persistence under HAART; thus, the CNS is an important reservoir for HIV. Microglial cells are permissive to HIV-1, and NLRP3 inflammasome-associated genes were found expressed in brains of HIV-1-infected persons, contributing to brain disease. Inflammasomes can be triggered by alarmins or danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which directly stimulate the production of proinflammatory mediators by glial cells, contribute to blood-brain barrier injury through induction of release of various proteases and allow the passage of infected macrophages, and trigger IL-1β release from primed cells. Amongst alarmins involved in HIV-1-induced neuropathogenesis, IL-33 and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) are of particular interest. Neurocognitive alterations were recently associated with dysregulation of the IL-33/ST2 axis in the CNS, leading to the induction of neuronal apoptosis, decrease in synaptic function and neuroinflammation. Specific biomarkers, including HMGB1 and anti-HMGB1 antibodies, have been identified in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with HAND, correlated with immune activation and identifying a very early stage of neurocognitive impairment that precedes changes in metabolites detected by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Moreover, HMGB1 plays a crucial role in HIV-1 persistence in dendritic cells and in the constitution of viral reservoirs. In this review, the mechanisms whereby alarmins contribute to HIV-1-induced CNS inflammation and neuropathogenesis will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-L Gougeon
- Institut Pasteur, Antiviral Immunity, Biotherapy and Vaccine Unit, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Paris, France
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10
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Jiang SW, Wang P, Xiang XG, Mo RD, Lin LY, Bao SS, Lu J, Xie Q. Serum soluble ST2 is a promising prognostic biomarker in HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2017; 16:181-188. [PMID: 28381383 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(16)60185-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The IL-33/ST2 axis is involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases such as autoimmune diseases, cancer, and heart failure. However, studies of the IL-33/ST2 pathway in HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-ACLF) are lacking. The present study aimed to determine the prognostic role of serum IL-33/soluble ST2 (sST2) in HBV-ACLF. METHODS Serum levels of IL-33 and sST2 in healthy controls (HC, n=18), chronic hepatitis B (CHB, n=27) and HBV-ACLF (n=51) patients at the 1st and 4th week after enrollment were detected using ELISA, and clinical data were collected. The follow-up of HBV-ACLF patients lasted for 6 months at least. RESULTS There was no significant difference of serum IL-33 level among HC, CHB and HBV-ACLF patients at week 1. However, serum sST2 level differed significantly among the three groups: highest in the HBV-ACLF group, moderate in the CHB group and lowest in the HC group. There was a reverse correlation between serum sST2 level and the survival of HBV-ACLF patients. The level of serum sST2 in HBV-ACLF survivors was significantly declined from week 1 to week 4 following the treatment, whereas that in HBV-ACLF non-survivors remained at a high level during the same period. Furthermore, serum sST2 level was significantly correlated with laboratory parameters and the most updated prognostic scores (CLIF-C OF score, CLIF-C ACLF score and ACLF grades). The receiver operating characteristics curves demonstrated that serum sST2 level was a good diagnostic marker for predicting the 6-month mortality in HBV-ACLF patients, comparable to the most updated prognostic scores. Serum sST2 cut-off points for predicting prognosis in HBV-ACLF patients were 76 ng/mL at week 1 or 53 ng/mL at week 4, respectively. HBV-ACLF patients with serum sST2 level above the cut-off point often had a worse prognosis than those below the cut-off point. CONCLUSION Serum sST2 may act as a promising biomarker to assess severity and predict prognosis of patients with HBV-ACLF and help for the early identification and optimal treatment of HBV-ACLF patients at high risk of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Wen Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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11
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Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) - a member of the IL-1 family - was originally described as an inducer of type 2 immune responses, activating T helper 2 (TH2) cells and mast cells. Now, evidence is accumulating that IL-33 also potently stimulates group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), regulatory T (Treg) cells, TH1 cells, CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. This pleiotropic nature is reflected in the role of IL-33 in tissue and metabolic homeostasis, infection, inflammation, cancer and diseases of the central nervous system. In this Review, we highlight the molecular and cellular characteristics of IL-33, together with its major role in health and disease and the potential therapeutic implications of these findings in humans.
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12
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Ação da IL33 na artrite reumatoide: contribuição para a fisiopatalogia. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE REUMATOLOGIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbr.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Mehraj V, Ponte R, Routy JP. The Dynamic Role of the IL-33/ST2 Axis in Chronic Viral-infections: Alarming and Adjuvanting the Immune Response. EBioMedicine 2016; 9:37-44. [PMID: 27397514 PMCID: PMC4972565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 33 (IL-33), a member of the IL-1 family, is constitutively expressed in epithelial and in endothelial cells at barrier sites, acting as a danger signal and adjuvanting the immune response following tissue damage and infection. Originally implicated in allergy, IL-33 is also known to be involved in innate and adaptive immune responses by enhancing natural killer, Th1, and CD4 and CD8 T-cell functions. The nature of the antiviral immune response orchestrated by IL-33 depends on the site of infection, the duration of the disease and the cytokine milieu. In this review, we focus on the distinctive contribution of IL-33 as an anti-infective and proinflammatory cytokine in response to cell death and viral infections. The dynamic role of IL-33 in the acute and chronic phases of infection with HIV, hepatitis B and C viruses, and with CMV is highlighted. This review will also discuss the potential immunotherapeutic and adjuvant roles of IL-33. Search Strategy and Selection Criteria English language, indexed publications in PubMed were searched using combinations of following key words: “interleukin-33”, “IL-33”, “suppression of tumorigenicity 2”, ST2”, “sST2”, “HIV”, “HBV”, “HCV”, “CMV”, “HPV”, “immunotherapy” and “vaccine”. Except for seminal studies, only articles published between 2010 and 2016 were included. IL-33, a guardian of barriers, acts as an alarmin and as an enhancer of immune responses following injury or infection. sST2, the IL-33 decoy receptor, is considered as a biomarker for allergies, cardiac conditions and infections. IL-33 has immunotherapeutic and/or adjuvant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Mehraj
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Rosalie Ponte
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Following tissue barrier breaches, interleukin-33 (IL-33) is released as an 'alarmin' to induce inflammation. Soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2), as an IL-33 decoy receptor, contributes to limit inflammation. We assessed the relationship between the IL-33/ST2 axis and markers of gut mucosal damage in patients with early (EHI) and chronic HIV infection (CHI) and elite controllers. DESIGN Analyses on patients with EHI and CHI were conducted to determine IL-33/sST2 changes over time. METHODS IL-33 and sST2 levels were measured in plasma. Correlations between sST2 levels and plasma viral load, CD4 and CD8 T-cell counts, expression of T-cell activation/exhaustion markers, gut mucosal damage, microbial translocation and inflammation markers, as well as kynurenine/tryptophan ratio were assessed. RESULTS Plasma sST2 levels were elevated in EHI compared with untreated CHI and uninfected controls, whereas IL-33 levels were comparable in all groups. In EHI, sST2 levels were positively correlated with the CD8 T-cell count and the percentage of T cells expressing activation and exhaustion markers, but not with viral load or CD4 T-cell count. Plasma sST2 levels also correlated with plasma levels of gut mucosal damage, microbial translocation and kynurenine/tryptophan ratio and for some markers of inflammation. Prospective analyses showed that early antiretroviral therapy had no impact on sST2 levels, whereas longer treatment duration initiated during CHI normalized sST2. CONCLUSION As sST2 levels were elevated in EHI and were correlated with CD8 T-cell count, immune activation, and microbial translocation, sST2 may serve as a marker of disease progression, gut damage and may directly contribute to HIV pathogenesis.
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15
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Macedo RBV, Kakehasi AM, Melo de Andrade MV. IL33 in rheumatoid arthritis: potential contribution to pathogenesis. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE REUMATOLOGIA 2016; 56:451-457. [PMID: 27692395 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbre.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the inflammatory mechanisms of rheumatoid arthritis and the development of biological therapy revolutionized its treatment, enabling an interference in the synovitis - structural damage - functional disability cycle. Interleukin 33 was recently described as a new member of the interleukin-1 family, whose common feature is its pro-inflammatory activity. Its involvement in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, raises the interest in the possible relationship with rheumatoid arthritis. Its action has been evaluated in experimental models of arthritis as well as in serum, synovial fluid and membrane of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. It has been shown that the administration of interleukin-33 exacerbates collagen-induced arthritis in experimental models, and a positive correlation between cytokine concentrations in serum and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and disease activity was found. This review discusses evidence for the role of interleukin-33 with a focus on rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriana Maria Kakehasi
- Departamento do Aparelho Locomotor, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Melo de Andrade
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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16
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Yndart A, Kaushik A, Agudelo M, Raymond A, Atluri VS, Saxena SK, Nair M. Investigation of Neuropathogenesis in HIV-1 Clade B and C Infection Associated with IL-33 and ST2 Regulation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1600-12. [PMID: 26110635 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In present research work, for the first time, we demonstrate that neuropathogenesis in HIV-1 clade B and C infection is associated with IL-33 and ST2 dysregulation, that is, implication toward neuropathogenesis. It is known that neuropathogenesis of HIV infected individuals is clade dependent. Proinflammatory cytokines and related receptors play a significant role in the complex regulatory mechanisms of neuropathogenesis in HIV-1 infection. Among them, IL-33 is an inflammatory cytokine expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and activates microglia cells and may affect neuroimmune inflammatory processes involved in HIV neuropathogenesis. Beside this, IL-33 receptor (ST2) plays a role in neuroinflammatory processes through the modulation of the biological action of IL-33. quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR), ELISA, Western blot (WB), and flow cytometry experiments were performed to elucidate the role of IL-33/ST2 in HIV neuropathogenesis in CNS cells. Apoptosis and mechanisms of IL-33 in neuronal cells were studied using caspase-3 assay and RT-PCR. Results of the studies suggest that the infection in CNS cells with HIV-1 clade B resulted in higher levels of IL-33/ST2L expression compared to HIV-1 clade C infection. Furthermore, higher concentrations of IL-33 were associated with a decrease in myocyte enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C) expression, a transcription factor that regulates synaptic function, and an increase in apoptosis, NOD2, and SLC11A1 in clade B infection. This led to neuroinflammation which dysregulates synaptic function and apoptosis. These parameters are common in neuroAIDS provoked by HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Yndart
- Center
of Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Department
of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- Center
of Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Department
of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Marisela Agudelo
- Center
of Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Department
of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Andrea Raymond
- Center
of Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Department
of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Venkata S. Atluri
- Center
of Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Department
of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Shailendra K Saxena
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007 (TS), India
| | - Madhavan Nair
- Center
of Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Department
of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
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17
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Secemsky EA, Scherzer R, Nitta E, Wu AHB, Lange DC, Deeks SG, Martin JN, Snider J, Ganz P, Hsue PY. Novel Biomarkers of Cardiac Stress, Cardiovascular Dysfunction, and Outcomes in HIV-Infected Individuals. JACC-HEART FAILURE 2015; 3:591-9. [PMID: 26164679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to determine whether biomarkers ST2, growth differentiation factor (GDF)-15, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and high-sensitivity troponin I are elevated in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and are associated with cardiovascular dysfunction and all-cause mortality. BACKGROUND HIV-infected patients have high rates of cardiovascular disease. Markers of myocardial stress may identify at-risk patients and provide additional prognostic information. METHODS Biomarkers and echocardiograms were assessed in 332 HIV-infected patients and 50 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Left ventricular systolic dysfunction was defined as ejection fraction <50%, diastolic dysfunction (DD) as stage 1 or higher, and pulmonary hypertension as pulmonary artery systolic pressure ≥35 mm Hg. Mortality data were obtained from the National Death Index. RESULTS Patients with HIV had a median age of 49 years, and 80% were male. Compared with control subjects, HIV-infected patients had higher adjusted percent estimates of all biomarkers except ST2 and interleukin-6. Among HIV-infected patients, 45% had DD; only ST2 was associated with DD (relative risk [RR]: 1.36; p = 0.047). Left ventricular systolic dysfunction was rare in this cohort (5%). Pulmonary hypertension was present in 27% of HIV-infected patients and was associated with GDF-15 (RR: 1.18; p = 0.04), NT-proBNP (RR: 1.18; p = 0.007), and cystatin C (RR: 1.54; p = 0.03). Thirty-eight deaths occurred among HIV-infected patients over a median of 6.1 years. In adjusted analysis, all-cause mortality was independently predicted by ST2 (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.04; p = 0.010), GDF-15 (HR: 1.42; p = 0.0054), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (HR: 1.25; p = 0.023), and D-dimer (HR: 1.49; p = 0.029). Relationships were unchanged when analyses were restricted to virally suppressed HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. CONCLUSIONS Among HIV-infected patients, ST2 and GDF-15 were associated with both cardiovascular dysfunction and all-cause mortality, and these variables may be useful at identifying those at risk for developing cardiovascular events and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Secemsky
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rebecca Scherzer
- Department of Medicine, Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Elaine Nitta
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Alan H B Wu
- Laboratory Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - David C Lange
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Hospital, Los Angeles, California
| | - Steven G Deeks
- San Francisco General Hospital HIV/AIDS Division, Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jeffrey N Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California-San Francisco and San Francisco General Hospital HIV/AIDS Division, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Peter Ganz
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Priscilla Y Hsue
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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Wael AHH, Mohamed AH. Hepatitis C virus pathogenesis: Serum IL-33 level indicates liver damage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/ajmr2015.7496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
Suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2, also known as interleukin [IL]-1 receptor-like-1) is an IL-1 receptor family member with transmembrane (ST2L) and soluble isoforms (sST2). ST2L is a membrane-bound receptor, and IL-33 is the functional ligand for ST2L. sST2, a soluble truncated form of ST2L, is secreted into the circulation and functions as a "decoy" receptor for IL-33, inhibiting IL-33/ST2L signaling. Blood concentrations of sST2 are increased in inflammatory diseases and heart disease and are considered a valuable prognostic marker in both conditions. In multiple clinical trials, sST2 has emerged as a clinically useful prognostic biomarker in patients with cardiac diseases. Interestingly, sST2 even provides prognostic information in low-risk community-based populations. In this review, we will discuss analytical considerations of measuring circulating sST2 including pre-analytical issues, such as in vitro stability of sST2, biological variation of sST2, and postanalytical issues, such as reference ranges and comparisons to diseased cohorts.
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Increased levels of soluble ST2 in patients with active newly diagnosed ANCA-associated vasculitis. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:603750. [PMID: 25802482 PMCID: PMC4352904 DOI: 10.1155/2015/603750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ST2, a member of the interleukin-1 receptor family, is selectively expressed on Th2 cells and mediates important Th2 functions. IL-33 is a specific ligand of ST2. The aim of the study was to determine whether serum levels of soluble ST2 (sST2) or IL-33 predict activity of the disease in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitides (AAV). METHODS 139 AAV patients and 62 controls were studied. IL-33 and sST2 in the blood were measured with a commercially available ELISA. RESULTS Newly diagnosed AAV patients had higher sST2 levels than controls (P < 0.01). Levels of sST2 were significantly higher in active newly diagnosed AAV patients than in patients with remission (P < 0.001). IL-33 levels were higher in AAV patients than in the control groups (P = 0.002). However, serum IL-33 levels were not increased in patients with active AAV compared to patients in remission. IL-33 levels were higher in patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis than in patients with microscopic polyangiitis (P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS Serum sST2, but not serum IL-33, may be a marker of activity in AAV patients.
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21
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Crucial and diverse role of the interleukin-33/ST2 axis in infectious diseases. Infect Immun 2015; 83:1738-48. [PMID: 25712928 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02908-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) has now emerged as a cytokine with diverse and pleiotropic functions in various infectious and inflammatory diseases. IL-33 is expressed by epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and hepatocytes. The target cells of IL-33 are Th2 cells, basophils, dendritic cells, mast cells, macrophages, NKT cells, and nuocytes, newly discovered natural helper cells/innate lymphoid cells bearing the ST2 receptor. IL-33 has dual functions, both as a traditional cytokine and as a nuclear factor that regulates gene transcription. IL-33 functions as an "alarmin" released following cell death, as a biomarker, and as a vaccine adjuvant, with proinflammatory and protective effects during various infections. The exacerbated or protective role of the IL-33/ST2 axis during different infections is dependent upon the organ involved, type of infectious agent, whether the infection is acute or chronic, the invasiveness of the infectious agent, the host immune compartment, and cellular and cytokine microenvironments. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the understanding of the role of the IL-33/ST2 axis in various viral, bacterial, fungal, helminth, and protozoal infectious diseases gained from animal models and studies in human patients. The functional role of IL-33 and ST2 during experimentally induced infections has been summarized by accumulating the data for IL-33- and ST2-deficient mice or for mice exogenously administered IL-33. In summary, exploring the crucial and diverse roles of the IL-33/ST2 axis during infections may help in the development of therapeutic interventions for a wide range of infectious diseases.
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Jenabian MA, El-Far M, Vyboh K, Kema I, Costiniuk CT, Thomas R, Baril JG, LeBlanc R, Kanagaratham C, Radzioch D, Allam O, Ahmad A, Lebouché B, Tremblay C, Ancuta P, Routy JP. Immunosuppressive Tryptophan Catabolism and Gut Mucosal Dysfunction Following Early HIV Infection. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:355-66. [PMID: 25616404 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tryptophan (Trp) catabolism into kynurenine (Kyn) contributes to immune dysfunction in chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. To better define the relationship between Trp catabolism, inflammation, gut mucosal dysfunction, and the role of early antiretroviral therapy (ART), we prospectively assessed patients early after they acquired HIV. METHODS Forty patients in the early phase of infection were longitudinally followed for 12 months after receiving a diagnosis of HIV infection; 24 were untreated, and 16 were receiving ART. Kyn/Trp ratio, regulatory T-cells (Tregs) frequency, T-cell activation, dendritic cell counts, and plasma levels of gut mucosal dysfunction markers intestinal-type fatty acid-binding protein, soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2, and lipopolysaccharide were assessed. RESULTS Compared with healthy subjects, patients in the early phase of infection presented with elevated Kyn/Trp ratios, which further increased in untreated patients but normalized in ART recipients. Accordingly, in untreated subjects, the elevated Treg frequency observed at baseline continued to increase over time. The highest CD8(+) T-cell activation was observed during the early phase of infection and decreased in untreated patients, whereas activation normalized in ART recipients. The Kyn/Trp ratio was positively associated with CD8(+) T-cell activation and levels of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 6, interferon γ-inducible protein 10, interleukin 18, and tumor necrosis factor α) and negatively associated with dendritic cell frequencies at baseline and in untreated patients. However, ART did not normalize plasma levels of gut mucosal dysfunction markers. CONCLUSIONS Early initiation of ART normalized enhanced Trp catabolism and immune activation but did not improve plasma levels of gut mucosal dysfunction markers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ido Kema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Roger LeBlanc
- Chronic Viral Illnesses Service Clinique Médicale OPUS
| | | | | | - Ossama Allam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ali Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Cécile Tremblay
- CHUM Research Centre Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illnesses Service Research Institute Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre
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Lei Z, Mo Z, Zhu J, Pang X, Zheng X, Wu Z, Wang K, Li X, Xie D, Gao Z. Soluble ST2 plasma concentrations predict mortality in HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:535938. [PMID: 25892854 PMCID: PMC4393901 DOI: 10.1155/2015/535938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-ACLF) is a rapidly progressing and frequently fatal condition. The aim of this study was to determine whether interleukin- (IL-) 33 and soluble ST2 (sST2) were associated with disease severity and mortality in HBV-ACLF. We found that plasma levels of sST2 but not IL-33 were higher in HBV-ACLF patients compared with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients and healthy controls. However, plasma levels of IL-33, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-10 did not correlate with sST2 levels. Similarly, immunohistochemistry revealed low IL-33 expression and high ST2 expression in liver sections of patients with HBV-ACLF. Evaluation of dynamic changes of sST2 in HBV-ACLF showed that plasma sST2 levels increased over time in patients who died during the 180-day follow-up but decreased in those who survived. In addition, plasma sST2 level after week 1 correlated with disease severity, as assessed by total bilirubin, prothrombin time, and model for end-stage liver disease score. Results of Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that higher sST2 concentration (≥87 ng/mL) at week 3 was associated with poor survival. These findings indicate the potential usefulness of sST2 as a predictor of disease severity and in making treatment decisions for patients with HBV-ACLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Lei
- 1Department of Infectious Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yet-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
- 2Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Zhishuo Mo
- 1Department of Infectious Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yet-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
- 2Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Jianyun Zhu
- 1Department of Infectious Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yet-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
- 2Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Xiuqing Pang
- 1Department of Infectious Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yet-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
- 2Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Xingrong Zheng
- 1Department of Infectious Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yet-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
- 2Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Zhebin Wu
- 1Department of Infectious Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yet-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
- 2Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Ke Wang
- 1Department of Infectious Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yet-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
- 2Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Xinhua Li
- 1Department of Infectious Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yet-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
- 2Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
- *Xinhua Li: and
| | - Dongying Xie
- 1Department of Infectious Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yet-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
- 2Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
- *Dongying Xie:
| | - Zhiliang Gao
- 1Department of Infectious Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yet-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
- 2Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
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Dieplinger B, Mueller T. Soluble ST2 in heart failure. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 443:57-70. [PMID: 25269091 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In addition to routine clinical laboratory tests (including natriuretic peptides and cardiac troponins), other biomarkers are gaining attention for their utility in heart failure (HF) management. Among them, soluble ST2 (sST2) a novel biomarker integrating inflammation, fibrosis, and cardiac stress has been included in the 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for additive risk stratification of patients with acute and chronic HF. sST2 is an interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor family member, is secreted into the circulation and functions as a "decoy" receptor for IL-33, inhibiting IL-33/ST2 signaling. Blood concentrations of sST2 are increased in various diseases such as inflammatory diseases and heart diseases and are considered a valuable prognostic marker in both conditions. sST2 lacks disease specificity and, therefore, is not a valuable marker for the diagnosis of HF. In acute and chronic HF, however, sST2 is strongly associated with measures of HF severity and poor outcome. Several studies in patients with HF indicate that serial measurement of sST2 has prognostic value and could have a potential role in future biomarker-directed therapy. In this review, the role of sST2 as a HF biomarker will be discussed, specifically addressing analytical considerations of measuring sST2 as well as the clinical applications of measurement of sST2 for the diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of acute and chronic HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Dieplinger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Konventhospital Barmherzige Brueder, Linz, Austria.
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Konventhospital Barmherzige Brueder, Linz, Austria
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Pathogenic mouse hepatitis virus or poly(I:C) induce IL-33 in hepatocytes in murine models of hepatitis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74278. [PMID: 24058536 PMCID: PMC3772926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The IL-33/ST2 axis is known to be involved in liver pathologies. Although, the IL-33 levels increased in sera of viral hepatitis patients in human, the cellular sources of IL-33 in viral hepatitis remained obscure. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the expression of IL-33 in murine fulminant hepatitis induced by a Toll like receptor (TLR3) viral mimetic, poly(I:C) or by pathogenic mouse hepatitis virus (L2-MHV3). The administration of poly(I:C) plus D-galactosamine (D-GalN) in mice led to acute liver injury associated with the induction of IL-33 expression in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) and vascular endothelial cells (VEC), while the administration of poly(I:C) alone led to hepatocyte specific IL-33 expression in addition to vascular IL-33 expression. The hepatocyte-specific IL-33 expression was down-regulated in NK-depleted poly(I:C) treated mice suggesting a partial regulation of IL-33 by NK cells. The CD1d KO (NKT deficient) mice showed hepatoprotection against poly(I:C)-induced hepatitis in association with increased number of IL-33 expressing hepatocytes in CD1d KO mice than WT controls. These results suggest that hepatocyte-specific IL-33 expression in poly(I:C) induced liver injury was partially dependent of NK cells and with limited role of NKT cells. In parallel, the L2-MHV3 infection in mice induced fulminant hepatitis associated with up-regulated IL-33 expression as well as pro-inflammatory cytokine microenvironment in liver. The LSEC and VEC expressed inducible expression of IL-33 following L2-MHV3 infection but the hepatocyte-specific IL-33 expression was only evident between 24 to 32h of post infection. In conclusion, the alarmin cytokine IL-33 was over-expressed during fulminant hepatitis in mice with LSEC, VEC and hepatocytes as potential sources of IL-33.
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Arshad MI, Piquet-Pellorce C, Samson M. IL-33 and HMGB1 alarmins: sensors of cellular death and their involvement in liver pathology. Liver Int 2012; 32:1200-10. [PMID: 22530772 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2012.02802.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
'Alarmins' are a group of proteins or molecules that are released from cells during cellular demise to alert the host immune system. Two of them, Interleukin-33 (IL-33) and high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), share many similarities of cellular localization, functions and involvement in various inflammatory pathologies including hepatitis. The expressions of IL-33 and HMGB1, and their receptors ST2 and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), are substantially up-regulated during acute and chronic hepatitis. Recent data evidence a possible protective role of IL-33/ST2 axis during liver injury. A contrast in expression of IL-33 and HMGB1 alarmins were associated with type of hepatocellular death mediated by immune cells or hepato-toxic agents. The massive release of active form of IL-33 from hepatocytes may affect the recruitment and activation of its ST2-positive target immune cells in the liver to confer its alarmin functions. This review highlights the emerging roles of alarmin proteins in various liver pathologies, by focusing on classical HMGB1 and a newly discovered alarmin, the IL-33.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad I Arshad
- Institut de Recherche Santé Environnement & Travail, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U.1085, Rennes, France
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Reduced levels of interleukin 33 and increased levels of soluble ST2 in subjects with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 249:93-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Wang J, Cai Y, Ji H, Feng J, Ayana DA, Niu J, Jiang Y. Serum IL-33 levels are associated with liver damage in patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2012; 32:248-53. [PMID: 22304300 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2011.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This aim of this study was to assess the potential role of IL-33 in the pathogenic process of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). The levels of serum IL-33 and soluble ST2 (sST2) in CHB patients and healthy controls (HC) were determined using enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay, and the Th1 (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10) cytokines by cytometric bead array. It was found that the levels of serum IL-33 in CHB patients were significantly higher than that of HC at the base line, but decreased after treatment with adefovir dipivoxil for 12 weeks. The levels of serum sST2, as a decoy receptor of IL-33, were significantly higher in CHB patients than the HC. There was no correlation between the levels of serum sST2 and IL-33. The concentrations of serum Th1 (IFN-γ, IL-2) and Th2 (IL-6, IL-10) cytokines in CHB patients significantly increased after treatment compared to the baseline. These results suggest that IL-33 is involved in the pathogenesis of CHB and that adefovir dipivoxil therapy can attenuate the production of IL-33 in patients with CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, the Second Part of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Wang J, Zhao P, Guo H, Sun X, Jiang Z, Xu L, Feng J, Niu J, Jiang Y. Serum IL-33 levels are associated with liver damage in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:819636. [PMID: 22315510 PMCID: PMC3270460 DOI: 10.1155/2012/819636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is associated with the development of Th2 responses. This study examined the potential role of IL-33 in the pathogenic process of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) in Chinese patients. The levels of serum IL-33 and sST2 in 154 patients with CHC, 24 with spontaneously resolved HCV (SR-HCV) infection and 20 healthy controls (HC), were analyzed by ELISA. The concentrations of serum IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10, HCV loads, ALT, AST, and HCV-Ab were measured. We found that the levels of serum IL-33 in CHC patients were significantly higher than those of SR-HCV and HC but decreased after treatment with interferon for 12 weeks. More importantly, the levels of serum IL-33 were correlated with the concentrations of ALT and AST in CHC patients. The levels of serum sST2, as a decoy receptor of IL-33, were significantly higher in CHC and SR-CHC patients than those in HC, and there was no correlation between the levels of serum sST2 and IL-33. The concentrations of serum IFN-γ and IL-6 in CHC patients were significantly lower than those of SR-HCV. These data suggest that IL-33 may be a pathogenic factor contributing to CHC-related liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Second Part of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Pingwei Zhao
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Second Part of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Second Part of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Xiguang Sun
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Second Part of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Zhenyu Jiang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Second Part of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Lijun Xu
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Second Part of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Junyan Feng
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Second Part of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Junqi Niu
- Department of Hepatology, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130032, China
- *Junqi Niu: and
| | - Yanfang Jiang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Second Part of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130032, China
- *Yanfang Jiang:
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