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Wang J, Nie H. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of Sox gene family in the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 50:101244. [PMID: 38749209 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2024.101244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
Sox transcription factors are vital in numerous fundamental biological processes. In this study, nine Sox gene family members were discovered in the Ruditapes philippinarum genome, classified into the SoxB1, SoxB2, SoxC, SoxD, SoxE, and SoxF groups, marking the first genome-wide identification of this gene family in R. philippinarum. Analyses of phylogeny, exon-intron structures, and domains bolster the support for their categorization and annotation. Furthermore, transcriptomic analyses across various developmental stages revealed that RpSox4, RpSox5, RpSox9, and RpSox11 were significantly expressed in the D-larval stage. Additionally, investigations into transcriptomes of clams with different shell colors indicated that most sox genes exhibited their highest expression levels in orange clams, followed by zebra, white zebra, and white clams, and the results of transcriptomes analysis in different tissues indicated that 8 Sox genes (except RpSox17) were highly expressed in the mantle tissue. Moreover, qPCR was used to detect the expression of Sox gene in R. philippinarum at different developmental periods, different shell colors and different tissues, and the results showed consistency with those of the transcriptomes. This study's findings lay the groundwork for additional exploration into the role of the Sox gene in melanin production in R. philippinarum shells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadi Wang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hongtao Nie
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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2
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Daboussi L, Costaguta G, Gullo M, Jasinski N, Pessino V, O'Leary B, Lettieri K, Driscoll S, Pfaff SL. Mitf is a Schwann cell sensor of axonal integrity that drives nerve repair. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113282. [PMID: 38007688 PMCID: PMC11034927 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells respond to acute axon damage by transiently transdifferentiating into specialized repair cells that restore sensorimotor function. However, the molecular systems controlling repair cell formation and function are not well defined, and consequently, it is unclear whether this form of cellular plasticity has a role in peripheral neuropathies. Here, we identify Mitf as a transcriptional sensor of axon damage under the control of Nrg-ErbB-PI3K-PI5K-mTorc2 signaling. Mitf regulates a core transcriptional program for generating functional repair Schwann cells following injury and during peripheral neuropathies caused by CMT4J and CMT4D. In the absence of Mitf, core genes for epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, metabolism, and dedifferentiation are misexpressed, and nerve repair is disrupted. Our findings demonstrate that Schwann cells monitor axonal health using a phosphoinositide signaling system that controls Mitf nuclear localization, which is critical for activating cellular plasticity and counteracting neural disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Daboussi
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Giancarlo Costaguta
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Miriam Gullo
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicole Jasinski
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Veronica Pessino
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brendan O'Leary
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Karen Lettieri
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shawn Driscoll
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Samuel L Pfaff
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Single-cell chromatin landscapes of mouse skin development. Sci Data 2022; 9:741. [PMID: 36460683 PMCID: PMC9718782 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01839-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The coat of mammals is produced by hair follicles, and hair follicle is an important and complex accessory organ of skin. As a complex physiological regulation process, hair follicle morphogenesis is regulated by a series of signal pathway factors, involves the interaction of multiple cell types and begins in the early embryonic stage. However, its transcriptional regulatory mechanism is unclear. We have therefore utilized single-cell ATAC sequencing to obtain the chromatin accessibility landscapes of 6,928, 6,961 and 7,374 high-quality cells from the dorsal skins of E13.5, E16.5 and P0 mice (Mus musculus), respectively. Based on marker gene activity clustering, we defined 6, 8 and 5 distinct cell types in E13.5, E16.5 and P0 stages, respectively. Furtherly, we integrated the fibroblasts and keratinocytes clusters, performed further analysis and re-clustered. The single cell map of the chromatin open area was drawn from each cell type and the mechanism of cell transcription regulation was explored. Collectively, our data provide a reference for deeply exploring the epigenetic regulation mechanism of mouse hair follicles development.
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Understanding Mammalian Hair Follicle Ecosystems by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182409. [PMID: 36139270 PMCID: PMC9495062 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Single-cell sequencing technology can reflect cell population heterogeneity at the single-cell level, leading to a better understanding of the role of individual cells in the microenvironment. Over the past few years, single-cell sequencing technology has not only made more new discoveries in the study of cellular heterogeneity of other rare cells such as stem cells, but has also become the most powerful research method for embryonic development, organ differentiation, cancer occurrence, and cell mapping. In this review, we outline the use of scRNA-seq in hair follicles. In particular, by focusing on landmark studies and the recent discovery of novel subpopulations of hair follicles, we summarize the phenotypic diversity of hair follicle cells and their links to hair follicle morphogenesis. Enhancing our understanding of the progress of hair follicle research will help to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms that determine the fate of different types of cells in the hair follicle, thereby guiding hair loss treatment and hair-producing economic animal breeding research. Abstract Single-cell sequencing technology can fully reflect the heterogeneity of cell populations at the single cell level, making it possible for us to re-recognize various tissues and organs. At present, the sequencing study of hair follicles is transiting from the traditional ordinary transcriptome level to the single cell level, which will provide diverse insights into the function of hair follicle cells. This review focuses on research advances in the hair follicle microenvironment obtained from scRNA-seq studies of major cell types in hair follicle development, with a special emphasis on the discovery of new subpopulations of hair follicles by single-cell techniques. We also discuss the problems and current solutions in scRNA-seq observation and look forward to its prospects.
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Pandey RS, Krebs MP, Bolisetty MT, Charette JR, Naggert JK, Robson P, Nishina PM, Carter GW. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Molecular Features of Heterogeneity in the Murine Retinal Pigment Epithelium. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10419. [PMID: 36142331 PMCID: PMC9499471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptomic analysis of the mammalian retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) aims to identify cellular networks that influence ocular development, maintenance, function, and disease. However, available evidence points to RPE cell heterogeneity within native tissue, which adds complexity to global transcriptomic analysis. Here, to assess cell heterogeneity, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing of RPE cells from two young adult male C57BL/6J mice. Following quality control to ensure robust transcript identification limited to cell singlets, we detected 13,858 transcripts among 2667 and 2846 RPE cells. Dimensional reduction by principal component analysis and uniform manifold approximation and projection revealed six distinct cell populations. All clusters expressed transcripts typical of RPE cells; the smallest (C1, containing 1-2% of total cells) exhibited the hallmarks of stem and/or progenitor (SP) cells. Placing C1-6 along a pseudotime axis suggested a relative decrease in melanogenesis and SP gene expression and a corresponding increase in visual cycle gene expression upon RPE maturation. K-means clustering of all detected transcripts identified additional expression patterns that may advance the understanding of RPE SP cell maintenance and the evolution of cellular metabolic networks during development. This work provides new insights into the transcriptome of the mouse RPE and a baseline for identifying experimentally induced transcriptional changes in future studies of this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi S. Pandey
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery Dr., Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Mark P. Krebs
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Mohan T. Bolisetty
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery Dr., Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | | | | | - Paul Robson
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery Dr., Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Patsy M. Nishina
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
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Renauld JM, Khan V, Basch ML. Intermediate Cells of Dual Embryonic Origin Follow a Basal to Apical Gradient of Ingression Into the Lateral Wall of the Cochlea. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:867153. [PMID: 35372344 PMCID: PMC8964366 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.867153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermediate cells of the stria vascularis are neural crest derived melanocytes. They are essential for the establishment of the endocochlear potential in the inner ear, which allows mechanosensory hair cells to transduce sound into nerve impulses. Despite their importance for normal hearing, how these cells develop and migrate to their position in the lateral wall of the cochlea has not been studied. We find that as early as E10.5 some Schwann cell precursors in the VIIIth ganglion begin to express melanocyte specific markers while neural crest derived melanoblasts migrate into the otic vesicle. Intermediate cells of both melanoblast and Schwann cell precursor origin ingress into the lateral wall of the cochlea starting at around E15.5 following a basal to apical gradient during embryonic development, and continue to proliferate postnatally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine M Renauld
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Vibhuti Khan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Martín L Basch
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, United States
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7
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Yang F, Li R, Zhao C, Che T, Guo J, Xie Y, Wang Z, Li J, Liu Z. Single-cell sequencing reveals the new existence form of dermal papilla cells in the hair follicle regeneration of cashmere goats. Genomics 2022; 114:110316. [PMID: 35202721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The problem of human hair loss has caused widespread concern, however, such research is difficult because the periodicity is not obvious and the deeper levels knowledge of dermal papilla (DP) stem cells' differentiation are limited. Here, cashmere goats which have obvious periodicity of hair follicles were used, based on unbiased scRNA sequencing, we constructed DP cell lineage differentiation trajectory and revealed the key genes, signals and functions involved in cell fate decisions. And then we revealed the molecular landscape of hair follicle on regeneration. Revealed that DP cells differentiate into four intermediate cell states at different periodicity: Intermediate-cell-10 showed important functions in the growth and maintenance of cashmere; intermediate-cell-1 acting on apoptosis and cashmere shedding; intermediate-cell-0 initiated new follicular cycles, the migration of hair follicles and the occurrence of cashmere; and intermediate-cell-15 are suggested to be DP progenitor cells. In general, we provide new insights for hair regrowth. At the same time, it provides a new research ideas, directions and molecular landscape for the mechanism of dermal papilla cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of mutton sheep genetics and breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Rui Li
- China Institute of Communications, Beijing, China
| | - Cun Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Tianyu Che
- Key Laboratory of mutton sheep genetics and breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Juntao Guo
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Yuchun Xie
- The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region goat genetics and breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Zhixin Wang
- Key Laboratory of mutton sheep genetics and breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Jinquan Li
- The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region goat genetics and breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Hohhot, 010018, China.
| | - Zhihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of mutton sheep genetics and breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, 010018, China.
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8
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Amato CM, Yao HHC. Developmental and sexual dimorphic atlas of the prenatal mouse external genitalia at the single-cell level. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2103856118. [PMID: 34155146 PMCID: PMC8237666 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2103856118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Birth defects of the external genitalia are among the most common in the world. Proper formation of the external genitalia requires a highly orchestrated process that involves special cell populations and sexually dimorphic hormone signaling. It is clear what the end result of the sexually dimorphic development is (a penis in the male versus clitoris in the female); however, the cell populations involved in the process remain poorly defined. Here, we used single-cell messenger RNA sequencing in mouse embryos to uncover the dynamic changes in cell populations in the external genitalia during the critical morphogenetic window. We found that overall, male and female external genitalia are largely composed of the same core cellular components. At the bipotential stage of development (embryonic day or E14.5), few differences in cell populational composition exist between male and female. Although similar in cell population composition, genetic differences in key sexual differentiation developmental pathways arise between males and females by the early (E16.5) and late (E18.5) differentiation stages. These differences include discrete cell populations with distinct responsiveness to androgen and estrogen. By late sexual differentiation (E18.5), unique cell populations in both male and female genitalia become apparent and are enriched with androgen- and estrogen-responsive genes, respectively. These data provide insights into the morphogenesis of the external genitalia that could be used to understand diseases associated with defects in the external genitalia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Maurizio Amato
- Reproductive Developmental Biology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Humphrey Hung-Chang Yao
- Reproductive Developmental Biology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
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Hamm M, Sohier P, Petit V, Raymond JH, Delmas V, Le Coz M, Gesbert F, Kenny C, Aktary Z, Pouteaux M, Rambow F, Sarasin A, Charoenchon N, Bellacosa A, Sanchez-Del-Campo L, Mosteo L, Lauss M, Meijer D, Steingrimsson E, Jönsson GB, Cornell RA, Davidson I, Goding CR, Larue L. BRN2 is a non-canonical melanoma tumor-suppressor. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3707. [PMID: 34140478 PMCID: PMC8211827 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23973-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While the major drivers of melanoma initiation, including activation of NRAS/BRAF and loss of PTEN or CDKN2A, have been identified, the role of key transcription factors that impose altered transcriptional states in response to deregulated signaling is not well understood. The POU domain transcription factor BRN2 is a key regulator of melanoma invasion, yet its role in melanoma initiation remains unknown. Here, in a BrafV600E PtenF/+ context, we show that BRN2 haplo-insufficiency promotes melanoma initiation and metastasis. However, metastatic colonization is less efficient in the absence of Brn2. Mechanistically, BRN2 directly induces PTEN expression and in consequence represses PI3K signaling. Moreover, MITF, a BRN2 target, represses PTEN transcription. Collectively, our results suggest that on a PTEN heterozygous background somatic deletion of one BRN2 allele and temporal regulation of the other allele elicits melanoma initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hamm
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Sohier
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Petit
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy H Raymond
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Delmas
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Madeleine Le Coz
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Franck Gesbert
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Colin Kenny
- Department of Anatomy and Cell biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Zackie Aktary
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Marie Pouteaux
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Florian Rambow
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Alain Sarasin
- Laboratory of Genetic Instability and Oncogenesis, UMR8200 CNRS, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Nisamanee Charoenchon
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alfonso Bellacosa
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Luis Sanchez-Del-Campo
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Laura Mosteo
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin Lauss
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Dies Meijer
- Centre of Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eirikur Steingrimsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Department of Anatomy, BioMedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Göran B Jönsson
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Robert A Cornell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Irwin Davidson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/UNISTRA, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, Cedex, France
| | - Colin R Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK.
| | - Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France.
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France.
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.
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Ligand Bound Fatty Acid Binding Protein 7 (FABP7) Drives Melanoma Cell Proliferation Via Modulation of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling. Pharm Res 2021; 38:479-490. [PMID: 33646504 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fatty acid-binding protein 7 (FABP7) involved in intracellular lipid dynamics, is highly expressed in melanomas and associated with decreased patient survival. Several studies put FABP7 at the center of melanoma cell proliferation. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well deciphered. This study examines the effects of FABP7 on Wnt/β-catenin signaling that enhances proliferation in melanoma cells. METHODS Skmel23 cells with FABP7 silencing and Mel2 cells overexpressed with wild-type FABP7 (FABP7wt) and mutated FABP7 (FABP7mut) were used. Cell proliferation and migration were analyzed by proliferation and wound-healing assay, respectively. Transcriptional activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling was measured by luciferase reporter assay. The effects of a specific FABP7 inhibitor, MF6, on proliferation, migration, and modulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling were examined. RESULTS FABP7 siRNA knockdown in Skmel23 decreased proliferation and migration, cyclin D1 expression, as well as Wnt/β-catenin activity. Similarly, FABP7wt overexpression in Mel2 cells increased these effects, but FABP7mut abrogated these effects. Pharmacological inhibition of FABP7 function with MF6 suppressed FABP7-regulated proliferation of melanoma cells. CONCLUSION These results suggest the importance of the interaction between FABP7 and its ligands in melanoma proliferation modulation, and the beneficial implications of therapeutic targeting of FABP7 for melanoma treatment.
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ShcD Binds DOCK4, Promotes Ameboid Motility and Metastasis Dissemination, Predicting Poor Prognosis in Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113366. [PMID: 33202906 PMCID: PMC7696252 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Metastasis formation and dissemination is a complex process that relies on several steps. Even though highly inefficient, metastasis spreading is the primary cause of cancer morbidity and mortality in patients. The aim of our study was to investigate the molecular pathways leading to metastases making use of human-in-mouse melanoma models of patient-derived xenografts. We demonstrate that the modulation of the expression of an adaptor protein of the Shc family, ShcD, can change the phenotype and the invasive properties of melanoma cells when highly expressed. We also show that ShcD binds DOCK4 and confines it into the cytoplasm, blocking the Rac1 signaling pathways, thus leading to metastasis development. Moreover, our results indicate that melanoma cells are more sensitive to therapeutic treatments when the ShcD molecular pathway is inactivated, suggesting that new therapeutic strategies can be designed in melanomas. Abstract Metastases are the primary cause of cancer-related deaths. The underlying molecular and biological mechanisms remain, however, elusive, thus preventing the design of specific therapies. In melanomas, the metastatic process is influenced by the acquisition of metastasis-associated mutational and epigenetic traits and the activation of metastatic-specific signaling pathways in the primary melanoma. In the current study, we investigated the role of an adaptor protein of the Shc family (ShcD) in the acquisition of metastatic properties by melanoma cells, exploiting our cohort of patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). We provide evidence that the depletion of ShcD expression increases a spread cell shape and the capability of melanoma cells to attach to the extracellular matrix while its overexpression switches their morphology from elongated to rounded on 3D matrices, enhances cells’ invasive phenotype, as observed on collagen gel, and favors metastasis formation in vivo. ShcD overexpression sustains amoeboid movement in melanoma cells, by suppressing the Rac1 signaling pathway through the confinement of DOCK4 in the cytoplasm. Inactivation of the ShcD signaling pathway makes melanoma cells more sensitive to therapeutic treatments. Consistently, ShcD expression predicts poor outcome in a cohort of 183 primary melanoma patients.
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Bonnamour G, Soret R, Pilon N. Dhh-expressing Schwann cell precursors contribute to skin and cochlear melanocytes, but not to vestibular melanocytes. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 34:648-654. [PMID: 33089656 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
For a long time, melanocytes were believed to be exclusively derived from neural crest cells migrating from the neural tube toward the developing skin. This notion was then challenged by studies suggesting that melanocytes could also be made from neural crest-derived Schwann cell precursors (SCPs) on peripheral nerves. A SCP origin was inferred from lineage tracing studies in mice using a Plp1 promoter-controlled Cre driver transgene (Plp1-CreERT2) and a fluorescent Rosa26 locus-controlled Cre reporter allele (Rosa26FloxSTOP-YFP ). However, doubts were raised in part because another SCP-directed Cre driver controlled by the Dhh promoter (Dhh-Cre) was apparently unable to label melanocytes when used with a non-fluorescent Rosa26 locus-controlled Cre reporter (Rosa26FloxSTOP-LacZ ). Here, we report that the same Dhh-Cre driver line can efficiently label melanocytes when used in a pure FVB/N background together with the fluorescent instead of the non-fluorescent Rosa26 locus-controlled Cre reporter. Our data further suggest that the vast majority of skin melanocytes are SCP-derived. Interestingly, we also discovered that SCPs contribute inner ear melanocytes in a region-specific manner, extensively contributing to the cochlea but not to the vestibule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Bonnamour
- Molecular Genetics of Development Laboratory, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréa, QC, Canada.,Centre d'excellence en recherche sur les maladies orphelines - Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Rodolphe Soret
- Molecular Genetics of Development Laboratory, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréa, QC, Canada.,Centre d'excellence en recherche sur les maladies orphelines - Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Pilon
- Molecular Genetics of Development Laboratory, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréa, QC, Canada.,Centre d'excellence en recherche sur les maladies orphelines - Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de pédiatrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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McMenamin PG, Shields GT, Seyed-Razavi Y, Kalirai H, Insall RH, Machesky LM, Coupland SE. Melanoblasts Populate the Mouse Choroid Earlier in Development Than Previously Described. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:33. [PMID: 32797202 PMCID: PMC7441366 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.10.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Human choroidal melanocytes become evident in the last trimester of development, but very little is known about them. To better understand normal and diseased choroidal melanocyte biology we examined their precursors, melanoblasts (MB), in mouse eyes during development, particularly their relation to the developing vasculature and immune cells. Methods Naïve B6(Cg)-Tyrc-2J/J albino mice were used between embryonic (E) day 15.5 and postnatal (P) day 8, with adult controls. Whole eyes, posterior segments, or dissected choroidal wholemounts were stained with antibodies against tyrosinase-related protein 2, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1 or isolectin B4, and examined by confocal microscopy. Immunoreactive cell numbers in the choroid were quantified with Imaris. One-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test assessed statistical significance. Results Small numbers of MB were present in the presumptive choroid at E15.5 and E18.5. The density significantly increased between E18.5 (381.4 ± 45.8 cells/mm2) and P0 (695.2 ± 87.1 cells/mm2; P = 0.032). In postnatal eyes MB increased in density and formed multiple layers beneath the choriocapillaris. MB in the periocular mesenchyme preceded the appearance of vascular structures at E15.5. Myeloid cells (Ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1-positive) were also present at high densities from this time, and attained adult-equivalent densities by P8 (556.4 ± 73.6 cells/mm2). Conclusions We demonstrate that choroidal MB and myeloid cells are both present at very early stages of mouse eye development (E15.5). Although MB and vascularization seemed to be unlinked early in choroidal development, they were closely associated at later stages. MB did not migrate into the choroid in waves, nor did they have a consistent relationship with nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G. McMenamin
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graham T. Shields
- Liverpool Ocular Oncology Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Yashar Seyed-Razavi
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen Kalirai
- Liverpool Ocular Oncology Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Robert H. Insall
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Laura M. Machesky
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E. Coupland
- Liverpool Ocular Oncology Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Ge W, Tan SJ, Wang SH, Li L, Sun XF, Shen W, Wang X. Single-cell Transcriptome Profiling reveals Dermal and Epithelial cell fate decisions during Embryonic Hair Follicle Development. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:7581-7598. [PMID: 32685006 PMCID: PMC7359078 DOI: 10.7150/thno.44306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that 50% of men and 25% of women worldwide suffer from hair loss, and therefore it is of great significance to investigate the molecular pathways driving hair follicle de novo morphogenesis. However, due to high cellular heterogeneity and the asynchronous development of hair follicles, our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in follicle development remains limited. Methods: Single-cell suspensions from the dorsal skin of E13.5 (induction stage), E16.5 (organogenesis) fetal mice, and newborn mice (cytodifferentiation stage, postnatal day 0, P0) were prepared for unbiased single-cell RNA sequencing. To delineate the single-cell transcriptional landscape during hair follicle de novo morphogenesis, we performed t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (tSNE), pseudotime cell trajectory inference, and regulon enrichment analysis to dissect cellular heterogeneity and reveal the molecular pathways underlying major cell type cell fate decisions. To validate our analysis, we further performed immunohistochemistry analysis of the key molecules involved during hair follicle morphogenesis. Meanwhile, intercellular communication between different cell populations was inferred based on a priori knowledge of ligand-receptor pairs. Results: Based on tSNE analysis, we identified 14 cell clusters from skin tissue and delineated their cellular identity from specific gene expression profiles. By using pseudotime ordering analysis, we successfully constructed the epithelium/dermal cell lineage differentiation trajectory. For dermal cell lineage, our analysis here recapitulated the dynamic gene expression profiles during dermal condensate (DC) cell fate commitment and delineated the heterogeneity of the different dermal papilla (DP) cell populations during in utero hair follicle development. For the epithelium cell lineage, our analysis revealed the dynamic gene expression profiles of the underappreciated matrix, interfollicular epidermis (IFE), hair shaft and inner root sheath (IRS) cell populations. Furthermore, single-cell regulatory network inference and clustering analysis revealed key regulons during cell fate decisions. Finally, intercellular communication analysis demonstrated that strong intercellular communication was involved during early hair follicle development. Conclusions: Our findings here provide a molecular landscape during hair follicle epithelium/dermal cell lineage fate decisions, and recapitulate the sequential activation of core regulatory transcriptional factors (TFs) in different cell populations during hair follicle morphogenesis. More importantly, our study here represents a valuable resource for understanding the molecular pathways involved during hair follicle de novo morphogenesis, which will have implications for future hair loss treatments.
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Zhu Z, Ma Y, Li Y, Li P, Cheng Z, Li H, Zhang L, Tang Z. The comprehensive detection of miRNA, lncRNA, and circRNA in regulation of mouse melanocyte and skin development. Biol Res 2020; 53:4. [PMID: 32014065 PMCID: PMC6998077 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-020-0272-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pigmentation development, is a complex process regulated by many transcription factors during development. With the development of the RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), non-coding RNAs, such as miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs, are found to play an important role in the function detection of related regulation factors. In this study, we provided the expression profiles and development of ncRNAs related to melanocyte and skin development in mice with black coat color skin and mice with white coat color skin during embryonic day 15 (E15) and postnatal day 7 (P7). The expression profiles of different ncRNAs were detected via RNA-seq and also confirmed by the quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) method. GO and KEGG used to analyze the function the related target genes. RESULTS We identified an extensive catalogue of 206 and 183 differently expressed miRNAs, 600 and 800 differently expressed lncRNAs, and 50 and 54 differently expressed circRNAs, respectively. GO terms and pathway analysis showed the target genes of differentially expressed miRNA and lncRNA. The host genes of circRNA were mainly enriched in cellular process, single organism process. The target genes of miRNAs were mainly enriched in chromatin binding and calcium ion binding in the nucleus. The function of genes related to lncRNAs are post translation modification. The competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network of lncRNAs and circRNAs displays a complex interaction between ncRNA and mRNA related to skin development, such as Tcf4, Gnas, and Gpnms related to melanocyte development. CONCLUSIONS The ceRNA network of lncRNA and circRNA displays a complex interaction between ncRNA and mRNA related to skin development and melanocyte development. The embryonic and postnatal development of skin provide a reference for further studies on the development mechanisms of ncRNA during pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhu
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China.
| | - Yueyue Ma
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Zhixue Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Huifeng Li
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Lihuan Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Zhongwei Tang
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
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Urtatiz O, Cook C, Huang JLY, Yeh I, Van Raamsdonk CD. GNAQ Q209L expression initiated in multipotent neural crest cells drives aggressive melanoma of the central nervous system. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2019; 33:96-111. [PMID: 31680437 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Primary leptomeningeal melanocytic neoplasms represent a spectrum of rare tumors originating from melanocytes of the leptomeninges, which are the inner two membranes that protect the central nervous system. Like other non-epithelial melanocytic lesions, they bear frequent oncogenic mutations in the heterotrimeric G protein alpha subunits, GNAQ or GNA11. In this study, we used Plp1-creERT to force the expression of oncogenic GNAQQ209L in the multipotent neural crest cells of the ventro-medial developmental pathway, beginning prior to melanocyte cell differentiation. We found that this produces leptomeningeal melanocytic neoplasms, including cranial melanocytomas, spinal melanocytomas, and spinal melanomas, in addition to blue nevus-like lesions in the dermis. GNAQQ209L drove different phenotypes depending upon when during embryogenesis (E9.5, E10.5, or E11.5) it was induced by tamoxifen and which Cre driver (Plp1-creERT, Tyr-creERT2 , or Mitf-cre) was used. Given these differences, we propose that melanocytes go through temporary phases where they become sensitive to the oncogenic effects of GNAQQ209L . R26-fs-GNAQQ209L ; Plp1-creERT mice will be useful for defining biomarkers for potentially aggressive leptomeningeal melanocytomas and for developing new therapeutics for advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Urtatiz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Courtney Cook
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jenny L-Y Huang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Iwei Yeh
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Catherine D Van Raamsdonk
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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17
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Aktary Z, Corvelo A, Estrin C, Larue L. Sequencing two Tyr::CreER T2 transgenic mouse lines. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2019; 33:426-434. [PMID: 31679174 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The Cre/loxP system is a powerful tool that has allowed the study of the effects of specific genes of interest in various biological settings. The Tyr::CreERT2 system allows for the targeted expression and activity of the Cre enzyme in the melanocyte lineage following treatment with tamoxifen, thus providing spatial and temporal control of the expression of specific target genes. Two independent transgenic mouse models, each containing a Tyr::CreERT2 transgene, have been generated and are widely used to study melanocyte transformation. In this study, we performed whole genome sequencing (WGS) on genomic DNA from the two Tyr::CreERT2 mouse models and identified their sites of integration in the C57BL/6 genome. Based on these results, we designed PCR primers to accurately, and efficiently, genotype transgenic mice. Finally, we discussed some of the advantages of each transgenic mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zackie Aktary
- Institut Curie, INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, PSL Research University, Orsay, France.,Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay, France.,Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Orsay, France
| | | | - Camille Estrin
- Institut Curie, INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, PSL Research University, Orsay, France.,Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay, France.,Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Orsay, France
| | - Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie, INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, PSL Research University, Orsay, France.,Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay, France.,Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Orsay, France
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18
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Crawford M, Leclerc V, Barr K, Dagnino L. Essential Role for Integrin-Linked Kinase in Melanoblast Colonization of the Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:425-434.e10. [PMID: 31330146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.07.681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Melanocytes are pigment-producing cells found in the skin and other tissues. Alterations in the melanocyte lineage give rise to a plethora of human diseases, from neurocristopathies and pigmentation disorders to melanoma. During embryogenesis, neural crest cell subsets give rise to two waves of melanoblasts, which migrate dorsolaterally, hone to the skin, and differentiate into melanocytes. However, the mechanisms that govern colonization of the skin by the first wave of melanoblasts are poorly understood. Here we report that targeted inactivation of the integrin-linked kinase gene in first wave melanoblasts causes defects in the ability of these cells to form long pseudopods, to migrate, and to proliferate in vivo. As a result, integrin-linked kinase-deficient melanoblasts fail to populate normally the developing epidermis and hair follicles. We also show that defects in motility and dendricity occur upon integrin-linked kinase gene inactivation in mature melanocytes, causing abnormalities in cell responses to the extracellular matrix substrates collagen I and laminin 332. Significantly, the ability to form long protrusions in mutant cells in response to collagen is restored in the presence of constitutively active Rac1, suggesting that an integrin-linked kinase-Rac1 nexus is likely implicated in melanocytic cell establishment, dendricity, and functions in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Crawford
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Health Research Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Valerie Leclerc
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Health Research Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin Barr
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Health Research Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lina Dagnino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Health Research Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Larribère L, Utikal J. Stem Cell-Derived Models of Neural Crest Are Essential to Understand Melanoma Progression and Therapy Resistance. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:111. [PMID: 31118886 PMCID: PMC6506783 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, neural crest (NC) cells are early precursors of several lineages including melanocytes. Along their differentiation from multipotent cells to mature melanocytes, NC cells will go through successive steps which require either proliferative or motile capacities. For example, they will undergo Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in order the separate from the neural tube and migrate to their final location in the epidermis (Larribere and Utikal, 2013; Skrypek et al., 2017). The differentiated melanocytes are the cells of origin of melanoma tumors which progress through several stages such as radial growth phase, vertical growth phase, metastasis formation, and often resistance to current therapies. Interestingly, depending on the stage of the disease, melanoma tumor cells share phenotypes with NC cells (proliferative, motile, EMT). These phenotypes are tightly controlled by specific signaling pathways and transcription factors (TFs) which tend to be reactivated during the onset of melanoma. In this review, we summarize first the main TFs which control these common phenotypes. Then, we focus on the existing strategies used to generate human NCs. Finally we discuss how identification and regulation of NC-associated genes provide an additional approach to improving current melanoma targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Larribère
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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Vandamme N, Berx G. From neural crest cells to melanocytes: cellular plasticity during development and beyond. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1919-1934. [PMID: 30830237 PMCID: PMC11105195 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03049-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Here, we review melanocyte development and how the embryonic melanoblast, although specified to become a melanocyte, is prone to cellular plasticity and is not fully committed to the melanocyte lineage. Even fully differentiated and pigment-producing melanocytes do not always have a stable phenotype. The gradual lineage restriction of neural crest cells toward the melanocyte lineage is determined by both cell-intrinsic and extracellular signals in which differentiation and pathfinding ability reciprocally influence each other. These signals are leveraged by subtle differences in timing and axial positioning. The most extensively studied migration route is the dorsolateral path between the dermomyotome and the prospective epidermis, restricted to melanoblasts. In addition, the embryonic origin of the skin dermis through which neural crest derivatives migrate may also affect the segregation between melanogenic and neurogenic cells in embryos. It is widely accepted that, irrespective of the model organism studied, the immediate precursor of both melanoblast and neurogenic populations is a glial-melanogenic bipotent progenitor. Upon exposure to different conditions, melanoblasts may differentiate into other neural crest-derived lineages such as neuronal cells and vice versa. Key factors that regulate melanoblast migration and patterning will regulate melanocyte homeostasis during different stages of hair cycling in postnatal hair follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Vandamme
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- DAMBI, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Berx
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
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Kagawa Y, Umaru BA, Ariful I, Shil SK, Miyazaki H, Yamamoto Y, Ogata M, Owada Y. Role of FABP7 in tumor cell signaling. Adv Biol Regul 2019; 71:206-218. [PMID: 30245263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are major molecules for the function of organisms and are involved in the pathophysiology of various diseases. Fatty acids (FAs) signaling and their metabolism are some of the most important pathways in tumor development, as lipids serve as energetic sources during carcinogenesis. Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) facilitate FAs transport to different cell organelles, modulating their metabolism along with mediating other physiological activities. FABP7, brain-typed FABP, is thought to be an important molecule for cell proliferation in healthy as well as diseased organisms. Several studies on human tumors and tumor-derived cell lines put FABP7 in the center of tumorigenesis, and its high expression level has been reported to correlate with poor prognosis in different tumor types. Several types of FABP7-expressing tumors have shown an up-regulation of cell signaling activity, but molecular mechanisms of FABP7 involvement in tumorigenesis still remain elusive. In this review, we focus on the expression and function of FABP7 in different tumors, and possible mechanisms of FABP7 in tumor proliferation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiteru Kagawa
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Banlanjo A Umaru
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Islam Ariful
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Subrata Kumar Shil
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Miyazaki
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yui Yamamoto
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Anatomy, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masaki Ogata
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Anatomy, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuji Owada
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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Laurent-Gengoux P, Petit V, Aktary Z, Gallagher S, Tweedy L, Machesky L, Larue L. Simulation of melanoblast displacements reveals new features of developmental migration. Development 2018; 145:dev160200. [PMID: 29769218 PMCID: PMC6031402 DOI: 10.1242/dev.160200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
To distribute and establish the melanocyte lineage throughout the skin and other developing organs, melanoblasts undergo several rounds of proliferation, accompanied by migration through complex environments and differentiation. Melanoblast migration requires interaction with extracellular matrix of the epidermal basement membrane and with surrounding keratinocytes in the developing skin. Migration has been characterized by measuring speed, trajectory and directionality of movement, but there are many unanswered questions about what motivates and defines melanoblast migration. Here, we have established a general mathematical model to simulate the movement of melanoblasts in the epidermis based on biological data, assumptions and hypotheses. Comparisons between experimental data and computer simulations reinforce some biological assumptions, and suggest new ideas for how melanoblasts and keratinocytes might influence each other during development. For example, it appears that melanoblasts instruct each other to allow a homogeneous distribution in the tissue and that keratinocytes may attract melanoblasts until one is stably attached to them. Our model reveals new features of how melanoblasts move and, in particular, suggest that melanoblasts leave a repulsive trail behind them as they move through the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Laurent-Gengoux
- Laboratory Mathematics in Interaction with Computer Science (MICS), Centrale Supélec, Université Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
| | - Valérie Petit
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay 91405, France
- Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay 91405, France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Zackie Aktary
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay 91405, France
- Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay 91405, France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Stuart Gallagher
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay 91405, France
- Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay 91405, France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Luke Tweedy
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Laura Machesky
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay 91405, France
- Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay 91405, France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Orsay 91405, France
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23
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Fane ME, Chhabra Y, Smith AG, Sturm RA. BRN2, a POUerful driver of melanoma phenotype switching and metastasis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2018; 32:9-24. [PMID: 29781575 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The POU domain family of transcription factors play a central role in embryogenesis and are highly expressed in neural crest cells and the developing brain. BRN2 is a class III POU domain protein that is a key mediator of neuroendocrine and melanocytic development and differentiation. While BRN2 is a central regulator in numerous developmental programs, it has also emerged as a major player in the biology of tumourigenesis. In melanoma, BRN2 has been implicated as one of the master regulators of the acquisition of invasive behaviour within the phenotype switching model of progression. As a mediator of melanoma cell phenotype switching, it coordinates the transition to a dedifferentiated, slow cycling and highly motile cell type. Its inverse expression relationship with MITF is believed to mediate tumour progression and metastasis within this model. Recent evidence has now outlined a potential epigenetic switching mechanism in melanoma cells driven by BRN2 expression that induces melanoma cell invasion. We summarize the role of BRN2 in tumour cell dissemination and metastasis in melanoma, while also examining it as a potential metastatic regulator in other tumour models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell E Fane
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at the Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yash Chhabra
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at the Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Aaron G Smith
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at the Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Richard A Sturm
- Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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24
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Crawford M, Leclerc V, Dagnino L. A reporter mouse model for in vivo tracing and in vitro molecular studies of melanocytic lineage cells and their diseases. Biol Open 2017. [PMID: 28642245 PMCID: PMC5576081 DOI: 10.1242/bio.025833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in melanocytic lineage cells give rise to a plethora of distinct human diseases, including neurocristopathies, cutaneous pigmentation disorders, loss of vision and hearing, and melanoma. Understanding the ontogeny and biology of melanocytic cells, as well as how they interact with their surrounding environment, are key steps in the development of therapies for diseases that involve this cell lineage. Efforts to culture and characterize primary melanocytes from normal or genetically engineered mouse models have at times yielded contrasting observations. This is due, in part, to differences in the conditions used to isolate, purify and culture these cells in individual studies. By breeding ROSAmT/mG and Tyr::CreERT2 mice, we generated animals in which melanocytic lineage cells are identified through expression of green fluorescent protein. We also used defined conditions to systematically investigate the proliferation and migration responses of primary melanocytes on various extracellular matrix (ECM) substrates. Under our culture conditions, mouse melanocytes exhibit doubling times in the range of 10 days, and retain exponential proliferative capacity for 50-60 days. In culture, these melanocytes showed distinct responses to different ECM substrates. Specifically, laminin-332 promoted cell spreading, formation of dendrites, random motility and directional migration. In contrast, low or intermediate concentrations of collagen I promoted adhesion and acquisition of a bipolar morphology, and interfered with melanocyte forward movements. Our systematic evaluation of primary melanocyte responses emphasizes the importance of clearly defining culture conditions for these cells. This, in turn, is essential for the interpretation of melanocyte responses to extracellular cues and to understand the molecular basis of disorders involving the melanocytic cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Crawford
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Valerie Leclerc
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Lina Dagnino
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
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25
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Wang S, Jacquemyn J, Murru S, Martinelli P, Barth E, Langer T, Niessen CM, Rugarli EI. The Mitochondrial m-AAA Protease Prevents Demyelination and Hair Greying. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006463. [PMID: 27911893 PMCID: PMC5135034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The m-AAA protease preserves proteostasis of the inner mitochondrial membrane. It ensures a functional respiratory chain, by controlling the turnover of respiratory complex subunits and allowing mitochondrial translation, but other functions in mitochondria are conceivable. Mutations in genes encoding subunits of the m-AAA protease have been linked to various neurodegenerative diseases in humans, such as hereditary spastic paraplegia and spinocerebellar ataxia. While essential functions of the m-AAA protease for neuronal survival have been established, its role in adult glial cells remains enigmatic. Here, we show that deletion of the highly expressed subunit AFG3L2 in mature mouse oligodendrocytes provokes early-on mitochondrial fragmentation and swelling, as previously shown in neurons, but causes only late-onset motor defects and myelin abnormalities. In contrast, total ablation of the m-AAA protease, by deleting both Afg3l2 and its paralogue Afg3l1, triggers progressive motor dysfunction and demyelination, owing to rapid oligodendrocyte cell death. Surprisingly, the mice showed premature hair greying, caused by progressive loss of melanoblasts that share a common developmental origin with Schwann cells and are targeted in our experiments. Thus, while both neurons and glial cells are dependant on the m-AAA protease for survival in vivo, complete ablation of the complex is necessary to trigger death of oligodendrocytes, hinting to cell-autonomous thresholds of vulnerability to m-AAA protease deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiyu Wang
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julie Jacquemyn
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sara Murru
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Esther Barth
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Langer
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carien M. Niessen
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elena I. Rugarli
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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26
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Koludrovic D, Laurette P, Strub T, Keime C, Le Coz M, Coassolo S, Mengus G, Larue L, Davidson I. Chromatin-Remodelling Complex NURF Is Essential for Differentiation of Adult Melanocyte Stem Cells. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005555. [PMID: 26440048 PMCID: PMC4595011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MIcrophthalmia-associated Transcription Factor (MITF) regulates melanocyte and melanoma physiology. We show that MITF associates the NURF chromatin-remodelling factor in melanoma cells. ShRNA-mediated silencing of the NURF subunit BPTF revealed its essential role in several melanoma cell lines and in untransformed melanocytes in vitro. Comparative RNA-seq shows that MITF and BPTF co-regulate overlapping gene expression programs in cell lines in vitro. Somatic and specific inactivation of Bptf in developing murine melanoblasts in vivo shows that Bptf regulates their proliferation, migration and morphology. Once born, Bptf-mutant mice display premature greying where the second post-natal coat is white. This second coat is normally pigmented by differentiated melanocytes derived from the adult melanocyte stem cell (MSC) population that is stimulated to proliferate and differentiate at anagen. An MSC population is established and maintained throughout the life of the Bptf-mutant mice, but these MSCs are abnormal and at anagen, give rise to reduced numbers of transient amplifying cells (TACs) that do not express melanocyte markers and fail to differentiate into mature melanin producing melanocytes. MSCs display a transcriptionally repressed chromatin state and Bptf is essential for reactivation of the melanocyte gene expression program at anagen, the subsequent normal proliferation of TACs and their differentiation into mature melanocytes. The melanocytes pigmenting the coat of adult mice derive from the melanocyte stem cell population residing in the permanent bulge area of the hair follicle. At each angen phase, melanocyte stem cells are stimulated to generate proliferative transient amplifying cells that migrate to the bulb of the follicle where they differentiate into mature melanin producing melanocytes, a processes involving MIcrophthalmia-associated Transcription Factor (MITF) the master regulator of the melanocyte lineage. We show that MITF associates with the NURF chromatin-remodelling factor in melanoma cells. NURF acts downstream of MITF in melanocytes and melanoma cells co-regulating gene expression in vitro. In vivo, mice lacking the NURF subunit Bptf in the melanocyte lineage show premature greying as they are unable to generate mature melanocytes from the adult stem cell population. We find that the melanocyte stem cells from these animals are abnormal and that once they are stimulated at anagen, Bptf is required to ensure the expression of melanocyte markers and their differentiation into mature adult melanocytes. Chromatin remodelling by NURF therefore appears to be essential for the transition of the transcriptionally quiescent stem cell to the differentiated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Koludrovic
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Illkirch, France
- Beaston Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Laurette
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Illkirch, France
| | - Thomas Strub
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Céline Keime
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Illkirch, France
| | - Madeleine Le Coz
- Institut Curie CNRS UMR3347, INSERM U1021, Bat 110, Orsay, France
| | - Sebastien Coassolo
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Illkirch, France
| | - Gabrielle Mengus
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Illkirch, France
| | - Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie CNRS UMR3347, INSERM U1021, Bat 110, Orsay, France
- Equipes labélisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Orsay and Strasbourg, France
| | - Irwin Davidson
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Illkirch, France
- Equipes labélisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Orsay and Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail:
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27
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Sennett R, Wang Z, Rezza A, Grisanti L, Roitershtein N, Sicchio C, Mok KW, Heitman NJ, Clavel C, Ma'ayan A, Rendl M. An Integrated Transcriptome Atlas of Embryonic Hair Follicle Progenitors, Their Niche, and the Developing Skin. Dev Cell 2015; 34:577-91. [PMID: 26256211 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Defining the unique molecular features of progenitors and their niche requires a genome-wide, whole-tissue approach with cellular resolution. Here, we co-isolate embryonic hair follicle (HF) placode and dermal condensate cells, precursors of adult HF stem cells and the dermal papilla/sheath niche, along with lineage-related keratinocytes and fibroblasts, Schwann cells, melanocytes, and a population inclusive of all remaining skin cells. With next-generation RNA sequencing, we define gene expression patterns in the context of the entire embryonic skin, and through transcriptome cross-comparisons, we uncover hundreds of enriched genes in cell-type-specific signatures. Axon guidance signaling and many other pathway genes are enriched in multiple signatures, implicating these factors in driving the large-scale cellular rearrangements necessary for HF formation. Finally, we share all data in an interactive, searchable companion website. Our study provides an overarching view of signaling within the entire embryonic skin and captures a molecular snapshot of HF progenitors and their niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Sennett
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Zichen Wang
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, BD2K-LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center, Knowledge Management Center for Illuminating the Druggable Genome (KMC-IDG), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Amélie Rezza
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Laura Grisanti
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nataly Roitershtein
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Cristina Sicchio
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ka Wai Mok
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nicholas J Heitman
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Carlos Clavel
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Avi Ma'ayan
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, BD2K-LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center, Knowledge Management Center for Illuminating the Druggable Genome (KMC-IDG), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michael Rendl
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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28
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Abstract
Melanocyte development provides an excellent model for studying more complex developmental processes. Melanocytes have an apparently simple aetiology, differentiating from the neural crest and migrating through the developing embryo to specific locations within the skin and hair follicles, and to other sites in the body. The study of pigmentation mutations in the mouse provided the initial key to identifying the genes and proteins involved in melanocyte development. In addition, work on chicken has provided important embryological and molecular insights, whereas studies in zebrafish have allowed live imaging as well as genetic and transgenic approaches. This cross-species approach is powerful and, as we review here, has resulted in a detailed understanding of melanocyte development and differentiation, melanocyte stem cells and the role of the melanocyte lineage in diseases such as melanoma. Summary: This Review discusses melanocyte development and differentiation, melanocyte stem cells, and the role of the melanocyte lineage in diseases such as melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian J Jackson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit and University of Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Cancer Centre, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - E Elizabeth Patton
- MRC Human Genetics Unit and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
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29
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Denecker G, Vandamme N, Akay O, Koludrovic D, Taminau J, Lemeire K, Gheldof A, De Craene B, Van Gele M, Brochez L, Udupi GM, Rafferty M, Balint B, Gallagher WM, Ghanem G, Huylebroeck D, Haigh J, van den Oord J, Larue L, Davidson I, Marine JC, Berx G. Identification of a ZEB2-MITF-ZEB1 transcriptional network that controls melanogenesis and melanoma progression. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1250-61. [PMID: 24769727 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of signaling pathways that control differentiation, expansion and migration of neural crest-derived melanoblasts during normal development contributes also to melanoma progression and metastasis. Although several epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) transcription factors, such as zinc finger E-box binding protein 1 (ZEB1) and ZEB2, have been implicated in neural crest cell biology, little is known about their role in melanocyte homeostasis and melanoma. Here we show that mice lacking Zeb2 in the melanocyte lineage exhibit a melanoblast migration defect and, unexpectedly, a severe melanocyte differentiation defect. Loss of Zeb2 in the melanocyte lineage results in a downregulation of the Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf) and melanocyte differentiation markers concomitant with an upregulation of Zeb1. We identify a transcriptional signaling network in which the EMT transcription factor ZEB2 regulates MITF levels to control melanocyte differentiation. Moreover, our data are also relevant for human melanomagenesis as loss of ZEB2 expression is associated with reduced patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Denecker
- 1] Unit of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium [2] Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - N Vandamme
- 1] Unit of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium [2] Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - O Akay
- 1] Unit of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium [2] Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - D Koludrovic
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - J Taminau
- 1] Unit of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium [2] Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - K Lemeire
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Gheldof
- 1] Unit of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium [2] Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - B De Craene
- 1] Unit of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium [2] Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Van Gele
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - L Brochez
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - G M Udupi
- 1] UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College, Dublin 4, Ireland [2] OncoMark Limited, Nova UCD, Belfield Innovation Park, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - M Rafferty
- OncoMark Limited, Nova UCD, Belfield Innovation Park, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - B Balint
- OncoMark Limited, Nova UCD, Belfield Innovation Park, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - W M Gallagher
- 1] UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College, Dublin 4, Ireland [2] OncoMark Limited, Nova UCD, Belfield Innovation Park, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - G Ghanem
- Institute Jules Bordet, Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Huylebroeck
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen), Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium [2] Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Haigh
- 1] Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium [2] Vascular Cell Biology Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J van den Oord
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Larue
- Curie Institute, Developmental Genetics of Melanocytes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR3347, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1021, Orsay, France
| | - I Davidson
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - J-C Marine
- 1] Center for the Biology of Disease, Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium [2] Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - G Berx
- 1] Unit of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium [2] Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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30
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Cho EG, Bin BH, Choi H, Park PJ, Kang HH, Lee TR. Novel method for isolating human melanoblasts from keratinocyte culture. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:489-94. [PMID: 24460991 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of melanoblasts is important for understanding their in vivo development, melanoma formation, and pigment-related disorders. However, no methods have been reported for the isolation of melanoblasts from human skin. Using a 'calcium-pulse' technique, involving the differentiation of human keratinocytes with high calcium and the subsequent spontaneous separation of the epidermal sheets, we effectively isolated human melanoblasts (keratinocyte-adapted melanoblasts, KaMBs) from keratinocyte culture. The KaMBs expressed early melanogenesis-related genes, including BRN2, which is a known melanoblast marker. Moreover, the KaMBs displayed much higher proliferative and growth capacities than the primary melanocytes. Considering that keratinocytes might provide an in vivo-like environment for KaMBs during isolation and in vitro culture, the 'calcium-pulse' technique offers an unprecedented, easy, and efficient method for the isolation of human melanoblasts, retaining the original characteristics of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Gyung Cho
- Bioscience Research Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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31
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Besch R, Berking C. POU transcription factors in melanocytes and melanoma. Eur J Cell Biol 2014; 93:55-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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32
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De- and re-differentiation of the melanocytic lineage. Eur J Cell Biol 2013; 93:30-5. [PMID: 24365127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Terminally differentiated cells can be reprogrammed by the transient, ectopic overexpression of different sets of genes into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This process not only has considerable implications for regenerative medicine but is also highly relevant to multiple stages of oncogenesis, including melanoma. In other settings, the de-differentiation of normal and tumor cells is also responsible for a phenotype switch which completely changes the cell fate. Conversely, iPSCs as well as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be differentiated in vitro toward specific lineages, for example melanocytes, which offer useful models to investigate the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms involved in cellular differentiation. Here, we summarize recent findings regarding the reprogramming and de-differentiation of melanocytic cells as well as the latest differentiation protocols of pluripotent stem cells into the melanocyte lineage.
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33
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Aladowicz E, Ferro L, Vitali GC, Venditti E, Fornasari L, Lanfrancone L. Molecular networks in melanoma invasion and metastasis. Future Oncol 2013; 9:713-26. [PMID: 23647299 DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma accounts for approximately 80% of skin cancer-related deaths. Up to now there has been no effective treatment for stage IV melanoma patients due to the complexity and dissemination potential of this disease. Melanomas are heterogeneous tumors in which conventional therapies fail to improve overall survival. Targeted therapies are being developed, but the final outcome can be hampered by the incomplete knowledge of the process of melanoma progression. Even if the intracellular pathways are similar, the interaction of the cells with the surrounding environment should be taken into consideration. This article seeks to highlight some of the advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying melanoma dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Aladowicz
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, Milan, Italy
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34
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Ma Y, Li A, Faller WJ, Libertini S, Fiorito F, Gillespie DA, Sansom OJ, Yamashiro S, Machesky LM. Fascin 1 is transiently expressed in mouse melanoblasts during development and promotes migration and proliferation. Development 2013; 140:2203-11. [PMID: 23633513 PMCID: PMC3912869 DOI: 10.1242/dev.089789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Fascins, a family of actin-bundling proteins, are expressed in a spatially and temporally restricted manner during development and often in cancer. Fascin 1 has a clear role in cell migration in vitro, but its role in vivo in mammals is not well understood. Here, we investigate the role of fascin 1 in the melanocyte lineage and in melanoma cells. Fascin 1 knockout causes hypopigmentation in adult mice owing to migration and cell cycle progression defects in melanoblasts, the melanocyte precursor cell. Study of live embryo skin explants reveals that E14.5 fascin 1-null melanoblasts migrate slower, and generate fewer and thinner pseudopods. By contrast, fascin 1 expression drives faster migration and lamellipodia protrusion in melanocytes in vitro. In addition, fascin 1 depletion retards melanoblast proliferation in vivo and melanoma cell growth in vitro. These data indicate that fascin 1 not only promotes cell migration in mouse melanocytes but it also has a role in growth and cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Ma
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ang Li
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - William J. Faller
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Silvana Libertini
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Florencia Fiorito
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - David A. Gillespie
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Owen J. Sansom
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Shigeko Yamashiro
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08855, USA
| | - Laura M. Machesky
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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35
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Mica Y, Lee G, Chambers SM, Tomishima MJ, Studer L. Modeling neural crest induction, melanocyte specification, and disease-related pigmentation defects in hESCs and patient-specific iPSCs. Cell Rep 2013; 3:1140-52. [PMID: 23583175 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocytes are pigment-producing cells of neural crest (NC) origin that are responsible for protecting the skin against UV irradiation. Pluripotent stem cell (PSC) technology offers a promising approach for studying human melanocyte development and disease. Here, we report that timed exposure to activators of WNT, BMP, and EDN3 signaling triggers the sequential induction of NC and melanocyte precursor fates under dual-SMAD-inhibition conditions. Using a SOX10::GFP human embryonic stem cell (hESC) reporter line, we demonstrate that the temporal onset of WNT activation is particularly critical for human NC induction. Subsequent maturation of hESC-derived melanocytes yields pure populations that match the molecular and functional properties of adult melanocytes. Melanocytes from Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome and Chediak-Higashi syndrome patient-specific induced PSCs (iPSCs) faithfully reproduce the ultrastructural features of disease-associated pigmentation defects. Our data define a highly specific requirement for WNT signaling during NC induction and enable the generation of pure populations of human iPSC-derived melanocytes for faithful modeling of pigmentation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Mica
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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36
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Larue L, de Vuyst F, Delmas V. Modeling melanoblast development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:1067-79. [PMID: 22915137 PMCID: PMC11113344 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1112-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Melanoblasts are a particular type of cell that displays extensive cellular proliferation during development to contribute to the skin. There are only a few melanoblast founders, initially located just dorsal to the neural tube, and they sequentially colonize the dermis, epidermis, and hair follicles. In each compartment, melanoblasts are exposed to a wide variety of developmental cues that regulate their expansion. The colonization of the dermis and epidermis by melanoblasts involves substantial proliferation to generate thousands of cells or more from a few founders within a week of development. This review addresses the cellular and molecular events occurring during melanoblast development. We focus on intrinsic and extrinsic factors that control melanoblast proliferation. We also present a robust mathematical model for estimating the doubling-time of dermal and epidermal melanoblasts for all coat color phenotypes from black to white.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Developmental Genetics of Melanocytes, 91405, Orsay, France.
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37
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Abstract
The PI3K-PTEN-AKT signaling pathway is involved in various cellular activities, including proliferation, migration, cell growth, cell survival and differentiation during adult homeostasis as well as in tumorigenesis. It has been suggested that the constitutive activation of PI3K/AKT signaling with concurrent loss of function of the tumor suppressor molecule PTEN contributes to cancer formation. Members of the PI3K-PTEN-AKT pathway, including these proteins and mTOR, are altered in melanoma tumors and cell lines. A hallmark of activation of the pathway is the loss of function of PTEN. Indeed, loss of heterozygosity of PTEN has been observed in approximately 30% of human melanomas, implicating this signaling pathway in this cancer. PI3K signaling activation, via loss of PTEN function, can inhibit proapoptotic genes such as the FoxO family of transcription factors, while inducing cell growth- and cell survival-related elements such as p70S6K and AKT. Determining how the PI3K-PTEN-AKT signaling pathway, alone or in cooperation with other pathways, orchestrates the induction of target genes involved in a diverse range of activities is a major challenge in research into melanoma initiation and progression. Moreover, the acquisition of basic knowledge will help patient management with appropriate therapies that are already, or will shortly be, on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Conde-Perez
- Institut Curie, Developmental Genetics of Melanocytes, Bat. 110, 91405, Orsay, France
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38
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Pshenichnaya I, Schouwey K, Armaro M, Larue L, Knoepfler PS, Eisenman RN, Trumpp A, Delmas V, Beermann F. Constitutive gray hair in mice induced by melanocyte-specific deletion of c-Myc. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 25:312-25. [PMID: 22420299 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2012.00998.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
c-Myc is involved in the control of diverse cellular processes and implicated in the maintenance of different tissues including the neural crest. Here, we report that c-Myc is particularly important for pigment cell development and homeostasis. Targeting c-Myc specifically in the melanocyte lineage using the floxed allele of c-Myc and Tyr::Cre transgenic mice results in a congenital gray hair phenotype. The gray coat color is associated with a reduced number of functional melanocytes in the hair bulb and melanocyte stem cells in the hair bulge. Importantly, the gray phenotype does not progress with time, suggesting that maintenance of the melanocyte through the hair cycle does not involve c-Myc function. In embryos, at E13.5, c-Myc-deficient melanocyte precursors are affected in proliferation in concordance with a reduction in numbers, showing that c-Myc is required for the proper melanocyte development. Interestingly, melanocytes from c-Myc-deficient mice display elevated levels of the c-Myc paralog N-Myc. Double deletion of c-Myc and N-Myc results in nearly complete loss of the residual pigmentation, indicating that N-Myc is capable of compensating for c-Myc loss of function in melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Pshenichnaya
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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39
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Djian-Zaouche J, Campagne C, Reyes-Gomez E, Gadin-Czerw S, Bernex F, Louise A, Relaix F, Buckingham M, Panthier JJ, Aubin-Houzelstein G. Pax3( GFP ) , a new reporter for the melanocyte lineage, highlights novel aspects of PAX3 expression in the skin. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 25:545-54. [PMID: 22621661 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2012.01024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The paired box gene 3 (Pax3) is expressed during pigment cell development. We tested whether the targeted allele Pax3(GFP) can be used as a reporter gene for pigment cells in the mouse. We found that enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) can be seen readily in every melanoblast and melanocyte in the epidermis and hair follicles of Pax3(GFP/+) heterozygotes. The GFP was detected at all differentiation stages, including melanocyte stem cells. In the dermis, Schwann cells and nestin-positive cells of the piloneural collars resembling the nestin-positive hair follicle multipotent stem cells exhibited a weaker GFP signal. Pigment cells could be purified by fluorescent activated cell sorting and grown in vitro without feeder cells, giving pure cultures of melanocytes. The Schwann cells and nestin-positive cells of the piloneural collars were FACS-isolated based on their weak expression of GFP. Thus Pax3(GFP) can discriminate distinct populations of cells in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Djian-Zaouche
- INRA, UMR955 Génétique Fonctionnelle et Médicale, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
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40
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Phosphorylation of BRN2 modulates its interaction with the Pax3 promoter to control melanocyte migration and proliferation. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:1237-47. [PMID: 22290434 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.06257-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
MITF-M and PAX3 are proteins central to the establishment and transformation of the melanocyte lineage. They control various cellular mechanisms, including migration and proliferation. BRN2 is a POU domain transcription factor expressed in melanoma cell lines and is involved in proliferation and invasion, at least in part by regulating the expression of MITF-M and PAX3. The T361 and S362 residues of BRN2, both in the POU domain, are conserved throughout the POU protein family and are targets for phosphorylation, but their roles in vivo remain unknown. To examine the role of this phosphorylation, we generated mutant BRN2 in which these two residues were replaced with alanines (BRN2TS→BRN2AA). When expressed in melanocytes in vitro or in the melanocyte lineage in transgenic mice, BRN2TS induced proliferation and repressed migration, whereas BRN2AA repressed both proliferation and migration. BRN2TS and BRN2AA bound and repressed the MITF-M promoter, whereas PAX3 transcription was induced by BRN2TS but repressed by BRN2AA. Expression of the BRN2AA transgene in a Mitf heterozygous background and in a Pax3 mutant background enhanced the coat color phenotype. Our findings show that melanocyte migration and proliferation are controlled both through the regulation of PAX3 by nonphosphorylated BRN2 and through the regulation of MITF-M by the overall BRN2 level.
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Larue L, Davidson I. Front seat and back seat drivers of melanoma metastasis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2011; 24:898-901. [PMID: 21910852 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2011.00905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie, Developmental Genetics of Melanocytes, CNRS UMR3347, INSERM U1021, Orsay, France.
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