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Nakra T. Integrating Skincare into Medical Practice. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2024; 64:13-22. [PMID: 38910501 DOI: 10.1097/iio.0000000000000525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
The integration of skincare into medical practice can enhance patient care. Understanding the anatomy and physiology of the skin is the foundation for effective skincare interventions. Genetic and inflammatory conditions play a significant role in aesthetic skin physiology. There are key active ingredients that are pivotal in addressing various skin concerns. Sunscreens provide crucial protection against UV radiation, while pigment control agents such as hydroquinone, kojic acid, and arbutin target the melanin pathway. Exfoliating agents and skin turnover enhancers such as retinoids and hydroxy acids promote skin renewal and rejuvenation. In addition, ingredients such as hyaluronic acid, ceramides, niacinamide, antioxidants, peptides, and botanicals contribute to improving skin quality. Adding skincare to medical practice requires careful product selection, patient education, and marketing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanuj Nakra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
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2
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Kordjazi T, Mariniello L, Giosafatto CVL, Porta R, Restaino OF. Streptomycetes as Microbial Cell Factories for the Biotechnological Production of Melanin. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3013. [PMID: 38474259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25053013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanins are complex, polymeric pigments with interesting properties like UV-light absorbance ability, metal ion chelation capacity, antimicrobial action, redox behaviors, and scavenging properties. Based on these characteristics, melanins might be applied in different industrial fields like food packaging, environmental bioremediation, and bioelectronic fields. The actual melanin manufacturing process is not environmentally friendly as it is based on extraction and purification from cuttlefish. Synthetic melanin is available on the market, but it is more expensive than animal-sourced pigment and it requires long chemical procedures. The biotechnological production of microbial melanin, instead, might be a valid alternative. Streptomycetes synthesize melanins as pigments and as extracellular products. In this review, the melanin biotechnological production processes by different Streptomyces strains have been revised according to papers in the literature. The different fermentation strategies to increase melanin production such as the optimization of growth conditions and medium composition or the use of raw sources as growth substrates are here described. Diverse downstream purification processes are also reported as well as all the different analytical methods used to characterize the melanin produced by Streptomyces strains before its application in different fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talayeh Kordjazi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Loredana Mariniello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Raffaele Porta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Odile Francesca Restaino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
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3
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Kumar B, Adil S, Pham DH, Kim J. Environment-friendly, high-performance cellulose nanofiber-vanillin epoxy nanocomposite with excellent mechanical, thermal insulation and UV shielding properties. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25272. [PMID: 38327421 PMCID: PMC10847658 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
With the increased demand for biobased epoxy thermosets as an alternative to petroleum-based materials in various fields, developing environment-friendly and high-performance natural fiber-biobased epoxy nanocomposites is crucial for industrial applications. Herein, an environment-friendly nanocomposite is reported by introducing cellulose nanofiber (CNF) in situ interaction with lignin-derived vanillin epoxy (VE) monomer and 4, 4´-diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM) hardener that serves as a multifunctional platform. The CNF-VE nanocomposite is fabricated by simply dispersing the CNF suspension to the VE and DDM hardener solution through the in-situ reaction, and its mechanical properties and thermal insulation behavior, wettability, chemical resistance, and optical properties are evaluated with the CNF weight percent variation. The well-dispersed CNF-VE nanocomposite exhibited high tensile strength (∼127.78 ± 3.99 MPa) and strain-at-break (∼16.49 ± 0.61 %), haziness (∼50 %) and UV-shielding properties. The in situ loading of CNF forms covalent crosslinking with the VE and favors improving the mechanical properties along with the homogeneous dispersion of CNF. The CNF-VE nanocomposite also shows lower thermal conductivity (0.26 Wm-1K-1) than glass. The environment-friendly and high-performance nanocomposite provides multiple platforms and can be used for building materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijender Kumar
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Samia Adil
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Duc Hoa Pham
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
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Jo SJ, Kim SR, Lee SH, Seo YJ, Ahn HH, Lee JH, Oh SH, Jeong KH, Park KY, Bang CH, Kim MS, Jung JY, Ryoo YW, Kim SS, Suh DH. Knowledge and the behavioral patterns of photoprotection among Koreans with skin disease. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2024; 40:e12945. [PMID: 38288772 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photoprotection is crucial in preventing the development and progression of various skin diseases. However, patients with skin disease have limited awareness of photoprotection. We evaluated the knowledge and behavioral patterns of photoprotection among Koreans with skin diseases. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in 11 general hospitals across South Korea. The study population consisted of patients aged 19 years or older who visited dermatologic clinics for their skin diseases. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect patient demographics, knowledge of photoprotection, and photoprotective habits. RESULTS In this study, 1173 patients with skin cancer, hyperpigmentary disorders, hypopigmentary disorders, or other skin diseases participated. Females scored significantly higher in knowledge of photoprotection compared to males (mean score 8.4 vs. 7.8; p < .001), and younger patients (<50 years) scored higher than older patients (mean score 8.7 vs. 7.5; p < .001). Males also reported longer sun exposure times and lower usage of photoprotective measures (both p < .001). Patients with skin cancer had the lowest mean knowledge score (7.1 ± 2.6) and were less likely to use photoprotective measures compared to other groups (p < .001). In contrast, patients with hyperpigmentation actively avoided sun exposure compared with other groups (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Knowledge of photoprotection among Korean patients with skin diseases varied depending on the gender, age, and type of skin disease. Their photoprotective behaviors were inadequate, especially among males and those with skin cancer. These findings emphasize the importance of educating and tailoring photoprotection strategies for patients with skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Jin Jo
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Rae Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Si Hyung Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Joon Seo
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejun, Korea
| | - Hyo Hyun Ahn
- Department of Dermatology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Hee Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Ho Oh
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki-Heon Jeong
- Department of Dermatology, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kui Young Park
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul Hwan Bang
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Young Wook Ryoo
- Department of Dermatology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sang Seok Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Hun Suh
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Acne, Rosacea, Seborrheic Dermatitis and Hidradenitis Suppurativa Research Laboratory, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Elkoshi N, Parikh S, Malcov-Brog H, Parikh R, Manich P, Netti F, Maliah A, Elkoshi H, Haj M, Rippin I, Frand J, Perluk T, Haiat-Factor R, Golan T, Regev-Rudzki N, Kiper E, Brenner R, Gonen P, Dror I, Levi H, Hameiri O, Cohen-Gulkar M, Eldar-Finkelman H, Ast G, Nizri E, Ziv Y, Elkon R, Khaled M, Ebenstein Y, Shiloh Y, Levy C. Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Signaling Delays Skin Pigmentation upon UV Exposure by Mediating MITF Function toward DNA Repair Mode. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:2494-2506.e4. [PMID: 37236596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.03.1686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Skin pigmentation is paused after sun exposure; however, the mechanism behind this pausing is unknown. In this study, we found that the UVB-induced DNA repair system, led by the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein kinase, represses MITF transcriptional activity of pigmentation genes while placing MITF in DNA repair mode, thus directly inhibiting pigment production. Phosphoproteomics analysis revealed ATM to be the most significantly enriched pathway among all UVB-induced DNA repair systems. ATM inhibition in mouse or human skin, either genetically or chemically, induces pigmentation. Upon UVB exposure, MITF transcriptional activation is blocked owing to ATM-dependent phosphorylation of MITF on S414, which modifies MITF activity and interactome toward DNA repair, including binding to TRIM28 and RBBP4. Accordingly, MITF genome occupancy is enriched in sites of high DNA damage that are likely repaired. This suggests that ATM harnesses the pigmentation key activator for the necessary rapid, efficient DNA repair, thus optimizing the chances of the cell surviving. Data are available from ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD041121.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Elkoshi
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shivang Parikh
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hagar Malcov-Brog
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Roma Parikh
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Paulee Manich
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Francesca Netti
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Avishai Maliah
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hana Elkoshi
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Majd Haj
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ido Rippin
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jacob Frand
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Tomer Perluk
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Rivi Haiat-Factor
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Tamar Golan
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Neta Regev-Rudzki
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Edo Kiper
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ronen Brenner
- Institute of Oncology, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Pinchas Gonen
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Iris Dror
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Loss Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hagai Levi
- The Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ofir Hameiri
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mazal Cohen-Gulkar
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hagit Eldar-Finkelman
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gil Ast
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eran Nizri
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center Ichilov, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Ziv
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rani Elkon
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mehdi Khaled
- INSERM 1186, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Yuval Ebenstein
- School of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yosef Shiloh
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Carmit Levy
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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6
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Bouchard KV, Costin GE. Promoting New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) for research on skin color changes in response to environmental stress factors: tobacco and air pollution. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:1256399. [PMID: 37886123 PMCID: PMC10598764 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1256399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is one of the most dynamic biological processes in the human body and is known to carry significant impacts on individuals' self-esteem. Skin pigmentation is a highly heritable trait made possible by complex, strictly controlled cellular and molecular mechanisms. Genetic, environmental and endocrine factors contribute to the modulation of melanin's amount, type and distribution in the skin layers. One of the hallmarks of extrinsic skin aging induced by environmental stress factors is the alteration of the constitutive pigmentation pattern clinically defined as senile lentigines and/or melasma or other pigmentary dyschromias. The complexity of pollutants and tobacco smoke as environmental stress factors warrants a thorough understanding of the mechanisms by which they impact skin pigmentation through repeated and long-term exposure. Pre-clinical and clinical studies demonstrated that pollutants are known to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) or inflammatory events that lead directly or indirectly to skin hyperpigmentation. Another mechanistic direction is provided by Aryl hydrocarbon Receptors (AhR) which were shown to mediate processes leading to skin hyperpigmentation in response to pollutants by regulation of melanogenic enzymes and transcription factors involved in melanin biosynthesis pathway. In this context, we will discuss a diverse range of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) capable to provide mechanistic insights of the cellular and molecular pathways involved in the action of environmental stress factors on skin pigmentation and to support the design of raw ingredients and formulations intended to counter their impact and of any subsequently needed clinical studies.
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7
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Gross S, Hooper R, Tomar D, Armstead AP, Shanas N, Mallu P, Joshi H, Ray S, Chong PL, Astsaturov I, Farma JM, Cai KQ, Chitrala KN, Elrod JW, Zaidi MR, Soboloff J. Suppression of Ca 2+ signaling enhances melanoma progression. EMBO J 2022; 41:e110046. [PMID: 36039850 PMCID: PMC9531303 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021110046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) in melanoma metastasis is highly controversial. To address this, we here examined UV-dependent metastasis, revealing a critical role for SOCE suppression in melanoma progression. UV-induced cholesterol biosynthesis was critical for UV-induced SOCE suppression and subsequent metastasis, although SOCE suppression alone was both necessary and sufficient for metastasis to occur. Further, SOCE suppression was responsible for UV-dependent differences in gene expression associated with both increased invasion and reduced glucose metabolism. Functional analyses further established that increased glucose uptake leads to a metabolic shift towards biosynthetic pathways critical for melanoma metastasis. Finally, examination of fresh surgically isolated human melanoma explants revealed cholesterol biosynthesis-dependent reduced SOCE. Invasiveness could be reversed with either cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors or pharmacological SOCE potentiation. Collectively, we provide evidence that, contrary to current thinking, Ca2+ signals can block invasive behavior, and suppression of these signals promotes invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Gross
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized MedicineThe Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Robert Hooper
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized MedicineThe Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Dhanendra Tomar
- The Center for Translational MedicineThe Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Alexander P Armstead
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized MedicineThe Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - No'ad Shanas
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized MedicineThe Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Pranava Mallu
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized MedicineThe Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Department of Cancer and Cellular BiologyThe Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Hinal Joshi
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized MedicineThe Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Department of Cancer and Cellular BiologyThe Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Suravi Ray
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized MedicineThe Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Department of Cancer and Cellular BiologyThe Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Parkson Lee‐Gau Chong
- Department of Cancer and Cellular BiologyThe Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Igor Astsaturov
- Department of Hematology/OncologyFox Chase Cancer CenterPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Jeffrey M Farma
- Department of Surgical OncologyFox Chase Cancer CenterPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Kathy Q Cai
- Department of Hematology/OncologyFox Chase Cancer CenterPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Kumaraswamy Naidu Chitrala
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized MedicineThe Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - John W Elrod
- The Center for Translational MedicineThe Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - M Raza Zaidi
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized MedicineThe Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Department of Cancer and Cellular BiologyThe Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Jonathan Soboloff
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized MedicineThe Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Department of Cancer and Cellular BiologyThe Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
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8
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Vachiramon V, Anuntrangsee T, Palakornkitti P, Jurairattanaporn N, Harnchoowong S. Incobotulinum Toxin Type A for Treatment of Ultraviolet-B-Induced Hyperpigmentation: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trial. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14060417. [PMID: 35737078 PMCID: PMC9231130 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Incobotulinum toxin A (IncoBoNT-A) is effective in preventing ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced hyperpigmentation. This prospective, randomized, controlled study aimed to evaluate the effect of IncoBoNT-A on the treatment of UVB-induced hyperpigmentation in 15 volunteers. Five hyperpigmentation squares (2 × 2 cm) were induced by local UVB on the abdomen at baseline. At Day 7, each site was randomized to receive no treatment (control), normal saline, or intradermal IncoBoNT-A injection with 1:2.5, 1:5, and 1:7.5 dilutions (12, 6, and 4 units, respectively). The mean lightness index (L*), hyperpigmentation improvement score evaluated by blinded dermatologists, and participant satisfaction scores were obtained at Days 21, 28, and 35. At Day 21, improvements in mean L* of 1:2.5, 1:5, and 1:7.5 IncoBoNT-A-treated, saline-treated, and control sites were 14.30%, 12.28%, 6.62%, 0.32%, and 4.98%, respectively (p = 0.86). At Day 28, the improvement in mean L* in IncoBoNT-A-treated groups was superior to that in the other groups. In terms of the hyperpigmentation improvement score, 12 participants (80%) experienced better outcomes with the IncoBoNT-A-injected site compared with the other sites. IncoBoNT-A, especially at higher concentrations, showed some positive effects on the treatment of UVB-induced hyperpigmentation. This may serve as an adjuvant treatment for hyperpigmentary conditions that are aggravated by UVB.
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9
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El-Aziz FEZAA, Ismail MS, Askary AE, El-Kott AF, Tantawy AA. The assessment of the protective impact of spidroin extract against UV-A radiation damage by using earthworms (Aporrectodea caliginosa) as a robust human skin model via macroscopic and histological observations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:44906-44916. [PMID: 35141825 PMCID: PMC9200702 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18861-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have confirmed the damage caused by excessive exposure to ultraviolet-A rays. Malignant melanoma and skin cancer are two of the most serious health consequences. Thus, the UV-A protectant is intended to protect the skin, especially the two primary layers of skin (epidermis that represents the interface between the body and its surroundings and dermis). Spider silk is the most powerful natural fibre due to its regeneration, biocompatibility, antimicrobial, wound healing, antiseptic, and blood clotting properties. This work targeted to determine the protective effect of spidroin extract against UV-A radiation damage. Earthworms Aporrectodea caliginosa were collected from Assiut University's farm. Each set of ten earthworms was separated into six groups and placed in a plastic container. Webs of spiders collected from trees and old houses. Spidroin was extracted and utilised in this work to determine the potential effects of topical application on UV-A protection. The experiment is divided into two sections: (1) UV-A exposure and (2) the use of spidroin extract to protect the earthworms from ultraviolet radiation. Two control groups (1،2) of worms were not received UV-A exposure, and four groups (3,4,5,6) were exposed to UVR-A. In contrast, groups (5,6) were received spidroin extract before exposure to UV-A. Each group from the groups (3,4,5,6) was exposed for three consecutive days (¼ hour/day, ½ hour/day, and 1 h/day), using a UV-Lamp with a wavelength of 366 nm. The histopathological changes revealed that after 1⁄4 h of UV exposure, the cuticle was swollen with a slightly detached epithelium. The cuticle was down after 1⁄2 h of exposure, and the epidermis was totally damaged and necrosed. After 1 h, the exposure showed destruction of the epidermis in the circular muscle with a loss of muscle filament integrity, varying size, and altered nucleus form, along with mild disintegration of longitudinal muscle. Spidroin extract is critical for earthworm protection against UV-A radiation damage and able to regeneration. For the first time, morphological and histological analysis was established to detect the Spidroin extract evaluated for topical application on earthworms. Earthworms can be considered as a robust human skin model prior to UV-A exposure. It induces a complete protective effect against UV-A radiation damage in earthworms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - May S Ismail
- Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Ahmad El Askary
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O.Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Attalla F El-Kott
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
- Zoology Department, College of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Tantawy
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
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10
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Khan NH, Mir M, Qian L, Baloch M, Ali Khan MF, Rehman AU, Ngowi EE, Wu DD, Ji XY. Skin cancer biology and barriers to treatment: Recent applications of polymeric micro/nanostructures. J Adv Res 2022; 36:223-247. [PMID: 35127174 PMCID: PMC8799916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Skin cancer has been the leading type of cancer worldwide. Melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers are now the most common types of skin cancer that have been reached to epidemic proportion. Based on the rapid prevalence of skin cancers, and lack of efficient drug delivery systems, it is essential to surge the possible ways to prevent or cure the disease. Aim of review Although surgical modalities and therapies have been made great progress in recent years, however, there is still an urgent need to alleviate its increased burden. Hence, understanding the precise pathophysiological signaling mechanisms and all other factors of such skin insults will be beneficial for the development of more efficient therapies. Key scientific concepts of review In this review, we explained new understandings about onset and development of skin cancer and described its management via polymeric micro/nano carriers-based therapies, highlighting the current key bottlenecks and future prospective in this field. In therapeutic drug/gene delivery approaches, polymeric carriers-based system is the most promising strategy. This review discusses that how polymers have successfully been exploited for development of micro/nanosized systems for efficient delivery of anticancer genes and drugs overcoming all the barriers and limitations associated with available conventional therapies. In addition to drug/gene delivery, intelligent polymeric nanocarriers platforms have also been established for combination anticancer therapies including photodynamic and photothermal, and for theranostic applications. This portfolio of latest approaches could promote the blooming growth of research and their clinical availability.
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Key Words
- 5-ALA, 5-aminolevulinic acid
- 5-FU, 5-fluorouracil
- AIDS, Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
- BCC, Basal cell carcinoma
- BCCs, Basal cell carcinomas
- Basal cell carcinoma
- CREB, response element-binding protein
- DDS, Drug delivery system
- DIM-D, Di indolyl methane derivative
- Drug delivery
- GNR-PEG-MN, PEGylated gold nanorod microneedle
- Gd, Gadolinium
- Gene delivery
- HH, Hedgehog
- HPMC, Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
- IPM, Isopropyl myristate
- MCIR, Melanocortin-1 receptor
- MNPs, Magnetic nanoparticle
- MNs, Microneedles
- MRI, Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- MSC, Melanoma skin cancer
- Microneedles
- Mn, Manganese
- NMSC, Non melanoma skin cancer
- NPs, Nano Particles
- OTR, Organ transplant recipients
- PAMAM, Poly-amidoamines
- PAN, Polyacrylonitrile
- PATCH1, Patch
- PCL, Poly (ε-caprolactone)
- PDT, Photodynamic therapy
- PEG, Polyethylene glycol
- PLA, Poly lactic acid
- PLA-HPG, Poly (d-l-lactic acid)-hyperbranched polyglycerol
- PLGA, Poly (lactide-co-glycolide) copolymers
- PLL, Poly (L-lysine)
- Polymeric nanocarriers
- QDs, Quantum dots
- SC, Skin cancer
- SCC, Squamous cell Carcinoma
- SMO, Smoothen
- SPIO, Superparamagnetic iron oxide
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- UV, Ultra Violet
- cAMP, Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- dPG, Dendritic polyglycerol
- hTERT, Human telomerase reverse transcriptase
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazeer Hussain Khan
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
- School of Life Sciences. Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Maria Mir
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Lei Qian
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Mahnoor Baloch
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farhan Ali Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Asim-ur- Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Ebenezeri Erasto Ngowi
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Dar es Salaam University College of Education, Dar es Salaam 2329, Tanzania
| | - Dong-Dong Wu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
- School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Xin-Ying Ji
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
- Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Infection and Biological Safety, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
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11
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Fernandez-Quiroz EL, Gonzales-Chachapoyas L, Alcantara-Diaz AL, Bulnes-Villalta B, Ayala-Porras Z, Toro-Huamanchumo CJ. Sunburns among beachgoers in the northern coast of Peru: frequency and factors associated. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11473. [PMID: 34178442 PMCID: PMC8197030 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation has increased skin cancer incidence and the risk of sunburns, especially during the summer months. Objective Identify the frequency and factors associated with sunburns in a sample of beachgoers in the northern coast of Peru. Methods We conducted a secondary data analysis of a previous study that assessed the awareness, behavior and attitudes concerning sun exposure among beachgoers. We included adults between 18 and 59 years who went to a beach in northern Peru during summer (March 2018). Three generalized linear models of the Poisson family were constructed to evaluate the factors associated with having had at least one sunburn last summer. All regression models reported the adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) with their respective 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results Of a total of 402 participants, 225 (56.0%) had one to five sunburns and 25 (6.2%) had six or more. Beachgoers who were 1–15 days (aPR: 1.16, 95% CI [1.05–1.27]) or more than 15 days (aPR: 1.22, 95% CI [1.09–1.36]) exposed to the sun on the beach had a higher frequency of at least one sunburn. The non-regular wearing of a hat or cap also increased the frequency of sunburns (aPR: 1.06, 95% CI [1.01–1.12]). In contrast, those who had Skin Phototype III (aPR: 0.94, 95% CI [0.88–0.99]) or IV (aPR: 0.69, 95% CI [0.63–0.75]) had a lower frequency of sunburns. Conclusion Three out of five beachgoers had one or more sunburns in the last summer. The factors associated with a higher frequency were the time of sun exposure at the beach and the non-regular use of a hat or cap. Type III–IV skin phototypes were associated with a lower sunburn frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana L Fernandez-Quiroz
- Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo, Chiclayo, Peru.,Asociación Científica de Estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo - ASOCIEM USAT, Chiclayo, Peru
| | - Lizeth Gonzales-Chachapoyas
- Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo, Chiclayo, Peru.,Asociación Científica de Estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo - ASOCIEM USAT, Chiclayo, Peru
| | - Ana L Alcantara-Diaz
- Sociedad Científica de Estudiantes de Medicina Veritas, Chiclayo, Peru.,Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Chiclayo, Peru
| | - Binz Bulnes-Villalta
- Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo, Chiclayo, Peru.,Asociación Científica de Estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo - ASOCIEM USAT, Chiclayo, Peru
| | - Zulmy Ayala-Porras
- Sociedad Científica de Estudiantes de Medicina Veritas, Chiclayo, Peru.,Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Chiclayo, Peru
| | - Carlos J Toro-Huamanchumo
- Unidad para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
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12
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Dilshat R, Vu HN, Steingrímsson E. Epigenetic regulation during melanocyte development and homeostasis. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1033-1050. [PMID: 34003523 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Melanocytes originate in the neural crest as precursor cells which then migrate and proliferate to reach their destination where they differentiate into pigment-producing cells. Melanocytes not only determine the colour of hair, skin and eyes but also protect against the harmful effects of UV irradiation. The establishment of the melanocyte lineage is regulated by a defined set of transcription factors and signalling pathways that direct the specific gene expression programmes underpinning melanoblast specification, survival, migration, proliferation and differentiation. In addition, epigenetic modifiers and replacement histones play key roles in regulating gene expression and its timing during the different steps of this process. Here, we discuss the evidence for the role of epigenetic regulators in melanocyte development and function and how they interact with transcription factors and signalling pathways to establish and maintain this important cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramile Dilshat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, BioMedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Hong Nhung Vu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, BioMedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Eiríkur Steingrímsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, BioMedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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13
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Yoo J. Differential diagnosis and management of hyperpigmentation. Clin Exp Dermatol 2021; 47:251-258. [PMID: 33999447 DOI: 10.1111/ced.14747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing recognition of ethnic dermatology to reflect the increase in skin of colour (SOC) populations in the UK. Hyperpigmentary disorder is one of the commonest skin concerns in SOC but there has been limited training available in this field of dermatology. Variations in skin colour are genetically determined by the amount of melanin content, the eumelanin/pheomelanin ratio and the size of melanosomes, but is also influenced by other factors such as hormones and extrinsic factors such as ultraviolet radiation. Hyperpigmentation is a broad term to describe increased pigmentation in the skin, and making a correct diagnosis is an important first step in the successful management of hyperpigmentary disorders. A systematic approach based on the disease pathogenesis (e.g. reactive vs. nonreactive, increased melanin vs. increased number of cells or epidermal vs. dermal pigmentation) aided by a detailed history and clinical examination is the best way to diagnose a hyperpigmentary disorder. Based on its pathogenesis, management can be planned. For epidermal hyperpigmentation caused by increased melanin, topical skin-lightening agents targeting inhibition of tyrosinase or melanosome transfer and promotion of keratinocyte turnover can be used. Hydroquinone-containing cream is the gold-standard treatment for epidermal hyperpigmentation. Alternative treatments include laser toning or chemical peels. However, increased dermal pigmentation is more challenging to target with topical treatments. If hyperpigmentation is due to increased numbers of melanocytes or keratinocytes, high-fluence laser is the most appropriate treatment method.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yoo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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14
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Atalay S, Gęgotek A, Skrzydlewska E. Protective Effects of Cannabidiol on the Membrane Proteome of UVB-Irradiated Keratinocytes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:402. [PMID: 33800305 PMCID: PMC8001542 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation contained in sunlight disturbs the redox state of skin cells, leading to changes in the structures and functions of macromolecules including components of biological membranes. Cannabidiol (CBD), which accumulates in biomembranes, may be a promising protective antioxidant compound. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of short-term (24 h) and long-term (48 h) CBD application on the proteomic profile of biological membranes in UVB-irradiated keratinocytes. The data obtained show that UVB radiation quantitatively and qualitatively modified cell membrane proteins, with a particular research focus on adducts of proteins with the lipid peroxidation products malondialdehyde (MDA) or 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). CBD application reduced the UVB-enhanced level of these protein adducts. This was particularly notable amongst proteins related to cell proliferation and apoptosis. Moreover, CBD dramatically increased the UVB-induced expression of proteins involved in the regulation of protein translation and cell proliferation (S3a/L13a/L7a ribosomal proteins), the inflammatory response (S100/S100-A6 proteins), and maintenance of redox balance (peroxiredoxin-1, carbonyl reductase 1, and aldo-keto reductase family 1 members). In contrast, CBD effects on the level of 4-HNE-protein adducts involved in the antioxidant response and proteasomal degradation process indicate that CBD may protect keratinocytes in connection with protein catabolism processes or pro-apoptotic action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Białystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland; (S.A.); (A.G.)
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15
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Cives M, Mannavola F, Lospalluti L, Sergi MC, Cazzato G, Filoni E, Cavallo F, Giudice G, Stucci LS, Porta C, Tucci M. Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers: Biological and Clinical Features. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5394. [PMID: 32751327 PMCID: PMC7432795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) include basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). These neoplasms are highly diverse in their clinical presentation, as well as in their biological evolution. While the deregulation of the Hedgehog pathway is commonly observed in BCC, SCC and MCC are characterized by a strikingly elevated mutational and neoantigen burden. As result of our improved understanding of the biology of non-melanoma skin cancers, innovative treatment options including inhibitors of the Hedgehog pathway and immunotherapeutic agents have been recently investigated against these malignancies, leading to their approval by regulatory authorities. Herein, we review the most relevant biological and clinical features of NMSC, focusing on innovative treatment approaches.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/metabolism
- Carcinogenesis/pathology
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/surgery
- Carcinoma, Merkel Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Merkel Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Merkel Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Merkel Cell/surgery
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/surgery
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Hedgehog Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Hedgehog Proteins/genetics
- Hedgehog Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/genetics
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Skin Neoplasms/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/surgery
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Cives
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy; (M.C.); (F.M.); (M.C.S.); (E.F.); (F.C.); (L.S.S.); (C.P.)
- National Cancer Center, Tumori Institute Giovanni Paolo II, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Mannavola
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy; (M.C.); (F.M.); (M.C.S.); (E.F.); (F.C.); (L.S.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Lucia Lospalluti
- Section of Dermatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Maria Chiara Sergi
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy; (M.C.); (F.M.); (M.C.S.); (E.F.); (F.C.); (L.S.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Gerardo Cazzato
- Section of Pathology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Filoni
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy; (M.C.); (F.M.); (M.C.S.); (E.F.); (F.C.); (L.S.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy; (M.C.); (F.M.); (M.C.S.); (E.F.); (F.C.); (L.S.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Giudice
- Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Luigia Stefania Stucci
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy; (M.C.); (F.M.); (M.C.S.); (E.F.); (F.C.); (L.S.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Camillo Porta
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy; (M.C.); (F.M.); (M.C.S.); (E.F.); (F.C.); (L.S.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Marco Tucci
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy; (M.C.); (F.M.); (M.C.S.); (E.F.); (F.C.); (L.S.S.); (C.P.)
- National Cancer Center, Tumori Institute Giovanni Paolo II, 70121 Bari, Italy
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16
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Anitua E, Troya M, Goñi F, Gómez P, Tierno R, Pino A. A Novel Autologous Topical Serum Based on Plasma Rich in Growth Factors Technology Counteracts Ultraviolet Light-Derived Photo-Oxidative Stress. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 33:67-81. [DOI: 10.1159/000507716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Li X, Matsumoto T, Takuwa M, Saeed Ebrahim Shaiku Ali M, Hirabashi T, Kondo H, Fujino H. Protective Effects of Astaxanthin Supplementation against Ultraviolet-Induced Photoaging in Hairless Mice. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8020018. [PMID: 31973028 PMCID: PMC7168265 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) light induces skin photoaging, which is characterized by thickening, wrinkling, pigmentation, and dryness. Astaxanthin (AST), a ketocarotenoid isolated from Haematococcus pluvialis, has been extensively studied owing to its possible effects on skin health as well as UV protection. In addition, AST attenuates the increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and capillary regression of the skeletal muscle. In this study, we investigated whether AST could protect against UV-induced photoaging and reduce capillary regression in the skin of HR-1 hairless mice. UV light induces wrinkle formation, epidermal thickening, and capillary regression in the dermis of HR-1 hairless mice. The administration of AST reduced the UV-induced wrinkle formation and skin thickening, and increased collagen fibers in the skin. AST supplementation also inhibited the generation of ROS, decreased wrinkle formation, reduced epidermal thickening, and increased the density of capillaries in the skin. We also found an inverse correlation between wrinkle formation and the density of capillaries. An association between photoaging and capillary regression in the skin was also observed. These results suggest that AST can protect against photoaging caused by UV irradiation and the inhibitory effects of AST on photoaging may be associated with the reduction of capillary regression in the skin.
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18
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Bellei B, Picardo M. Premature cell senescence in human skin: Dual face in chronic acquired pigmentary disorders. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 57:100981. [PMID: 31733332 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although senescence was originally described as an in vitro acquired cellular characteristic, it was recently recognized that senescence is physiologically and pathologically involved in aging and age-related diseases in vivo. The definition of cellular senescence has expanded to include the growth arrest caused by various cellular stresses, including DNA damage, inadequate mitochondria function, activated oncogene or tumor suppressor genes and oxidative stress. While senescence in normal aging involves various tissues over time and contributes to a decline in tissue function even with healthy aging, disease-induced premature senescence may be restricted to one or a few organs triggering a prolonged and more intense rate of accumulation of senescent cells than in normal aging. Organ-specific high senescence rate could lead to chronic diseases, especially in post-mitotic rich tissue. Recently, two opposite acquired pathological conditions related to skin pigmentation were described to be associated with premature senescence: vitiligo and melasma. In both cases, it was demonstrated that pathological dysfunctions are not restricted to melanocytes, the cell type responsible for melanin production and transport to surrounding keratinocytes. Similar to physiological melanogenesis, dermal and epidermal cells contribute directly and indirectly to deregulate skin pigmentation as a result of complex intercellular communication. Thus, despite senescence usually being reported as a uniform phenotype sharing the expression of characteristic markers, skin senescence involving mainly the dermal compartment and its paracrine function could be associated with the disappearance of melanocytes in vitiligo lesions and with the exacerbated activity of melanocytes in the hyperpigmentation spots of melasma. This suggests that the difference may arise in melanocyte intrinsic differences and/or in highly defined microenvironment peculiarities poorly explored at the current state of the art. A similar dualistic phenotype has been attributed to intratumoral stromal cells as cancer-associated fibroblasts presenting a senescent-like phenotype which influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. Here, we present a framework dissecting senescent-related molecular alterations shared by vitiligo and melasma patients and we also discuss disease-specific differences representing new challenges for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bellei
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center for Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center for Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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19
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Espinoza S, Juestel T, Haase M. Colloidal LaPO 4:Gd 3+ nanocrystals: X-ray induced single line UV emission. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:22533-22540. [PMID: 30480289 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr06867d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal solutions of nearly monodisperse 5 nm LaPO4:Gd3+ nanocrystals are shown to strongly emit UV radiation upon excitation with tungsten Kα radiation (59.3 keV) or vacuum UV radiation (160 nm). The UV emission of the particles consists mainly of a single line at 311 nm corresponding to the 6P7/2-8S7/2 transition of Gd3+. The highest emission intensity is observed for LaPO4 nanocrystals with a Gd3+ concentration of 20%. Since the absorption cross section of biomaterials is low for X-rays but high for 311 nm radiation, the UV emission of particles embedded in the biological tissue can only affect the direct vicinity of the particles. Nanocrystals of LaPO4:Gd3+ could, therefore, be interesting for biomedical applications such as strongly localized drug release by X-ray triggered UV uncaging reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Espinoza
- Muenster University of Applied Sciences, Stegerwaldstr. 39, D-48565 Steinfurt, Germany
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20
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Malcov-Brog H, Alpert A, Golan T, Parikh S, Nordlinger A, Netti F, Sheinboim D, Dror I, Thomas L, Cosson C, Gonen P, Stanevsky Y, Brenner R, Perluk T, Frand J, Elgavish S, Nevo Y, Rahat D, Tabach Y, Khaled M, Shen-Orr SS, Levy C. UV-Protection Timer Controls Linkage between Stress and Pigmentation Skin Protection Systems. Mol Cell 2018; 72:444-456.e7. [PMID: 30401431 PMCID: PMC6224604 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Skin sun exposure induces two protection programs: stress responses and pigmentation, the former within minutes and the latter only hours afterward. Although serving the same physiological purpose, it is not known whether and how these programs are coordinated. Here, we report that UVB exposure every other day induces significantly more skin pigmentation than the higher frequency of daily exposure, without an associated increase in stress responses. Using mathematical modeling and empirical studies, we show that the melanocyte master regulator, MITF, serves to synchronize stress responses and pigmentation and, furthermore, functions as a UV-protection timer via damped oscillatory dynamics, thereby conferring a trade-off between the two programs. MITF oscillations are controlled by multiple negative regulatory loops, one at the transcriptional level involving HIF1α and another post-transcriptional loop involving microRNA-148a. These findings support trait linkage between the two skin protection programs, which, we speculate, arose during furless skin evolution to minimize skin damage. UV exposure frequency reveals a trade-off between skin protection programs MITF dynamics synchronize skin stress responses and pigmentation MITF serves as a UV-protection timer Two negative regulatory loops involving miR-148a and HIF1α underlie MITF dynamics
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagar Malcov-Brog
- Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ayelet Alpert
- Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Tamar Golan
- Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Shivang Parikh
- Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Alice Nordlinger
- INSERM U1186, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif 94805, France
| | - Francesca Netti
- Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Danna Sheinboim
- Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Iris Dror
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Laetitia Thomas
- INSERM U1186, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif 94805, France
| | - Camille Cosson
- INSERM U1186, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif 94805, France
| | - Pinchas Gonen
- Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Jacob Frand
- E. Wolfson Medical Center, Holon 58100, Israel
| | - Sharona Elgavish
- Bioinformatics Unit of the I-CORE Computation Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Yuval Nevo
- Bioinformatics Unit of the I-CORE Computation Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Dolev Rahat
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Yuval Tabach
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Mehdi Khaled
- INSERM U1186, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif 94805, France.
| | - Shai S Shen-Orr
- Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
| | - Carmit Levy
- Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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21
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Markiewicz E, Idowu OC. Involvement of the nuclear structural proteins in aging-related responses of human skin to the environmental stress. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2018; 11:297-307. [PMID: 29928140 PMCID: PMC6003287 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s163792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human skin is a stratified endocrine organ with primary roles in protection against detrimental biochemical and biophysical factors in the environment. Environmental stress causes gradual accumulation of the macromolecular damage and clinical manifestations consistent with chronic inflammatory conditions and premature aging of the skin. Structural proteins of cell nucleus, the nuclear lamins and lamina-associated proteins, play an important role in the regulation of a number of signal transduction pathways associated with stress. The nuclear lamina proteins have been implicated in a number of degenerative disorders with frequent clinical manifestations of the skin conditions related to premature aging. Analysis of the molecular signatures in response of the skin to a range of damaging factors not only points at the likely involvement of the nuclear lamina in transmission of the signals between the environment and cell nucleus but also defines skin's sensitivity to stress, and therefore the capacities to counteract external damage in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Markiewicz
- Hexis Lab, Science Central, The Core, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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22
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Lerche CM, Togsverd-Bo K, Philipsen PA, Wulf HC. Impact of UVR Exposure Pattern on Squamous Cell Carcinoma-A Dose-Delivery and Dose-Response Study in Pigmented Hairless Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122738. [PMID: 29258202 PMCID: PMC5751339 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cumulative lifetime ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is an important factor in the development of squamous cell carcinoma. This study examines the impact of UVR exposure pattern on tumor development. Hairless C3.Cg/TifBomTac immunocompetent pigmented mice (n = 351) were irradiated with 12 standard erythema doses (SED)/week, given as 2 SED ×6, 3 SED ×4, 4 SED ×3, or 6 SED ×2 (dose-delivery study) or 0, 0.6, 1.2, 2, 3 or 4 SED ×3/week (dose-response study). All mice were irradiated until development of 3 tumors of 4 mm each. Pigmentation was measured once monthly. In the dose-delivery study, the median time until tumor development was independent of dose fractions. In the dose-response study, higher UVR doses resulted in faster tumor appearance. When the weekly UVR dose was decreased from 12 to 6 SED, the cumulative UVR dose needed for tumor development was reduced by 40%. In conclusion, delivery schedules of a fixed weekly UVR dose did not affect tumor development. When using different weekly UVR doses, longer time to tumor development was observed using lower UVR doses. Lower weekly UVR doses however resulted in lower cumulative UVR doses to induce tumors in hairless pigmented mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina M Lerche
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Katrine Togsverd-Bo
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Peter A Philipsen
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Hans Christian Wulf
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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23
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Hacker E, Boyce Z, Kimlin MG, Wockner L, Pollak T, Vaartjes SA, Hayward NK, Whiteman DC. The effect of MC1R variants and sunscreen on the response of human melanocytes in vivo to ultraviolet radiation and implications for melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 26:835-44. [PMID: 23962207 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a clinical trial to compare the molecular and cellular responses of human melanocytes and keratinocytes in vivo to solar-simulated ultraviolet radiation (SSUVR) in 57 Caucasian participants grouped according to MC1R genotype. We found that, on average, the density of epidermal melanocytes 14 days after exposure to 2 minimal erythemal dose (MED) SSUVR was twofold higher than baseline (unirradiated) skin. However, the change in epidermal melanocyte counts among people carrying germline MC1R variants (97% increase) was significantly less than those with wild-type MC1R (164% increase; P = 0.01). We also found that sunscreen applied to the skin before exposure to 2 MED SSUVR completely blocked the effects of DNA damage, p53 induction, and cellular proliferation in both melanocytes and keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Hacker
- Centre for Research Excellence in Sun and Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia; Genetics & Population Health Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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24
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Stiefel C, Schwack W. Rapid screening method to study the reactivity of UV filter substances towards skin proteins by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Int J Cosmet Sci 2013; 35:588-99. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Stiefel
- Institute of Food Chemistry; University of Hohenheim; Garbenstrasse 28 Stuttgart 70599 Germany
| | - W. Schwack
- Institute of Food Chemistry; University of Hohenheim; Garbenstrasse 28 Stuttgart 70599 Germany
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25
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D’Orazio J, Jarrett S, Amaro-Ortiz A, Scott T. UV radiation and the skin. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:12222-48. [PMID: 23749111 PMCID: PMC3709783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140612222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1024] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UV radiation (UV) is classified as a "complete carcinogen" because it is both a mutagen and a non-specific damaging agent and has properties of both a tumor initiator and a tumor promoter. In environmental abundance, UV is the most important modifiable risk factor for skin cancer and many other environmentally-influenced skin disorders. However, UV also benefits human health by mediating natural synthesis of vitamin D and endorphins in the skin, therefore UV has complex and mixed effects on human health. Nonetheless, excessive exposure to UV carries profound health risks, including atrophy, pigmentary changes, wrinkling and malignancy. UV is epidemiologically and molecularly linked to the three most common types of skin cancer, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma, which together affect more than a million Americans annually. Genetic factors also influence risk of UV-mediated skin disease. Polymorphisms of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene, in particular, correlate with fairness of skin, UV sensitivity, and enhanced cancer risk. We are interested in developing UV-protective approaches based on a detailed understanding of molecular events that occur after UV exposure, focusing particularly on epidermal melanization and the role of the MC1R in genome maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D’Orazio
- Graduate Center for Toxicology and the Departments of Pediatrics, Biomedical and Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Stuart Jarrett
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Alexandra Amaro-Ortiz
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; E-Mail: (A.A.-O.); (T.S.)
| | - Timothy Scott
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; E-Mail: (A.A.-O.); (T.S.)
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Juzeniene A, Moan J. Beneficial effects of UV radiation other than via vitamin D production. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2012; 4:109-17. [PMID: 22928066 PMCID: PMC3427189 DOI: 10.4161/derm.20013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Most of the positive effects of solar radiation are mediated via ultraviolet-B (UVB) induced production of vitamin D in skin. However, several other pathways may exist for the action of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on humans as focused on in this review. One is induction of cosmetic tanning (immediate pigment darkening, persistent pigment darkening and delayed tanning). UVB-induced, delayed tanning (increases melanin in skin after several days), acts as a sunscreen. Several human skin diseases, like psoriasis, vitiligo, atopic dermatitis and localized scleroderma, can be treated with solar radiation (heliotherapy) or artificial UV radiation (phototherapy). UV exposure can suppress the clinical symptoms of multiple sclerosis independently of vitamin D synthesis. Furthermore, UV generates nitric oxide (NO), which may reduce blood pressure and generally improve cardiovascular health. UVA-induced NO may also have antimicrobial effects and furthermore, act as a neurotransmitter. Finally, UV exposure may improve mood through the release of endorphins.
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Regulation of human skin pigmentation in situ by repetitive UV exposure: molecular characterization of responses to UVA and/or UVB. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:1685-96. [PMID: 20147966 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
UV radiation is a major environmental factor that affects pigmentation in human skin and can eventually result in various types of UV-induced skin cancers. The effects of various wavelengths of UV on melanocytes and other types of skin cells in culture have been studied, but little is known about gene expression patterns in situ following in situ exposure of human skin to different types of UV (UVA and/or UVB). Paracrine factors expressed by keratinocytes and/or fibroblasts that affect skin pigmentation might be regulated differently by UV, as might their corresponding receptors expressed on melanocytes. To test the hypothesis that different mechanisms are involved in the pigmentary responses of the skin to different types of UV, we used immunohistochemical and whole human genome microarray analyses to characterize human skin in situ to examine how melanocyte-specific proteins and paracrine melanogenic factors are regulated by repetitive exposure to different types of UV compared with unexposed skin as a control. The results show that gene expression patterns induced by UVA or UVB are distinct-UVB eliciting dramatic increases in a large number of genes involved in pigmentation as well as in other cellular functions, whereas UVA had little or no effect on these. The expression patterns characterize the distinct responses of the skin to UVA or UVB, and identify several potential previously unidentified factors involved in UV-induced responses of human skin.
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Abstract
More than 150 genes have been identified that affect skin color either directly or indirectly, and we review current understanding of physiological factors that regulate skin pigmentation. We focus on melanosome biogenesis, transport and transfer, melanogenic regulators in melanocytes, and factors derived from keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, hormones, inflammatory cells, and nerves. Enzymatic components of melanosomes include tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1, and dopachrome tautomerase, which depend on the functions of OA1, P, MATP, ATP7A, and BLOC-1 to synthesize eumelanins and pheomelanins. The main structural component of melanosomes is Pmel17/gp100/Silv, whose sorting involves adaptor protein 1A (AP1A), AP1B, AP2, and spectrin, as well as a chaperone-like component, MART-1. During their maturation, melanosomes move from the perinuclear area toward the plasma membrane. Microtubules, dynein, kinesin, actin filaments, Rab27a, melanophilin, myosin Va, and Slp2-a are involved in melanosome transport. Foxn1 and p53 up-regulate skin pigmentation via bFGF and POMC derivatives including alpha-MSH and ACTH, respectively. Other critical factors that affect skin pigmentation include MC1R, CREB, ASP, MITF, PAX3, SOX9/10, LEF-1/TCF, PAR-2, DKK1, SCF, HGF, GM-CSF, endothelin-1, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, neurotrophins, and neuropeptides. UV radiation up-regulates most factors that increase melanogenesis. Further studies will elucidate the currently unknown functions of many other pigment genes/proteins. (c) 2009 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Yamaguchi
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
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