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Liu Z, Liu J, Wang W, An X, Luo L, Yu D, Sun W. Epigenetic modification in diabetic kidney disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1133970. [PMID: 37455912 PMCID: PMC10348754 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1133970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a common microangiopathy in diabetic patients and the main cause of death in diabetic patients. The main manifestations of DKD are proteinuria and decreased renal filtration capacity. The glomerular filtration rate and urinary albumin level are two of the most important hallmarks of the progression of DKD. The classical treatment of DKD is controlling blood glucose and blood pressure. However, the commonly used clinical therapeutic strategies and the existing biomarkers only partially slow the progression of DKD and roughly predict disease progression. Therefore, novel therapeutic methods, targets and biomarkers are urgently needed to meet clinical requirements. In recent years, increasing attention has been given to the role of epigenetic modification in the pathogenesis of DKD. Epigenetic variation mainly includes DNA methylation, histone modification and changes in the noncoding RNA expression profile, which are deeply involved in DKD-related inflammation, oxidative stress, hemodynamics, and the activation of abnormal signaling pathways. Since DKD is reversible at certain disease stages, it is valuable to identify abnormal epigenetic modifications as early diagnosis and treatment targets to prevent the progression of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Because the current understanding of the epigenetic mechanism of DKD is not comprehensive, the purpose of this review is to summarize the role of epigenetic modification in the occurrence and development of DKD and evaluate the value of epigenetic therapies in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Liu
- Public Research Platform, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- Public Research Platform, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wanning Wang
- Department of Nephrology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xingna An
- Public Research Platform, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ling Luo
- Public Research Platform, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Dehai Yu
- Public Research Platform, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Weixia Sun
- Department of Nephrology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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2
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Wei W, Zhao Y, Chai Y, Shou S, Jin H. A novel role of DOT1L in kidney diseases. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:5415-5423. [PMID: 37085741 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08415-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We systematically summarized the structure and biological function of DOT1L in detail, and further discussed the role of DOT1L in kidney diseases through different mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS We first described the role of DOT1L in various kidney diseases including AKI, CKD, DN and kidney tumor diseases. CONCLUSIONS A better understanding of DOT1L as a histone methylase based on characteristics of regulating telomere silencing, transcriptional extension, DNA damage repair and cell cycle could lead to the development of new therapeutic targets for various kidney diseases, thereby improving the prognosis of kidney disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibo Zhao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfen Chai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Songtao Shou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China.
| | - Heng Jin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Kushwaha K, Garg SS, Gupta J. Targeting epigenetic regulators for treating diabetic nephropathy. Biochimie 2022; 202:146-158. [PMID: 35985560 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is accompanied by the worsening of kidney functions. The reasons for kidney dysfunction mainly include high blood pressure (BP), high blood sugar levels, and genetic makeup. Vascular complications are the leading cause of the end-stage renal disorder (ESRD) and death of diabetic patients. Epigenetics has emerged as a new area to explain the inheritance of non-mendelian conditions like diabetic kidney diseases. Aberrant post-translational histone modifications (PTHMs), DNA methylation (DNAme), and miRNA constitute major epigenetic mechanisms that progress diabetic nephropathy (DN). Increased blood sugar levels alter PTHMs, DNAme, and miRNA in kidney cells results in aberrant gene expression that causes fibrosis, accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM), increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), and renal injuries. Histone acetylation (HAc) and histone deacetylation (HDAC) are the most studied epigenetic modifications with implications in the occurrence of kidney disorders. miRNAs induced by hyperglycemia in renal cells are also responsible for ECM accumulation and dysfunction of the glomerulus. In this review, we highlight the role of epigenetic modifications in DN progression and current strategies employed to ameliorate DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Kushwaha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Sourbh Suren Garg
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Jeena Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India.
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Cheng Y, Chen Y, Wang G, Liu P, Xie G, Jing H, Chen H, Fan Y, Wang M, Zhou J. Protein Methylation in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:736006. [PMID: 35647002 PMCID: PMC9133329 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.736006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by persistent urine aberrations, structural abnormalities, or impaired excretory renal function. Diabetes is the leading cause of CKD. Their common pathological manifestation is renal fibrosis. Approximately half of all patients with type 2 diabetes and one-third with type 1 diabetes will develop CKD. However, renal fibrosis mechanisms are still poorly understood, especially post-transcriptional and epigenetic regulation. And an unmet need remains for innovative treatment strategies for preventing, arresting, treating, and reversing diabetic kidney disease (DKD). People believe that protein methylation, including histone and non-histone, is an essential type of post-translational modification (PTM). However, prevalent reviews mainly focus on the causes such as DNA methylation. This review will take insights into the protein part. Furthermore, by emphasizing the close relationship between protein methylation and DKD, we will summarize the clinical research status and foresee the application prospect of protein methyltransferase (PMT) inhibitors in DKD treatment. In a nutshell, our review will contribute to a more profound understanding of DKD’s molecular mechanism and inspire people to dig into this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanna Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guiling Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan Jing
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongtao Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Eighth People’s Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youlin Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital of Panyu District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Gaoming People’s Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Zhou,
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5
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Human cytomegalovirus promoting endothelial cell proliferation by targeting regulator of G-protein signaling 5 hypermethylation and downregulation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2252. [PMID: 32041970 PMCID: PMC7010708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58680-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection and environmental factors can increase susceptibility to essential hypertension (EH). Although endothelial dysfunction is the initial factor of EH, the epigenetic mechanisms through which HCMV infection induces endothelial cell dysfunction are poorly understood. Here, we evaluated whether HCMV regulated endothelial cell function and assessed the underlying mechanisms. Microarray analysis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with HCMV AD169 strain in the presence of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia revealed differential expression of genes involved in hypertension. Further analyses validated that the regulator of G-protein signaling 5 (RGS5) gene was downregulated in infected HUVECs and showed that HCMV infection promoted HUVEC proliferation, whereas hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia inhibited HUVEC proliferation. Additionally, treatment with decitabine (DAC) and RGS5 reversed the effects of HCMV infection on HUVEC proliferation, but not triggered by hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. In summary, upregulation of RGS5 may be a promising treatment for preventing HCMV-induced hypertension.
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Kazmi N, Elliott HR, Burrows K, Tillin T, Hughes AD, Chaturvedi N, Gaunt TR, Relton CL. Associations between high blood pressure and DNA methylation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227728. [PMID: 31999706 PMCID: PMC6991984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High blood pressure is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. Epigenetic processes including DNA methylation potentially mediate the relationship between genetic factors, the environment and cardiovascular disease. Despite an increased risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease in individuals of South Asians compared to Europeans, it is not clear whether associations between blood pressure and DNA methylation differ between these groups. Methods We performed an epigenome-wide association study and differentially methylated region (DMR) analysis to identify DNA methylation sites and regions that were associated with systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and hypertension. We analyzed samples from 364 European and 348 South Asian men (first generation migrants to the UK) from the Southall And Brent REvisited cohort, measuring DNA methylation from blood using the Illumina Infinium® HumanMethylation450 BeadChip. Results One CpG site was found to be associated with DBP in trans-ancestry analyses (i.e. both ethnic groups combined), while in Europeans alone seven CpG sites were associated with DBP. No associations were identified between DNA methylation and either SBP or hypertension. Comparison of effect sizes between South Asian and European EWAS for DBP, SBP and hypertension revealed little concordance between analyses. DMR analysis identified several regions with known relationships with CVD and its risk factors. Conclusion This study identified differentially methylated sites and regions associated with blood pressure and revealed ethnic differences in these associations. These findings may point to molecular pathways which may explain the elevated cardiovascular disease risk experienced by those of South Asian ancestry when compared to Europeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabila Kazmi
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Hannah R. Elliott
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Burrows
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Therese Tillin
- Department of Population Science & Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alun D. Hughes
- Department of Population Science & Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Lifelong Health & Aging Unit at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nish Chaturvedi
- Department of Population Science & Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Lifelong Health & Aging Unit at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tom R. Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline L. Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, United Kingdom
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7
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Preterm birth is associated with epigenetic programming of transgenerational hypertension in mice. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:152-165. [PMID: 31974504 PMCID: PMC7000670 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0373-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal and cardiovascular complications of prematurity are well established, notably the development of hypertension in adulthood. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Our objective was to investigate the impact of prematurity on the ontogenesis of renal corticosteroid pathways, to evaluate its implication in perinatal renal complications and in the emergence of hypertension in adulthood. Swiss CD1 pregnant mice were injected with lipopolysaccharides at 18 days of gestation (E18) to induce prematurity at E18.5. Pups were sacrificed at birth, 7 days and 6 months of life. Second (F2) and third (F3) generations, established by mating prematurely born adult females with wild-type males, were also analyzed. Former preterm males developed hypertension at M6 (P < 0.0001). We found robust activation of renal corticosteroid target gene transcription at birth in preterm mice (αENaC (+45%), Gilz (+85%)), independent of any change in mineralocorticoid or glucocorticoid receptor expression. The offspring of the preterm group displayed increased blood pressure in F2 and F3, associated with increased renal Gilz mRNA expression, despite similar MR or GR expression and plasma corticosteroid levels measured by LC-MS/MS. Gilz promoter methylation measured by methylated DNA immunoprecipitation-qPCR was reduced with a negative correlation between methylation and expression (P = 0.0106). Our study demonstrates prematurity-related alterations in renal corticosteroid signaling pathways, with transgenerational inheritance of blood pressure dysregulation and epigenetic Gilz regulation up to the third generation. This study provides a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in essential hypertension, which could partly be due to perinatal epigenetic programming from previous generations. A propensity towards high blood pressure may be passed down through several generations from adults who were born preterm. People who are born prematurely often suffer from kidney (renal) problems, high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease as they age. Recent research suggests adults born prematurely can pass dysregulated blood pressure to their children. Laetitia Martinerie at INSERM Unit 1185, Le Kremlin Bicêtre and Robert Debré Hospital in Paris, France, and co-workers studied generations of mice to explore how epigenetic alterations, DNA modifications that do not change the DNA code, affect blood pressure from birth through to adulthood. The team identified tissue-specific alterations in renal signaling pathways in premature mice. They also traced the associated overexpression of a gene called Gilz, known to play a role in blood pressure maintenance, through second and third generation mice born to the first generation preterms.
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8
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Soler-Botija C, Gálvez-Montón C, Bayés-Genís A. Epigenetic Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Genet 2019; 10:950. [PMID: 31649728 PMCID: PMC6795132 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the number one cause of death worldwide and greatly impact quality of life and medical costs. Enormous effort has been made in research to obtain new tools for efficient and quick diagnosis and predicting the prognosis of these diseases. Discoveries of epigenetic mechanisms have related several pathologies, including cardiovascular diseases, to epigenetic dysregulation. This has implications on disease progression and is the basis for new preventive strategies. Advances in methodology and big data analysis have identified novel mechanisms and targets involved in numerous diseases, allowing more individualized epigenetic maps for personalized diagnosis and treatment. This paves the way for what is called pharmacoepigenetics, which predicts the drug response and develops a tailored therapy based on differences in the epigenetic basis of each patient. Similarly, epigenetic biomarkers have emerged as a promising instrument for the consistent diagnosis and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. Their good accessibility and feasible methods of detection make them suitable for use in clinical practice. However, multicenter studies with a large sample population are required to determine with certainty which epigenetic biomarkers are reliable for clinical routine. Therefore, this review focuses on current discoveries regarding epigenetic biomarkers and its controversy aiming to improve the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy in cardiovascular patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Soler-Botija
- Heart Failure and Cardiac Regeneration (ICREC) Research Program, Health Science Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Gálvez-Montón
- Heart Failure and Cardiac Regeneration (ICREC) Research Program, Health Science Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Bayés-Genís
- Heart Failure and Cardiac Regeneration (ICREC) Research Program, Health Science Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Cardiology Service, HUGTiP, Badalona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Barcelona Autonomous University (UAB), Badalona, Spain
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Liang
- From the Center of Systems Molecular Medicine, Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
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10
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Arif M, Sadayappan S, Becker RC, Martin LJ, Urbina EM. Epigenetic modification: a regulatory mechanism in essential hypertension. Hypertens Res 2019; 42:1099-1113. [PMID: 30867575 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-019-0248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Essential hypertension (EH) is a multifactorial disease of the cardiovascular system that is influenced by the interplay of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. The molecular dynamics underlying EH etiopathogenesis is unknown; however, earlier studies have revealed EH-associated genetic variants. Nevertheless, this finding alone is not sufficient to explain the variability in blood pressure, suggesting that other risk factors are involved, such as epigenetic modifications. Therefore, this review highlights the potential contribution of well-defined epigenetic mechanisms in EH, specifically, DNA methylation, post-translational histone modifications, and microRNAs. We further emphasize global and gene-specific DNA methylation as one of the most well-studied hallmarks among all epigenetic modifications in EH. In addition, post-translational histone modifications, such as methylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation, are described as important epigenetic markers associated with EH. Finally, we discuss microRNAs that affect blood pressure by regulating master genes such as those implicated in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. These epigenetic modifications, which appear to contribute to various cardiovascular diseases, including EH, may be a promising research area for the development of novel future strategies for EH prevention and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Arif
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Heart, Lung and Vascular Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.,Division of Preventive Cardiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Sakthivel Sadayappan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Heart, Lung and Vascular Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Richard C Becker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Heart, Lung and Vascular Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Lisa J Martin
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Elaine M Urbina
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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Feng Q, Hui J, Tang N, Liu YM, Zhong H, Li Z, Wang LM, Qu YY, Deng FM, He F. Unexpected role of the human cytomegalovirus contribute to essential hypertension in the Kazakh Chinese population of Xinjiang. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20171522. [PMID: 29752343 PMCID: PMC6019381 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection, chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), endothelial function, and DNA methylation play roles in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension (EH); however, the mechanism by which HCMV predisposes patients to hypertension remain unclear. Our group previously demonstrated an association between EH and HCMV infection in Kazakh Chinese. Here, we investigated the relationship between HCMV infection and other clinicopathological features in 720 Kazakh individuals with or without hypertension (n=360 each; age: 18-80). Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses were used to determine the associations between HCMV infection, clinical characteristics, and EH. Notably, patients with EH, particularly those with HCMV infection, exhibited a marked increase in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHDG) levels, but a decrease in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and renin levels. Similarly, elevated TNF-α and 8-OHDG levels were independent predictors of increased HCMV antibody titers, whereas eNOS and renin were negatively correlated with the latter. Moreover, serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (sACE, ACE) methylation was increased, whereas 11-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (HSD11β2; HSD3B2) methylation was decreased in patients with EH who were also infected with HCMV. A positive correlation between HSD3B2 methylation and HCMV IgG titer and blood pressure was additionally observed, whereas angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) methylation was inversely correlated with blood pressure. Collectively, these data indicate that HCMV may contribute to EH development in the Kazakh Chinese by increasing TNF-α and 8-OHDG levels, suppressing eNOS and renin, and manipulating HSD3B2 and ACE methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Feng
- Department of Pathophysiology/Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jing Hui
- Department of Pathophysiology/Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Na Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology/Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yong-Min Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology/Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Hua Zhong
- Department of Pathophysiology/Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Pathophysiology/Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - La-Mei Wang
- Centre of Medical Functional Experiments, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Qu
- Department of Respiration Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xijiang, China
| | - Feng-Mei Deng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chengdu Medical College, Sichuan, China
| | - Fang He
- Department of Pathophysiology/Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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Dobrynina LA, Zabitova MR, Kalashnikova LA, Gnedovskaya EV, Piradov MA. Hypertension and Cerebral Microangiopathy (Cerebral Small Vessel Disease): Genetic and Epigenetic Aspects of Their Relationship. Acta Naturae 2018; 10:4-15. [PMID: 30116610 PMCID: PMC6087821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension (HT) and its cerebral complications are extremely vexing medical and social problems. Despite the obvious association between hypertension and the clinical and neuroimaging features of cerebral microangiopathy (CMA) (also known as cerebral small vessel disease), the causal links between them remain ambiguous. Besides, antihypertensive therapy as the only way to manage these patients does not always prevent brain damage. Knowledge about the key factors and mechanisms involved in HT and CMA development is important for predicting the risk of cerebral complications and developing new approaches to their prevention and treatment. At present, genome-wide association studies and other approaches are used to investigate the common hereditary mechanisms of HT and CMA development, which will explain a large number of CMA cases not associated with hypertension, lack of a correlation between HT severity and the degree of cerebral injury, and failure of antihypertensive therapy to prevent CMA progression. Epigenetic markers likely play a modulating role in the development of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. A. Dobrynina
- Research center of neurology, Volokolamskoe Shosse 80, Moscow, 125367, Russia
| | - M. R. Zabitova
- Research center of neurology, Volokolamskoe Shosse 80, Moscow, 125367, Russia
| | - L. A. Kalashnikova
- Research center of neurology, Volokolamskoe Shosse 80, Moscow, 125367, Russia
| | - E. V. Gnedovskaya
- Research center of neurology, Volokolamskoe Shosse 80, Moscow, 125367, Russia
| | - M. A. Piradov
- Research center of neurology, Volokolamskoe Shosse 80, Moscow, 125367, Russia
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14
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Abstract
Hypertension (HT) is among the major components of the metabolic syndrome, i.e., obesity, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia/insulin resistance. It represents a significant health problem with foremost risks for chronic cardiovascular disease and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therefore, it is not surprising that this disorder constitutes a serious public health concern. Although multiple studies have stressed the multifactorial nature of HT, the pathogenesis remains largely unknown. However, if we want to reduce the global prevalence of HT, restrain the number of deaths (currently 9.4 million/year in the world), and alleviate the socio-economic burden, a deeper insight into the mechanisms is urgently needed in order to define new meaningful therapeutic targets. Recently, the role of epigenetics in the development of various complex diseases has attracted much attention. In the present review, we provide a critical update on the available literature and ongoing research regarding the epigenetic modifications of genes involved in several pathways of elevated blood pressure, especially those linked to the vascular epithelium. This review also focuses on the role of microRNA (miRNA) in the regulation of gene expression associated with HT and of fetal programming mediating susceptibility to HT in adulthood.
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this paper, we review the progress made thus far in research related to the genetics of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) by detailing efforts to date in heritability, linkage analyses, and candidate gene studies. We further summarize more contemporary genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and epigenetic studies of PAD. Finally, we review current challenges and future avenues of advanced research in PAD genetics including whole genome sequencing studies. RECENT FINDINGS Studies have estimated the heritability of PAD to be moderate, though the contribution to this heritability that is independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors remains unclear. Recent efforts have identified SNPs associated with PAD in GWAS analyses, but these have yet to be replicated in independent studies. Much remains to be discovered in the field of PAD genetics. An improved understanding of the genetic foundation for PAD will allow for earlier diagnosis of disease and a more complete pathophysiological understanding of the mechanisms of the disease leading to novel therapeutic interventions. Future avenues for success will likely arise from very large-scale GWAS, whole genome sequencing, and epigenetic studies involving very well-characterized cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Belkin
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 4 Maloney, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Scott M Damrauer
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 4 Maloney, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, 3900 Woodland Ave., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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16
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Qin L, Zhang B, Wang Q, Li D, Luo X, Zhong S. Effect of aldosterone on cochlear Af9 expression and hearing in guinea pig. Acta Otolaryngol 2017; 137:903-909. [PMID: 28399691 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2017.1309681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSIONS Af9 protein in cochlea may be closely related to endolymph regulation by aldosterone and thus may be involved in pathogenesis of endolymphatic hydrops (EH). OBJECTIVES EH is the pathological characteristic of Ménière's disease (MD). Aldosterone could induce EH, but its relationship with MD is still controversial. The aim of the present study is to investigate the Af9 protein expression in guinea pig cochlea and regulation of Af9 expression and cochlear function by aldosterone. The role of Af9 in pathogenesis of EH is discussed. METHODS Thirty guinea pigs were randomly divided into two groups. The treatment group was intraperitoneally injected with aldosterone 0.1 mg/kg/d for 5 days, while the control group was done with saline. Hearing and histomorphology of cochlea were examined. In addition, expression of Af9 protein was studied. RESULTS The hearing threshold of the treatment group was increased. EH was induced in 73% of guinea pigs in the treatment group, and no EH was found in the control group. Af9 protein was found in spiral limbus, stria vascularis, Reissner's membrane, organ of Corti and spiral ganglion in both groups. Af9 expression in cochlea decreased significantly at protein level after treatment by aldosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qin
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Biyun Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qianying Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Duanchao Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoli Luo
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shixun Zhong
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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17
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Are genetic polymorphisms in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system associated with essential hypertension? Evidence from genome-wide association studies. J Hum Hypertens 2017; 31:695-698. [PMID: 28425437 DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2017.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In candidate gene era, dozens of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) have been reported to be significantly associated with hypertension. However, the unbiased genome-wide association studies (GWAS) rarely identified the SNPs within RAAS were associated with hypertension or blood pressure (BP) traits. In order to figure out whether genetic polymorphisms of RAAS are really associated with hypertension, we systemically searched the GWAS Catalogue and identified all the known RAAS genes and relevant diseases/traits. After data processing, we found that polymorphisms within REN, AGT, ACE2, CYP11B2, ATP6AP2 and HSD11B2 were not associated with any disease or trait. SNPs within ACE, AGTR1, AGTR2, MAS1, RENBP and NR3C2 were associated with other diseases or traits, but showed no direct connection with hypertension. The only SNP associated with a BP trait, systolic BP was rs17367504. However, it is located in the intronic region of MTHFR near many plausible candidate genes, including CLCN6, NPPA, NPPB and AGTRAP. Therefore, the effect of RAAS polymorphisms may have been overestimated during the 'candidate gene era'. In the time of 'precision medicine', the power of RAAS variants needs to be reconsidered when evaluating one's susceptibility of hypertension.
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Wanner N, Bechtel-Walz W. Epigenetics of kidney disease. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 369:75-92. [PMID: 28286899 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2588-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation and histone modifications determine renal programming and the development and progression of renal disease. The identification of the way in which the renal cell epigenome is altered by environmental modifiers driving the onset and progression of renal diseases has extended our understanding of the pathophysiology of kidney disease progression. In this review, we focus on current knowledge concerning the implications of epigenetic modifications during renal disease from early development to chronic kidney disease progression including renal fibrosis, diabetic nephropathy and the translational potential of identifying new biomarkers and treatments for the prevention and therapy of chronic kidney disease and end-stage kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Wanner
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Center for Systems Biology (ZBSA), Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany. .,Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 66, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Wibke Bechtel-Walz
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 66, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
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Lou Y, Zhang F, Luo Y, Wang L, Huang S, Jin F. Serum and Glucocorticoid Regulated Kinase 1 in Sodium Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081307. [PMID: 27517916 PMCID: PMC5000704 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitously expressed serum and glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) is tightly regulated by osmotic and hormonal signals, including glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Recently, SGK1 has been implicated as a signal hub for the regulation of sodium transport. SGK1 modulates the activities of multiple ion channels and carriers, such as epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav1.5), sodium hydrogen exchangers 1 and 3 (NHE1 and NHE3), sodium-chloride symporter (NCC), and sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter 2 (NKCC2); as well as the sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na+/K+-ATPase) and type A natriuretic peptide receptor (NPR-A). Accordingly, SGK1 is implicated in the physiology and pathophysiology of Na+ homeostasis. Here, we focus particularly on recent findings of SGK1’s involvement in Na+ transport in renal sodium reabsorption, hormone-stimulated salt appetite and fluid balance and discuss the abnormal SGK1-mediated Na+ reabsorption in hypertension, heart disease, edema with diabetes, and embryo implantation failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyun Lou
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China.
- Department of Gynaecology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310007, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuqin Luo
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Liya Wang
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shisi Huang
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Fan Jin
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, National Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Women's Reproductive Healthy Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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20
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Martinez SR, Gay MS, Zhang L. Epigenetic mechanisms in heart development and disease. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:799-811. [PMID: 25572405 PMCID: PMC4492921 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Suboptimal intrauterine development has been linked to predisposition to cardiovascular disease in adulthood, a concept termed 'developmental origins of health and disease'. Although the exact mechanisms underlying this developmental programming are unknown, a growing body of evidence supports the involvement of epigenetic regulation. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modifications and micro-RNA confer added levels of gene regulation without altering DNA sequences. These modifications are relatively stable signals, offering possible insight into the mechanisms underlying developmental origins of health and disease. This review will discuss the role of epigenetic mechanisms in heart development as well as aberrant epigenetic regulation contributing to cardiovascular disease. Additionally, we will address recent advances targeting epigenetic mechanisms as potential therapeutic approaches to cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannalee R Martinez
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Maresha S Gay
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
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21
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Recent developments in epigenetics of acute and chronic kidney diseases. Kidney Int 2015; 88:250-61. [PMID: 25993323 PMCID: PMC4522401 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The growing epidemic of obesity and diabetes, the aging population as well as prevalence of drug abuse has led to significant increases in the rates of the closely associated acute and chronic kidney diseases, including diabetic nephropathy. Furthermore, evidence shows that parental behavior and diet can affect the phenotype of subsequent generations via epigenetic transmission mechanisms. These data suggest a strong influence of the environment on disease susceptibility and that, apart from genetic susceptibility, epigenetic mechanisms need to be evaluated to gain critical new information about kidney diseases. Epigenetics is the study of processes that control gene expression and phenotype without alterations in the underlying DNA sequence. Epigenetic modifications, including cytosine DNA methylation and covalent post translational modifications of histones in chromatin are part of the epigenome, the interface between the stable genome and the variable environment. This dynamic epigenetic layer responds to external environmental cues to influence the expression of genes associated with disease states. The field of epigenetics has seen remarkable growth in the past few years with significant advances in basic biology, contributions to human disease, as well as epigenomics technologies. Further understanding of how the renal cell epigenome is altered by metabolic and other stimuli can yield novel new insights into the pathogenesis of kidney diseases. In this review, we have discussed the current knowledge on the role of epigenetic mechanisms (primarily DNA me and histone modifications) in acute and chronic kidney diseases, and their translational potential to identify much needed new therapies.
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22
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The relevance of epigenetics to occlusive cerebral and peripheral arterial disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 128:537-58. [PMID: 25671777 DOI: 10.1042/cs20140491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Athero-thrombosis of the arteries supplying the brain and lower limb are the main causes of stroke and limb loss. New therapies are needed to improve the outcomes of athero-thrombosis. Recent evidence suggests a role for epigenetic changes in the development and progression of ischaemic injury due to atherosclerotic occlusion of peripheral arteries. DNA hypermethylation have been associated with cardiovascular diseases. Histone post-translational modifications have also been implicated in atherosclerosis. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein regulated pro-inflammatory gene expression within endothelial cells is controlled by phosphorylation/acetylation of histone H3 and acetylation of histone H4 for example. There are a number of challenges in translating the growing evidence implicating epigenetics in atherosclerosis to improved therapies for patients. These include the small therapeutic window in conditions such as acute stroke and critical limb ischaemia, since interventions introduced in such patients need to act rapidly and be safe in elderly patients with many co-morbidities. Pre-clinical animal experiments have also reported conflicting effects of some novel epigenetic drugs, which suggest that further in-depth studies are required to better understand their efficacy in resolving ischaemic injury. Effective ways of dealing with these challenges are needed before epigenetic approaches to therapy can be introduced into practice.
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23
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Environmental origins of hypertension: phylogeny, ontogeny and epigenetics. Hypertens Res 2015; 38:299-307. [PMID: 25693856 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2015.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension and renal parenchymal disease are intricately linked. Primary renal parenchymal disease can impact on sodium and volume regulation and lead to hypertension, while arterial hypertension can induce renal parenchymal injury and precipitate renal dysfunction. The examination for clues to the environmental origins of renal disease and hypertension necessitates an approach that integrates epidemiology, clinical medicine, developmental biology, environmental science and epigenetics, such that the manner in which genes and the environment interact can be better understood to pave the way for innovative management paradigms with regards to prevention, diagnosis and treatment. This review summarizes the extant literature and provides cogent arguments for the need to evaluate chronic adult onset disease models such as hypertension and renal disease from the modern perspective that takes into account prenatal exposures, the intrauterine environment and development, postnatal growth and transgenerational epigenetic modifications with their attendant future disease risk from the individual to the population level.
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24
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Hypertensive epigenetics: from DNA methylation to microRNAs. J Hum Hypertens 2015; 29:575-82. [PMID: 25631220 DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2014.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The major epigenetic features of mammalian cells include DNA methylation, posttranslational histone modifications and RNA-based mechanisms including those controlled by small non-coding RNAs (microRNAs (miRNAs)). An important aspect of epigenetic mechanisms is that they are potentially reversible and may be influenced by nutritional-environmental factors and through gene-environment interactions. Studies on epigenetic modulations could help us understand the mechanisms involved in essential hypertension and further prevent it's progress. This review is focused on new knowledge on the role of epigenetics, from DNA methylation to miRNAs, in essential hypertension.
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25
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Epigenetics, the missing link in hypertension. Life Sci 2014; 129:22-6. [PMID: 25128856 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics refers to functional alterations in gene expression or phenotype without any change of the underlying DNA sequence. It is the study of the potential of a cell or organism to express different traits through functional regulation of its gene transcription. Though it is met as a necessary process in biology, epigenetics may often play a crucial part in the development of specific pathologic conditions, including cardiovascular diseases and hypertension.
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Abstract
Multiple genes and pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Epigenomic studies of hypertension are beginning to emerge and hold great promise of providing novel insights into the mechanisms underlying hypertension. Epigenetic marks or mediators including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNA can be studied at a genome or near-genome scale using epigenomic approaches. At the single gene level, several studies have identified changes in epigenetic modifications in genes expressed in the kidney that correlate with the development of hypertension. Systematic analysis and integration of epigenetic marks at the genome-wide scale, demonstration of cellular and physiological roles of specific epigenetic modifications, and investigation of inheritance are among the major challenges and opportunities for future epigenomic and epigenetic studies of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Liang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.
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27
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Heerboth S, Lapinska K, Snyder N, Leary M, Rollinson S, Sarkar S. Use of epigenetic drugs in disease: an overview. GENETICS & EPIGENETICS 2014; 6:9-19. [PMID: 25512710 PMCID: PMC4251063 DOI: 10.4137/geg.s12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation and histone methylation and acetylation alter gene expression at the level of transcription by upregulating, downregulating, or silencing genes completely. Dysregulation of epigenetic events can be pathological, leading to cardiovascular disease, neurological disorders, metabolic disorders, and cancer development. Therefore, identifying drugs that inhibit these epigenetic changes are of great clinical interest. In this review, we summarize the epigenetic events associated with different disorders and diseases including cardiovascular, neurological, and metabolic disorders, and cancer. Knowledge of the specific epigenetic changes associated with these types of diseases facilitates the development of specific inhibitors, which can be used as epigenetic drugs. In this review, we discuss the major classes of epigenetic drugs currently in use, such as DNA methylation inhibiting drugs, bromodomain inhibitors, histone acetyl transferase inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, protein methyltransferase inhibitors, and histone methylation inhibitors and their role in reversing epigenetic changes and treating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Heerboth
- Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karolina Lapinska
- Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole Snyder
- Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meghan Leary
- Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Rollinson
- Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sibaji Sarkar
- Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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28
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Sun GD, Cui WP, Guo QY, Miao LN. Histone lysine methylation in diabetic nephropathy. J Diabetes Res 2014; 2014:654148. [PMID: 25215303 PMCID: PMC4158558 DOI: 10.1155/2014/654148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) belongs to debilitating microvascular complications of diabetes and is the leading cause of end-stage renal diseases worldwide. Furthermore, outcomes from the DCCT/EDIC study showed that DN often persists and progresses despite intensive glucose control in many diabetes patients, possibly as a result of prior episode of hyperglycemia, which is called "metabolic memory." The underlying mechanisms responsible for the development and progression of DN remain poorly understood. Activation of multiple signaling pathways and key transcription factors can lead to aberrant expression of DN-related pathologic genes in target renal cells. Increasing evidence suggests that epigenetic mechanisms in chromatin such as DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and methylation can influence the pathophysiology of DN and metabolic memory. Exciting researches from cell culture and experimental animals have shown that key histone methylation patterns and the related histone methyltransferases and histone demethylases can play important roles in the regulation of inflammatory and profibrotic genes in renal cells under diabetic conditions. Because histone methylation is dynamic and potentially reversible, it can provide a window of opportunity for the development of much-needed novel therapeutic potential for DN in the future. In this minireview, we discuss recent advances in the field of histone methylation and its roles in the pathogenesis and progression of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-dong Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
- *Guang-dong Sun: and
| | - Wen-peng Cui
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Qiao-yan Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Li-ning Miao
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
- *Li-ning Miao:
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Hunter RG, McEwen BS. Stress and anxiety across the lifespan: structural plasticity and epigenetic regulation. Epigenomics 2013; 5:177-94. [PMID: 23566095 DOI: 10.2217/epi.13.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is the central organ of the body's response to and perception of stress. Both the juvenile and the adult brain show a significant capacity for lasting physiological, structural and behavioral plasticity as a consequence of stress exposure. The hypothesis that epigenetic mechanisms might lie behind the lasting effects of stress upon the brain has proven a fruitful one. In this review, we examine the growing literature showing that stress has a direct impact on epigenetic marks at all life history stages thus far examined and how, in turn, epigenetic mechanisms play a role in altering stress responsiveness, anxiety and brain plasticity across the lifespan and beyond to succeeding generations. In addition, we will examine our own recent findings that stress interacts with the epigenome to regulate the expression of transposable elements in a regionally specific fashion, a finding with significant implications for a portion of the genome which is tenfold larger than that occupied by the genes themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Hunter
- Harold & Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA.
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30
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Wang X, Falkner B, Zhu H, Shi H, Su S, Xu X, Sharma AK, Dong Y, Treiber F, Gutin B, Harshfield G, Snieder H. A genome-wide methylation study on essential hypertension in young African American males. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53938. [PMID: 23325143 PMCID: PMC3542324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective There is emerging evidence from animal studies suggesting a key role for methylation in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. However, to date, very few studies have investigated the role of methylation in the development of human hypertension, and none has taken a genome-wide approach. Based on the recent studies that highlight the involvement of inflammation in the development of hypertension, we hypothesize that changes in DNA methylation of leukocytes are involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Method & Results We conducted a genome-wide methylation analysis on 8 hypertensive cases and 8 normotensive age-matched controls aged 14–23 years and performed validation of the most significant CpG sites in 2 genes in an independent sample of 36 hypertensive cases and 60 normotensive controls aged 14–30 years. Validation of the CpG sites in the SULF1 gene was further conducted in a second replication sample of 36 hypertensive cases and 34 controls aged 15.8–40 years. A CpG site in the SULF1 gene showed higher methylation levels in cases than in healthy controls in the genome-wide step (p = 6.2×10−5), which was confirmed in the validation step (p = 0.011) for subjects ≤30 years old but was not significant for subjects of all ages combined (p = 0.095). Conclusion The identification of a difference in a blood leukocyte DNA methylation site between hypertensive cases and normotensive controls suggests that changes in DNA methylation may play an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The age dependency of the effect further suggests complexity of epigenetic regulation in this age-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Wang
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bina Joe
- Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences Toledo, OH (B.J., J.I.S.) ; Department of Physiology/Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences Toledo, OH (B.J., J.I.S.)
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Padmanabhan S, Newton-Cheh C, Dominiczak AF. Genetic basis of blood pressure and hypertension. Trends Genet 2012; 28:397-408. [PMID: 22622230 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Blood pressure (BP) is a complex trait regulated by an intricate network of physiological pathways involving extracellular fluid volume homeostasis, cardiac contractility and vascular tone through renal, neural or endocrine systems. Untreated high BP, or hypertension (HTN), is associated with increased mortality, and thus a better understanding of the pathophysiological and genetic underpinnings of BP regulation will have a major impact on public health. However, identifying genes that contribute to BP and HTN has proved challenging. In this review we describe our current understanding of the genetic architecture of BP and HTN, which has accelerated over the past five years primarily owing to genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and the continuing progress in uncovering rare gene mutations, epigenetic markers and regulatory pathways involved in the physiology of BP. We also look ahead to future studies characterizing novel pathways that affect BP and HTN and discuss strategies for translating current findings to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandosh Padmanabhan
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
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Hunter RG. Epigenetic effects of stress and corticosteroids in the brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2012; 6:18. [PMID: 22529779 PMCID: PMC3329877 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2012.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress is a common life event with potentially long lasting effects on health and behavior. Stress, and the corticosteroid hormones that mediate many of its effects, are well known for their ability to alter brain function and plasticity. While genetic susceptibility may influence the impact of stress on the brain, it does not provide us with a complete understanding of the capacity of stress to produce long lasting perturbations on the brain and behavior. The growing science of epigenetics, however, shows great promise of deepening our understanding of the persistent impacts of stress and corticosteroids on health and disease. Epigenetics, broadly defined, refers to influences on phenotype operating above the level of the genetic code itself. At the molecular level, epigenetic events belong to three major classes: DNA methylation, covalent histone modification and non-coding RNA. This review will examine the bi-directional interactions between stress and corticosteroids and epigenetic mechanisms in the brain and how the novel insights, gleaned from recent research in neuro-epigenetics, change our understanding of mammalian brain function and human disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Hunter
- Laboratories of Neuroendocrinology and Neurobiology and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York NY, USA
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Abstract
The epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) and acid-sensitive ion channel (ASIC) branches of the ENaC/degenerin superfamily of cation channels have drawn increasing attention as potential therapeutic targets in a variety of diseases and conditions. Originally thought to be solely expressed in fluid absorptive epithelia and in neurons, it has become apparent that members of this family exhibit nearly ubiquitous expression. Therapeutic opportunities range from hypertension, due to the role of ENaC in maintaining whole body salt and water homeostasis, to anxiety disorders and pain associated with ASIC activity. As a physiologist intrigued by the fundamental mechanics of salt and water transport, it was natural that Dale Benos, to whom this series of reviews is dedicated, should have been at the forefront of research into the amiloride-sensitive sodium channel. The cloning of ENaC and subsequently the ASIC channels has revealed a far wider role for this channel family than was previously imagined. In this review, we will discuss the known and potential roles of ENaC and ASIC subunits in the wide variety of pathologies in which these channels have been implicated. Some of these, such as the role of ENaC in Liddle's syndrome are well established, others less so; however, all are related in that the fundamental defect is due to inappropriate channel activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawar J Qadri
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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36
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Borsting E, Cheng VPC, Glass CK, Vallon V, Cunard R. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonists repress epithelial sodium channel expression in the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 302:F540-51. [PMID: 22169011 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00306.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), known as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists, are used to treat type 2 diabetes. However, ∼5% of patients experience the treatment-limiting side effect of edema. Studies have implicated activation of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) as a cause of TZD-induced fluid retention, although there have been conflicting reports. The goal of this study was to resolve the role of PPARγ in control of ENaC isoforms in the kidney. Herein, we demonstrate in mice that rosiglitazone (RGZ), a PPARγ ligand, increases body weight and abdominal fat pad fluid content and reduces hematocrit. Seven days of RGZ decreases ENaCα and ENaCβ mRNA and ENaCγ protein expression in the kidney cortex, and acute treatment for 5 h with pioglitazone, another potent TZD, does not increase renal ENaC isoform mRNA or protein expression. Pioglitazone also decreases ENaCα and ENaCγ mRNA expression in a cortical collecting duct cell line. As no direct transcriptional studies had been conducted, we examined the PPARγ-dependent regulation of ENaC. Pioglitazone represses ENaCγ promoter activity, and this repression is partially relieved by inhibition of protein synthesis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that repression is associated with a decrease in histone H4K5 acetylation at the proximal ENaCγ promoter. In summary, TZDs do not increase ENaC mRNA expression in the kidney, and in fact repress the ENaCγ promoter via an indirect transcriptional mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Borsting
- Research and Medicine Services, Div. of Nephrology, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
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Wang X, Prins BP, Sõber S, Laan M, Snieder H. Beyond genome-wide association studies: new strategies for identifying genetic determinants of hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2011; 13:442-51. [PMID: 21953487 PMCID: PMC3212682 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-011-0230-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Genetic linkage and association methods have long been the most important tools for gene identification in humans. These approaches can either be hypothesis-based (i.e., candidate-gene studies) or hypothesis-free (i.e., genome-wide studies). The first part of this review offers an overview of the latest successes in gene finding for blood pressure (BP) and essential hypertension using these DNA sequence-based discovery techniques. We further emphasize the importance of post-genome-wide association study (post-GWAS) analysis, which aims to prioritize genetic variants for functional follow-up. Whole-genome next-generation sequencing will eventually be necessary to provide a more comprehensive picture of all DNA variants affecting BP and hypertension. The second part of this review discusses promising novel approaches that move beyond the DNA sequence and aim to discover BP genes that are differentially regulated by epigenetic mechanisms, including microRNAs, histone modification, and methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Wang
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Bram P. Prins
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology & Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Siim Sõber
- Human Molecular Genetics group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maris Laan
- Human Molecular Genetics group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Harold Snieder
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology & Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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Villeneuve LM, Reddy MA, Natarajan R. Epigenetics: deciphering its role in diabetes and its chronic complications. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2011; 38:451-9. [PMID: 21309809 PMCID: PMC3123432 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
1. Increasing evidence suggests that epigenetic factors might regulate the complex interplay between genes and the environment, and affect human diseases, such as diabetes and its complications. 2. Clinical trials have underscored the long lasting beneficial effects of strict glycaemic control for reducing the progression of diabetic complications. They have also shown that diabetic complications, such as diabetic nephropathy, a chronic kidney disorder, can continue even after blood glucose normalization, suggesting a metabolic memory of the prior glycaemic state. 3. Dysregulation of epigenetic post-transcriptional modifications of histones in chromatin, including histone lysine methylation, has been implicated in aberrant gene regulation associated with the pathology of diabetes and its complications. Genome-wide studies have shown cell-type specific changes in histone methylation patterns under diabetic conditions. In addition, studies in vascular cells have shown long lasting changes in epigenetic modifications at key inflammatory gene promoters after prior exposure to diabetic conditions, suggesting a possible mechanism for metabolic memory. 4. Recent studies have shown roles for histone methylation, DNA methylation, as well as microRNA in diabetic nephropathy. Whether these epigenetic factors play a role in metabolic memory of diabetic kidney disease is less well understood. 5. The incidence of diabetes is growing rapidly, as also the cost of treating the resulting complications. A better understanding of metabolic memory and the potential involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in this phenomenon could enable the development of new therapeutic targets for the treatment and/or prevention of sustained diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa M. Villeneuve
- Department of Diabetes, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Marpadga A Reddy
- Department of Diabetes, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Rama Natarajan
- Department of Diabetes, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Abstract
Epigenetics refers to mechanisms for environment-gene interactions (mainly by methylation of DNA and modification of histones) that do not alter the underlying base sequence of the gene. This article reviews evidence for epigenetic contributions to hypertension. For example, DNA methylation at CpG islands and histone acetylation pathways are known to limit nephron development, thereby unmasking hypertension associated with exposure to a high-salt diet. Maternal water deprivation and protein deficiency are shown to increase expression of renin-angiotensin system genes in the offspring. The methylation pattern of a serine protease inhibitor gene in human placentas is shown to be a marker for preeclampsia-associated hypertension. Mental stress induces phenylethanolamine n-methyltransferase, which may act as a DNA methylase and mimic the gene-silencing effects of methyl CpG binding protein-2 on the norepinephrine transporter gene, which, in turn, may exaggerate autonomic responsiveness. A disrupter of telomeric silencing (Dot1) is known to modulate the expression of a connective-tissue growth-factor gene associated with blood vessel remodeling, which could alter vascular compliance and elastance. Dot1a also interacts with the Af9 gene to produce high sodium channel permeability and silences the hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-11β2 gene, thereby preventing metabolism of cortisol to cortisone and overstimulating aldosterone receptors. These findings indicate targets for environment-gene interactions in various hypertensive states and in essential hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Millis
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 "W" Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
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Hyperaldosteronism and altered expression of an SGK1-dependent sodium transporter in ZDF rats leads to salt dependence of blood pressure. Hypertens Res 2010; 33:1082-8. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2010.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Villeneuve LM, Natarajan R. The role of epigenetics in the pathology of diabetic complications. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 299:F14-25. [PMID: 20462972 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00200.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is associated with significantly accelerated rates of several debilitating microvascular complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy, and macrovascular complications such as atherosclerosis and stroke. While several studies have been devoted to the evaluation of genetic factors related to type 1 and type 2 diabetes and associated complications, much less is known about epigenetic changes that occur without alterations in the DNA sequence. Environmental factors and nutrition have been implicated in diabetes and can also affect epigenetic states. Exciting research has shown that epigenetic changes in chromatin can affect gene transcription in response to environmental stimuli, and changes in key chromatin histone methylation patterns have been noted under diabetic conditions. Reports also suggest that epigenetics may be involved in the phenomenon of metabolic memory observed in clinic trials and animal studies. Further exploration into epigenetic mechanisms can yield new insights into the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications and uncover potential therapeutic targets and treatment options to prevent the continued development of diabetic complications even after glucose control has been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa M Villeneuve
- Department of Diabetes, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
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Lin JJ, Hemenway CS. Hsp90 directly modulates the spatial distribution of AF9/MLLT3 and affects target gene expression. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:11966-73. [PMID: 20159978 PMCID: PMC2852934 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.101642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
AF9/MLLT3 contributes to the regulation of the gene encoding the epithelial sodium channel alpha, ENaCalpha, in renal tubular cells. Specifically, increases in AF9 protein lead to a reduction in ENaCalpha expression and changes in AF9 activity appear to be an important component of aldosterone signaling in the kidney. Whereas AF9 is found in the nucleus where it interacts with the histone H3 lysine 79 methyltransferase, Dot1, AF9 is also present in the cytoplasm. Data presented in this report indicate that the heat shock protein Hsp90 directly and specifically interacts with AF9 as part of an Hsp90-Hsp70-p60/Hop chaperone complex. Experimental manipulation of Hsp90 function by the inhibitor novobiocin, but not 17-AAG, results in redistribution of AF9 from a primarily nuclear to cytoplasmic location. Knockdown of Hsp90 with siRNA mimics the effect elicited by novobiocin. As expected, a shift in AF9 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in response to Hsp90 interference leads to increased ENaCalpha expression. This is accompanied by a decrease in AF9 occupancy at the ENaCalpha promoter. Our data suggest that the interaction of Hsp90, Hsp70, and p60/Hop with AF9 is necessary for the proper subnuclear localization and activity of AF9. AF9 is among a growing number of nuclear proteins recognized to rely on the Hsp90 complex for nuclear targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J. Lin
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112 and
| | - Charles S. Hemenway
- the Department of Pediatrics and the Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153
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Yu Z, Kong Q, Kone BC. CREB trans-activation of disruptor of telomeric silencing-1 mediates forskolin inhibition of CTGF transcription in mesangial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 298:F617-24. [PMID: 20053791 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00636.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) participates in diverse fibrotic processes including glomerulosclerosis. The adenylyl cyclase agonist forskolin inhibits CTGF expression in mesangial cells by unclear mechanisms. We recently reported that the histone H3K79 methyltransferase disruptor of telomeric silencing-1 (Dot1) suppresses CTGF gene expression in collecting duct cells (J Clin Invest 117: 773-783, 2007) and HEK 293 cells (J Biol Chem In press). In the present study, we characterized the involvement of Dot1 in mediating the inhibitory effect of forskolin on CTGF transcription in mouse mesangial cells. Overexpression of Dot1 or treatment with forskolin dramatically suppressed basal CTGF mRNA levels and CTGF promoter-luciferase activity, while hypermethylating H3K79 in chromatin associated with the CTGF promoter. siRNA knockdown of Dot1 abrogated the inhibitory effect of forskolin on CTGF mRNA expression. Analysis of the Dot1 promoter sequence identified a CREB response element (CRE) at -384/-380. Overexpression of CREB enhanced forskolin-stimulated Dot1 promoter activity. A constitutively active CREB mutant (CREB-VP16) strongly induced Dot1 promoter-luciferase activity, whereas overexpression of CREBdLZ-VP16, which lacks the CREB DNA-binding domain, abolished this activation. Mutation of the -384/-380 CRE resulted in 70% lower levels of Dot1 promoter activity. ChIP assays confirmed CREB binding to the Dot1 promoter in chromatin. We conclude that forskolin stimulates CREB-mediated trans-activation of the Dot1 gene, which leads to hypermethylation of histone H3K79 at the CTGF promoter, and inhibition of CTGF transcription. These data are the first to describe regulation of the Dot1 gene, and disclose a complex network of genetic and epigenetic controls on CTGF transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Yu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas 77006, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) plays a major role in the regulation of sodium transport in the collecting duct and hence sodium balance. This review describes recent findings in the regulation of ENaC function by serine proteases in particular and other regulatory aspects. RECENT FINDINGS Regulation of ENaC occurs at many levels (biophysical, transcriptional, post-translational modifications, assembly, membrane insertion, retrieval, recycling, degradation, etc.). Recent studies have recognized and delineated proteolytic cleavage, particularly of the alpha and gamma subunits, as major mechanisms of activation. Release of peptide fragments from these two subunits appears to be an important aspect of activation. These proteolytic mechanisms of ENaC activation have also been demonstrated in vivo and strongly suggested in clinical circumstances, particularly the nephrotic syndrome. In the nephrotic syndrome, filtered plasminogen may be cleaved by tubular urokinase to yield plasmin which can activate ENaC. In addition to these mechanisms, regulation by ubiquitination and deubiquitination represents a pivotal process. Several important deubiquitinating enzymes have been identified as important in ENaC retention in, or recycling to, the apical membrane. New aspects of the genomic control of ENaC transcription have also been found including histone methylation. SUMMARY The mechanisms of regulation of ENaC are increasingly understood to be a complex interplay of many different levels and systems. Proteolytic cleavage of alpha and gamma subunits plays a major role in ENaC activation. This may be particularly clinically relevant in nephrotic syndrome in which plasmin may activate ENaC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lee Hamm
- Departments of Medicine, Physiology and the Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.
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