1
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Andeen NK, Hou J. Diagnostic Challenges and Emerging Pathogeneses of Selected Glomerulopathies. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2024:10935266241237656. [PMID: 38576387 DOI: 10.1177/10935266241237656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Recent progress in glomerular immune complex and complement-mediated diseases have refined diagnostic categories and informed mechanistic understanding of disease development in pediatric patients. Herein, we discuss selected advances in 3 categories. First, membranous nephropathy antigens are increasingly utilized to characterize disease in pediatric patients and include phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R), Semaphorin 3B (Sema3B), neural epidermal growth factor-like 1 (NELL1), and protocadherin FAT1, as well as the lupus membranous-associated antigens exostosin 1/2 (EXT1/2), neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (NCAM1), and transforming growth factor beta receptor 3 (TGFBR3). Second, we examine advances in techniques for paraffin and light chain immunofluorescence (IF), including the former's function as a salvage technique and their necessity for diagnosis in adolescent cases of membranous-like glomerulopathy with masked IgG kappa deposits (MGMID) and proliferative glomerulonephritis with monotypic Ig deposits (PGNMID), respectively. Finally, progress in understanding the roles of complement in pediatric glomerular disease is reviewed, with specific attention to overlapping clinical, histologic, and genetic or functional alternative complement pathway (AP) abnormalities among C3 glomerulopathy (C3G), infection-related and post-infectious GN, "atypical" post-infectious GN, immune complex mediated membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (IC-MPGN), and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K Andeen
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jean Hou
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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2
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Joshi N, Garapati K, Ghose V, Kandasamy RK, Pandey A. Recent progress in mass spectrometry-based urinary proteomics. Clin Proteomics 2024; 21:14. [PMID: 38389064 PMCID: PMC10885485 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-024-09462-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Serum or plasma is frequently utilized in biomedical research; however, its application is impeded by the requirement for invasive sample collection. The non-invasive nature of urine collection makes it an attractive alternative for disease characterization and biomarker discovery. Mass spectrometry-based protein profiling of urine has led to the discovery of several disease-associated biomarkers. Proteomic analysis of urine has not only been applied to disorders of the kidney and urinary bladder but also to conditions affecting distant organs because proteins excreted in the urine originate from multiple organs. This review provides a progress update on urinary proteomics carried out over the past decade. Studies summarized in this review have expanded the catalog of proteins detected in the urine in a variety of clinical conditions. The wide range of applications of urine analysis-from characterizing diseases to discovering predictive, diagnostic and prognostic markers-continues to drive investigations of the urinary proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Joshi
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Kishore Garapati
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Vivek Ghose
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India
| | - Richard K Kandasamy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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3
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Garcia NA, Gonzalez-King H, Mellergaard M, Nair S, Salomon C, Handberg A. Comprehensive strategy for identifying extracellular vesicle surface proteins as biomarkers for chronic kidney disease. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1328362. [PMID: 38379702 PMCID: PMC10877036 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1328362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) poses a significant health burden worldwide. Especially, obesity-induced chronic kidney disease (OCKD) is associated with a lack of accuracy in disease diagnostic methods. The identification of reliable biomarkers for the early diagnosis and monitoring of CKD and OCKD is crucial for improving patient outcomes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as potential biomarkers in the context of CKD. In this review, we focused on the role of EVs as potential biomarkers in CKD and OCKD and developed a comprehensive list of EV membrane proteins that could aid in the diagnosis and monitoring of the disease. To assemble our list, we employed a multi-step strategy. Initially, we conducted a thorough review of the literature on EV protein biomarkers in kidney diseases. Additionally, we explored papers investigating circulating proteins as biomarkers in kidney diseases. To further refine our list, we utilized the EV database Vesiclepedia.org to evaluate the qualifications of each identified protein. Furthermore, we consulted the Human Protein Atlas to assess the localization of these candidates, with a particular focus on membrane proteins. By integrating the information from the reviewed literature, Vesiclepedia.org, and the Human Protein Atlas, we compiled a comprehensive list of potential EV membrane protein biomarkers for CKD and OCKD. Overall, our review underscores the potential of EVs as biomarkers in the field of CKD research, providing a foundation for future studies aimed at improving CKD and OCKD diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hernan Gonzalez-King
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maiken Mellergaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Soumyalekshmi Nair
- Translational Extracellular Vesicles in Obstetrics and Gynae-Oncology Group, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Translational Extracellular Vesicles in Obstetrics and Gynae-Oncology Group, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Aase Handberg
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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4
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Kumar MA, Baba SK, Sadida HQ, Marzooqi SA, Jerobin J, Altemani FH, Algehainy N, Alanazi MA, Abou-Samra AB, Kumar R, Al-Shabeeb Akil AS, Macha MA, Mir R, Bhat AA. Extracellular vesicles as tools and targets in therapy for diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:27. [PMID: 38311623 PMCID: PMC10838959 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01735-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized, membranous structures secreted into the extracellular space. They exhibit diverse sizes, contents, and surface markers and are ubiquitously released from cells under normal and pathological conditions. Human serum is a rich source of these EVs, though their isolation from serum proteins and non-EV lipid particles poses challenges. These vesicles transport various cellular components such as proteins, mRNAs, miRNAs, DNA, and lipids across distances, influencing numerous physiological and pathological events, including those within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Their pivotal roles in cellular communication make EVs promising candidates for therapeutic agents, drug delivery systems, and disease biomarkers. Especially in cancer diagnostics, EV detection can pave the way for early identification and offers potential as diagnostic biomarkers. Moreover, various EV subtypes are emerging as targeted drug delivery tools, highlighting their potential clinical significance. The need for non-invasive biomarkers to monitor biological processes for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes remains unfulfilled. Tapping into the unique composition of EVs could unlock advanced diagnostic and therapeutic avenues in the future. In this review, we discuss in detail the roles of EVs across various conditions, including cancers (encompassing head and neck, lung, gastric, breast, and hepatocellular carcinoma), neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, viral infections, autoimmune and renal diseases, emphasizing the potential advancements in molecular diagnostics and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudasir A Kumar
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Kashmir, 192122, India
| | - Sadaf K Baba
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Kashmir, 192122, India
| | - Hana Q Sadida
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sara Al Marzooqi
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jayakumar Jerobin
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Faisal H Altemani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naseh Algehainy
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A Alanazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul-Badi Abou-Samra
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, India
| | - Ammira S Al-Shabeeb Akil
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Kashmir, 192122, India
| | - Rashid Mir
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ajaz A Bhat
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.
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5
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Abinti M, Favi E, Alfieri CM, Zanoni F, Armelloni S, Ferraresso M, Cantaluppi V, Castellano G. Update on current and potential application of extracellular vesicles in kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2023; 23:1673-1693. [PMID: 37517555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2023.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Kidney transplantation (KT) is the best treatment for end-stage kidney disease. However, early diagnosis of graft injury remains challenging, mainly because of the lack of accurate and noninvasive diagnostic techniques. Improving graft outcomes is equally demanding, as is the development of innovative therapies. Many research efforts are focusing on extracellular vesicles, cellular particles free in each body fluid that have shown promising results as precise markers of damage and potential therapeutic targets in many diseases, including the renal field. In fact, through their receptors and cargo, they act in damage response and immune modulation. In transplantation, they may be used to determine organ quality and aging, the presence of delayed graft function, rejection, and many other transplant-related pathologies. Moreover, their low immunogenicity and safe profile make them ideal for drug delivery and the development of therapies to improve KT outcomes. In this review, we summarize current evidence about extracellular vesicles in KT, starting with their characteristics and major laboratory techniques for isolation and characterization. Then, we discuss their use as potential markers of damage and as therapeutic targets, discussing their promising use in clinical practice as a form of liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Abinti
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Evaldo Favi
- Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Maria Alfieri
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Zanoni
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Silvia Armelloni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariano Ferraresso
- Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cantaluppi
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Unit, Department of Translational Medicine (DIMET), University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), "Maggiore della Carita" University Hospital, Novara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Castellano
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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6
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Xiao M, Li G, Yang H. Microbe-host interactions: structure and functions of Gram-negative bacterial membrane vesicles. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1225513. [PMID: 37720140 PMCID: PMC10500606 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1225513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria-host interaction is a common, relevant, and intriguing biological phenomena. The host reacts actively or passively to the bacteria themselves, their products, debris, and so on, through various defense systems containing the immune system, the bacteria communicate with the local or distal tissues of the host via their own surface antigens, secreted products, nucleic acids, etc., resulting in relationships of attack and defense, adaptation, symbiosis, and even collaboration. The significance of bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) as a powerful vehicle for the crosstalk mechanism between the two is growing. In the recent decade, the emergence of MVs in microbial interactions and a variety of bacterial infections, with multiple adhesions to host tissues, cell invasion and evasion of host defense mechanisms, have brought MVs to the forefront of bacterial pathogenesis research. Whereas MVs are a complex combination of molecules not yet fully understood, research into its effects, targeting and pathogenic components will advance its understanding and utilization. This review will summarize structural, extraction and penetration information on several classes of MVs and emphasize the role of MVs in transport and immune response activation. Finally, the potential of MVs as a therapeutic method will be highlighted, as will future research prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xiao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Dental Research, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Guiding Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Dental Research, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hefeng Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Dental Research, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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7
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Sałaga-Zaleska K, Kuchta A, Bzoma B, Chyła-Danił G, Safianowska A, Płoska A, Kalinowski L, Dębska-Ślizień A, Jankowski M. Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis of Urinary Extracellular Vesicle Proteins as a New Challenge in Laboratory Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12228. [PMID: 37569604 PMCID: PMC10419144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary extracellular vesicle (uEV) proteins may be used as specific markers of kidney damage in various pathophysiological conditions. The nanoparticle-tracking analysis (NTA) appears to be the most useful method for the analysis of uEVs due to its ability to analyze particles below 300 nm. The NTA method has been used to measure the size and concentration of uEVs and also allows for a deeper analysis of uEVs based on their protein composition using fluorescence measurements. However, despite much interest in the clinical application of uEVs, their analysis using the NTA method is poorly described and requires meticulous sample preparation, experimental adjustment of instrument settings, and above all, an understanding of the limitations of the method. In the present work, we demonstrate the usefulness of an NTA. We also present problems encountered during analysis with possible solutions: the choice of sample dilution, the method of the presentation and comparison of results, photobleaching, and the adjustment of instrument settings for a specific analysis. We show that the NTA method appears to be a promising method for the determination of uEVs. However, it is important to be aware of potential problems that may affect the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelia Sałaga-Zaleska
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki Street 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (K.S.-Z.)
| | - Agnieszka Kuchta
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki Street 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (K.S.-Z.)
| | - Beata Bzoma
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Gdansk, Smoluchowskiego Street 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
- Clinical of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, University Clinical Centre in Gdansk, Smoluchowskiego Street 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Gabriela Chyła-Danił
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki Street 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (K.S.-Z.)
| | - Anna Safianowska
- Clinical of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, University Clinical Centre in Gdansk, Smoluchowskiego Street 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agata Płoska
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostic—Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.pl, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki Street 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Leszek Kalinowski
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostic—Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.pl, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki Street 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
- BioTechMed Centre, Department of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Alicja Dębska-Ślizień
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Gdansk, Smoluchowskiego Street 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
- Clinical of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, University Clinical Centre in Gdansk, Smoluchowskiego Street 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Maciej Jankowski
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki Street 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (K.S.-Z.)
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8
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Cumba Garcia LM, Bouchal SM, Bauman MMJ, Parney IF. Advancements and Technical Considerations for Extracellular Vesicle Isolation and Biomarker Identification in Glioblastoma. Neurosurgery 2023; 93:33-42. [PMID: 36749103 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000002393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound particles released by all cells. Previous research has found that these microscopic vesicles contribute to intercellular signaling and communication. EVs carry a variety of cargo, including nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites, and lipids. The composition of EVs varies based on cell of origin. Therefore, EVs can serve as an important biomarker in the diagnosis and treatment of various cancers. EVs derived from glioblastoma (GBM) cells carry biomarkers, which could serve as the basis for a potential diagnostic strategy known as liquid biopsy. Multiple EV isolation techniques exist, including ultrafiltration, size exclusion chromatography, flow field-flow fractionation, sequential filtration, differential ultracentrifugation, and density-gradient ultracentrifugation. Recent and ongoing work aims to identify cellular markers to distinguish GBM-derived EVs from those released by noncancerous cells. Strategies include proteomic analysis of GBM EVs, identification of GBM-specific metabolites, and use of Food and Drug Administration-approved 5-aminolevulinic acid-an oral agent that causes fluorescence of GBM cells-to recognize GBM EVs in a patient's blood. In addition, accurately and precisely monitoring changes in EV cargo concentrations could help differentiate between pseudoprogression and GBM recurrence, thus preventing unnecessary surgical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz M Cumba Garcia
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Samantha M Bouchal
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Megan M J Bauman
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ian F Parney
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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9
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Ding L, Li ZL, Zhou Y, Liu NC, Liu SS, Zhang XJ, Liu CC, Zhang DJ, Wang GH, Ma RX. Loss of Sirt1 promotes exosome secretion from podocytes by inhibiting lysosomal acidification in diabetic nephropathy. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 568-569:111913. [PMID: 36990198 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.111913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Podocyte injury is a characteristic feature of diabetic nephropathy (DN). The secretion of exosomes in podocytes increases significantly in DN; however, the precise mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that Sirtuin1 (Sirt1) was significantly downregulated in podocytes in DN, which correlated negatively with increased exosome secretion. Similar results were observed in vitro. We found that lysosomal acidification in podocytes following high glucose administration was markedly inhibited, resulting in the decreased lysosomal degradation of multivesicular bodies. Mechanistically, we indicated that loss of Sirt1 contributed to the inhibited lysosomal acidification by decreasing the expression of the A subunit of the lysosomal vacuolar-type H+ ATPase proton pump (ATP6V1A) in podocytes. Overexpression of Sirt1 significantly improved lysosomal acidification with increased expression of ATP6V1A and inhibited exosome secretion. These findings suggest that dysfunctional Sirt1-mediated lysosomal acidification is the exact mechanism of increased secretion of exosomes in podocytes in DN, providing insights into potential therapeutic strategies for preventing DN progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zuo-Lin Li
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Nan-Chi Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shan-Shan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xing-Jian Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Cong-Cong Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Dong-Jie Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Gui-Hua Wang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui-Xia Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
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10
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Biagiotti S, Abbas F, Montanari M, Barattini C, Rossi L, Magnani M, Papa S, Canonico B. Extracellular Vesicles as New Players in Drug Delivery: A Focus on Red Blood Cells-Derived EVs. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020365. [PMID: 36839687 PMCID: PMC9961903 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The article is divided into several sections, focusing on extracellular vesicles' (EVs) nature, features, commonly employed methodologies and strategies for their isolation/preparation, and their characterization/visualization. This work aims to give an overview of advances in EVs' extensive nanomedical-drug delivery applications. Furthermore, considerations for EVs translation to clinical application are summarized here, before focusing the review on a special kind of extracellular vesicles, the ones derived from red blood cells (RBCEVs). Generally, employing EVs as drug carriers means managing entities with advantageous properties over synthetic vehicles or nanoparticles. Besides the fact that certain EVs also reveal intrinsic therapeutic characteristics, in regenerative medicine, EVs nanosize, lipidomic and proteomic profiles enable them to pass biologic barriers and display cell/tissue tropisms; indeed, EVs engineering can further optimize their organ targeting. In the second part of the review, we focus our attention on RBCEVs. First, we describe the biogenesis and composition of those naturally produced by red blood cells (RBCs) under physiological and pathological conditions. Afterwards, we discuss the current procedures to isolate and/or produce RBCEVs in the lab and to load a specific cargo for therapeutic exploitation. Finally, we disclose the most recent applications of RBCEVs at the in vitro and preclinical research level and their potential industrial exploitation. In conclusion, RBCEVs can be, in the near future, a very promising and versatile platform for several clinical applications and pharmaceutical exploitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Biagiotti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Faiza Abbas
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Mariele Montanari
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Chiara Barattini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
- AcZon s.r.l., 40050 Monte San Pietro, BO, Italy
| | - Luigia Rossi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Stefano Papa
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Barbara Canonico
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
- Correspondence:
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11
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Hun M, Wen H, Han P, Vun T, Zhao M, He Q. Bibliometric analysis of scientific papers on extracellular vesicles in kidney disease published between 1999 and 2022. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1070516. [PMID: 36684427 PMCID: PMC9849820 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1070516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in using extracellular vesicles (EVs) as potential therapeutic agents or natural drug delivery systems in kidney-related diseases. However, a detailed and targeted report on the current condition of extracellular vesicle research in kidney-related diseases is lacking. Therefore, this prospective study was designed to investigate the use of bibliometric analysis to comprehensively overview the current state of research and frontier trends on extracellular vesicle research in kidney-related diseases using visualization tools. Methods: The Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database was searched to identify publications related to extracellular vesicle research in kidney-related diseases since 1999. Citespace, Microsoft Excel 2019, VOSviewer software, the R Bibliometrix Package, and an online platform were used to analyze related research trends to stratify the publication data and collaborations. Results: From 1 January 1999 to 26 June 2022, a total of 1,122 EV-related articles and reviews were published, and 6,486 authors from 1,432 institutions in 63 countries or regions investigated the role of extracellular vesicles in kidney-related diseases. We found that the number of articles on extracellular vesicles in kidney-related diseases increased every year. Dozens of publications were from China and the United States. China had the most number of related publications, in which the Southeast University (China) was the most active institution in all EV-related fields. Liu Bi-cheng published the most papers on extracellular vesicles, while Clotilde Théry had the most number of co-citations. Most papers were published by The International Journal of Molecular Sciences, while Kidney International was the most co-cited journal for extracellular vesicles. We found that exosome-related keywords included exosome, exosm, expression, extracellular vesicle, microRNA, microvesicle, and liquid biopsy, while disease- and pathological-related keywords included biomarker, microRNA, apoptosis, mechanism, systemic lupus erythematosus, EGFR, acute kidney injury, and chronic kidney disease. Acute kidney disease (AKI), CKD, SLE, exosome, liquid biopsy, and extracellular vesicle were the hotspot in extracellular vesicle and kidney-related diseases research. Conclusion: The field of extracellular vesicles in kidney-related disease research is rapidly growing, and its domain is likely to expand in the next decade. The findings from this comprehensive analysis of extracellular vesicles in kidney-related disease research could help investigators to set new diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic ideas or methods in kidney-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marady Hun
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huai Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Phanna Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tharith Vun
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingyi Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Mingyi Zhao, ; Qingnan He,
| | - Qingnan He
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Mingyi Zhao, ; Qingnan He,
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12
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Kim J, Förster R, Wieduwilt T, Jang B, Bürger J, Gargiulo J, de S Menezes L, Rossner C, Fery A, Maier SA, Schmidt MA. Locally Structured On-Chip Optofluidic Hollow-Core Light Cages for Single Nanoparticle Tracking. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2951-2959. [PMID: 36260351 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) is a widely used methodology to investigate nanoscale systems at the single species level. Here, we introduce the locally structured on-chip optofluidic hollow-core light cage, as a novel platform for waveguide-assisted NTA. This hollow waveguide guides light by the antiresonant effect in a sparse array of dielectric strands and includes a local modification to realize aberration-free tracking of individual nano-objects, defining a novel on-chip solution with properties specifically tailored for NTA. The key features of our system are (i) well-controlled nano-object illumination through the waveguide mode, (ii) diffraction-limited and aberration-free imaging at the observation site, and (iii) a high level of integration, achieved by on-chip interfacing to fibers. The present study covers all aspects relevant for NTA including design, simulation, implementation via 3D nanoprinting, and optical characterization. The capabilities of the approach to precisely characterize practically relevant nanosystems have been demonstrated by measuring the solvency-induced collapse of a nanoparticle system which includes polymer brush-based shells that react to changes in the liquid environment. Our study unlocks the advantages of the light cage approach in the context of NTA, suggesting its application in various areas such as bioanalytics, life science, environmental science, or nanoscale material science in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisoo Kim
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745Jena, Germany.,Abbe Center of Photonics and Faculty of Physics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743Jena, Germany
| | - Ronny Förster
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745Jena, Germany
| | - Torsten Wieduwilt
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745Jena, Germany
| | - Bumjoon Jang
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745Jena, Germany.,Abbe Center of Photonics and Faculty of Physics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes Bürger
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 80799Munich, Germany
| | - Julian Gargiulo
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 80799Munich, Germany
| | - Leonardo de S Menezes
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 80799Munich, Germany.,Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901Recife-PE, Brazil
| | - Christian Rossner
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Fery
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan A Maier
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 80799Munich, Germany.,The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.,School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria3800, Australia
| | - Markus A Schmidt
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745Jena, Germany.,Abbe Center of Photonics and Faculty of Physics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743Jena, Germany.,Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research (OSIM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Fraunhoferstr. 6, 07743Jena, Germany
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13
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Tracking of Extracellular Vesicles’ Biodistribution: New Methods and Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911312. [PMID: 36232613 PMCID: PMC9569979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized lipid bilayer vesicles that are released by almost all cell types. They range in diameter from 30 nm to several micrometres and have the ability to carry biologically active molecules such as proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA. EVs are natural vectors and play an important role in many physiological and pathological processes. The amount and composition of EVs in human biological fluids serve as biomarkers and are used for diagnosing diseases and monitoring the effectiveness of treatment. EVs are promising for use as therapeutic agents and as natural vectors for drug delivery. However, the successful use of EVs in clinical practice requires an understanding of their biodistribution in an organism. Numerous studies conducted so far on the biodistribution of EVs show that, after intravenous administration, EVs are mostly localized in organs rich in blood vessels and organs associated with the reticuloendothelial system, such as the liver, lungs, spleen, and kidneys. In order to improve resolution, new dyes and labels are being developed and detection methods are being optimized. In this work, we review all available modern methods and approaches used to assess the biodistribution of EVs, as well as discuss their advantages and limitations.
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14
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Nissen M, Förster R, Wieduwilt T, Lorenz A, Jiang S, Hauswald W, Schmidt MA. Nanoparticle Tracking in Single-Antiresonant-Element Fiber for High-Precision Size Distribution Analysis of Mono- and Polydisperse Samples. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2202024. [PMID: 35988130 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Accurate determination of the size distribution of nanoparticle ensembles remains a challenge in nanotechnology-related applications due to the limitations of established methods. Here, a microstructured fiber-assisted nanoparticle tracking analysis (FaNTA) realization is introduced that breaks existing limitations through the recording of exceptionally long trajectories of rapidly diffusing polydisperse nanoparticles, resulting in excellent sizing precision and unprecedented separation capabilities of bimodal nanoparticle mixtures. An effective-single-mode antiresonant-element fiber allows to efficiently confine nanoparticles in a light-guiding microchannel and individually track them over more than 1000 frames, while aberration-free imaging is experimentally confirmed by cross-correlation analysis. Unique features of the approach are (i) the highly precise determination of the size distribution of monodisperse nanoparticle ensembles (only 7% coefficient of variation) and (ii) the accurate characterization of individual components in a bimodal mixture with very close mean diameters, both experimentally demonstrated for polymer nanospheres. The outstanding performance of the FaNTA realization can be quantified by introducing a new model for the bimodal separation index. Since FaNTA is applicable to all types of nano-objects down to sub-20 nm diameters, the method will improve the precision standard of mono- and polydisperse nanoparticle samples such as nano-plastics or extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Nissen
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Abbe Center of Photonics and Faculty of Physics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ronny Förster
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Torsten Wieduwilt
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Adrian Lorenz
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Shiqi Jiang
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Abbe Center of Photonics and Faculty of Physics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Walter Hauswald
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus A Schmidt
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Abbe Center of Photonics and Faculty of Physics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Otto Schott Institute of Material Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Fraunhoferstr. 6, 07743, Jena, Germany
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15
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Huang G, Liu F, Yu L, Wang J, Chen J, Mao J. Pediatric membranous nephropathy: In the novel antigens era. Front Immunol 2022; 13:962502. [PMID: 36016931 PMCID: PMC9396344 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.962502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Membranous nephropathy (MN) falls within the scope of a glomerular disease. MN exhibits subepithelial immune- complex deposition and capillary wall thickening which could occur in all age groups. In comparison with adult patients with MN, MN in pediatric population has a lower incidence and more secondary factors (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus, infection, malignancy, or drug toxicity). Two target antigens for the immune complexes, PLA2R (identified in 2009) and THSD7A (in 2014), found in previous studies and first presented in adult MN, are found in pediatric patients suffering from MN and their antibodies are now an effective tool for diagnosis and monitoring in children and adolescents. Several novel antigens have been identified (e.g., EXT1/EXT2, NELL1, Sema3B, PCDH7, HTRA1, and NCAM1) over the past few years. Each of them represents different clinical and pathologic findings. In-depth research should be conducted to gain insights into the outcomes and pathophysiology of the above novel antigen-associated MN. Targeted treatment opinions for different novel antigen-related MN are under development both in adults and pediatric patients.
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16
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Tang TT, Wang B, Lv LL, Dong Z, Liu BC. Extracellular vesicles for renal therapeutics: State of the art and future perspective. J Control Release 2022; 349:32-50. [PMID: 35779658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With the ever-increasing burden of kidney disease, the need for developing new therapeutics to manage this disease has never been greater. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural membranous nanoparticles present in virtually all organisms. Given their excellent delivery capacity in the body, EVs have emerged as a frontier technology for drug delivery and have the potential to usher in a new era of nanomedicine for kidney disease. This review is focused on why EVs are such compelling drug carriers and how to release their fullest potentiality in renal therapeutics. We discuss the unique features of EVs compared to artificial nanoparticles and outline the engineering technologies and steps in developing EV-based therapeutics, with an emphasis on the emerging approaches to target renal cells and prolong kidney retention. We also explore the applications of EVs as natural therapeutics or as drug carriers in the treatment of renal disorders and present our views on the critical challenges in manufacturing EVs as next-generation renal therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Tao Tang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Nanjing, China; Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin-Li Lv
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Bi-Cheng Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Nanjing, China.
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17
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Recent progress on microfluidic devices with incorporated 1D nanostructures for enhanced extracellular vesicle (EV) separation. Biodes Manuf 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42242-022-00195-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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18
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Clos-Sansalvador M, Monguió-Tortajada M, Roura S, Franquesa M, Borràs FE. Commonly used methods for extracellular vesicles’ enrichment: implications in downstream analyses and use. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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19
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Small but Mighty-Exosomes, Novel Intercellular Messengers in Neurodegeneration. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030413. [PMID: 35336787 PMCID: PMC8945199 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Exosomes are biological nanoparticles recently recognized as intercellular messengers. They contain a cargo of lipids, proteins, and RNA. They can transfer their content to not only cells in the vicinity but also to cells at a distance. This unique ability empowers them to modulate the physiology of recipient cells. In brain, exosomes play a role in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Abstract Exosomes of endosomal origin are one class of extracellular vesicles that are important in intercellular communication. Exosomes are released by all cells in our body and their cargo consisting of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids has a footprint reflective of their parental origin. The exosomal cargo has the power to modulate the physiology of recipient cells in the vicinity of the releasing cells or cells at a distance. Harnessing the potential of exosomes relies upon the purity of exosome preparation. Hence, many methods for isolation have been developed and we provide a succinct summary of several methods. In spite of the seclusion imposed by the blood–brain barrier, cells in the CNS are not immune from exosomal intrusive influences. Both neurons and glia release exosomes, often in an activity-dependent manner. A brief description of exosomes released by different cells in the brain and their role in maintaining CNS homeostasis is provided. The hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases is the accumulation of protein aggregates. Recent studies implicate exosomes’ intercellular communicator role in the spread of misfolded proteins aiding the propagation of pathology. In this review, we discuss the potential contributions made by exosomes in progression of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Understanding contributions made by exosomes in pathogenesis of neurodegeneration opens the field for employing exosomes as therapeutic agents for drug delivery to brain since exosomes do cross the blood–brain barrier.
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20
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Guo S, Moore RM, Charlesworth MC, Johnson KL, Spinner RJ, Windebank AJ, Wang H. The proteome of distal nerves: implication in delayed repair and poor functional recovery. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1998-2006. [PMID: 35142689 PMCID: PMC8848594 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.335159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic denervation is one of the key factors that affect nerve regeneration. Chronic axotomy deteriorates the distal nerve stump, causes protein changes, and renders the microenvironment less permissive for regeneration. Some of these factors/proteins have been individually studied. To better delineate the comprehensive protein expression profiles and identify proteins that contribute to or are associated with this detrimental effect, we carried out a proteomic analysis of the distal nerve using an established delayed rat sciatic nerve repair model. Four rats that received immediate repair after sciatic nerve transection served as control, whereas four rats in the experimental group (chronic denervation) had their sciatic nerve repaired after a 12-week delay. All the rats were sacrificed after 16 weeks to harvest the distal nerves for extracting proteins. Twenty-five micrograms of protein from each sample were fractionated in SDS-PAGE gels. NanoLC-MS/MS analysis was applied to the gels. Protein expression levels of nerves on the surgery side were compared to those on the contralateral side. Any protein with a P value of less than 0.05 and a fold change of 4 or higher was deemed differentially expressed. All the differentially expressed proteins in both groups were further stratified according to the biological processes. A PubMed search was also conducted to identify the differentially expressed proteins that have been reported to be either beneficial or detrimental to nerve regeneration. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software was used for pathway analysis. The results showed that 709 differentially expressed proteins were identified in the delayed repair group, with a bigger proportion of immune and inflammatory process-related proteins and a smaller proportion of proteins related to axon regeneration and lipid metabolism in comparison to the control group where 478 differentially expressed proteins were identified. The experimental group also had more beneficial proteins that were downregulated and more detrimental proteins that were upregulated. IPA revealed that protective pathways such as LXR/RXR, acute phase response, RAC, ERK/MAPK, CNTF, IL-6, and FGF signaling were inhibited in the delayed repair group, whereas three detrimental pathways, including the complement system, PTEN, and apoptosis signaling, were activated. An available database of the adult rodent sciatic nerve was used to assign protein changes to specific cell types. The poor regeneration seen in the delayed repair group could be associated with the down-regulation of beneficial proteins and up-regulation of detrimental proteins. The proteins and pathways identified in this study may offer clues for future studies to identify therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Guo
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Raymond M Moore
- Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Robert J Spinner
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Huan Wang
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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21
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Thomas SC, Kim JW, Pauletti GM, Hassett DJ, Kotagiri N. Exosomes: Biological Pharmaceutical Nanovectors for Theranostics. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:808614. [PMID: 35096795 PMCID: PMC8790084 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.808614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are natural cell-derived nanovesicles of endocytic origin that enable cellular crosstalk by transferring encapsulated molecular cargos across biological barriers, thereby holding significantly complex implications in the etiology and progression of diverse disease states. Consequently, the development of exosomes-based nano-theranostic strategies has received immense consideration for advancing therapeutic interventions and disease prognosis. Their favorable biopharmaceutical properties make exosomes a unique nanoparticulate carrier for pharmaceutical drug delivery. This review provides an update on the contemporary strategies utilizing exosomes for theranostic applications in nanomedicine. In addition, we provide a synopsis of exosomal features and insights into strategic modifications that control in vivo biodistribution. We further discuss their opportunities, merits and pitfalls for cell/tissue targeted drug delivery in personalized nanotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shindu C Thomas
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jin-Woo Kim
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Giovanni M Pauletti
- St. Louis College of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Daniel J Hassett
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Nalinikanth Kotagiri
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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22
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Perpetuo L, Ferreira R, Thongboonkerd V, Guedes S, Amado F, Vitorino R. Urinary exosomes: Diagnostic impact with a bioinformatic approach. Adv Clin Chem 2022; 111:69-99. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Biochemical Characterisation of Human Transglutaminase 4. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212448. [PMID: 34830327 PMCID: PMC8619550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminases are protein-modifying enzymes involved in physiological and pathological processes with potent therapeutic possibilities. Human TG4, also called prostate transglutaminase, is involved in the development of autoimmune and tumour diseases. Although rodent TG4 is well characterised, biochemical characteristics of human TG4 that could help th e understanding of its way of action are not published. First, we analysed proteomics databases and found that TG4 protein is present in human tissues beyond the prostate. Then, we studied in vitro the transamidase activity of human TG4 and its regulation using the microtitre plate method. Human TG4 has low transamidase activity which prefers slightly acidic pH and a reducing environment. It is enhanced by submicellar concentrations of SDS suggesting that membrane proximity is an important regulatory event. Human TG4 does not bind GTP as tested by GTP-agarose and BODIPY-FL-GTPγS binding, and its proteolytic activation by dispase or when expressed in AD-293 cells was not observed either. We identified several potential human TG4 glutamine donor substrates in the AD-293 cell extract by biotin-pentylamine incorporation and mass spectrometry. Several of these potential substrates are involved in cell–cell interaction, adhesion and proliferation, suggesting that human TG4 could become an anticancer therapeutic target.
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24
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Wang L, Wang J, Wang Z, Zhou J, Zhang Y. Higher Urine Exosomal miR-193a Is Associated With a Higher Probability of Primary Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis and an Increased Risk of Poor Prognosis Among Children With Nephrotic Syndrome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:727370. [PMID: 34708038 PMCID: PMC8542839 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.727370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In children, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is one of the most common primary glomerular diseases leading to end-stage renal disease. Exosomes facilitate communication between cells by transporting proteins and microRNAs. We aimed to investigate the utility of urine exosomal miR-193a for diagnosis and prognosis estimation among patients with primary FSGS, and preliminarily explore the regulation mechanism of exosome secretion from podocytes. Methods: Specimens of urine were obtained from patients with primary FSGS, minimal change nephropathy (MCN) and IgA nephropathy (IgAN), followed by exosome isolation. We quantified urine exosomal miR-193a based on quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and evaluated its applicability using area-under-receiver-operating-characteristics curves (AUROCs). The semiquantitative glomerulosclerosis index (GSI) was used to evaluate the degree of glomerulosclerosis according to the method of Raij et al. We further used FAM-labeled miR-193a-5p to examine exosome shuttling using confocal microscopy for visualization, and explored the regulation mechanism of exosomes release from podocytes using Fluo-3AM dye. Results: Urine exosomal miR-193a levels were significantly higher in patients with primary FSGS than those with MCN and IgAN. The AUROCs for discriminating between primary FSGS and MCN or IgAN were 0.85 and 0.821, respectively. Urine exosomal miR-193a levels positively correlated with GSI in patients with primary FSGS. We further found that kidney tissues from these patients had increased CD63 expression involving podocytes in non-sclerotic tufts. Exosomes from cultured podocytes could transport miR-193a-5p to recipient cells, potentially through a calcium-dependent release mechanism. Conclusion: Urine exosomal miR-193a might be harnessed as a non-invasive marker for diagnosis and outcome assessment among patients with primary FSGS. Exosomes were potential vehicles for miRNAs shuttling between podocytes, and released from podocytes in a calcium-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Neonatology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhimin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Shao D, Huang L, Wang Y, Cui X, Li Y, Wang Y, Ma Q, Du W, Cui J. HBFP: a new repository for human body fluid proteome. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2021; 2021:6395039. [PMID: 34642750 PMCID: PMC8516408 DOI: 10.1093/database/baab065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Body fluid proteome has been intensively studied as a primary source for disease
biomarker discovery. Using advanced proteomics technologies, early research
success has resulted in increasingly accumulated proteins detected in different
body fluids, among which many are promising biomarkers. However, despite a
handful of small-scale and specific data resources, current research is clearly
lacking effort compiling published body fluid proteins into a centralized and
sustainable repository that can provide users with systematic analytic tools. In
this study, we developed a new database of human body fluid proteome (HBFP) that
focuses on experimentally validated proteome in 17 types of human body fluids.
The current database archives 11 827 unique proteins reported by 164
scientific publications, with a maximal false discovery rate of 0.01 on both the
peptide and protein levels since 2001, and enables users to query, analyze and
download protein entries with respect to each body fluid. Three unique features
of this new system include the following: (i) the protein annotation page
includes detailed abundance information based on relative qualitative measures
of peptides reported in the original references, (ii) a new score is calculated
on each reported protein to indicate the discovery confidence and (iii) HBFP
catalogs 7354 proteins with at least two non-nested uniquely mapping peptides of
nine amino acids according to the Human Proteome Project Data Interpretation
Guidelines, while the remaining 4473 proteins have more than two unique peptides
without given sequence information. As an important resource for human protein
secretome, we anticipate that this new HBFP database can be a powerful tool that
facilitates research in clinical proteomics and biomarker discovery. Database URL:https://bmbl.bmi.osumc.edu/HBFP/
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Shao
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 122E Avery Hall, 1144 T St., Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.,Key Laboratory of Symbol Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China.,Department of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University, 6543 Weixing Road, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Lan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Symbol Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Symbol Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xueteng Cui
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University, 6543 Weixing Road, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yufei Li
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University, 6543 Weixing Road, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Symbol Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qin Ma
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 310G Lincoln tower, 1800 cannon drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Symbol Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Juan Cui
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 122E Avery Hall, 1144 T St., Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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Abstract
Membranous nephropathy (MN) is a glomerular disease that can occur at all ages. In adults, it is the most frequent cause of nephrotic syndrome. In ~80% of patients, there is no underlying cause of MN (primary MN) and the remaining cases are associated with medications or other diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, hepatitis virus infection or malignancies. MN is an autoimmune disease characterized by a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls due to immune complex deposition. Identification of the phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) as the major antigen in adults in 2009 induced a paradigm shift in disease diagnosis and monitoring and several other antigens have since been characterized. Disease outcome is difficult to predict and around one-third of patients will undergo spontaneous remission. In those at high risk of progression, immunosuppressive therapy with cyclophosphamide plus corticosteroids has substantially reduced the need for kidney replacement therapy. Owing to carcinogenic risk, other treatments (calcineurin inhibitors and CD20-targeted B cell depletion therapy (rituximab)) have been developed. However, disease relapses are frequent when calcineurin inhibitors are stopped and the remission rate with rituximab is lower than with cyclophosphamide, particularly in patients with high PLA2R antibody titres. Other new drugs are already available and antigen-specific immunotherapies are being developed.
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Oh S, Kwon SH. Extracellular Vesicles in Acute Kidney Injury and Clinical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168913. [PMID: 34445618 PMCID: PMC8396174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI)––the sudden loss of kidney function due to tissue damage and subsequent progression to chronic kidney disease––has high morbidity and mortality rates and is a serious worldwide clinical problem. Current AKI diagnosis, which relies on measuring serum creatinine levels and urine output, cannot sensitively and promptly report on the state of damage. To address the shortcomings of these traditional diagnosis tools, several molecular biomarkers have been developed to facilitate the identification and ensuing monitoring of AKI. Nanosized membrane-bound extracellular vesicles (EVs) in body fluids have emerged as excellent sources for discovering such biomarkers. Besides this diagnostic purpose, EVs are also being extensively exploited to deliver therapeutic macromolecules to damaged kidney cells to ameliorate AKI. Consequently, many successful AKI biomarker findings and therapeutic applications based on EVs have been made. Here, we review our understanding of how EVs can help with the early identification and accurate monitoring of AKI and be used therapeutically. We will further discuss where current EV-based AKI diagnosis and therapeutic applications fall short and where future innovations could lead us.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekyung Oh
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Korea;
| | - Sang-Ho Kwon
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-706-721-0381
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28
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Karpman D, Tontanahal A. Extracellular vesicles in renal inflammatory and infectious diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 171:42-54. [PMID: 33933600 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles can mediate cell-to-cell communication, or relieve the parent cell of harmful substances, in order to maintain cellular integrity. The content of extracellular vesicles includes miRNAs, mRNAs, growth factors, complement factors, cytokines, chemokines and receptors. These may contribute to inflammatory and infectious diseases by the exposure or transfer of potent effectors that induce vascular inflammation by leukocyte recruitment and thrombosis. Furthermore, vesicles release cytokines and induce their release from cells. Extracellular vesicles possess immune modulatory and anti-microbial properties, and induce receptor signaling in the recipient cell, not least by the transfer of pro-inflammatory receptors. Additionally, the vesicles may carry virulence factors systemically. Extracellular vesicles in blood and urine can contribute to the development of kidney diseases or exhibit protective effects. In this review we will describe the role of EVs in inflammation, thrombosis, immune modulation, angiogenesis, oxidative stress, renal tubular regeneration and infection. Furthermore, we will delineate their contribution to renal ischemia/reperfusion, vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis, thrombotic microangiopathies, IgA nephropathy, acute kidney injury, urinary tract infections and renal transplantation. Due to their content of miRNAs and growth factors, or when loaded with nephroprotective modulators, extracellular vesicles have the potential to be used as therapeutics for renal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Karpman
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 22185, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Ashmita Tontanahal
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 22185, Lund, Sweden
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29
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Malenica M, Vukomanović M, Kurtjak M, Masciotti V, dal Zilio S, Greco S, Lazzarino M, Krušić V, Perčić M, Jelovica Badovinac I, Wechtersbach K, Vidović I, Baričević V, Valić S, Lučin P, Kojc N, Grabušić K. Perspectives of Microscopy Methods for Morphology Characterisation of Extracellular Vesicles from Human Biofluids. Biomedicines 2021; 9:603. [PMID: 34073297 PMCID: PMC8228884 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanometric membranous structures secreted from almost every cell and present in biofluids. Because EV composition reflects the state of its parental tissue, EVs possess an enormous diagnostic/prognostic potential to reveal pathophysiological conditions. However, a prerequisite for such usage of EVs is their detailed characterisation, including visualisation which is mainly achieved by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electron microscopy (EM). Here we summarise the EV preparation protocols for AFM and EM bringing out the main challenges in the imaging of EVs, both in their natural environment as biofluid constituents and in a saline solution after EV isolation. In addition, we discuss approaches for EV imaging and identify the potential benefits and disadvantages when different AFM and EM methods are applied, including numerous factors that influence the morphological characterisation, standardisation, or formation of artefacts. We also demonstrate the effects of some of these factors by using cerebrospinal fluid as an example of human biofluid with a simpler composition. Here presented comparison of approaches to EV imaging should help to estimate the current state in morphology research of EVs from human biofluids and to identify the most efficient pathways towards the standardisation of sample preparation and microscopy modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mladenka Malenica
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (V.K.); (P.L.); (K.G.)
| | - Marija Vukomanović
- Advanced Materials Department, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.V.); (M.K.)
| | - Mario Kurtjak
- Advanced Materials Department, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.V.); (M.K.)
| | - Valentina Masciotti
- CNR-IOM Istituto Officina dei Materiali-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/Area Scinece Park, Basovizza, I-34149 Trieste, Italy; (V.M.); (S.d.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Simone dal Zilio
- CNR-IOM Istituto Officina dei Materiali-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/Area Scinece Park, Basovizza, I-34149 Trieste, Italy; (V.M.); (S.d.Z.); (M.L.)
| | | | - Marco Lazzarino
- CNR-IOM Istituto Officina dei Materiali-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/Area Scinece Park, Basovizza, I-34149 Trieste, Italy; (V.M.); (S.d.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Vedrana Krušić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (V.K.); (P.L.); (K.G.)
| | - Marko Perčić
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
- Centre for Micro- and Nanosciences and Technologies, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Ivana Jelovica Badovinac
- Centre for Micro- and Nanosciences and Technologies, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
- Department of Physics, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Karmen Wechtersbach
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.W.); (N.K.)
| | - Ivona Vidović
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (I.V.); (V.B.)
| | - Vanja Baričević
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (I.V.); (V.B.)
| | - Srećko Valić
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Pero Lučin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (V.K.); (P.L.); (K.G.)
| | - Nika Kojc
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.W.); (N.K.)
| | - Kristina Grabušić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (V.K.); (P.L.); (K.G.)
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30
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Erdbrügger U, Blijdorp CJ, Bijnsdorp IV, Borràs FE, Burger D, Bussolati B, Byrd JB, Clayton A, Dear JW, Falcón‐Pérez JM, Grange C, Hill AF, Holthöfer H, Hoorn EJ, Jenster G, Jimenez CR, Junker K, Klein J, Knepper MA, Koritzinsky EH, Luther JM, Lenassi M, Leivo J, Mertens I, Musante L, Oeyen E, Puhka M, van Royen ME, Sánchez C, Soekmadji C, Thongboonkerd V, van Steijn V, Verhaegh G, Webber JP, Witwer K, Yuen PS, Zheng L, Llorente A, Martens‐Uzunova ES. Urinary extracellular vesicles: A position paper by the Urine Task Force of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12093. [PMID: 34035881 PMCID: PMC8138533 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Urine is commonly used for clinical diagnosis and biomedical research. The discovery of extracellular vesicles (EV) in urine opened a new fast-growing scientific field. In the last decade urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) were shown to mirror molecular processes as well as physiological and pathological conditions in kidney, urothelial and prostate tissue. Therefore, several methods to isolate and characterize uEVs have been developed. However, methodological aspects of EV separation and analysis, including normalization of results, need further optimization and standardization to foster scientific advances in uEV research and a subsequent successful translation into clinical practice. This position paper is written by the Urine Task Force of the Rigor and Standardization Subcommittee of ISEV consisting of nephrologists, urologists, cardiologists and biologists with active experience in uEV research. Our aim is to present the state of the art and identify challenges and gaps in current uEV-based analyses for clinical applications. Finally, recommendations for improved rigor, reproducibility and interoperability in uEV research are provided in order to facilitate advances in the field.
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31
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Mazzariol M, Camussi G, Brizzi MF. Extracellular Vesicles Tune the Immune System in Renal Disease: A Focus on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Antiphospholipid Syndrome, Thrombotic Microangiopathy and ANCA-Vasculitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084194. [PMID: 33919576 PMCID: PMC8073859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are microparticles released in biological fluids by different cell types, both in physiological and pathological conditions. Owing to their ability to carry and transfer biomolecules, EV are mediators of cell-to-cell communication and are involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases. The ability of EV to modulate the immune system, the coagulation cascade, the angiogenetic process, and to drive endothelial dysfunction plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of both autoimmune and renal diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated the involvement of EV in the control of renal homeostasis by acting as intercellular signaling molecules, mediators of inflammation and tissue regeneration. Moreover, circulating EV and urinary EV secreted by renal cells have been investigated as potential early biomarkers of renal injury. In the present review, we discuss the recent findings on the involvement of EV in autoimmunity and in renal intercellular communication. We focused on EV-mediated interaction between the immune system and the kidney in autoimmune diseases displaying common renal damage, such as antiphospholipid syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, thrombotic microangiopathy, and vasculitis. Although further studies are needed to extend our knowledge on EV in renal pathology, a deeper investigation of the impact of EV in kidney autoimmune diseases may also provide insight into renal biological processes. Furthermore, EV may represent promising biomarkers of renal diseases with potential future applications as diagnostic and therapeutic tools.
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32
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Shen AR, Zhong X, Tang TT, Wang C, Jing J, Liu BC, Lv LL. Integrin, Exosome and Kidney Disease. Front Physiol 2021; 11:627800. [PMID: 33569013 PMCID: PMC7868550 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.627800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins are transmembrane receptors that function as noncovalent heterodimers that mediate cellular adhesion and migration, cell to cell communication, and intracellular signaling activation. In kidney, latency associated peptide-transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) were found as the novel ligands of integrins that contribute to renal interstitial fibrosis and focal segmental glomerular sclerosis glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Interestingly, recent studies revealed that integrins are the compositional cargo of exosomes. Increasing evidence suggested that exosomal integrin played critical roles in diverse pathophysiologic conditions such as tumor metastasis, neurological disorders, immunology regulation, and other processes. This review will focus on the biology and function of exosomal integrin, emphasizing its potential role in kidney disease as well as its implications in developing novel therapeutic and diagnosis approaches for kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Ran Shen
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Zhong
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao-Tao Tang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Cui Wang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Jing
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bi-Cheng Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin-Li Lv
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
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33
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Tarasov VV, Svistunov AA, Chubarev VN, Dostdar SA, Sokolov AV, Brzecka A, Sukocheva O, Neganova ME, Klochkov SG, Somasundaram SG, Kirkland CE, Aliev G. Extracellular vesicles in cancer nanomedicine. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 69:212-225. [PMID: 31421263 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To date, a lot of nanotechnological optitions are available for targeted drug delivery. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane structures that cells use for storage, transport, communication, and signaling. Recent research has focused on EVs as natural nanoparticles for drug delivery. This review sheds light on the application of EVs in cancer therapy, such as targeted chemotherapy, gene therapy, and vaccine development. Aspects of biogenesis, isolation, targeting, and loading of EVs are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim V Tarasov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Andrey A Svistunov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Chubarev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Samira A Dostdar
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander V Sokolov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Anna Brzecka
- Department of Pulmonology and Lung Cancer, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Olga Sukocheva
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Margarita E Neganova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia
| | - Sergey G Klochkov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia
| | | | - Cecil E Kirkland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV, USA
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia; Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia; GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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34
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Huang L, Shao D, Wang Y, Cui X, Li Y, Chen Q, Cui J. Human body-fluid proteome: quantitative profiling and computational prediction. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:315-333. [PMID: 32020158 PMCID: PMC7820883 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbz160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Empowered by the advancement of high-throughput bio technologies, recent research on body-fluid proteomes has led to the discoveries of numerous novel disease biomarkers and therapeutic drugs. In the meantime, a tremendous progress in disclosing the body-fluid proteomes was made, resulting in a collection of over 15 000 different proteins detected in major human body fluids. However, common challenges remain with current proteomics technologies about how to effectively handle the large variety of protein modifications in those fluids. To this end, computational effort utilizing statistical and machine-learning approaches has shown early successes in identifying biomarker proteins in specific human diseases. In this article, we first summarized the experimental progresses using a combination of conventional and high-throughput technologies, along with the major discoveries, and focused on current research status of 16 types of body-fluid proteins. Next, the emerging computational work on protein prediction based on support vector machine, ranking algorithm, and protein-protein interaction network were also surveyed, followed by algorithm and application discussion. At last, we discuss additional critical concerns about these topics and close the review by providing future perspectives especially toward the realization of clinical disease biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Huang
- College of Computer Science and Technology in the Jilin University
| | - Dan Shao
- College of Computer Science and Technology in the Jilin University
- College of Computer Science and Technology in Changchun University
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Computer Science and Technology in the Jilin University
| | - Xueteng Cui
- College of Computer Science and Technology in the Changchun University
| | - Yufei Li
- College of Computer Science and Technology in the Changchun University
| | - Qian Chen
- College of Computer Science and Technology in the Jilin University
| | - Juan Cui
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering in the University of Nebraska-Lincoln
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35
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Maggio S, Polidori E, Ceccaroli P, Cioccoloni A, Stocchi V, Guescini M. Current Methods for the Isolation of Urinary Extracellular Vesicles. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2292:153-172. [PMID: 33651360 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1354-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-bound particles released into extracellular space by almost all cell types, and found in body fluids like blood, urine, and saliva. Mounting evidence has demonstrated the clinical potential of EVs as diagnostic and therapeutic tools to analyse physiological/pathological processes due to their ability to transport biomolecules secreted from diverse tissues of an individual.For example, the urinary EVs (uEVs), released from all regions of the kidney's nephron and from other cells that line the urinary tract, retain proteomic and transcriptomic markers specific to their cell of origin representing a valuable tool for kidney disease diagnosis.Despite the numerous efforts in developing suitable methods to separate EVs from biofluids, providing material of high purity and low variability poses a limit to clinical translation.This chapter focuses on advantages and disadvantages of several EV isolation methodologies, and provides examples of uEV isolation protocols based on time, cost, and equipment considerations, as well as the sample requirements for any downstream analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Maggio
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Emanuela Polidori
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Paola Ceccaroli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Andrea Cioccoloni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Vilberto Stocchi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Michele Guescini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy.
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36
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Prikryl P, Satrapova V, Frydlova J, Hruskova Z, Zima T, Tesar V, Vokurka M. Mass spectrometry-based proteomic exploration of the small urinary extracellular vesicles in ANCA-associated vasculitis in comparison with total urine. J Proteomics 2020; 233:104067. [PMID: 33307252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.104067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a rare, but potentially severe autoimmune disease, even nowadays displaying increased mortality and morbidity. Finding early biomarkers of activity and prognosis is thus very important. Small extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from urine can be considered as a non-invasive source of biomarkers. We evaluated several protocols for urinary EV isolation. To eliminate contaminating non-vesicular proteins due to AAV associated proteinuria we used proteinase K treatment. We investigated the differences in proteomes of small EVs of patients with AAV compared to healthy controls by label-free LC-MS/MS. In parallel, we performed an analogous proteomic analysis of urine samples from identical patients. The study results showed significant differences and similarities in both EV and urine proteome, the latter one being highly affected by proteinuria. Using bioinformatics tools we explored differentially changed proteins and their related pathways with a focus on the pathophysiology of AAV. Our findings indicate significant regulation of Golgi enzymes, such as MAN1A1, which can be involved in T cell activation by N-glycans glycosylation and may thus play a key role in pathogenesis and diagnosis of AAV. SIGNIFICANCE: The present study explores for the first time the changes in proteomes of small extracellular vesicles and urine of patients with renal ANCA-associated vasculitis compared to healthy controls by label-free LC-MS/MS. Isolation of vesicles from proteinuric urine samples has been modified to minimize contamination by plasma proteins and to reduce co-isolation of extraluminal proteins. Differentially changed proteins and their related pathways with a role in the pathophysiology of AAV were described and discussed. The results could be helpful for the research of potential biomarkers in renal vasculitis associated with ANCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Prikryl
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Satrapova
- Department of Nephrology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Frydlova
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Hruskova
- Department of Nephrology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Zima
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Tesar
- Department of Nephrology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Vokurka
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Barreiro K, Dwivedi OP, Leparc G, Rolser M, Delic D, Forsblom C, Groop P, Groop L, Huber TB, Puhka M, Holthofer H. Comparison of urinary extracellular vesicle isolation methods for transcriptomic biomarker research in diabetic kidney disease. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 10:e12038. [PMID: 33437407 PMCID: PMC7789228 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary Extracellular Vesicles (uEV) have emerged as a source for biomarkers of kidney damage, holding potential to replace the conventional invasive techniques including kidney biopsy. However, comprehensive studies characterizing uEV isolation methods with patient samples are rare. Here we compared performance of three established uEV isolation workflows for their subsequent use in transcriptomics analysis for biomarker discovery in diabetic kidney disease. We collected urine samples from individuals with type 1 diabetes with macroalbuminuria and healthy controls. We isolated uEV by Hydrostatic Filtration Dialysis (HFD), ultracentrifugation (UC), and a commercial kit- based isolation method (NG), each with different established urine clearing steps. Purified EVs were analysed by electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and Western blotting. Isolated RNAs were subjected to miRNA and RNA sequencing. HFD and UC samples showed close similarities based on mRNA sequencing data. NG samples had a lower number of reads and different mRNA content compared to HFD or UC. For miRNA sequencing data, satisfactory miRNA counts were obtained by all methods, but miRNA contents differed slightly. This suggests that the isolation workflows enrich specific subpopulations of miRNA-rich uEV preparation components. Our data shows that HFD,UC and the kit-based method are suitable methods to isolate uEV for miRNA-seq. However, only HFD and UC were suitable for mRNA-seq in our settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Barreiro
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMMUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Om Prakash Dwivedi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMMUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - German Leparc
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KGBiberachGermany
| | - Marcel Rolser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KGBiberachGermany
| | - Denis Delic
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KGBiberachGermany
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology), University Medical Centre MannheimUniversity of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Carol Forsblom
- Folkhälsan Institute of GeneticsFolkhälsan Research CenterHelsinkiFinland
- Abdominal Center, NephrologyUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Per‐Henrik Groop
- Folkhälsan Institute of GeneticsFolkhälsan Research CenterHelsinkiFinland
- Abdominal Center, NephrologyUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Leif Groop
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMMUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Tobias B. Huber
- III Department of MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Maija Puhka
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMMUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Harry Holthofer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMMUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- III Department of MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
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La Salvia S, Gunasekaran PM, Byrd JB, Erdbrügger U. Extracellular Vesicles in Essential Hypertension: Hidden Messengers. Curr Hypertens Rep 2020; 22:76. [PMID: 32880744 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-020-01084-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hypertension affects about half of all Americans, yet in the vast majority of cases, the factors causing the hypertension cannot be clearly delineated. Developing a more precise understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of HTN and its various phenotypes is therefore a pressing priority. Circulating and urinary extracellular vesicles (EVs) are potential novel candidates as biomarkers and bioactivators in HTN. EVs are a heterogeneous population of small membrane fragments shed from various cell types into various body fluids. As EVs carry protein, RNA, and lipids, they also play a role as effectors and novel cell-to-cell communicators. In this review, we discuss the diagnostic, functional, and regenerative role of EVs in essential HTN and focus on EV protein and RNA cargo as the most extensively studied EV cargo. RECENT FINDINGS The field of EVs in HTN is still a young one and earlier studies have not used the novel EV detection tools currently available. More rigor and transparency in EV research are needed. Current data suggest that EVs represent potential novel biomarkers in HTN. EVs correlate with HTN severity and possibly end-organ damage. However, it has yet to be discerned which specific subtype(s) of EV reflects best HTN pathophysiology. Evolving studies are also showing that EVs might be novel regulators in vascular and renal tubular function and also be therapeutic. RNA in EVs has been studied in the context of hypertension, largely in the form of studies of miRNA, which are reviewed herein. Beyond miRNAs, mRNA in urinary EVs changed in response to sodium loading in humans. EVs represent promising novel biomarkers and bioactivators in essential HTN. Novel tools are being developed to apply more rigor in EV research including more in vivo models and translation to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina La Salvia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia Health System, 1300 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA, 22908-0133, USA.
| | - Pradeep Moon Gunasekaran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Medical School, University of Michigan Medical School, 5570C MSRB II, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - James Brian Byrd
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Medical School, University of Michigan Medical School, 5570C MSRB II, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Uta Erdbrügger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia Health System, 1300 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA, 22908-0133, USA
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Masaoutis C, Al Besher S, Koutroulis I, Theocharis S. Exosomes in Nephropathies: A Rich Source of Novel Biomarkers. DISEASE MARKERS 2020; 2020:8897833. [PMID: 32849923 PMCID: PMC7441435 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8897833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The biomarkers commonly utilized in diagnostic evaluations of kidney disease suffer from low sensitivity, especially in the early stages of renal damage. On the other hand, obtaining a renal biopsy to augment clinical decision making can lead to potentially serious complications. In order to overcome the shortcomings of currently available diagnostic tools, recent studies suggest that exosomes, cell-secreted extracellular vesicles containing a large array of active molecules to facilitate cell-to-cell communication, may represent a rich source of novel disease biomarkers. Because of their endocytic origin, exosomes carry markers typical for their parent cells, which could permit the localization of biochemical cellular alterations in specific kidney compartments. Different types of exosomes can be isolated from noninvasively obtained biofluids; however, in the context of kidney disease, evidence has emerged on the role of urinary exosomes in the diagnostic and predictive modeling of renal pathology. The current review summarizes the potential application of exosomes in the detection of acute and chronic inflammatory, metabolic, degenerative, and genetic renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Masaoutis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, Mikras Asias street, Bld 10, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Samer Al Besher
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, Mikras Asias street, Bld 10, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Koutroulis
- Children's National Hospital, Division of Emergency Medicine and Center for Genetic Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 111 Michigan Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Stamatios Theocharis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, Mikras Asias street, Bld 10, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Audzeyenka I, Rachubik P, Rogacka D, Typiak M, Kulesza T, Angielski S, Rychłowski M, Wysocka M, Gruba N, Lesner A, Saleem MA, Piwkowska A. Cathepsin C is a novel mediator of podocyte and renal injury induced by hyperglycemia. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118723. [PMID: 32302668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests a role of proteolytic enzymes in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Cathepsin C (CatC) is a well-known regulator of inflammatory responses, but its involvement in podocyte and renal injury remains obscure. We used Zucker rats, a genetic model of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance, to determine the presence, quantity, and activity of CatC in the urine. In addition to the animal study, we used two cellular models, immortalized human podocytes and primary rat podocytes, to determine mRNA and protein expression levels via RT-PCR, Western blot, and confocal microscopy, and to evaluate CatC activity. The role of CatC was analyzed in CatC-depleted podocytes using siRNA and glycolytic flux parameters were obtained from extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) measurements. In functional analyses, podocyte and glomerular permeability to albumin was determined. We found that podocytes express and secrete CatC, and a hyperglycemic environment increases CatC levels and activity. Both high glucose and non-specific activator of CatC phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) diminished nephrin, cofilin, and GLUT4 levels and induced cytoskeletal rearrangements, increasing albumin permeability in podocytes. These negative effects were completely reversed in CatC-depleted podocytes. Moreover, PMA, but not high glucose, increased glycolytic flux in podocytes. Finally, we demonstrated that CatC expression and activity are increased in the urine of diabetic Zucker rats. We propose a novel mechanism of podocyte injury in diabetes, providing deeper insight into the role of CatC in podocyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Audzeyenka
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Patrycja Rachubik
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dorota Rogacka
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marlena Typiak
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kulesza
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Stefan Angielski
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Michał Rychłowski
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk - Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | | | | | - Adam Lesner
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Moin A Saleem
- Bristol Renal, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Agnieszka Piwkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Poland
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Pawar AS, Eirin A, Tang H, Zhu XY, Lerman A, Lerman LO. Upregulated tumor necrosis factor-α transcriptome and proteome in adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells from pigs with metabolic syndrome. Cytokine 2020; 130:155080. [PMID: 32240922 PMCID: PMC7529712 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have endogenous reparative properties, and may constitute an exogenous therapeutic intervention in patients with chronic kidney disease. The microenvironment of metabolic syndrome (MetS) induces fat inflammation, with abundant expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. MetS may also alter the content of adipose tissue-derived MSCs, and we hypothesized that the inflammatory profile of MetS manifests via upregulating MSC mRNAs and proteins of the TNF-α pathway. METHODS Domestic pigs were fed a 16-week Lean or MetS diet (n = 4 each). MSCs were harvested from abdominal subcutaneous fat, and their extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated. Expression profiles of mRNAs and proteins in MSCs and EVs were obtained by high-throughput sequencing and proteomics. Nuclear translocation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor (NF)-kB was evaluated in MSC and in pig renal tubular cells (TEC) co-incubated with EVs. RESULTS We found 13 mRNAs and 4 proteins in the TNF-α pathway upregulated in MetS- vs. Lean-MSCs (fold-change > 1.4, p < 0.05), mostly via TNF-α receptor-1 (TNF-R1) signaling. Three mRNAs were upregulated in MetS-EVs. MetS-MSCs, as well as TECs co-incubated with MetS-EVs, showed increased nuclear translocation of NF-kB. Using qPCR, JUNB, MAP2K7 and TRAF2 genes followed the same direction of RNA-sequencing findings. CONCLUSIONS MetS upregulates the TNF-α transcriptome and proteome in swine adipose tissue-derived MSCs, which are partly transmitted to their EV progeny, and are associated with activation of NF-kB in target cells. Hence, the MetS milieu may affect the profile of endogenous MSCs and their paracrine vectors and limit their use as an exogenous regenerative therapy. Anti-inflammatory strategies targeting the TNF-α pathway might be a novel strategy to restore MSC phenotype, and in turn function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya S Pawar
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Hui Tang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
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Zuo X, Kwon SH, Janech MG, Dang Y, Lauzon SD, Fogelgren B, Polgar N, Lipschutz JH. Primary cilia and the exocyst are linked to urinary extracellular vesicle production and content. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:19099-19110. [PMID: 31694916 PMCID: PMC6916495 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently proposed idea of "urocrine signaling" hypothesizes that small secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain proteins that transmit signals to distant cells. However, the role of renal primary cilia in EV production and content is unclear. We previously showed that the exocyst, a highly conserved trafficking complex, is necessary for ciliogenesis; that it is present in human urinary EVs; that knockdown (KD) of exocyst complex component 5 (EXOC5), a central exocyst component, results in very short or absent cilia; and that human EXOC5 overexpression results in longer cilia. Here, we show that compared with control Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, EXOC5 overexpression increases and KD decreases EV numbers. Proteomic analyses of isolated EVs from EXOC5 control, KD, and EXOC5-overexpressing MDCK cells revealed significant alterations in protein composition. Using immunoblotting to specifically examine the expression levels of ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) and EPS8-like 2 (EPS8L2) in EVs, we found that EXOC5 KD increases ARF6 levels and decreases EPS8L2 levels, and that EXOC5 overexpression increases EPS8L2. Knockout of intraflagellar transport 88 (IFT88) confirmed that the changes in EV number/content were due to cilia loss: similar to EXOC5, the IFT88 loss resulted in very short or absent cilia, decreased EV numbers, increased EV ARF6 levels, and decreased Eps8L2 levels compared with IFT88-rescued EVs. Compared with control animals, urine from proximal tubule-specific EXOC5-KO mice contained fewer EVs and had increased ARF6 levels. These results indicate that perturbations in exocyst and primary cilia affect EV number and protein content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zuo
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Sang-Ho Kwon
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Michael G Janech
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina 29424
| | - Yujing Dang
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Steven D Lauzon
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Ben Fogelgren
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
| | - Noemi Polgar
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
| | - Joshua H Lipschutz
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
- Department of Medicine, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
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Xu X, Barreiro K, Musante L, Kretz O, Lin H, Zou H, Huber TB, Holthofer H. Management of Tamm-Horsfall Protein for Reliable Urinary Analytics. Proteomics Clin Appl 2019; 13:e1900018. [PMID: 31424164 PMCID: PMC6900072 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201900018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) are a novel source of biomarkers. However, urinary Tamm-Horsfall Protein (THP; uromodulin) interferes with all vesicle isolation attempts, precipitates with normal urinary proteins, thus, representing an unwanted "contaminant" in urinary assays. Thus, the aim is to develop a simple method to manage THP efficiently. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The uEVs are isolated by hydrostatic filtration dialysis (HFD) and treated with a defined solution of urea to optimize release of uEVs from sample. Presence of uEVs is confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, Western blotting, and proteomic profiling in MS. RESULTS Using HFD with urea treatment for uEV isolation reduces sample complexity to a great extent. The novel simplified uEV isolation protocol allows comprehensive vesicle proteomics analysis and should be part of any urine analytics to release all sample constituents from THP trap. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The method brings a quick and easy protocol for THP management during uEV isolation, providing major benefits for comprehensive sample analytics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Xu
- Institute of Nephrology and UrologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Shunde Southern Medical University Science Park
| | - Karina Barreiro
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM)University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Luca Musante
- Division of NephrologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUSA
| | - Oliver Kretz
- III. Department of MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Hanfei Lin
- Institute of Nephrology and UrologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Hequn Zou
- Institute of Nephrology and UrologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Tobias B. Huber
- III. Department of MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Harry Holthofer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM)University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- III. Department of MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
- Centre for Bioanalytical Sciences (CBAS)Dublin City UniversityDublinIreland
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Molecular stratification of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Nat Rev Nephrol 2019; 15:750-765. [DOI: 10.1038/s41581-019-0217-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Li W, Yang F, Gao J, Tang Y, Wang J, Pan Y. Over-Expression of TRPC6 via CRISPR Based Synergistic Activation Mediator in BMSCs Ameliorates Brain Injury in a Rat Model of Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion. Neuroscience 2019; 415:147-160. [PMID: 31369718 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a major life-threatening and disabling disease with a restricted therapeutic approach. Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) possess proliferative ability and a multi-directional differentiation potential, and secrete a range of trophic/growth factors that can protect neurons after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) is a family of non-selective channels permeable to Ca2+, with several functions including neuronal survival. Over-expression of TRPC6, a subtype of the TRPC family, was shown to protect neurons against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, it remains unclear whether over-expression of TRPC6 in BMSCs can further reduce brain injury after ischemia/reperfusion. In the present study, we report that over-expression of TRPC6 via a CRISPR-based synergistic activation mediator in BMSCs provided a greater reduction of brain injury in a rat model of ischemia/reperfusion. Further, the improved neurofunctional outcomes were associated with increased TRPC6 and brain derived neurotrophic factor expression levels. Overall, these data suggest that TRPC6 over-expressing BMSCs may be a promising therapeutic agent for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Li
- Department of Neurology, First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Room 501, Building 3, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Neurology, First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Room 501, Building 3, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxing Gao
- Department of Neurology, First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Room 501, Building 3, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yushi Tang
- Department of Neurology, First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Room 501, Building 3, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Room 501, Building 3, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujun Pan
- Department of Neurology, First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Room 501, Building 3, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, People's Republic of China.
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Braun F, Müller RU. Urinary extracellular vesicles as a source of biomarkers reflecting renal cellular biology in human disease. Methods Cell Biol 2019; 154:43-65. [PMID: 31493821 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For more than a decade, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been the focus of extensive research efforts attempting to uncover their biological function in health and disease. Likewise, numerous studies have investigated them as a source of potential biomarkers to complement or replace the routine diagnostic procedures. Urinary extracellular vesicles take a distinct place among these studies, as they hold the promise to reflect changes in the cellular biology of the nephron and can be isolated without any invasive procedure. However, their potential has been insufficiently exploited since both their biological function and their use for diagnostic purposes in human disease have only gained increasing attention in the last years. This review aims to give an overview of the present knowledge about urinary extracellular vesicles with a special focus on novel nomenclature recommendations, current techniques for urinary EV separation and potential biomarkers that have emerged from the analysis of urinary EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Braun
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roman-Ulrich Müller
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Alterations in genetic and protein content of swine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the metabolic syndrome. Stem Cell Res 2019; 37:101423. [PMID: 30933719 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2019.101423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess endogenous reparative properties and may serve as an exogenous therapeutic intervention in patients with chronic kidney disease. Cardiovascular risk factors clustering in the metabolic syndrome (MetS) might adversely affect cellular properties. To test the hypothesis that Mets interferes with MSC characteristics, we performed comprehensive comparison of the mRNA, microRNA, and protein content of MSCs isolated from Lean and MetS pigs. METHODS Domestic pigs were fed a 16-week Lean or MetS diet (n = 4 each). Expression profiles of co-existing microRNAs, mRNAs, and proteins were obtained by high-throughput sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. TargetScan and ComiR were used to predict target genes of differentially expressed microRNAs, and DAVID 6.7 for functional annotation analysis to rank primary gene ontology categories for the microRNA target genes, mRNAs, and proteins. RESULTS Differential expression analysis revealed 12 microRNAs upregulated in MetS-MSCs compared to Lean-MSCs (fold change>1.4, p < .05), which target 7728 genes, whereas 33 mRNAs and 78 proteins were downregulated (fold change<0.7, p < .05). Integrated analysis showed that targets of those microRNAs upregulated in MetS-MSCs overlap with at least half of mRNAs and proteins dysregulated in those cells. Functional analysis of overlapping mRNAs and proteins suggest that they are primarily involved in mitochondria, inflammation and transcription. MetS-MSCs also exhibited increased nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa-B, associated with increased SA-β-Galactosidase and decreased cytochrome-c oxidase-IV activity. CONCLUSION MetS alters the transcriptome and proteome of swine adipose tissue-derived MSCs particularly genes involved in mitochondria, inflammation and transcription regulation. These alterations might limit the reparative function of endogenous MSC and their use as an exogenous regenerative therapy.
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Eirin A, Zhu XY, Woollard JR, Tang H, Dasari S, Lerman A, Lerman LO. Metabolic Syndrome Interferes with Packaging of Proteins within Porcine Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 8:430-440. [PMID: 30707002 PMCID: PMC6477000 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) release extracellular vesicles (EVs), which shuttle proteins to recipient cells, promoting cellular repair. We hypothesized that cardiovascular risk factors may alter the pattern of proteins packed within MSC‐derived EVs. To test this, we compared the protein cargo of EVs to their parent MSCs in pigs with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and Lean controls. Porcine MSCs were harvested from abdominal fat after 16 weeks of Lean‐ or MetS‐diet (n = 5 each), and their EVs isolated. Following liquid chromatography mass spectrometry proteomic analysis, proteins were classified based on cellular component, molecular function, and protein class. Five candidate proteins were validated by Western blot. Clustering analysis was performed to identify primary functional categories of proteins enriched in or excluded from EVs. Proteomics analysis identified 6,690 and 6,790 distinct proteins in Lean‐ and MetS‐EVs, respectively. Differential expression analysis revealed that 146 proteins were upregulated and 273 downregulated in Lean‐EVs versus Lean‐MSCs, whereas 787 proteins were upregulated and 185 downregulated in MetS‐EVs versus MetS‐MSCs. Proteins enriched in both Lean‐ and MetS‐EVs participate in vesicle‐mediated transport and cell‐to‐cell communication. Proteins enriched exclusively in Lean‐EVs modulate pathways related to the MSC reparative capacity, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and activation, as well as transforming growth factor‐β signaling. Contrarily, proteins enriched only in MetS‐EVs are linked to proinflammatory pathways, including acute inflammatory response, leukocyte transendothelial migration, and cytokine production. Coculture with MetS‐EVs increased renal tubular cell inflammation. MetS alters the protein cargo of porcine MSC‐derived EVs, selectively packaging specific proinflammatory signatures that may impair their ability to repair damaged tissues. stem cells translational medicine2019;8:430–440
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Eirin
- Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhu
- Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - John R Woollard
- Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hui Tang
- Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Surendra Dasari
- Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Exosomes and microvesicles in normal physiology, pathophysiology, and renal diseases. Pediatr Nephrol 2019; 34:11-30. [PMID: 29181712 PMCID: PMC6244861 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-017-3816-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are cell-derived membrane particles ranging from 30 to 5,000 nm in size, including exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. They are released under physiological conditions, but also upon cellular activation, senescence, and apoptosis. They play an important role in intercellular communication. Their release may also maintain cellular integrity by ridding the cell of damaging substances. This review describes the biogenesis, uptake, and detection of extracellular vesicles in addition to the impact that they have on recipient cells, focusing on mechanisms important in the pathophysiology of kidney diseases, such as thrombosis, angiogenesis, tissue regeneration, immune modulation, and inflammation. In kidney diseases, extracellular vesicles may be utilized as biomarkers, as they are detected in both blood and urine. Furthermore, they may contribute to the pathophysiology of renal disease while also having beneficial effects associated with tissue repair. Because of their role in the promotion of thrombosis, inflammation, and immune-mediated disease, they could be the target of drug therapy, whereas their favorable effects could be utilized therapeutically in acute and chronic kidney injury.
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Akankwasa G, Jianhua L, Guixue C, Changjuan A, Xiaosong Q. Urine markers of podocyte dysfunction: a review of podocalyxin and nephrin in selected glomerular diseases. Biomark Med 2018; 12:927-935. [PMID: 29976076 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2018-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary podocalyxin and nephrin are urine markers of podocyte dysfunction that may reflect the integrity of kidney's filtration barrier. Studies on their respective roles in glomerular diseases are still underway. However, the isolated and unsystematic manner in which they are being studied does not permit proper identification of their roles in each glomerular disease. As such, there is little or no appreciation of what research has already achieved and what remains to be achieved as the research direction is not clearly defined. We explored the recent studies and outlined the major findings regarding the value of both biomarkers in each of the three glomerular disease entities. Our review covered diabetic nephropathy, membranous nephropathy and IgA nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Akankwasa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China
| | - Liu Jianhua
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China
| | - Cheng Guixue
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China
| | - An Changjuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China
| | - Qin Xiaosong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China
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