1
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Tsokos GC, Boulougoura A, Kasinath V, Endo Y, Abdi R, Li H. The immunoregulatory roles of non-haematopoietic cells in the kidney. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:206-217. [PMID: 37985868 PMCID: PMC11005998 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-023-00786-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The deposition of immune complexes, activation of complement and infiltration of the kidney by cells of the adaptive and innate immune systems have long been considered responsible for the induction of kidney damage in autoimmune, alloimmune and other inflammatory kidney diseases. However, emerging findings have highlighted the contribution of resident immune cells and of immune molecules expressed by kidney-resident parenchymal cells to disease processes. Several types of kidney parenchymal cells seem to express a variety of immune molecules with a distinct topographic distribution, which may reflect the exposure of these cells to different pathogenic threats or microenvironments. A growing body of literature suggests that these cells can stimulate the infiltration of immune cells that provide protection against infections or contribute to inflammation - a process that is also regulated by draining kidney lymph nodes. Moreover, components of the immune system, such as autoantibodies, cytokines and immune cells, can influence the metabolic profile of kidney parenchymal cells in the kidney, highlighting the importance of crosstalk in pathogenic processes. The development of targeted nanomedicine approaches that modulate the immune response or control inflammation and damage directly within the kidney has the potential to eliminate the need for systemically acting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Tsokos
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | - Vivek Kasinath
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yushiro Endo
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reza Abdi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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2
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Kashlan OB, Wang XP, Sheng S, Kleyman TR. Epithelial Na + Channels Function as Extracellular Sensors. Compr Physiol 2024; 14:1-41. [PMID: 39109974 PMCID: PMC11309579 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c230015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The epithelial Na + channel (ENaC) resides on the apical surfaces of specific epithelia in vertebrates and plays a critical role in extracellular fluid homeostasis. Evidence that ENaC senses the external environment emerged well before the molecular identity of the channel was reported three decades ago. This article discusses progress toward elucidating the mechanisms through which specific external factors regulate ENaC function, highlighting insights gained from structural studies of ENaC and related family members. It also reviews our understanding of the role of ENaC regulation by the extracellular environment in physiology and disease. After familiarizing the reader with the channel's physiological roles and structure, we describe the central role protein allostery plays in ENaC's sensitivity to the external environment. We then discuss each of the extracellular factors that directly regulate the channel: proteases, cations and anions, shear stress, and other regulators specific to particular extracellular compartments. For each regulator, we discuss the initial observations that led to discovery, studies investigating molecular mechanism, and the physiological and pathophysiological implications of regulation. © 2024 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 14:5407-5447, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ossama B. Kashlan
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division,
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University
of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Xue-Ping Wang
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division,
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Shaohu Sheng
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division,
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Thomas R. Kleyman
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division,
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University
of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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3
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Winfree S, McNutt AT, Khochare S, Borgard TJ, Barwinska D, Sabo AR, Ferkowicz MJ, Williams JC, Lingeman JE, Gulbronson CJ, Kelly KJ, Sutton TA, Dagher PC, Eadon MT, Dunn KW, El-Achkar TM. Integrated Cytometry With Machine Learning Applied to High-Content Imaging of Human Kidney Tissue for In Situ Cell Classification and Neighborhood Analysis. J Transl Med 2023; 103:100104. [PMID: 36867975 PMCID: PMC10293106 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The human kidney is a complex organ with various cell types that are intricately organized to perform key physiological functions and maintain homeostasis. New imaging modalities, such as mesoscale and highly multiplexed fluorescence microscopy, are increasingly being applied to human kidney tissue to create single-cell resolution data sets that are both spatially large and multidimensional. These single-cell resolution high-content imaging data sets have great potential to uncover the complex spatial organization and cellular makeup of the human kidney. Tissue cytometry is a novel approach used for the quantitative analysis of imaging data; however, the scale and complexity of such data sets pose unique challenges for processing and analysis. We have developed the Volumetric Tissue Exploration and Analysis (VTEA) software, a unique tool that integrates image processing, segmentation, and interactive cytometry analysis into a single framework on desktop computers. Supported by an extensible and open-source framework, VTEA's integrated pipeline now includes enhanced analytical tools, such as machine learning, data visualization, and neighborhood analyses, for hyperdimensional large-scale imaging data sets. These novel capabilities enable the analysis of mesoscale 2- and 3-dimensional multiplexed human kidney imaging data sets (such as co-detection by indexing and 3-dimensional confocal multiplexed fluorescence imaging). We demonstrate the utility of this approach in identifying cell subtypes in the kidney on the basis of labels, spatial association, and their microenvironment or neighborhood membership. VTEA provides an integrated and intuitive approach to decipher the cellular and spatial complexity of the human kidney and complements other transcriptomics and epigenetic efforts to define the landscape of kidney cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Winfree
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.
| | - Andrew T McNutt
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Suraj Khochare
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Tyler J Borgard
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Daria Barwinska
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Angela R Sabo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Michael J Ferkowicz
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - James C Williams
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - James E Lingeman
- Department of Clinical Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Connor J Gulbronson
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Katherine J Kelly
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Timothy A Sutton
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Pierre C Dagher
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Michael T Eadon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kenneth W Dunn
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Tarek M El-Achkar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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4
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Chen T, Cao Q, Wang R, Zheng G, Azmi F, Lee VW, Wang YM, Li H, Yu D, Rogers NM, Alexander SI, Harris DCH, Wang Y. Attenuation of renal injury by depleting cDC1 and by repurposing Flt3 inhibitor in anti-GBM disease. Clin Immunol 2023; 250:109295. [PMID: 36933629 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies found cDC1s to be protective in early stage anti-GBM disease through Tregs, but pathogenic in late stage Adriamycin nephropathy through CD8+ T cells. Flt3 ligand is a growth factor essential for cDC1 development and Flt3 inhibitors are currently used for cancer treatment. We conducted this study to clarify the role and mechanisms of effects of cDC1s at different time points in anti-GBM disease. In addition, we aimed to utilize drug repurposing of Flt3 inhibitors to target cDC1s as a treatment of anti-GBM disease. We found that in human anti-GBM disease, the number of cDC1s increased significantly, proportionally more than cDC2s. The number of CD8+ T cells also increased significantly and their number correlated with cDC1 number. In XCR1-DTR mice, late (day 12-21) but not early (day 3-12) depletion of cDC1s attenuated kidney injury in mice with anti-GBM disease. cDC1s separated from kidneys of anti-GBM disease mice were found to have a pro-inflammatory phenotype (i.e. express high level of IL-6 and IL-12) in late but not early stage. In the late depletion model, the number of CD8+ T cells was also reduced, but not Tregs. CD8+ T cells separated from kidneys of anti-GBM disease mice expressed high levels of cytotoxic molecules (granzyme B and perforin) and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IFN-γ), and their expression reduced significantly after cDC1 depletion with diphtheria toxin. These findings were reproduced using a Flt3 inhibitor in wild type mice. Therefore, cDC1s are pathogenic in anti-GBM disease through activation of CD8+ T cells. Flt3 inhibition successfully attenuated kidney injury through depletion of cDC1s. Repurposing Flt3 inhibitors has potential as a novel therapeutic strategy for anti-GBM disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titi Chen
- The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Department of Renal Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | - Qi Cao
- The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Ruifeng Wang
- The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui 230000, China
| | - Guoping Zheng
- The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Farhana Azmi
- The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Vincent W Lee
- The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Department of Renal Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Yuan Ming Wang
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Hongqi Li
- The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; The Department of Gerontology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, the first affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Di Yu
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Natasha M Rogers
- The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Department of Renal Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Stephen I Alexander
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - David C H Harris
- The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Department of Renal Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Yiping Wang
- The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
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5
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Al-Hajj S, Lemoine R, Chadet S, Goumard A, Legay L, Roxburgh E, Heraud A, Deluce N, Lamendour L, Burlaud-Gaillard J, Gatault P, Büchler M, Roger S, Halimi JM, Baron C. High extracellular sodium chloride concentrations induce resistance to LPS signal in human dendritic cells. Cell Immunol 2023; 384:104658. [PMID: 36566700 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence showed that in response to elevated sodium dietary intakes, many body tissues retain Na+ ions for long periods of time and can reach concentrations up to 200 mM. This could modulate the immune system and be responsible for several diseases. However, studies brought contrasted results and the effects of external sodium on human dendritic cell (DC) responses to danger signals remain largely unknown. Considering their central role in triggering T cell response, we tested how NaCl-enriched medium influences human DCs properties. We found that DCs submitted to high extracellular Na+ concentrations up to 200 mM remain viable and maintain the expression of specific DC markers, however, their maturation, chemotaxis toward CCL19, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and ROS in response to LPS were also partially inhibited. In line with these results, the T-cell allostimulatory capacity of DCs was also inhibited. Finally, our data indicate that high NaCl concentrations triggered the phosphorylation of SGK1 and ERK1/2 kinases. These results raised the possibility that the previously reported pro-inflammatory effects of high NaCl concentrations on T cells might be counterbalanced by a downregulation of DC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Al-Hajj
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunology & Inflammation (T2I), University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Roxane Lemoine
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunology & Inflammation (T2I), University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Stéphanie Chadet
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunology & Inflammation (T2I), University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Annabelle Goumard
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunology & Inflammation (T2I), University of Tours, Tours, France; Nephrology, Clinical Immunology Department, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Laura Legay
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunology & Inflammation (T2I), University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Ellena Roxburgh
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunology & Inflammation (T2I), University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Audrey Heraud
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunology & Inflammation (T2I), University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Nora Deluce
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunology & Inflammation (T2I), University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Lucille Lamendour
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunology & Inflammation (T2I), University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Julien Burlaud-Gaillard
- U1259 Morphogenesis and Antigenicity of HIV and Hepatitis virus (MAVIVH), University of Tours, Tours, France; IBISA Facility of Electronic Microscopy, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Gatault
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunology & Inflammation (T2I), University of Tours, Tours, France; Nephrology, Clinical Immunology Department, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Mathias Büchler
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunology & Inflammation (T2I), University of Tours, Tours, France; Nephrology, Clinical Immunology Department, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Sébastien Roger
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunology & Inflammation (T2I), University of Tours, Tours, France.
| | - Jean-Michel Halimi
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunology & Inflammation (T2I), University of Tours, Tours, France; Nephrology, Clinical Immunology Department, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Christophe Baron
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunology & Inflammation (T2I), University of Tours, Tours, France; Nephrology, Clinical Immunology Department, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
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6
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Li X, Alu A, Wei Y, Wei X, Luo M. The modulatory effect of high salt on immune cells and related diseases. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13250. [PMID: 35747936 PMCID: PMC9436908 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adverse effect of excessive salt intake has been recognized in decades. Researchers have mainly focused on the association between salt intake and hypertension. However, studies in recent years have proposed the existence of extra-renal sodium storage and provided insight into the immunomodulatory function of sodium. OBJECTIVES In this review, we discuss the modulatory effects of high salt on various innate and adaptive immune cells and immune-regulated diseases. METHODS We identified papers through electronic searches of PubMed database from inception to March 2022. RESULTS An increasing body of evidence has demonstrated that high salt can modulate the differentiation, activation and function of multiple immune cells. Furthermore, a high-salt diet can increase tissue sodium concentrations and influence the immune responses in microenvironments, thereby affecting the development of immune-regulated diseases, including hypertension, multiple sclerosis, cancer and infections. These findings provide a novel mechanism for the pathology of certain diseases and indicate that salt might serve as a target or potential therapeutic agent in different disease contexts. CONCLUSION High salt has a profound impact on the differentiation, activation and function of multiple immune cells. Additionally, an HSD can modulate the development of various immune-regulated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Li
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Aqu Alu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Luo
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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7
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Winfree S, Al Hasan M, El-Achkar TM. Profiling Immune Cells in the Kidney Using Tissue Cytometry and Machine Learning. KIDNEY360 2022; 3:968-978. [PMID: 36128490 PMCID: PMC9438423 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0006802020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The immune system governs key functions that maintain renal homeostasis through various effector cells that reside in or infiltrate the kidney. These immune cells play an important role in shaping adaptive or maladaptive responses to local or systemic stress and injury. We increasingly recognize that microenvironments within the kidney are characterized by a unique distribution of immune cells, the function of which depends on this unique spatial localization. Therefore, quantitative profiling of immune cells in intact kidney tissue becomes essential, particularly at a scale and resolution that allow the detection of differences between the various "nephro-ecosystems" in health and disease. In this review, we discuss advancements in tissue cytometry of the kidney, performed through multiplexed confocal imaging and analysis using the Volumetric Tissue Exploration and Analysis (VTEA) software. We highlight how this tool has improved our understanding of the role of the immune system in the kidney and its relevance in the pathobiology of renal disease. We also discuss how the field is increasingly incorporating machine learning to enhance the analytic potential of imaging data and provide unbiased methods to explore and visualize multidimensional data. Such novel analytic methods could be particularly relevant when applied to profiling immune cells. Furthermore, machine-learning approaches applied to cytometry could present venues for nonexhaustive exploration and classification of cells from existing data and improving tissue economy. Therefore, tissue cytometry is transforming what used to be a qualitative assessment of the kidney into a highly quantitative, imaging-based "omics" assessment that complements other advanced molecular interrogation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Winfree
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mohammad Al Hasan
- Department of Computer Science, Indiana University–Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Tarek M. El-Achkar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana,Indianapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana,Correspondence: Dr. Tarek M. El-Achkar (Ashkar), Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, 950 W Walnut St., R2-202, Indianapolis, IN 46202.
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8
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Jobin K, Müller DN, Jantsch J, Kurts C. Sodium and its manifold impact on our immune system. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:469-479. [PMID: 33962888 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Western diet is rich in salt, and a high salt diet (HSD) is suspected to be a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. It is now widely accepted that an experimental HSD can stimulate components of the immune system, potentially exacerbating certain autoimmune diseases, or alternatively, improving defenses against certain infections, such as cutaneous leishmaniasis. However, recent findings show that an experimental HSD may also aggravate other infections (e.g., pyelonephritis or systemic listeriosis). Here, we discuss the modulatory effects of a HSD on the microbiota, metabolic signaling, hormonal responses, local sodium concentrations, and their effects on various immune cell types in different tissues. We describe how these factors are integrated, resulting either in immune stimulation or suppression in various tissues and disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Jobin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max-Planck Research Group, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dominik N Müller
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a cooperation of Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, and Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan Jantsch
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Regensburg and University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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9
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Senthil K, Jiao H, Downie LE, Chinnery HR. Altered Corneal Epithelial Dendritic Cell Morphology and Phenotype Following Acute Exposure to Hyperosmolar Saline. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 62:38. [PMID: 33625479 PMCID: PMC7910639 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.2.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the morphological and phenotypic responses of corneal epithelial dendritic cells (DCs) to acute topical hyperosmolar stress, given a pathogenic role for tear hyperosmolarity in dry eye disease (DED). Methods C57BL/6J mice were anesthetized and received 350 mOsm/L (physiological; n = 5 mice), 450 mOsm/L (n = 6), or 600 mOsm/L (n = 6) saline on a randomly assigned eye. Corneas were harvested 2 hours later. Immunofluorescent staining was performed using CD45, CD86, and CD68 antibodies to investigate DC morphology (density, viability, field area, circularity, and dendritic complexity) and immunological phenotype. Flow cytometry was used to confirm CD86 and CD68 expression in CD11c+ DCs, using C57BL/6J mice that received topical applications of 350 mOsm/L, 450 mOsm/L, or 600 mOsm/L (n = 5 per group) bilaterally for 2 hours. Results Following exposure to 450 mOsm/L topical saline for 2 hours, DCs in the central and peripheral cornea were larger (field area: Pcentral = 0.005, Pperipheral = 0.037; circularity: Pcentral = 0.026, and Pperipheral = 0.013) and had higher expression of CD86 compared with 350 mOsm/L controls (immunofluorescence: P < 0.0001; flow cytometry: P = 0.0058). After application of 600 mOsm/L saline, DC morphology was unchanged, although the percentage of fragmented DCs, and phenotypic expression of CD86 (immunofluorescence: P < 0.0001; and flow cytometry: P = 0.003) and CD68 (immunofluorescence: P = 0.024) were higher compared to 350 mOsm/L controls. Conclusions Short-term exposure to mild hyperosmolar saline (450 mOsm/L) induced morphological and phenotypic maturation in corneal epithelial DCs. More severe hyperosmolar insult (600 mOsm/L) for 2 hours appeared toxic to these cells. These data suggest that hyperosmolar conditions activate corneal DCs, which may have implications for understanding DC activation in DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirthana Senthil
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Haihan Jiao
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura E. Downie
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Holly R. Chinnery
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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10
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Barwinska D, El-Achkar TM, Melo Ferreira R, Syed F, Cheng YH, Winfree S, Ferkowicz MJ, Hato T, Collins KS, Dunn KW, Kelly KJ, Sutton TA, Rovin BH, Parikh SV, Phillips CL, Dagher PC, Eadon MT. Molecular characterization of the human kidney interstitium in health and disease. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/7/eabd3359. [PMID: 33568476 PMCID: PMC7875540 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd3359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The gene expression signature of the human kidney interstitium is incompletely understood. The cortical interstitium (excluding tubules, glomeruli, and vessels) in reference nephrectomies (N = 9) and diabetic kidney biopsy specimens (N = 6) was laser microdissected (LMD) and sequenced. Samples underwent RNA sequencing. Gene signatures were deconvolved using single nuclear RNA sequencing (snRNAseq) data derived from overlapping specimens. Interstitial LMD transcriptomics uncovered previously unidentified markers including KISS1, validated with in situ hybridization. LMD transcriptomics and snRNAseq revealed strong correlation of gene expression within corresponding kidney regions. Relevant enriched interstitial pathways included G-protein coupled receptor. binding and collagen biosynthesis. The diabetic interstitium was enriched for extracellular matrix organization and small-molecule catabolism. Cell type markers with unchanged expression (NOTCH3, EGFR, and HEG1) and those down-regulated in diabetic nephropathy (MYH11, LUM, and CCDC3) were identified. LMD transcriptomics complements snRNAseq; together, they facilitate mapping of interstitial marker genes to aid interpretation of pathophysiology in precision medicine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Barwinska
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Tarek M El-Achkar
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Roudebush Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Ricardo Melo Ferreira
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Farooq Syed
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Ying-Hua Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Seth Winfree
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Michael J Ferkowicz
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Takashi Hato
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kimberly S Collins
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kenneth W Dunn
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Katherine J Kelly
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Roudebush Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Timothy A Sutton
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Brad H Rovin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, OH 433210, USA
| | - Samir V Parikh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, OH 433210, USA
| | - Carrie L Phillips
- Division of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Pierre C Dagher
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Roudebush Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Michael T Eadon
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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11
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Cancer Acidity and Hypertonicity Contribute to Dysfunction of Tumor-Associated Dendritic Cells: Potential Impact on Antigen Cross-Presentation Machinery. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092403. [PMID: 32847079 PMCID: PMC7565485 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (MΦ) and dendritic cells (DC), major players of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MoPh), are potent antigen presenting cells that steadily sense and respond to signals from the surrounding microenvironment, leading to either immunogenic or tolerogenic outcomes. Next to classical MHC-I/MHC-II antigen-presentation pathways described in the vast majority of cell types, a subset of MoPh (CD8+, XCR1+, CLEC9A+, BDCA3+ conventional DCs in human) is endowed with a high competence to cross-present external (engulfed) antigens on MHC-I molecules to CD8+ T-cells. This exceptional DC function is thought to be a crucial crossroad in cytotoxic antitumor immunity and has been extensively studied in the past decades. Biophysical and biochemical fingerprints of tumor micromilieus show significant spatiotemporal differences in comparison to non-neoplastic tissue. In tumors, low pH (mainly due to extracellular lactate accumulation via the Warburg effect and via glutaminolysis) and high oncotic and osmotic pressure (resulting from tumor debris, increased extracellular matrix components but in part also triggered by nutritive aspects) are—despite fluctuations and difficulties in measurement—likely the most constant general hallmarks of tumor microenvironment. Here, we focus on the influence of acidic and hypertonic micromilieu on the capacity of DCs to cross-present tumor-specific antigens. We discuss complex and in part controversial scientific data on the interference of these factors with to date reported mechanisms of antigen uptake, processing and cross-presentation, and we highlight their potential role in cancer immune escape and poor clinical response to DC vaccines.
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12
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Kidney dendritic cells: fundamental biology and functional roles in health and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2020; 16:391-407. [PMID: 32372062 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-020-0272-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are chief inducers of adaptive immunity and regulate local inflammatory responses across the body. Together with macrophages, the other main type of mononuclear phagocyte, DCs constitute the most abundant component of the intrarenal immune system. This network of functionally specialized immune cells constantly surveys its microenvironment for signs of injury or infection, which trigger the initiation of an immune response. In the healthy kidney, DCs coordinate effective immune responses, for example, by recruiting neutrophils for bacterial clearance in pyelonephritis. The pro-inflammatory actions of DCs can, however, also contribute to tissue damage in various types of acute kidney injury and chronic glomerulonephritis, as DCs recruit and activate effector T cells, which release toxic mediators and maintain tubulointerstitial immune infiltrates. These actions are counterbalanced by DC subsets that promote the activation and maintenance of regulatory T cells to support resolution of the immune response and allow kidney repair. Several studies have investigated the multiple roles for DCs in kidney homeostasis and disease, but it has become clear that current tools and subset markers are not sufficient to accurately distinguish DCs from macrophages. Multidimensional transcriptomic analysis studies promise to improve mononuclear phagocyte classification and provide a clearer view of DC ontogeny and subsets.
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13
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Jobin K, Stumpf NE, Schwab S, Eichler M, Neubert P, Rauh M, Adamowski M, Babyak O, Hinze D, Sivalingam S, Weisheit C, Hochheiser K, Schmidt SV, Meissner M, Garbi N, Abdullah Z, Wenzel U, Hölzel M, Jantsch J, Kurts C. A high-salt diet compromises antibacterial neutrophil responses through hormonal perturbation. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:12/536/eaay3850. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay3850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Western diet is rich in salt, which poses various health risks. A high-salt diet (HSD) can stimulate immunity through the nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (Nfat5)–signaling pathway, especially in the skin, where sodium is stored. The kidney medulla also accumulates sodium to build an osmotic gradient for water conservation. Here, we studied the effect of an HSD on the immune defense against uropathogenic E. coli–induced pyelonephritis, the most common kidney infection. Unexpectedly, pyelonephritis was aggravated in mice on an HSD by two mechanisms. First, on an HSD, sodium must be excreted; therefore, the kidney used urea instead to build the osmotic gradient. However, in contrast to sodium, urea suppressed the antibacterial functionality of neutrophils, the principal immune effectors against pyelonephritis. Second, the body excretes sodium by lowering mineralocorticoid production via suppressing aldosterone synthase. This caused an accumulation of aldosterone precursors with glucocorticoid functionality, which abolished the diurnal adrenocorticotropic hormone–driven glucocorticoid rhythm and compromised neutrophil development and antibacterial functionality systemically. Consistently, under an HSD, systemic Listeria monocytogenes infection was also aggravated in a glucocorticoid-dependent manner. Glucocorticoids directly induced Nfat5 expression, but pharmacological normalization of renal Nfat5 expression failed to restore the antibacterial defense. Last, healthy humans consuming an HSD for 1 week showed hyperglucocorticoidism and impaired antibacterial neutrophil function. In summary, an HSD suppresses intrarenal neutrophils Nfat5-independently by altering the local microenvironment and systemically by glucocorticoid-mediated immunosuppression. These findings argue against high-salt consumption during bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Jobin
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Institute for Systems Immunology, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Natascha E. Stumpf
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schwab
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Medizinische Klinik I, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Melanie Eichler
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Patrick Neubert
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Rauh
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Loschgestraβe 15, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marek Adamowski
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Olena Babyak
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel Hinze
- Institute of Experimental Oncology, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sugirthan Sivalingam
- Institute of Experimental Oncology, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christina Weisheit
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Hochheiser
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanne V. Schmidt
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Mirjam Meissner
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Natalio Garbi
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Zeinab Abdullah
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Wenzel
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Hölzel
- Institute of Experimental Oncology, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jonathan Jantsch
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelm University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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14
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Seniuk A, Thiele JL, Stubbe A, Oser P, Rosendahl A, Bode M, Meyer-Schwesinger C, Wenzel UO, Ehmke H. B6.Rag1 Knockout Mice Generated at the Jackson Laboratory in 2009 Show a Robust Wild-Type Hypertensive Phenotype in Response to Ang II (Angiotensin II). Hypertension 2020; 75:1110-1116. [PMID: 32078412 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A key finding supporting a causal role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of hypertension is the observation that RAG1 knockout mice on a C57Bl/6J background (B6.Rag1-/-), which lack functional B and T cells, develop a much milder hypertensive response to Ang II (angiotensin II) than control C57Bl/6J mice. Here, we report that we never observed any Ang II resistance of B6.Rag1-/- mice purchased directly from the Jackson Laboratory as early as 2009. B6.Rag1-/- mice displayed nearly identical blood pressure increases monitored via radiotelemetry and hypertensive end-organ damage in response to different doses of Ang II and different levels of salt intake (0.02%, 0.3%, and 3% NaCl diet). Similarly, restoration of T-cell immunity by adoptive cell transfer did not affect the blood pressure response to Ang II in B6.Rag1-/- mice. Full development of the hypertension-resistant phenotype in B6.Rag1-/- mice appears to depend on the action of yet unidentified nongenetic modifiers in addition to the absence of functional T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Seniuk
- From the Institute of Cellular and Integrative Physiology (A. Seniuk, J.L.T., A. Stubbe, P.O., C.M.-S., H.E.), University Medical Center Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (A. Seniuk, A.R., U.O.W., H.E.)
| | - Jonas L Thiele
- From the Institute of Cellular and Integrative Physiology (A. Seniuk, J.L.T., A. Stubbe, P.O., C.M.-S., H.E.), University Medical Center Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andra Stubbe
- From the Institute of Cellular and Integrative Physiology (A. Seniuk, J.L.T., A. Stubbe, P.O., C.M.-S., H.E.), University Medical Center Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Oser
- From the Institute of Cellular and Integrative Physiology (A. Seniuk, J.L.T., A. Stubbe, P.O., C.M.-S., H.E.), University Medical Center Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alva Rosendahl
- Third Department of Medicine (A.R., M.B., U.O.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (A. Seniuk, A.R., U.O.W., H.E.)
| | - Marlies Bode
- Third Department of Medicine (A.R., M.B., U.O.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg, Germany
| | - Catherine Meyer-Schwesinger
- From the Institute of Cellular and Integrative Physiology (A. Seniuk, J.L.T., A. Stubbe, P.O., C.M.-S., H.E.), University Medical Center Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich O Wenzel
- Third Department of Medicine (A.R., M.B., U.O.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (A. Seniuk, A.R., U.O.W., H.E.)
| | - Heimo Ehmke
- From the Institute of Cellular and Integrative Physiology (A. Seniuk, J.L.T., A. Stubbe, P.O., C.M.-S., H.E.), University Medical Center Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (A. Seniuk, A.R., U.O.W., H.E.)
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15
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Salei N, Rambichler S, Salvermoser J, Papaioannou NE, Schuchert R, Pakalniškytė D, Li N, Marschner JA, Lichtnekert J, Stremmel C, Cernilogar FM, Salvermoser M, Walzog B, Straub T, Schotta G, Anders HJ, Schulz C, Schraml BU. The Kidney Contains Ontogenetically Distinct Dendritic Cell and Macrophage Subtypes throughout Development That Differ in Their Inflammatory Properties. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:257-278. [PMID: 31932472 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019040419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mononuclear phagocytes (MPs), including macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells (DCs), are phagocytic cells with important roles in immunity. The developmental origin of kidney DCs has been highly debated because of the large phenotypic overlap between macrophages and DCs in this tissue. METHODS We used fate mapping, RNA sequencing, flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and histo-cytometry to assess the origin and phenotypic and functional properties of renal DCs in healthy kidney and of DCs after cisplatin and ischemia reperfusion-induced kidney injury. RESULTS Adult kidney contains at least four subsets of MPs with prominent Clec9a-expression history indicating a DC origin. We demonstrate that these populations are phenotypically, functionally, and transcriptionally distinct from each other. We also show these kidney MPs exhibit unique age-dependent developmental heterogeneity. Kidneys from newborn mice contain a prominent population of embryonic-derived MHCIInegF4/80hiCD11blow macrophages that express T cell Ig and mucin domain containing 4 (TIM-4) and MER receptor tyrosine kinase (MERTK). These macrophages are replaced within a few weeks after birth by phenotypically similar cells that express MHCII but lack TIM-4 and MERTK. MHCII+F4/80hi cells exhibit prominent Clec9a-expression history in adulthood but not early life, indicating additional age-dependent developmental heterogeneity. In AKI, MHCIInegF4/80hi cells reappear in adult kidneys as a result of MHCII downregulation by resident MHCII+F4/80hi cells, possibly in response to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). RNA sequencing further suggests MHCII+F4/80hi cells help coordinate the recruitment of inflammatory cells during renal injury. CONCLUSIONS Distinct developmental programs contribute to renal DC and macrophage populations throughout life, which could have important implications for therapies targeting these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natallia Salei
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital Munich.,Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology
| | - Stephan Rambichler
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital Munich.,Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology
| | - Johanna Salvermoser
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital Munich.,Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology
| | - Nikos E Papaioannou
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital Munich.,Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology
| | - Ronja Schuchert
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic I and.,DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung [German Center for Cardiovascular Research]), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany; and
| | - Dalia Pakalniškytė
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital Munich.,Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology
| | - Na Li
- Division of Nephrology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shen Zhen, China.,Division of Nephrology, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic IV, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julian A Marschner
- Division of Nephrology, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic IV, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Lichtnekert
- Division of Nephrology, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic IV, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christopher Stremmel
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic I and.,DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung [German Center for Cardiovascular Research]), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany; and
| | | | - Melanie Salvermoser
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital Munich.,Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology
| | - Barbara Walzog
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital Munich.,Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology
| | | | - Gunnar Schotta
- Division of Molecular Biology.,Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Division of Nephrology, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic IV, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Schulz
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic I and.,DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung [German Center for Cardiovascular Research]), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany; and
| | - Barbara U Schraml
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital Munich, .,Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology
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16
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Cuevas S, Asico LD, Jose PA, Konkalmatt P. Renal Hydrogen Peroxide Production Prevents Salt-Sensitive Hypertension. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e013818. [PMID: 31902320 PMCID: PMC6988155 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.013818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background The regulation of sodium excretion is important in the pathogenesis of hypertension and salt sensitivity is predictive of cardiovascular events and mortality. C57Bl/6 and BALB/c mice have different blood pressure sensitivities to salt intake. High salt intake increases blood pressure in some C57Bl/6J mouse strains but not in any BALB/c mouse strain. Methods and Results We determined the cause of the difference in salt sensitivity between C57Bl/6 and BALB/c mice. Basal levels of superoxide and H2O2 were higher in renal proximal tubule cells (RPTCs) from BALB/c than C57Bl/6J mice. High salt diet increased H2O2 production in kidneys from BALB/c but C57Bl/6J mice. High sodium concentration (170 mmol/L) in the incubation medium increased H2O2 levels in BALB/c-RPTCs but not in C57Bl/6J-RPTCs. H2O2 (10 μmol/L) treatment decreased sodium transport in RPTCs from BALB/c but not C57Bl/6J mice. Overexpression of catalase in the mouse kidney predisposed BALB/c mice to salt-sensitive hypertension. Conclusions Our data show that the level of salt-induced H2O2 production negatively regulates RPTC sodium transport and determines the state of salt sensitivity in 2 strains of mice. High concentrations of antioxidants could prevent H2O2 production in renal proximal tubules, which would result in sodium retention and increased blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Cuevas
- Division of Renal Diseases & HypertensionDepartment of MedicineThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDC
| | - Laureano D. Asico
- Division of Renal Diseases & HypertensionDepartment of MedicineThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDC
| | - Pedro A. Jose
- Division of Renal Diseases & HypertensionDepartment of MedicineThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDC
| | - Prasad Konkalmatt
- Division of Renal Diseases & HypertensionDepartment of MedicineThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDC
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17
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[About salt and immunity-a story of Mr. Hyde : The influence of hyperosmolar microenvironment on immune response]. DER PATHOLOGE 2019; 40:259-264. [PMID: 31720747 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-019-00700-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hyperosmolar micromilieu has been observed in physiologic (kidney medulla, lymphatic tissue) and pathologic (renal allorejection, solid tumors) conditions. Hyperosmolarity can modulate gene expression and alter the stimulatory profile of macrophages and dendritic cells. We have reported that dendritic cells upon exposure to hypertonic stimuli shift their profile towards a macrophage-M2-like phenotype, resulting in attenuated local alloreactivity during acute kidney graft rejection. Moreover, we showed that a hyperosmotic microenvironment affects the cross-priming capacity of dendritic cells. Using ovalbumin as a model antigen, we showed that exposure of dendritic cells to hyperosmolarity strongly inhibits activation of antigen-specific T cells despite enhancement of antigen uptake, processing, and presentation; it can reduce dendritic cell-T cell contact time. We have identified TRIF as key mediator of this phenomenon. Moreover, we detected a hyperosmolarity-triggered, TRIF-dependent clustering of MHC class I‑antigen complexes, but not of unloaded MHCI molecules, providing a possible explanation for a reduced T cell activation. Our findings identify dendritic cells as important players in hyperosmolarity-triggered immune imbalance and suggest that targeting local hyperosmolarity in tumor micromilieu may contribute to an enhanced specific anti-tumor immune response.
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18
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Batchu SN, Dugbartey GJ, Wadosky KM, Mickelsen DM, Ko KA, Wood RW, Zhao Y, Yang X, Fowell DJ, Korshunov VA. Innate Immune Cells Are Regulated by Axl in Hypertensive Kidney. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 188:1794-1806. [PMID: 30033030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The balance between adaptive and innate immunity in kidney damage in salt-dependent hypertension is unclear. We investigated early renal dysfunction and the influence of Axl, a receptor tyrosine kinase, on innate immune response in hypertensive kidney in mice with lymphocyte deficiency (Rag1-/-). The data suggest that increased presence of CD11b+ myeloid cells in the medulla might explain intensified salt and water retention as well as initial hypertensive response in Rag1-/- mice. Global deletion of Axl on Rag1-/- background reversed kidney dysfunction and accumulation of myeloid cells in the kidney medulla. Chimeric mice that lack Axl in innate immune cells (in the absence of lymphocytes) significantly improved kidney function and abolished early hypertensive response. The bioinformatics analyses of Axl-related gene-gene interaction networks established tissue-specific variation in regulatory pathways. It was confirmed that complement C3 is important for Axl-mediated interactions between myeloid and vascular cells in hypertensive kidney. In summary, innate immunity is crucial for renal dysfunction in early hypertension, and is highly influenced by the presence of Axl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri N Batchu
- Department of Medicine and Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - George J Dugbartey
- Department of Medicine and Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Kristine M Wadosky
- Department of Medicine and Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Deanne M Mickelsen
- Department of Medicine and Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Kyung A Ko
- Department of Medicine and Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Ronald W Wood
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Yuqi Zhao
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Deborah J Fowell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Vyacheslav A Korshunov
- Department of Medicine and Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York.
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19
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Prytuła A, Cransberg K, Raes A. Drug-metabolizing enzymes CYP3A as a link between tacrolimus and vitamin D in renal transplant recipients: is it relevant in clinical practice? Pediatr Nephrol 2019; 34:1201-1210. [PMID: 30058048 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-018-4030-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CYP3A enzymes are involved in the metabolism of calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus as well as vitamin D. In this review, we summarize the clinical aspects of CYP3A-mediated metabolism of tacrolimus and vitamin D with emphasis on the influence of single-nucleotide polymorphisms on tacrolimus disposition. We describe the utility of 4β hydroxycholesterol as a marker of CYP3A activity. Then, we discuss the possible interaction between calcineurin inhibitors and vitamin D in solid organ transplant recipients. Also, we review other mechanisms which may contribute to side effects of calcineurin inhibitors on bone. Lastly, suggestions for future research and clinical perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Prytuła
- Paediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology Department, Ghent University Hospital, C Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Karlien Cransberg
- Paediatric Nephrology Department, Erasmus MC- Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ann Raes
- Paediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology Department, Ghent University Hospital, C Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Safepedrug Unit, Ghent, Belgium
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20
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Neubert P, Schröder A, Müller DN, Jantsch J. Interplay of Na + Balance and Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:599. [PMID: 30984179 PMCID: PMC6449459 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Local Na+ balance emerges as an important factor of tissue microenvironment. On the one hand, immune cells impact on local Na+ levels. On the other hand, Na+ availability is able to influence immune responses. In contrast to macrophages, our knowledge of dendritic cells (DCs) in this state of affair is rather limited. Current evidence suggests that the impact of increased Na+ on DCs is context dependent. Moreover, it is conceivable that DC immunobiology might also be influenced by Na+-rich-diet-induced changes of the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Neubert
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agnes Schröder
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dominik N Müller
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Joint Cooperation of Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan Jantsch
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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21
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Aramburu J, López-Rodríguez C. Regulation of Inflammatory Functions of Macrophages and T Lymphocytes by NFAT5. Front Immunol 2019; 10:535. [PMID: 30949179 PMCID: PMC6435587 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor NFAT5, also known as TonEBP, belongs to the family of Rel homology domain-containing factors, which comprises the NF-κB proteins and the calcineurin-dependent NFAT1 to NFAT4. NFAT5 shares several structural and functional features with other Rel-family factors, for instance it recognizes DNA elements with the same core sequence as those bound by NFAT1 to 4, and like NF-κB it responds to Toll-like receptors (TLR) and activates macrophage responses to microbial products. On the other hand, NFAT5 is quite unique among Rel-family factors as it can be activated by hyperosmotic stress caused by elevated concentrations of extracellular sodium ions. NFAT5 regulates specific genes but also others that are inducible by NF-κB and NFAT1 to 4. The ability of NFAT5 to do so in response to hypertonicity, microbial products, and inflammatory stimuli may extend the capabilities of immune cells to mount effective anti-pathogen responses in diverse microenvironment and signaling conditions. Recent studies identifying osmostress-dependent and -independent functions of NFAT5 have broadened our understanding of how NFAT5 may modulate immune function. In this review we focus on the role of NFAT5 in macrophages and T cells in different contexts, discussing findings from in vivo mouse models of NFAT5 deficiency and reviewing current knowledge on its mechanisms of regulation. Finally, we propose several questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Aramburu
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina López-Rodríguez
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Manzia TM, Gazia C, Baiocchi L, Lenci I, Milana M, Santopaolo F, Angelico R, Tisone G. Clinical Operational Tolerance and Immunosuppression Minimization in Kidney Transplantation: Where Do We Stand? Rev Recent Clin Trials 2019; 14:189-202. [PMID: 30868959 DOI: 10.2174/1574887114666190313170205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 20th century represents a breakthrough in the transplantation era, since the first kidney transplantation between identical twins was performed. This was the first case of tolerance, since the recipient did not need immunosuppression. However, as transplantation became possible, an immunosuppression-free status became the ultimate goal, since the first tolerance case was a clear exception from the hard reality nowadays represented by rejection. METHODS A plethora of studies was described over the past decades to understand the molecular mechanisms responsible for rejection. This review focuses on the most relevant studies found in the literature where renal tolerance cases are claimed. Contrasting, and at the same time, encouraging outcomes are herein discussed and a glimpse on the main renal biomarkers analyzed in this field is provided. RESULTS The activation of the immune system has been shown to play a central role in organ failure, but also it seems to induce a tolerance status when an allograft is performed, despite tolerance is still rare to register. Although there are still overwhelming challenges to overcome and various immune pathways remain arcane; the immunosuppression minimization might be more attainable than previously believed. CONCLUSION . Multiple biomarkers and tolerance mechanisms suspected to be involved in renal transplantation have been investigated to understand their real role, with still no clear answers on the topic. Thus, the actual knowledge provided necessarily leads to more in-depth investigations, although many questions in the past have been answered, there are still many issues on renal tolerance that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Maria Manzia
- Transplant and Hepatobiliary Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Gazia
- Transplant and Hepatobiliary Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Abdominal Organ Transplant Program, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston Salem, NC, United States
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Leonardo Baiocchi
- Hepatology and Liver Transplant Unit, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Lenci
- Hepatology and Liver Transplant Unit, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Milana
- Hepatology and Liver Transplant Unit, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Angelico
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation and Hepatobiliopancreatic Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tisone
- Transplant and Hepatobiliary Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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23
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Casper J, Schmitz J, Bräsen JH, Khalifa A, Schmidt BM, Einecke G, Haller H, von Vietinghoff S. Renal transplant recipients receiving loop diuretic therapy have increased urinary tract infection rate and altered medullary macrophage polarization marker expression. Kidney Int 2018; 94:993-1001. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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24
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Wenzel UO, Bode M, Kurts C, Ehmke H. Salt, inflammation, IL-17 and hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:1853-1863. [PMID: 29767465 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, arterial hypertension and subsequent end-organ damage have been attributed to haemodynamic factors, but increasing evidence indicates that inflammation also contributes to the deleterious consequences of this disease. The immune system has evolved to prevent invasion of foreign microorganisms and to promote tissue healing after injury. However, this beneficial activity comes at a cost of collateral damage when the immune system overreacts to internal injury, such as prehypertension. Over the past few years, important findings have revolutionized hypertension research. Firstly, in 2007, a seminal paper showed that adaptive immunity is involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Secondly, salt storage in the skin and its consequences for cardiovascular physiology were discovered. Thirdly, after the discovery that salt promotes the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into TH 17 cells, it was demonstrated that salt directly changes several cells of the innate and adaptive immune system and aggravates autoimmune disease but may improve antimicrobial defence. Herein, we will review pathways of activation of immune cells by salt in hypertension as the framework for understanding the multiple roles of salt and immunity in arterial hypertension and autoimmune disease. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Immune Targets in Hypertension. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich O Wenzel
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marlies Bode
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Heimo Ehmke
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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25
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Micanovic R, Khan S, Janosevic D, Lee ME, Hato T, Srour EF, Winfree S, Ghosh J, Tong Y, Rice SE, Dagher PC, Wu XR, El-Achkar TM. Tamm-Horsfall Protein Regulates Mononuclear Phagocytes in the Kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 29:841-856. [PMID: 29180395 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017040409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP), also known as uromodulin, is a kidney-specific protein produced by cells of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. Although predominantly secreted apically into the urine, where it becomes highly polymerized, THP is also released basolaterally, toward the interstitium and circulation, to inhibit tubular inflammatory signaling. Whether, through this latter route, THP can also regulate the function of renal interstitial mononuclear phagocytes (MPCs) remains unclear, however. Here, we show that THP is primarily in a monomeric form in human serum. Compared with wild-type mice, THP-/- mice had markedly fewer MPCs in the kidney. A nonpolymerizing, truncated form of THP stimulated the proliferation of human macrophage cells in culture and partially restored the number of kidney MPCs when administered to THP-/- mice. Furthermore, resident renal MPCs had impaired phagocytic activity in the absence of THP. After ischemia-reperfusion injury, THP-/- mice, compared with wild-type mice, exhibited aggravated injury and an impaired transition of renal macrophages toward an M2 healing phenotype. However, treatment of THP-/- mice with truncated THP after ischemia-reperfusion injury mitigated the worsening of AKI. Taken together, our data suggest that interstitial THP positively regulates mononuclear phagocyte number, plasticity, and phagocytic activity. In addition to the effect of THP on the epithelium and granulopoiesis, this new immunomodulatory role could explain the protection conferred by THP during AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Edward F Srour
- Departments of Medicine.,Microbiology and Immunology, and
| | | | | | - Yan Tong
- Biostatistics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Pierre C Dagher
- Departments of Medicine.,Department of Medicine, Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; and
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, New York University and Manhattan Veterans Affairs, New York, New York
| | - Tarek M El-Achkar
- Departments of Medicine, .,Department of Medicine, Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; and
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26
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Abstract
The link between inappropriate salt retention in the kidney and hypertension is well recognized. However, growing evidence suggests that the immune system can play surprising roles in sodium homeostasis, such that the study of inflammatory cells and their secreted effectors has provided important insights into salt sensitivity. As part of the innate immune system, myeloid cells have diverse roles in blood pressure regulation, ranging from prohypertensive actions in the kidney, vasculature, and brain, to effects in the skin that attenuate blood pressure elevation. In parallel, T lymphocyte subsets, as key constituents of the adaptive immune compartment, have variable effects on renal sodium handling and the hypertensive response, accruing from the functions of the cytokines that they produce. Conversely, salt can directly modulate the phenotypes of myeloid and T cells, illustrating bidirectional regulatory mechanisms through which sodium and the immune system coordinately impact blood pressure. This review details the complex interplay between myeloid cells, T cells, and salt in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Justin Rucker
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA; .,Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA
| | - Nathan P Rudemiller
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA; .,Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA
| | - Steven D Crowley
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA; .,Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA
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27
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CYP3A4 is a crosslink between vitamin D and calcineurin inhibitors in solid organ transplant recipients: implications for bone health. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2017; 17:481-487. [PMID: 28418012 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2017.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The use of calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) and vitamin D deficiency may contribute to the pathogenesis of post-transplant bone disease. CNIs and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (1,25(OH)2D3) are substrates of the drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP3A4. This review summarizes the indications for the use of activated vitamin D analogs in post-transplant care and the current knowledge on the impact of CNIs on bone. We searched for clinical evidence of the interaction between CNIs and 1,25(OH)2D3. We also provide an overview of the literature on the interplay between vitamin D metabolism and CYP3A4 in experimental and clinical settings and discuss its possible implications for solid organ transplant recipients. In conclusion, there is a body of evidence on the interplay between vitamin D and the drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP3A4, which may have therapeutic implications.
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28
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Popovic ZV, Embgenbroich M, Chessa F, Nordström V, Bonrouhi M, Hielscher T, Gretz N, Wang S, Mathow D, Quast T, Schloetel JG, Kolanus W, Burgdorf S, Gröne HJ. Hyperosmolarity impedes the cross-priming competence of dendritic cells in a TRIF-dependent manner. Sci Rep 2017; 7:311. [PMID: 28331179 PMCID: PMC5428499 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00434-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue osmolarity varies among different organs and can be considerably increased under pathologic conditions. Hyperosmolarity has been associated with altered stimulatory properties of immune cells, especially macrophages and dendritic cells. We have recently reported that dendritic cells upon exposure to hypertonic stimuli shift their profile towards a macrophage-M2-like phenotype, resulting in attenuated local alloreactivity during acute kidney graft rejection. Here, we examined how hyperosmotic microenvironment affects the cross-priming capacity of dendritic cells. Using ovalbumin as model antigen, we showed that exposure of dendritic cells to hyperosmolarity strongly inhibits activation of antigen-specific T cells despite enhancement of antigen uptake, processing and presentation. We identified TRIF as key mediator of this phenomenon. Moreover, we detected a hyperosmolarity-triggered, TRIF-dependent clustering of MHCI loaded with the ovalbumin-derived epitope, but not of overall MHCI molecules, providing a possible explanation for a reduced T cell activation. Our findings identify dendritic cells as important players in hyperosmolarity-mediated immune imbalance and provide evidence for a novel pathway of inhibition of antigen specific CD8+ T cell response in a hypertonic micromilieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran V Popovic
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Maria Embgenbroich
- Department of Cellular Immunology, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Federica Chessa
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Viola Nordström
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mahnaz Bonrouhi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hielscher
- Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Gretz
- Medical Research Center, University Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Shijun Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Mathow
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Quast
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan-Gero Schloetel
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Waldemar Kolanus
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven Burgdorf
- Department of Cellular Immunology, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Gröne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany. h.-
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29
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Schatz V, Neubert P, Schröder A, Binger K, Gebhard M, Müller DN, Luft FC, Titze J, Jantsch J. Elementary immunology: Na + as a regulator of immunity. Pediatr Nephrol 2017; 32:201-210. [PMID: 26921211 PMCID: PMC5203836 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-016-3349-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The skin can serve as an interstitial Na+ reservoir. Local tissue Na+ accumulation increases with age, inflammation and infection. This increased local Na+ availability favors pro-inflammatory immune cell function and dampens their anti-inflammatory capacity. In this review, we summarize available data on how NaCl affects various immune cells. We particularly focus on how salt promotes pro-inflammatory macrophage and T cell function and simultaneously curtails their regulatory and anti-inflammatory potential. Overall, these findings demonstrate that local Na+ availability is a promising novel regulator of immunity. Hence, the modulation of tissue Na+ levels bears broad therapeutic potential: increasing local Na+ availability may help in treating infections, while lowering tissue Na+ levels may be used to treat, for example, autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Schatz
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg-Universität Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Neubert
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg-Universität Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agnes Schröder
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen-Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katrina Binger
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matthias Gebhard
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Research Building, Charité Lindenberger Weg 80, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik N Müller
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Research Building, Charité Lindenberger Weg 80, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedrich C Luft
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Research Building, Charité Lindenberger Weg 80, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jens Titze
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen-Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan Jantsch
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg-Universität Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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30
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Foss JD, Kirabo A, Harrison DG. Do high-salt microenvironments drive hypertensive inflammation? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 312:R1-R4. [PMID: 27903514 PMCID: PMC5283943 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00414.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a global epidemic affecting over one billion people worldwide. Despite this, the etiology of most cases of human hypertension remains obscure, and treatment remains suboptimal. Excessive dietary salt and inflammation are known contributors to the pathogenesis of this disease. Recently, it has been recognized that salt can accumulate in the skin and skeletal muscle, producing concentrations of sodium greater than the plasma in hypertensive animals and humans. Such elevated levels of sodium have been shown to alter immune cell function. Here, we propose a model in which tissue salt accumulation causes an immune response leading to renal and vascular inflammation and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Foss
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David G Harrison
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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31
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Pakalniškytė D, Schraml BU. Tissue-Specific Diversity and Functions of Conventional Dendritic Cells. Adv Immunol 2017; 134:89-135. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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32
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Jobin K, Heuser C, Kurts C. A grain of salt on kidney dendritic cell function in allograft rejection. Kidney Int 2016; 89:14-6. [PMID: 26759039 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney graft allorejection affects primarily the renal cortex. The present study by Chessa et al. offers an explanation for this phenomenon. The authors employ microarray-based gene expression analysis to provide evidence that the hyperosmolarity of the renal medulla induces a transcriptional fingerprint associated with anti-inflammatory functionality in medullary dendritic cells, which may attenuate local alloreactivity. This novel immunoregulatory mechanism hints at a new opportunity to prevent allorejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Jobin
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Heuser
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany.
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33
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Lu J, Zhang X. Immunological characteristics of renal transplant tolerance in humans. Mol Immunol 2016; 77:71-8. [PMID: 27479171 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Establishing allograft tolerance is a highly desirable therapeutic goal in kidney transplantation, from which recipients would greatly benefit by withdrawing or minimizing immunosuppression. Identifying biomarkers in predicting tolerance or early diagnosing rejection is essential to direct personalized management. Recent findings have revealed that multiple populations of immune cells have involved in promoting long-term graft function or inducing rejection in renal transplant recipients. Thus, roles of immune cells add another level to predict the renal tolerant state; tailoring their functional and/or phenotypic characteristics would provide insights into mechanism involved in transplant tolerance that may aid in designing new therapies. Here, we review these findings and discuss the current understanding immunological characteristics of renal transplant tolerance in humans, and their potential clinical translation to immune tolerance biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingli Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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34
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Chessa F, Hielscher T, Mathow D, Gröne HJ, Popovic ZV. Transcriptional profiling of dendritic cells matured in different osmolarities. GENOMICS DATA 2015; 7:64-6. [PMID: 26981363 PMCID: PMC4778600 DOI: 10.1016/j.gdata.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-specific microenvironments shape the fate of mononuclear phagocytes [1–3]. Interstitial osmolarity is a tissue biophysical parameter which considerably modulates the phenotype and function of dendritic cells [4]. In the present report we provide a detailed description of our experimental workflow and bioinformatic analysis applied to our gene expression dataset (GSE72174), aiming to investigate the influence of different osmolarity conditions on the gene expression signature of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. We established a cell culture system involving murine bone marrow cells, cultured under different NaCl-induced osmolarity conditions in the presence of the dendritic cell growth factor GM-CSF. Gene expression analysis was applied to mature dendritic cells (day 7) developed in different osmolarities, with and without prior stimulation with the TLR2/4 ligand LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Chessa
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hielscher
- Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Mathow
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Gröne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zoran V Popovic
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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