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Yin Z, Li S, Liu X, Yuan R, Xiang Y. A metal ion-coordinated DNA probe for sensitive fluorescence detection of metallothionein via a dual nucleic acid amplification strategy. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:18473-18479. [PMID: 38014455 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03346e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Sensitively monitoring metallothionein (MT), a heavy metal-binding protein with substantial cysteine content, is of significance for evaluating heavy metal poisoning in both humans and animals. Based on a new metal ion-coordinated DNA probe and the heavy metal ion binding capability of MT, as well as the substantial signal enhancement of the hybridization chain reaction (HCR) and rolling circle amplification (RCA), we demonstrate a highly sensitive fluorescence MT detection assay. MT binds the metal ions in the hairpin structured, metal ion-coordinated DNA probe to switch its hairpin structure into ssDNA, which triggers subsequent RCA reactions and HCRs to open plenty of fluorescently quenched signal hairpins to exhibit drastically amplified fluorescence recovery for assaying MT down to 0.58 nM within a dynamic range of 1-320 nM. In addition, the investigation of low contents of MT in diluted human serum by such an assay has also been verified, indicating its promising application potential for diagnosing heavy metal poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Yin
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Shunmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Xiaoju Liu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Ruo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Yun Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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Mairinger E, Wessolly M, Buderath P, Borchert S, Henrich L, Mach P, Steinborn J, Kimming R, Jasani B, Schmid KW, Bankfalvi A, Mairinger FD. Tumor cell cytoplasmic metallothionein expression associates with differential tumor immunogenicity and prognostic outcome in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1252700. [PMID: 38023247 PMCID: PMC10663300 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1252700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The underlying mechanism of high T-cell presence as a favorable prognostic factor in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) is not yet understood. In addition to immune cells, various cofactors are essential for immune processes. One of those are metallothioneins (MTs), metal-binding proteins comprising various isoforms. MTs play a role in tumor development and drug resistance. Moreover, MTs influence inflammatory processes by regulating zinc homeostasis. In particular, T-cell function and polarization are particularly susceptible to changes in zinc status. The aim of the present study was to investigate a possible role of MT-mediated immune response and its association with prognostic outcome in ovarian cancer. Methods A retrospective study was conducted on a clinically well-characterized cohort of 24 patients with HGSOC treated at the University Hospital of Essen. Gene expression patterns for anti-cancer immunogenicity-related targets were performed using the NanoString nCounter platform for digital gene expression analysis with the appurtenant PanCancer Immune Profiling panel, consisting of 770 targets and 30 reference genes. Tumor-associated immunohistochemical MT protein expression was evaluated using a semi-quantitative four-tier Immunohistochemistry (IHC) scoring. Results MT immunoexpression was detected in 43% (10/23) of all HGSOC samples. MT immunoexpression levels showed a significant association to survival, leading to prolonged progression-free and overall survival in positively stained tumors. Furthermore, T-cell receptor signaling gene signature showed a strong activation in MT-positive tumors. Activated downstream signaling cascades resulting in elevated interferon-gamma expression with a shift in the balance between T helper cells (TH1 and TH2) could be observed in the MT-positive subgroup. In addition, a higher expression pattern of perforin and several granzymes could be detected, overall suggestive of acute, targeted anti-cancer immune response in MT-positive samples. Conclusion This is the first study combining broad, digital mRNA screening of anti-tumor immune response-associated genes and their relation to MT-I/II in ovarian cancer. MT overexpression is associated with molecular characteristics of an anti-cancer immune response and is a strong prognostic marker in ovarian HGSOC. The observed immune cell activation associated with tumor MT expression comprises but is not limited to T cells and natural killer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Mairinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Wessolly
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Paul Buderath
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Borchert
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Larissa Henrich
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Pawel Mach
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Julia Steinborn
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Rainer Kimming
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bharat Jasani
- Department of Pathology, Targos - A Discovery Life Sciences Company, Kassel, Germany
| | | | - Agnes Bankfalvi
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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Hong Y, Kim HJ, Park S, Yi S, Lim MA, Lee SE, Chang JW, Won HR, Kim JR, Ko H, Kim SY, Kim SK, Park JL, Chu IS, Kim JM, Kim KH, Lee JH, Ju YS, Shong M, Koo BS, Park WY, Kang YE. Single Cell Analysis of Human Thyroid Reveals the Transcriptional Signatures of Aging. Endocrinology 2023; 164:7040488. [PMID: 36791033 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The thyroid gland plays a critical role in the maintenance of whole-body metabolism. However, aging frequently impairs homeostatic maintenance by thyroid hormones due to increased prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and fibrosis. To understand the specific aging-related changes of endocrine function in thyroid epithelial cells, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of 54 726 cells derived from pathologically normal thyroid tissues from 7 patients who underwent thyroidectomy. Thyroid endocrine epithelial cells were clustered into 5 distinct subpopulations, and a subset of cells was found to be particularly vulnerable with aging, showing functional deterioration associated with the expression of metallothionein (MT) and major histocompatibility complex class II genes. We further validated that increased expression of MT family genes are highly correlated with thyroid gland aging in bulk RNAseq datasets. This study provides evidence that aging induces specific transcriptomic changes across multiple cell populations in the human thyroid gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yourae Hong
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | | | - Shinae Yi
- Research Institute of Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Mi Ae Lim
- Research Institute of Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seong Eun Lee
- Research Institute of Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jae Won Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ho-Ryun Won
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Je-Ryong Kim
- Genome Insight Technology, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyemi Ko
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seon-Young Kim
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seon-Kyu Kim
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jong-Lyul Park
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - In-Sun Chu
- Genome Editing Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin Man Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kun Ho Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young Seok Ju
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
- Research Institute of Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Minho Shong
- Genome Insight Technology, Daejeon, Korea
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Bon Seok Koo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Woong-Yang Park
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yea Eun Kang
- Genome Insight Technology, Daejeon, Korea
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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Zhao Y, Chen P, Lv HJ, Wu Y, Liu S, Deng X, Shi B, Fu J. Comprehensive Analysis of Expression and Prognostic Value of Selenoprotein Genes in Thyroid Cancer. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2022; 26:159-173. [PMID: 35481968 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2021.0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Low selenium levels are associated with an increased incidence and advanced stage of thyroid cancers (THCAs). In response to changes in selenium levels, a hierarchy of selenoprotein biosynthesis allows tissue-specific fine-tuning of the 25 selenoproteins. To determine the role of individual selenoproteins on thyroid carcinogenesis, we carried out a multiomic data mining study. Methods: The expression levels of individual selenoproteins and their correlations with prognosis in THCAs were analyzed using Oncomine, GEPIA, and Kaplan-Meier plotter platforms. Co-expression analyses using the cBioportal database were carried out to identify genes that are correlated with selenoproteins. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichments were performed for genes correlated with selenoproteins that were identified as clinically significant. Results and Discussion: DIO1, GPX3, SELENOO, SELENOP, SELENOS, and SELENOV were significantly downregulated in THCAs and were associated with poor prognoses. Biological processes including negative regulation of growth and angiogenesis were enriched in DIO1-positively and DIO1-negatively correlated genes, respectively. Many biological processes including negative regulation of growth and MAPK cascade were enriched in GPX3-positively and GPX3-negatively correlated genes, respectively. The antitumor effects of SELENOS might be attributed to their protection against endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. SELENOO was revealed to be correlated with ER stress, mitochondrial translation, and telomere maintenance. Biological processes of SELENOV-correlated genes were enriched in redox processes and ER calcium ion homeostasis. Moreover, cell adhesion and angiogenesis were also shown to be negatively regulated by SELENOV, providing an antimetastatic effect similar as DIO1. Conclusion: This study explored the distinct roles of the 25 selenoproteins in THCA pathogenesis, providing potential oncosuppressing effects of 6 selenoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hong-Jun Lv
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xueyang Deng
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bingyin Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiao Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Lee H, Jeong SH, Lee H, Kim C, Nam YJ, Kang JY, Song MO, Choi JY, Kim J, Park EK, Baek YW, Lee JH. Analysis of lung cancer-related genetic changes in long-term and low-dose polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG-p) treated human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 23:19. [PMID: 35354498 PMCID: PMC8969249 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-022-00559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung injury elicited by respiratory exposure to humidifier disinfectants (HDs) is known as HD-associated lung injury (HDLI). Current elucidation of the molecular mechanisms related to HDLI is mostly restricted to fibrotic and inflammatory lung diseases. In our previous report, we found that lung tumors were caused by intratracheal instillation of polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG-p) in a rat model. However, the lung cancer-related genetic changes concomitant with the development of these lung tumors have not yet been fully defined. We aimed to discover the effect of long-term exposure of PHMG-p on normal human lung alveolar cells. METHODS We investigated whether PHMG-p could increase distorted homeostasis of oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes, with long-term and low-dose treatment, in human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (HPAEpiCs). Total RNA sequencing was performed with cells continuously treated with PHMG-p and harvested after 35 days. RESULTS After PHMG-p treatment, genes with transcriptional expression changes of more than 2.0-fold or less than 0.5-fold were identified. Within 10 days of exposure, 2 protein-coding and 5 non-coding genes were selected, whereas in the group treated for 27-35 days, 24 protein-coding and 5 non-coding genes were identified. Furthermore, in the long-term treatment group, 11 of the 15 upregulated genes and 9 of the 14 downregulated genes were reported as oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in lung cancer, respectively. We also found that 10 genes of the selected 24 protein-coding genes were clinically significant in lung adenocarcinoma patients. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that long-term exposure of human pulmonary normal alveolar cells to low-dose PHMG-p caused genetic changes, mainly in lung cancer-associated genes, in a time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lee
- Medical Science Research Center, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Jeong
- Medical Science Research Center, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Lee
- Medical Science Research Center, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Cherry Kim
- Department of Radiology, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jeong Nam
- Medical Science Research Center, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Young Kang
- Medical Science Research Center, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Ok Song
- Medical Science Research Center, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Choi
- Medical Science Research Center, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Kim
- Medical Science Research Center, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kee Park
- Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Wook Baek
- Environmental Health Research Department, Humidifier Disinfectant Health Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Han Lee
- Department of Pathology, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.
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Xu G, Fan L, Zhao S, OuYang C. MT1G inhibits the growth and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of gastric cancer cells by regulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Genet Mol Biol 2022; 45:e20210067. [PMID: 35167648 PMCID: PMC8846298 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2021-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric carcinoma (GC) is a malignant tumor that has high mortality and morbidity worldwide. Although many efforts have been focused on the development and progression of GC, the underlying functional regulatory mechanism of GC needs more clarification. Metallothionein 1G (MT1G) is a member of the metallothionein family (MTs), and hypermethylation of MT1G occurred in a variety of cancers, including gastric cancer. However, the functional mechanism of MT1G in GC remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that MT1G was down-regulated in GC tissues and cells. Overexpression of MT1G inhibited cell proliferation, foci formation and cell invasion, while knockdown of MT1G increased cell proliferation, foci formation and cell invasion. In addition, MT1G overexpression inhibited cell cycle progression and MT1G deficiency exerted opposite phenotype. p-AKT was negatively regulated by MT1G. In summary, our study reveals that MT1G exerts crucial role in regulating of cell proliferation and migration of gastric cancer, providing new insights for MT1G-related pathogenesis and a basis for developing new strategies for treatment of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Xu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Department of Gastroenterology, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Linfeng Fan
- First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Shufeng Zhao
- First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Canhui OuYang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Department of Gastroenterology, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, China
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Kwak SY, Jang WI, Park S, Cho SS, Lee SB, Kim MJ, Park S, Shim S, Jang H. Metallothionein 2 activation by pravastatin reinforces epithelial integrity and ameliorates radiation-induced enteropathy. EBioMedicine 2021; 73:103641. [PMID: 34688032 PMCID: PMC8546423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Radiotherapy or accidental exposure to ionizing radiation causes severe damage of healthy intestinal tissues. Intestinal barrier function is highly sensitive to ionizing radiation, and loss of epithelial integrity results in mucosal inflammation, bacterial translocation, and endotoxemia. Few studies have of epithelial integrity as a therapeutic target to treat radiation toxicity. Here, we examined the effects of pravastatin (PS) and the molecular mechanisms underlying epithelial integrity on radiation-induced enteropathy. Methods The radio-mitigative effects of PS were evaluated in a minipig model by quantifying clinical symptoms, and performing histological and serological analyses and mRNA sequencing in intestinal tissues. To evaluate the role of intercellular junctions on radiation damage, we used tight junction regulator and metallothionein 2 (MT2) as treatments in a mouse model of radiation-induced enteropathy. Caco-2 monolayers were used to examine functional epithelial integrityand intercellular junction expression. Finding Using a minipig model of pharmaceutical oral bioavailability, we found that PS mitigated acute radiation-induced enteropathy. PS-treated irradiated minipigs had mild clinical symptoms, lower intestinal inflammation and endotoxin levels, and improved gastrointestinal integrity, compared with control group animals. The results of mRNA sequencing analysis indicated that PS treatment markedly influenced intercellular junctions by inhibiting p38 MAPK signaling in the irradiated intestinal epithelium. The PS-regulated gene MT2 improved the epithelial barrier via enhancement of intercellular junctions in radiation-induced enteropathy. Interpretation PS regulated epithelial integrity by modulating MT2 in radiation-damaged epithelial cells. These findings suggested that maintenance of epithelial integrity is a novel therapeutic target for treatment of radiation-induced gastrointestinal damage. Funding As stated in the Acknowledgments
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Young Kwak
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Il Jang
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwoo Park
- Comprehensive Radiation Irradiation Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Sik Cho
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea; Department of Surgery, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Bum Lee
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhoo Park
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehwan Shim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyosun Jang
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea.
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Li D, Peng W, Wu B, Liu H, Zhang R, Zhou R, Yao L, Ye L. Metallothionein MT1M Suppresses Carcinogenesis of Esophageal Carcinoma Cells through Inhibition of the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and the SOD1/PI3K Axis. Mol Cells 2021; 44:267-278. [PMID: 33820882 PMCID: PMC8112171 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2021.2179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallothionein (MT1M) belongs to a family of cysteine-rich cytosolic protein and has been reported to be a tumor suppressor gene in multiple cancers. However, its role in esophageal carcinoma carcinogenesis remains unclear. In this study, MT1M expression was correlated with tumor type, stage, drinking and smoking history, as well as patient survival. We also studied the regulation and biological function of MT1M in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). We have found that MT1M is significantly downregulated in ESCC tissues compared with adjacent non-cancer tissues. Furthermore, restoration of expression by treatment with the demethylation agent A + T showed that MT1M downregulation might be closely related to hypermethylation in its promoter region. Over-expression of MT1M in ESCC cells significantly altered cell morphology, induced apoptosis, and reduced colony formation, cell viability, migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Moreover, based on reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, a superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) activity assay and protein analysis, we verified that the tumor-suppressive function of MT1M was at least partially caused by its upregulation of ROS levels, downregulation of SOD1 activity and phosphorylation of the SOD1 downstream pathway PI3K/AKT. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that MT1M was a novel tumor-suppressor in ESCC and may be disrupted by promoter CpG methylation during esophageal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Li
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Weiyan Peng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ruizhen Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Ruiqin Zhou
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lijun Yao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Metallic Orthodontic Materials Induce Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis of Metallothioneins. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14081922. [PMID: 33921350 PMCID: PMC8068897 DOI: 10.3390/ma14081922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Due to the long-term contact with metallic elements of orthodontic appliances, the potential influence of released metal ions on living organisms and the type of induced changes was investigated. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four young domestic pigs classified in two groups (experimental and control) were chosen as the object of this study. In the experimental group of animals, two metal plates consisting of orthodontic bands representing the mass of orthodontic appliance were mounted on the internal side of the cheek for six months. The liver, lung, and brain samples were taken post mortem from animals of both groups. The gene expression of two isoforms of metallothionein (MT-1 and MT-2) were investigated using the qPCR technique. Protein expression was confirmed by the Western blot and ELISA techniques. Results: The differences in metallothionein concentrations were observed in the lung and brain in the group of experimental animals, but not in the liver. The expression of MT-1 and MT-2 genes in the experimental vs. control group (respectively) was as follows: lung MT-1 1.04 vs. 1.11, MT-2 0.96 vs. 1.05, liver MT-1 0.89 vs. 0.91 vs. 1.12, MT-2 0.91 vs. 1.05, brain MT-1 1.24 vs. 1.20, and MT-2 0.955 vs. 0.945. These results were confirmed by gene activity, which was tested by qPCR. This increased the activity of metallothionein genes in the lungs and brain as a consequence of the release of metal ions into these tissues. The possible effects of detected change in metallothionein-2 gene expression could be the alteration of physiological functions of lung tissue. Conclusions: The effect of long-term exposure to metal orthodontic appliances on metallothioneins gene expression, as well as the induction of protein synthesis was proved.
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10
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Liu Q, Lu F, Chen Z. Identification of MT1E as a novel tumor suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:153213. [PMID: 32956919 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metallothioneins (MTs) involves in the tumorigenesis and prognosis of various cancers. The biological function and methylation status of MT1E in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain to be elucidated. METHODS We analyzed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in tumor tissue samples and normal samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) database, and identified the expression levels of MT1E in the HCC. Then, the expression levels and methylation status of MT1E in HCC tissues and cells were validated by qRT-PCR and methylation-specific PCR (MSP). Also, MTT, colony formation, transwell assays, and flow cytometry, as well as xenograft model, were used to assess the biological roles of MT1E in HCC. RESULTS Downregulated expression of MT1E was found in HCC tissues, and was notably correlated with an aberrant methylation level of the gene promoter. Moreover, our study verified that MT1E suppressed cell growth in vitro and vivo. Further study demonstrated that MT1E could induce apoptosis and suppress the metastasis of HCC cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that epigenetic silencing of MT1E due to promoter hypermethylation could play a vital role in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichen Liu
- Departmentof General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215000, China; Departmentof General Surgery, Binhai Country People's Hospital, Binhai, Jiangsu, 224500, China
| | - Feng Lu
- Departmentof General Surgery, Binhai Country People's Hospital, Binhai, Jiangsu, 224500, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Departmentof General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226000, China.
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11
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Epigenetic Regulation of Neuregulin-1 Tunes White Adipose Stem Cell Differentiation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051148. [PMID: 32392729 PMCID: PMC7290571 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansion of subcutaneous adipose tissue by differentiation of new adipocytes has been linked to improvements in metabolic health. However, an expandability limit has been observed wherein new adipocytes cannot be produced, the existing adipocytes become enlarged (hypertrophic) and lipids spill over into ectopic sites. Inappropriate ectopic storage of these surplus lipids in liver, muscle, and visceral depots has been linked with metabolic dysfunction. Here we show that Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) serves as a regulator of adipogenic differentiation in subcutaneous primary human stem cells. We further demonstrate that DNA methylation modulates NRG1 expression in these cells, and a 3-day exposure of stem cells to a recombinant NRG1 peptide fragment is sufficient to reprogram adipogenic cellular differentiation to higher levels. These results define a novel molecular adipogenic rheostat with potential implications for the expansion of adipose tissue in vivo.
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12
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Anania MC, Di Marco T, Mazzoni M, Greco A. Targeting Non-Oncogene Addiction: Focus on Thyroid Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010129. [PMID: 31947935 PMCID: PMC7017043 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid carcinoma (TC) is the most common malignancy of endocrine organs with an increasing incidence in industrialized countries. The majority of TC are characterized by a good prognosis, even though cases with aggressive forms not cured by standard therapies are also present. Moreover, target therapies have led to low rates of partial response and prompted the emergence of resistance, indicating that new therapies are needed. In this review, we summarize current literature about the non-oncogene addiction (NOA) concept, which indicates that cancer cells, at variance with normal cells, rely on the activity of genes, usually not mutated or aberrantly expressed, essential for coping with the transformed phenotype. We highlight the potential of non-oncogenes as a point of intervention for cancer therapy in general, and present evidence for new putative non-oncogenes that are essential for TC survival and that may constitute attractive new therapeutic targets.
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13
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Lin X, Kapoor A, Gu Y, Chow MJ, Xu H, Major P, Tang D. Assessment of biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2019; 55:1194-1212. [PMID: 31638194 PMCID: PMC6831208 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The assessment of the risk of biochemical recurrence (BCR) is critical in the management of males with prostate cancer (PC). Over the past decades, a comprehensive effort has been focusing on improving risk stratification; a variety of models have been constructed using PC-associated pathological features and molecular alterations occurring at the genome, protein and RNA level. Alterations in RNA expression (lncRNA, miRNA and mRNA) constitute the largest proportion of the biomarkers of BCR. In this article, we systemically review RNA-based BCR biomarkers reported in PubMed according to the PRISMA guidelines. Individual miRNAs, mRNAs, lncRNAs and multi-gene panels, including the commercially available signatures, Oncotype DX and Prolaris, will be discussed; details related to cohort size, hazard ratio and 95% confidence intervals will be provided. Mechanistically, these individual biomarkers affect multiple pathways critical to tumorigenesis and progression, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), Wnt, growth factor receptor, cell proliferation, immune checkpoints and others. This variety in the mechanisms involved not only validates their associations with BCR, but also highlights the need for the coverage of multiple pathways in order to effectively stratify the risk of BCR. Updates of novel biomarkers and their mechanistic insights are considered, which suggests new avenues to pursue in the prediction of BCR. Additionally, the management of patients with BCR and the potential utility of the stratification of the risk of BCR in salvage treatment decision making for these patients are briefly covered. Limitations will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozeng Lin
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Anil Kapoor
- The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Yan Gu
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Mathilda Jing Chow
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Pierre Major
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8V 5C2, Canada
| | - Damu Tang
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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14
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Vaneckova T, Vanickova L, Tvrdonova M, Pomorski A, Krężel A, Vaculovic T, Kanicky V, Vaculovicova M, Adam V. Molecularly imprinted polymers coupled to mass spectrometric detection for metallothionein sensing. Talanta 2019; 198:224-229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Yan HX, Du J, Fu J, Huang W, Jia LM, Ping P, Zhao L, Song YQ, Jia XM, Dou JT, Mu YM, Wang FL, Tian W, Lyu ZH. Microarray-based differential expression profiling of long noncoding RNAs and messenger RNAs in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human papillary thyroid carcinoma samples. Transl Cancer Res 2019; 8:439-451. [PMID: 35116776 PMCID: PMC8797411 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2019.02.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) can regulate the expression of genes at almost every level. The altered expression of lncRNAs was observed in many kinds of cancers. Until recently, few studies have focused on the function of lncRNAs in the context of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). METHODS In the current study, we collected seven PTC and nodular goiter tissue samples and explored mRNA and lncRNA expression patterns in these samples by microarray. RESULTS We observed aberrant expression of 94 lncRNAs and 99 mRNAs in the seven PTC samples as compared to the nodular goiter tissue [fold change (FC) ≥2.0; P<0.01]. To confirm these microarray results, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) was performed to assess the expression of three randomly selected differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs, confirming our microarray findings significantly. We then performed gene ontology (GO) and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analyses to systematically characterize the twelve significantly differential genes. A co-expression analysis revealed that the lncRNAs n382996, n342483, and n409114 were closely related to the regulation of MT1G, MT1H, and MT1F. CONCLUSIONS In the present study a string of novel lncRNAs associated with PTC were identified. Further study of these lncRNAs should be performed to identify novel target molecules which may improve diagnosis and treatment of PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Xian Yan
- Department and Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Haidian Hospital, Beijing Haidian Section of Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Jin Du
- Department and Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jing Fu
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Haidian Hospital, Beijing Haidian Section of Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Haidian Hospital, Beijing Haidian Section of Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Li-Meng Jia
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Haidian Hospital, Beijing Haidian Section of Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Pang Ping
- Department and Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Hainan Branch of PLA General Hospital, Sanya 572013, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department and Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ye-Qiong Song
- Department and Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xiao-Meng Jia
- Department and Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jing-Tao Dou
- Department and Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yi-Ming Mu
- Department and Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Fu-Lin Wang
- Department of Pathology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Wen Tian
- Department of General Surgery, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Lyu
- Department and Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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16
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Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are small cysteine-rich proteins that play important roles in metal homeostasis and protection against heavy metal toxicity, DNA damage, and oxidative stress. In humans, MTs have four main isoforms (MT1, MT2, MT3, and MT4) that are encoded by genes located on chromosome 16q13. MT1 comprises eight known functional (sub)isoforms (MT1A, MT1B, MT1E, MT1F, MT1G, MT1H, MT1M, and MT1X). Emerging evidence shows that MTs play a pivotal role in tumor formation, progression, and drug resistance. However, the expression of MTs is not universal in all human tumors and may depend on the type and differentiation status of tumors, as well as other environmental stimuli or gene mutations. More importantly, the differential expression of particular MT isoforms can be utilized for tumor diagnosis and therapy. This review summarizes the recent knowledge on the functions and mechanisms of MTs in carcinogenesis and describes the differential expression and regulation of MT isoforms in various malignant tumors. The roles of MTs in tumor growth, differentiation, angiogenesis, metastasis, microenvironment remodeling, immune escape, and drug resistance are also discussed. Finally, this review highlights the potential of MTs as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis and introduces some current applications of targeting MT isoforms in cancer therapy. The knowledge on the MTs may provide new insights for treating cancer and bring hope for the elimination of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfei Si
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Jinghe Lang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730 China
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17
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Mairinger FD, Schmeller J, Borchert S, Wessolly M, Mairinger E, Kollmeier J, Hager T, Mairinger T, Christoph DC, Walter RFH, Eberhardt WEE, Plönes T, Wohlschlaeger J, Jasani B, Schmid KW, Bankfalvi A. Immunohistochemically detectable metallothionein expression in malignant pleural mesotheliomas is strongly associated with early failure to platin-based chemotherapy. Oncotarget 2018; 9:22254-22268. [PMID: 29854276 PMCID: PMC5976462 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a biologically highly aggressive tumor arising from the pleura with a dismal prognosis. Cisplatin is the drug of choice for the treatment of MPM, and carboplatin seems to have comparable efficacy. Nevertheless, cisplatin treatment results in a response rate of merely 14% and a median survival of less than seven months. Due to their role in many cellular processes, methallothioneins (MTs) have been widely studied in various cancers. The known heavy metal detoxifying effect of MT-I and MT-II may be the reason for heavy metal drug resistance of various cancers including MPM. Methods 105 patients were retrospectively analyzed immunohistochemically for their MT expression levels. Survival analysis was done by Cox-regression, and statistical significance determined using likelihood ratio, Wald test and Score (logrank) tests. Results Cox-regression analyses were done in a linear and logarithmic scale revealing a significant association between expression of MT and shortened overall survival (OS) in a linear (p=0.0009) and logarithmic scale (p=0.0003). Reduced progression free survival (PFS) was also observed for MT expressing tumors (linear: p=0.0134, log: p=0.0152). Conclusion Since both, overall survival and progression-free survival are negatively correlated with detectable MT expression in MPM, our results indicate a possible resistance to platin-based chemotherapy associated with MT expression upregulation, found exclusively in progressive MPM samples. Initial cell culture studies suggest promoter DNA hypomethylation and expression of miRNA-566 a direct regulator of copper transporter SLC31A1 and a putative regulator of MT1A and MT2A gene expression, to be responsible for the drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian D Mairinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jan Schmeller
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Borchert
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Wessolly
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elena Mairinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jens Kollmeier
- Department of Pneumology, Helios Klinikum Emil von Behring, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Hager
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Mairinger
- Department of Pathology, Helios Klinikum Emil von Behring, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel C Christoph
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Internistic Oncology, Kliniken Essen Mitte, Essen, Germany
| | - Robert F H Walter
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Ruhrlandklinik, West German Lung Centre, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Wilfried E E Eberhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Ruhrlandklinik, West German Lung Centre, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Till Plönes
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Thoracical Endoscopy, Ruhrlandklinik, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jeremias Wohlschlaeger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Pathology, Diakonissenkrankenhaus Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany
| | - Bharat Jasani
- Department of Pathology, Targos Molecular Pathology GmbH, Kassel, Germany
| | - Kurt Werner Schmid
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Agnes Bankfalvi
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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18
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Krizkova S, Kepinska M, Emri G, Eckschlager T, Stiborova M, Pokorna P, Heger Z, Adam V. An insight into the complex roles of metallothioneins in malignant diseases with emphasis on (sub)isoforms/isoforms and epigenetics phenomena. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 183:90-117. [PMID: 28987322 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) belong to a group of small cysteine-rich proteins that are ubiquitous throughout all kingdoms. The main function of MTs is scavenging of free radicals and detoxification and homeostating of heavy metals. In humans, 16 genes localized on chromosome 16 have been identified to encode four MT isoforms labelled by numbers (MT-1-MT-4). MT-2, MT-3 and MT-4 proteins are encoded by a single gene. MT-1 comprises many (sub)isoforms. The known active MT-1 genes are MT-1A, -1B, -1E, -1F, -1G, -1H, -1M and -1X. The rest of the MT-1 genes (MT-1C, -1D, -1I, -1J and -1L) are pseudogenes. The expression and localization of individual MT (sub)isoforms and pseudogenes vary at intra-cellular level and in individual tissues. Changes in MT expression are associated with the process of carcinogenesis of various types of human malignancies, or with a more aggressive phenotype and therapeutic resistance. Hence, MT (sub)isoform profiling status could be utilized for diagnostics and therapy of tumour diseases. This review aims on a comprehensive summary of methods for analysis of MTs at (sub)isoforms levels, their expression in single tumour diseases and strategies how this knowledge can be utilized in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Krizkova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Kepinska
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Gabriella Emri
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tomas Eckschlager
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, CZ-150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Stiborova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, CZ-128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Pokorna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, CZ-128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Department of Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, CZ-150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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19
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Anania MC, Cetti E, Lecis D, Todoerti K, Gulino A, Mauro G, Di Marco T, Cleris L, Pagliardini S, Manenti G, Belmonte B, Tripodo C, Neri A, Greco A. Targeting COPZ1 non-oncogene addiction counteracts the viability of thyroid tumor cells. Cancer Lett 2017; 410:201-211. [PMID: 28951131 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid carcinoma is generally associated with good prognosis, but no effective treatments are currently available for aggressive forms not cured by standard therapy. To find novel therapeutic targets for this tumor type, we had previously performed a siRNA-based functional screening to identify genes essential for sustaining the oncogenic phenotype of thyroid tumor cells, but not required to the same extent for the viability of normal cells (non-oncogene addiction paradigm). Among those, we found the coatomer protein complex ζ1 (COPZ1) gene, which is involved in intracellular traffic, autophagy and lipid homeostasis. In this paper, we investigated the mechanisms through which COPZ1 depletion leads to thyroid tumor cell death. We showed that siRNA-mediated COPZ1 depletion causes abortive autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress, unfolded protein response and apoptosis. Interestingly, we observed that mouse tumor xenografts, locally treated with siRNA targeting COPZ1, showed a significant reduction of tumor growth. On the whole, we demonstrated for the first time the crucial role of COPZ1 in the viability of thyroid tumor cells, suggesting that it may be considered an attractive target for novel therapeutic approaches for thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Anania
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Cetti
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Lecis
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Katia Todoerti
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS-CROB, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gulino
- Department of Health Science, Human Pathology Section, University of Palermo School of Medicine, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mauro
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Di Marco
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Loredana Cleris
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Sonia Pagliardini
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Manenti
- Department of Predictive and Preventive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Beatrice Belmonte
- Department of Health Science, Human Pathology Section, University of Palermo School of Medicine, Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudio Tripodo
- Department of Health Science, Human Pathology Section, University of Palermo School of Medicine, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Neri
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Hematology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Greco
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
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20
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Zheng Y, Jiang L, Hu Y, Xiao C, Xu N, Zhou J, Zhou X. Metallothionein 1H (MT1H) functions as a tumor suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma through regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:161. [PMID: 28241806 PMCID: PMC5330125 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3139-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metallothionein 1H (MT1H) expression level is downregulated in several kinds of tumors, including hepatocellular cancer (HCC). However, its biological functions and underlying mechanisms in HCC is largely unknown. The current study aimed to demonstrate the expression status, biological roles and potential mechanisms of MT1H in HCC. METHODS We investigated the expression level of MT1H in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset and a panel of 12 paired tumor/non-tumor tissues. In vitro, gain-of-function experiments were performed to examine the role of MT1H on HCC cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. Using bioinformatics assay, reporter assays, quantitative real-time PCR, and western blotting, we explored the possible mechanisms underlying the role of MT1H in HCC cells. In vivo nude mice experiments were performed to assess the anti-proliferative role of MT1H in HCC. RESULTS Downregulation of MT1H was observed in TCGA dataset and a panel of 12 paired tumor/non-tumor tissues. Ectopic overexpression of MT1H in HepG2 and Hep3B cells inhibited cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) showed that MT1H might involve in regulation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Top/Fop reporter assay confirmed that MT1H had an effect on Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Real-time PCR showed MT1H expression decreased the expression of Wnt/β-catenin target genes. Western blotting assay showed that overexpression of MT1H inhibited the nuclear translocation of β-catenin and that the Akt/GSK-3β axis mediated the modulatory role of MT1H on Wnt/β-catenin signaling in HCC. In vivo nude mice experiments demonstrated that MT1H suppressed the proliferation of HCC cells. Taken together, MT1H suppressed the proliferation, invasion and migration of HCC cells via regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that through inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin pathway, MT1H suppresses the proliferation and invasion of HCC cells. MT1H may be a potential target for HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Zheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Lihua Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 31006, China
| | - Yongxian Hu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Cheng Xiao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Nong Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jianying Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China.
| | - Xinhui Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China.
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Tumour-initiating cell-specific miR-1246 and miR-1290 expression converge to promote non-small cell lung cancer progression. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11702. [PMID: 27325363 PMCID: PMC4919505 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumour-initiating cell (TIC) model accounts for phenotypic and functional heterogeneity among tumour cells. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are regulatory molecules frequently aberrantly expressed in cancers, and may contribute towards tumour heterogeneity and TIC behaviour. More recent efforts have focused on miRNAs as diagnostic or therapeutic targets. Here, we identified the TIC-specific miRNAs, miR-1246 and miR-1290, as crucial drivers for tumour initiation and cancer progression in human non-small cell lung cancer. The loss of either miRNA impacted the tumour-initiating potential of TICs and their ability to metastasize. Longitudinal analyses of serum miR-1246 and miR-1290 levels across time correlate their circulating levels to the clinical response of lung cancer patients who were receiving ongoing anti-neoplastic therapies. Functionally, direct inhibition of either miRNA with locked nucleic acid administered systemically, can arrest the growth of established patient-derived xenograft tumours, thus indicating that these miRNAs are clinically useful as biomarkers for tracking disease progression and as therapeutic targets. miRNAs can function either as proto-oncogenes or tumour suppressors in several cancers; however their function in tumour initiating cells is unclear. Here, Zhang et al. show that tumour initiating cell-specific miR-1246 and miR-1290 promote lung cancer initiation and metastasis and could serve as prognostic markers.
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Dziegiel P, Pula B, Kobierzycki C, Stasiolek M, Podhorska-Okolow M. The Role of Metallothioneins in Carcinogenesis. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY EMBRYOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27472-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Liu TP, Hong YH, Tung KY, Yang PM. In silico and experimental analyses predict the therapeutic value of an EZH2 inhibitor GSK343 against hepatocellular carcinoma through the induction of metallothionein genes. Oncoscience 2016; 3:9-20. [PMID: 26973856 PMCID: PMC4751912 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There are currently no effective molecular targeted therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27)-specific methyltransferase, has been emerged as novel anticancer target. Our previous study has demonstrated that GSK343, an S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM)-competitive inhibitor of EZH2, induces autophagy and enhances drug sensitivity in cancer cells including HCC. In this study, an in silico study was performed and found that EZH2 was overexpressed in cancerous tissues of HCC patients at both gene and protein levels. Microarray analysis and in vitro experiments indicated that the anti-HCC activity of GSK343 was associated with the induction of metallothionein (MT) genes. In addition, the negative association of EZH2 and MT1/MT2A genes in cancer cell lines and tissues was found in public gene expression database. Taken together, our findings suggest that EZH2 inhibitors could be a good therapeutic option for HCC, and induction of MT genes was associated with the anti-HCC activity of EZH2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsang-Pai Liu
- The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Liver Medical Center, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Han Hong
- Department of Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kwang-Yi Tung
- Department of Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ming Yang
- The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Brazão-Silva MT, Rodrigues MFS, Eisenberg ALA, Dias FL, de Castro LM, Nunes FD, Faria PR, Cardoso SV, Loyola AM, de Sousa SCOM. Metallothionein gene expression is altered in oral cancer and may predict metastasis and patient outcomes. Histopathology 2015; 67:358-67. [PMID: 25640883 DOI: 10.1111/his.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Metallothioneins (MTs) are proteins associated with the carcinogenesis and prognosis of various tumours. Previous studies have shown their potential as biomarkers in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Aiming to understand more clearly the function of MTs in OSCC we evaluated, for the first time, the gene expression profile of MTs in this neoplasm. MATERIALS AND RESULTS Tissue samples from 35 cases of tongue and/or floor of mouth OSCC, paired with their corresponding non-neoplastic oral mucosa (NNOM), were retrieved (2007-09). All tissues were analysed for the following genes using TaqMan(®) reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays: MT1A, MT1B, MT1E, MT1F, MT1G, MT1H, MT1X, MT2A, MT3 and MT4. The expression of MT1B and MT1H was seldom detected in both OSCC and NNOM. A significant loss of MT1A, MT1X, MT3 and MT4 expression and gain of MT1F expression was observed in OSCC, compared to NNOM. Cases with MT1G down-regulation exhibited the worst prognoses. The up-regulation of MT1X was restricted to non-metastatic cases, whereas up-regulation of MT3 was related to cases with lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSIONS Metallothionein mRNA expression is altered significantly in oral squamous cell carcinomas. The expression of MT1G, MT1X and MT3 may aid in the prognostic discrimination of OSCC cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco T Brazão-Silva
- PhD program in Estomatology and Basic and Applied Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Lúcia A Eisenberg
- Department of Pathology, Brazilian National Cancer Institute/INCA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando L Dias
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Brazilian National Cancer Institute/INCA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana M de Castro
- National Tumor Bank, Brazilian National Cancer Institute/INCA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fábio D Nunes
- PhD program in Estomatology and Basic and Applied Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo R Faria
- Department of Histology and Morphology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Sérgio V Cardoso
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Adriano M Loyola
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Suzana C O M de Sousa
- PhD program in Estomatology and Basic and Applied Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Meng HE, Liu ZY. Metallothioneins and digestive system tumors. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:2722-2727. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i19.2722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are low-molecular weight, cysteine-rich, intracellular metal-binding proteins involved in diverse functions, such as metal homeostasis and/or detoxification, scavenging free radicals and stress response. Recent studies show that MTs play an important role in cell differentiation, proliferation and carcinogenesis by displaying different expression patterns and through different signaling pathways, have important value for the clinical diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of tumors, and can be used as a cancer biomarker. This article aims to discuss the research progress in MTs as a cancer maker in human digestive system tumors.
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Arriaga JM, Greco A, Mordoh J, Bianchini M. Metallothionein 1G and zinc sensitize human colorectal cancer cells to chemotherapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1369-81. [PMID: 24634414 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MT) are a family of low molecular weight proteins that are silenced during colorectal cancer progression, mainly through epigenetic mechanisms, and this loss is associated with poor survival. In this article, we show that overexpression of the MT1G isoform sensitizes colorectal cell lines to the chemotherapeutic agents oxaliplatin (OXA) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), in part through enhancing p53 and repressing NF-κB activity. Despite being silenced, MTs can be reinduced by histone deacetylase inhibitors such as trichostatin A and sodium butyrate. In fact, this induction contributes to the cytotoxicity of these agents, given that silencing of MTs by siRNAs reduces their growth-inhibitory activities. Zinc ions also potently enhance MT expression and are cytotoxic to cancer cells. We show for the first time that OXA and 5-FU induce higher levels of intracellular labile zinc, as measured using the fluorescent probe FLUOZIN-3, and that such zinc contributes to the activation of p53 and repression of NF-κB. Addition of zinc enhanced growth inhibition by OXA and 5-FU, and was also capable of resensitizing 5-FU-resistant cell lines to levels comparable with sensitive cell lines. This effect was MT independent because silencing MTs did not affect zinc cytotoxicity. In conclusion, we show that MT induction and zinc administration are novel strategies to sensitize colorectal cancer cells to presently utilized chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Arriaga
- Authors' Affiliations: Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas de la Fundación Cáncer (CIO-FUCA); Laboratorio de Cancerología, Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET; Instituto Alexander Fleming, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Operative Unit 'Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Growth and Progression,' Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS 'Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori,' Milan, Italy
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Gumulec J, Raudenska M, Adam V, Kizek R, Masarik M. Metallothionein - immunohistochemical cancer biomarker: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85346. [PMID: 24416395 PMCID: PMC3885711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallothionein (MT) has been extensively investigated as a molecular marker of various types of cancer. In spite of the fact that numerous reviews have been published in this field, no meta-analytical approach has been performed. Therefore, results of to-date immunohistochemistry-based studies were summarized using meta-analysis in this review. Web of science, PubMed, Embase and CENTRAL databases were searched (up to April 30, 2013) and the eligibility of individual studies and heterogeneity among the studies was assessed. Random and fixed effects model meta-analysis was employed depending on the heterogeneity, and publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots and Egger's tests. A total of 77 studies were included with 8,015 tissue samples (4,631 cases and 3,384 controls). A significantly positive association between MT staining and tumors (vs. healthy tissues) was observed in head and neck (odds ratio, OR 9.95; 95% CI 5.82-17.03) and ovarian tumors (OR 7.83; 1.09-56.29), and a negative association was ascertained in liver tumors (OR 0.10; 0.03-0.30). No significant associations were identified in breast, colorectal, prostate, thyroid, stomach, bladder, kidney, gallbladder, and uterine cancers and in melanoma. While no associations were identified between MT and tumor staging, a positive association was identified with the tumor grade (OR 1.58; 1.08-2.30). In particular, strong associations were observed in breast, ovarian, uterine and prostate cancers. Borderline significant association of metastatic status and MT staining were determined (OR 1.59; 1.03-2.46), particularly in esophageal cancer. Additionally, a significant association between the patient prognosis and MT staining was also demonstrated (hazard ratio 2.04; 1.47-2.81). However, a high degree of inconsistence was observed in several tumor types, including colorectal, kidney and prostate cancer. Despite the ambiguity in some tumor types, conclusive results are provided in the tumors of head and neck, ovary and liver and in relation to the tumor grade and patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaromir Gumulec
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Raudenska
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Masarik
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
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Fu J, Lv H, Guan H, Ma X, Ji M, He N, Shi B, Hou P. Metallothionein 1G functions as a tumor suppressor in thyroid cancer through modulating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:462. [PMID: 24098937 PMCID: PMC3851544 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MT1G inactivation mediated by promoter methylation has been reported in thyroid cancer. However, the role of MT1G in thyroid carcinogenesis remains unclear. The aim of this study is to examine the biological functions and related molecular mechanisms of MT1G in thyroid cancer. METHODS Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) was performed to analyze promoter methylation of MT1G and its relationship with clinicopathological characteristics of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) patients. Conventional and real-time quantitative RT-PCR assays were used to evaluate mRNA expression. The functions of ectopic MT1G expression were determined by cell proliferation and colony formation, cell cycle and apoptosis, as well as cell migration and invasion assays. RESULTS MT1G expression was frequently silenced or down-regulated in thyroid cancer cell lines, and was also significantly decreased in primary thyroid cancer tissues compared with non-malignant thyroid tissues. Promoter methylation, along with histone modification, contributes to MT1G inactivation in thyroid tumorigenesis. Moreover, our data showed that MT1G hypermethylation was significantly positively associated with lymph node metastasis in PTC patients. Importantly, restoring MT1G expression in thyroid cancer cells dramatically suppressed cell growth and invasiveness, and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through inhibiting phosphorylation of Akt and Rb. CONCLUSIONS We have for the first time revealed that MT1G appears to be functional tumor suppressor involved in thyroid carcinogenesis mainly through modulating the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway and partially through regulating the activity of Rb/E2F pathway in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, China.
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Park Y, Yu E. Expression of metallothionein-1 and metallothionein-2 as a prognostic marker in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28:1565-72. [PMID: 23662831 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Metallothionein (MT)-1 and -2 are low-molecular weight, cysteine-rich, intracellular metal-binding proteins involved in diverse functions, such as metal homeostasis, cell cycle progression, cell differentiation, and carcinogenesis. This study investigated the expression of MT-1 and MT-2 as a prognostic marker in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS Expression of MT-1 and MT-2 were evaluated immunohistochemically in tissue microarrays containing samples from 370 HCCs, 336 adjacent noncancerous livers, and 12 normal livers. The relationships between MT-1 and MT-2 expression and the clinicopathological parameters of HCC were assessed. RESULTS The expression of MT-1 and MT-2 was uniformly strong in the nucleus and cytoplasm of normal liver, but varied in noncancerous livers and HCCs. Loss of nuclear and cytoplasmic expression was significantly more in HCCs than in adjacent noncancerous livers (P < 0.001). The loss of nuclear expression of MT-1 and MT-2 was significantly correlated with high Edmondson-Steiner grade and the presence of microvascular invasion (P < 0.05 each). Multivariate analysis showed that the loss of nuclear expression of MT-1 and MT-2 was an independent poor prognostic factor for both recurrence-free survival and overall survival. CONCLUSIONS The expression of MT-1 and MT-2 may play a role in HCC differentiation and carcinogenesis, and may predict prognosis in patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangsoon Park
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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30
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Liang GY, Lu SX, Xu G, Liu XD, Li J, Zhang DS. Expression of metallothionein and Nrf2 pathway genes in lung cancer and cancer-surrounding tissues. World J Surg Oncol 2013; 11:199. [PMID: 23947958 PMCID: PMC3765715 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-11-199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like (Nrf)2 and metallothionein have been implicated in carcinogenesis. This study investigated the expression of Nrf2 and of Nrf2-targeted genes (NQO1 and GCLC) and the genes for the metallothionein (MT) isoforms (MT-1A and MT-2A) in human lung cancer and cancer-surrounding tissues. Methods Surgically removed lung cancer samples (n = 80) and cancer-surrounding tissues (n = 38) were collected from Zunyi Medical College Hospital, China. Total RNA was extracted, purified, and used for real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis of interested genes. Results Expression of the Nrf2-targed genes NQO1 and GCLC tended to be higher (30 to 60%) in lung cancers, but was not significantly different from that in peri-cancer tissues. By contrast, expression of the genes for M)-1A, MT-2A, and the metal transcription factor MTF-1 were three-fold to four-fold lower in lung cancers. Conclusion In surgical samples of lung cancer, MT expression was generally downregulated, whereas Nrf2 expression tended to be upregulated. These changes could play an integral role in lung carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-You Liang
- Affliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China.
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Bäck CM, Stohr S, Schäfer EAM, Biebermann H, Boekhoff I, Breit A, Gudermann T, Büch TRH. TSH induces metallothionein 1 in thyrocytes via Gq/11- and PKC-dependent signaling. J Mol Endocrinol 2013; 51:79-90. [PMID: 23613280 DOI: 10.1530/jme-12-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are cytoprotective proteins acting as scavengers of toxic metal ions or reactive oxygen species. MTs are upregulated in follicular thyroid carcinoma and are regarded as a marker of thyroid stress in Graves' disease. However, the mechanism of MT regulation in thyrocytes is still elusive. In other cellular systems, cAMP-, calcium-, or protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent signaling cascades have been shown to induce MT expression. Of note, all of these three pathways are activated following the stimulation of the TSH receptor (TSHR). Thus, we hypothesized that TSH represents a key regulator of MT expression in thyrocytes. In fact, TSHR stimulation induced expression of MT isoform 1X (MT1X) in human follicular carcinoma cells. In these cells, Induction of MT1X expression critically relied on intact Gq/11 signaling of the TSHR and was blocked by chelation of intracellular calcium and inhibition of PKC. TSHR-independent stimulation of cAMP formation by treating cells with forskolin also led to an upregulation of MT1X, which was completely dependent on PKA. However, inhibition of PKA did not affect the regulation of MT1X by TSH. As in follicular thyroid carcinoma cells, TSH also induced MT1 protein in primary human thyrocytes, which was PKC dependent as well. In summary, these findings indicate that TSH stimulation induces MT1X expression via Gq/11 and PKC, whereas cAMP-PKA signaling does not play a predominant role. To date, little has been known regarding cAMP-independent effects of TSHR signaling. Our findings extend the knowledge about the PKC-mediated functions of the TSHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christer M Bäck
- Medical Department III, University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Pula B, Domoslawski P, Podhorska-Okolow M, Dziegiel P. Role of metallothioneins in benign and malignant thyroid lesions. Thyroid Res 2012; 5:26. [PMID: 23273222 PMCID: PMC3544669 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6614-5-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent findings in the past two decades have brought many insights into the biology of thyroid benign and malignant lesions, in particular the papillary and follicular thyroid cancers. Although, much progress have been made, thyroid cancers still pose diagnostic problems regarding differentiation of follicular lesions in relation to their aggressiveness and the treatment of advanced and undifferentiated thyroid cancers. Metallothioneins (MTs) were shown to induce cancer cells proliferation, mediate resistance to apoptosis, certain chemotherapeutics and radiotherapy. Therefore, MTs may be of utility in diagnosis and management of patients with benign and malignant lesions of the thyroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Pula
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University in Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Werynska B, Pula B, Muszczynska-Bernhard B, Gomulkiewicz A, Piotrowska A, Prus R, Podhorska-Okolow M, Jankowska R, Dziegiel P. Metallothionein 1F and 2A overexpression predicts poor outcome of non-small cell lung cancer patients. Exp Mol Pathol 2012; 94:301-8. [PMID: 23064051 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MT) are intracellular, low molecular weight proteins (6-7 kDa) involved in binding of metal ions, scavenging of free radicals, cell proliferation and apoptosis and resistance to certain chemotherapeutics. Four basic families of MT proteins are distinguished: MT-I, MT-II, MT-III, MT-IV, within each of them different isoforms occur. The study aimed at examining the expression level of nine MT isoforms: MT-1A, -1B, -1E, -1F, -1G, -1H, -1X, MT-2A and MT-IV by using real-time PCR and MT-I/II expression by immunohistochemical (IHC) technique in 69 cases of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and 12 non-malignant lung tissues (NMLT) and to correlate them with patients clinicopathological data and Ki-67 antigen expression. Out of all the analyzed cases, 62 (89.9%) demonstrated an increased MT-I/II expression. MT-1B, 1F, -1G, -1H and MT-1X were significantly up-regulated, whereas MT-1E was significantly down-regulated in NSCLC as compared to NMLT. Only in two cases MT-IV mRNA expression was noted. Significant positive correlations were observed between each particular MT isoform expressions. Higher MT-1F and MT-1A mRNA expression was associated with larger primary tumor size (P=0.0362 and P<0.0001, respectively). Moreover, up-regulated MT-1F mRNA expression was associated with higher grade of malignancy of NSCLC (P=0.0085). Higher MT-1B mRNA expression was associated with squamocellular and adenocarcinoma subtype of NSCLC (P=0.0358). Univariate analysis showed, that up-regulated MT-1F and MT-2A mRNA predicted poor patients' survival (P=0.0206 and P=0.0097, respectively). The levels of MT-1F and MT-2A mRNA could be considered as new markers of poor prognosis of NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozena Werynska
- Department of Pulmonology and Pulmonary Tumours, Medical University in Wroclaw, Poland
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Methoxyethylamino-numonafide is an efficacious and minimally toxic amonafide derivative in murine models of human cancer. Neoplasia 2011; 13:453-60. [PMID: 21532886 DOI: 10.1593/neo.101738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Amonafide is a DNA intercalator in clinical development for the treatment of cancer. The drug has a 5-position amine that is variably acetylated to form a toxic metabolite in humans, increasing adverse effects and complicating the dosing of amonafide. Numonafides, 6-amino derivatives of amonafide that avoid the toxic acetylation, also show in vitro anticancer activity, as we have previously described. Here, we report the in vitro and in vivo activities of two numonafides, 6-methoxyethylamino-numonafide (MEAN) and 6-amino-numonafide (AN) with comparisons to amonafide. The in vitro potencies and cellular anticancer mechanisms are similar for the two numonafides and amonafide. Results from several mouse models of human cancer demonstrate that AN and MEAN require slightly higher doses than amonafide for equal efficacy in short-term dosing models, but the same dose of all three compounds in long-term dosing models are equally efficacious. MEAN is tolerated much better than amonafide and AN at equally efficacious doses based on weight change, activity, stool consistency, and dose tolerance with survival as the end point. The studies presented here demonstrate that MEAN is much less toxic than amonafide or AN in mouse models of human liver and gastric cancers while being equally efficacious in vivo and inhibiting cancer cells through similar mechanisms. These findings demonstrate that numonafides can be less toxic than amonafide and support further preclinical development and novel anticancer agents or as replacements or amonafide.
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Arriaga JM, Levy EM, Bravo AI, Bayo SM, Amat M, Aris M, Hannois A, Bruno L, Roberti MP, Loria FS, Pairola A, Huertas E, Mordoh J, Bianchini M. Metallothionein expression in colorectal cancer: relevance of different isoforms for tumor progression and patient survival. Hum Pathol 2011; 43:197-208. [PMID: 21820154 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Metallothioneins are a family of small, cysteine-rich proteins with many functions. Immunohistochemical evaluation of all metallothionein 1 + 2 isoforms in colorectal tumors has demonstrated an important down-regulation compared with normal tissue, although its prognostic significance is unclear. Moreover, the contribution of individual isoforms to overall metallothionein down-regulation is not known. To address these important issues, we analyzed the messenger RNA expression levels of all functional metallothionein 1 + 2 isoforms by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in 22 pairs of normal and tumor-microdissected epithelia and correlated these to the overall immunohistochemical protein expression. Our results showed that 5 isoforms (MT1G, 1E, 1F, 1H, and 1M) were lost during the transition from normal mucosa to tumor, whereas MT1X and MT2A were less down-regulated, and their expression was correlated with overall protein positivity. Second, we showed that MT1G hypermethylation occurred in cell lines and in 29% of tumor samples, whereas histone deacetylase inhibitors are able to induce most isoforms. Furthermore, we analyzed by immunohistochemistry 107 normal mucosae, 25 adenomas, 81 carcinomas, and 19 lymph node metastases to evaluate metallothionein expression during different stages of cancer development and to assess its relationship to patient survival. A lower immunohistochemical expression was associated with poorer survival, although it was not an independent predictor. Overall, this study identifies for the first time the relevant metallothionein isoforms for colorectal cancer progression, supports the concept that their loss is associated with worse prognosis, and suggests 2 mechanisms for epigenetic repression of metallothionein expression in colorectal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Martín Arriaga
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas de la Fundación Cáncer, 1426 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Byeon JS, Jeong JY, Kim MJ, Lee SM, Nam WH, Myung SJ, Kim JG, Yang SK, Kim JH, Suh DJ. Adiponectin and adiponectin receptor in relation to colorectal cancer progression. Int J Cancer 2011; 127:2758-67. [PMID: 21351255 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although obesity is a risk factor for colorectal cancer, the underlying mechanism is not clear. Adiponectin is an adipokine that binds to 2 types of receptors, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2. The plasma concentrations of adiponectin are reduced in obese individuals and adiponectin has been reported to have anticarcinogenic properties. Furthermore, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 have been reported to be expressed in several malignancies. However, little is known about the expression of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 in colorectal cancer and its clinicopathological implications. In addition, the relationship between adiponectin and colorectal cancer has not yet been determined. Here, we sought to investigate adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in relation to colorectal cancer. AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 immunostaining was detected in 72 and 68% of human colorectal cancer tissue, respectively. AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 expression levels were inversely related to T stage. The lowest AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 expression were detected in poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. RT-PCR also showed the expression of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 in HCT116 and SW620. MTT assay and TUNEL assay demonstrated the tendency of growth inhibition and apoptosis induction in both cell lines after full-length adiponectin treatment although statistically insignificant. Microarray analysis revealed several gene responses to full-length adiponectin, including upregulation of ENDOGL1 and MT1G. In conclusion, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 may be intimately related to the progression of colorectal cancer. Further studies may be warranted to assess adiponectin and its receptors as a novel target for inhibition of colorectal cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Sik Byeon
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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TIMP3 regulates migration, invasion and in vivo tumorigenicity of thyroid tumor cells. Oncogene 2011; 30:3011-23. [PMID: 21339735 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) arises from the thyroid follicular epithelium and represents the most frequent thyroid malignancy. PTC is associated with gene rearrangements generating RET/PTC and TRK oncogenes, and to the BRAFV600E activating point mutation. A role of tumor-suppressor genes in the pathogenesis of PTC has not been assessed yet. The tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP3) gene, encoding a metalloproteinases inhibitor and capable of inhibiting growth, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis of several cancers, was found to be silenced by promoter methylation in a consistent fraction of PTCs, in association with tumor aggressiveness and BRAFV600E mutation, thus suggesting an oncosuppressor role. To explore this possibility, in this study we performed gene expression and functional studies. Analysis of gene expression data produced in our laboratory as well as meta-analysis of publicly available data sets confirmed the downregulation of TIMP3 gene expression in PTC with respect to normal thyroid. The functional consequences of TIMP3 downregulation were investigated in the PTC-derived NIM1 cell line, in which the expression of TIMP3 is silenced. Restoration of TIMP3 expression by exposure to soluble TIMP3 protein or by complementary DNA transfection had no effect on the growth rate of NIM1 cells. Instead, it affected the adhesive, migratory and invasive capabilities of NIM1 cells by modulating several proteins involved in these processes. A striking effect was observed in vivo, as TIMP3 reduced the tumorigenicity of NIM1 cells by repressing angiogenesis and macrophage infiltration. Our data indicate that the loss of TIMP3 expression exerts a functional role in the pathogenesis of PTC.
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Park SY, Kwon HJ, Lee HE, Ryu HS, Kim SW, Kim JH, Kim IA, Jung N, Cho NY, Kang GH. Promoter CpG island hypermethylation during breast cancer progression. Virchows Arch 2010; 458:73-84. [PMID: 21120523 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-010-1013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the changes in promoter CpG islands hypermethylation during breast cancer progression from pre-invasive lesions [flat epithelial atypia (FEA), atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)] to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). We performed MethyLight analysis for the methylation status of 57 promoter CpG island loci in 20 IDCs and their paired normal breast tissues. After selecting 15 CpG island loci showing breast cancer-specific DNA methylation, another set of normal breast tissue (n = 10), ADH/FEA (n = 30), DCIS (n = 35), and IDC (n = 30) of the breast were analyzed for these loci. We found six new methylation markers of breast cancer, namely DLEC1, GRIN2B, HOXA1, MT1G, SFRP4, and TMEFF2, in addition to APC, GSTP1, HOXA10, IGF2, RARB, RASSF1A, RUNX3, SCGB3A1 (HIN-1), and SFRP1. The number of methylated genes increased stepwise from normal breast to ADH/FEA and DCIS, while IDC did not differ from DCIS. Methylation levels and frequencies of APC, DLEC1, HOXA1, and RASSF1A promoter CpG islands were significantly higher in ADH/FEA than in normal breast tissue. GRIN2B, GSTP1, HOXA1, RARB, RUNX3, SFRP1, and TMEFF2 showed higher methylation levels and frequencies in DCIS than in ADH/FEA. DICS and IDC did not differ in the methylation levels or frequencies for most CpG island loci except SFRP1 and HOXA10. Our findings showed that promoter CpG island methylation changed significantly in pre-invasive lesions, and was similar in IDC and DCIS, suggesting that CpG island methylation of tumor-related genes is an early event in breast cancer progression.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/genetics
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- CpG Islands/genetics
- DNA Methylation/genetics
- DNA Methylation/physiology
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Hyperplasia/genetics
- Hyperplasia/metabolism
- Hyperplasia/pathology
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Metallothionein/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism
- Retrospective Studies
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yeon Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, South Korea
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Metallothionein 1E is methylated in malignant melanoma and increases sensitivity to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Melanoma Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e32833d32a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Peyre M, Commo F, Dantas-Barbosa C, Andreiuolo F, Puget S, Lacroix L, Drusch F, Scott V, Varlet P, Mauguen A, Dessen P, Lazar V, Vassal G, Grill J. Portrait of ependymoma recurrence in children: biomarkers of tumor progression identified by dual-color microarray-based gene expression analysis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12932. [PMID: 20885975 PMCID: PMC2945762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Children with ependymoma may experience a relapse in up to 50% of cases depending on the extent of resection. Key biological events associated with recurrence are unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings To discover the biology behind the recurrence of ependymomas, we performed CGHarray and a dual-color gene expression microarray analysis of 17 tumors at diagnosis co-hybridized with the corresponding 27 first or subsequent relapses from the same patient. As treatment and location had only limited influence on specific gene expression changes at relapse, we established a common signature for relapse. Eighty-seven genes showed an absolute fold change ≥2 in at least 50% of relapses and were defined as the gene expression signature of ependymoma recurrence. The most frequently upregulated genes are involved in the kinetochore (ASPM, KIF11) or in neural development (CD133, Wnt and Notch pathways). Metallothionein (MT) genes were downregulated in up to 80% of the recurrences. Quantitative PCR for ASPM, KIF11 and MT3 plus immunohistochemistry for ASPM and MT3 confirmed the microarray results. Immunohistochemistry on an independent series of 24 tumor pairs at diagnosis and at relapse confirmed the decrease of MT3 expression at recurrence in 17/24 tumor pairs (p = 0.002). Conversely, ASPM expression was more frequently positive at relapse (87.5% vs 37.5%, p = 0.03). Loss or deletion of the MT genes cluster was never observed at relapse. Promoter sequencing after bisulfite treatment of DNA from primary tumors and recurrences as well as treatment of short-term ependymoma cells cultures with a demethylating agent showed that methylation was not involved in MT3 downregulation. However, in vitro treatment with a histone deacetylase inhibitor or zinc restored MT3 expression. Conclusions/Significance The most frequent molecular events associated with ependymoma recurrence were over-expression of kinetochore proteins and down-regulation of metallothioneins. Metallothionein-3 expression is epigenetically controlled and can be restored in vitro by histone deacetylase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Peyre
- Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8203 “Vectorology and Anticancer Treatments”, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Frédéric Commo
- CNRS FRE 2939, Bioinformatics Group, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Carmela Dantas-Barbosa
- Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8203 “Vectorology and Anticancer Treatments”, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Felipe Andreiuolo
- Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8203 “Vectorology and Anticancer Treatments”, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
- Translational Research Laboratory, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Stéphanie Puget
- Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8203 “Vectorology and Anticancer Treatments”, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
- Department of Neurosurgery, Necker Sick Children's Hospital, Université Paris V Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Lacroix
- Translational Research Laboratory, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Françoise Drusch
- Translational Research Laboratory, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Véronique Scott
- Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8203 “Vectorology and Anticancer Treatments”, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Pascale Varlet
- Department of Neuropathology, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Mauguen
- Department of Biostatistics, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Philippe Dessen
- CNRS FRE 2939, Bioinformatics Group, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Vladimir Lazar
- Functional Genomics Unit, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Gilles Vassal
- Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8203 “Vectorology and Anticancer Treatments”, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Jacques Grill
- Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8203 “Vectorology and Anticancer Treatments”, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
- * E-mail:
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McGee HM, Woods GM, Bennett B, Chung RS. The two faces of metallothionein in carcinogenesis: photoprotection against UVR-induced cancer and promotion of tumour survival. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2010; 9:586-96. [PMID: 20354655 DOI: 10.1039/b9pp00155g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metallothionein is a multi-functional protein that protects the host against toxic heavy metals. Under stressful situations it can protect against oxidative damage, contribute to tissue repair, modulate immune responses and limit inflammatory processes. Recently, metallothionein's role in ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced injury has been investigated. These studies have shown that when metallothionein is upregulated following exposure to UVR, it can protect against UVR-induced damage and the subsequent development of skin cancer. We propose that this initial protection is achieved through its anti-oxidant role resulting in reduced oxidative stress, reduced apoptosis, reduced NFkappaB activation and enhanced repair of DNA damage. However, once UVR-induced neoplasia has occurred, the cancer cells can hijack metallothionein's protective functions, resulting in increased tumour progression and malignancy. These two discordant sets of attributes are context-dependent, and represent the two faces of metallothionein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M McGee
- Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Australia.
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Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7) is a secreted protein involved in several cellular processes, including proliferation, senescence and apoptosis. Loss of IGFBP7 expression is a critical step in the development of human tumors, including melanoma and colon cancer. By microarray gene expression studies, we have detected downregulation of IGFBP7 gene expression in follicular and papillary thyroid tumors in comparison with normal thyroid tissue. Evaluation of publicly available PTC microarray gene expression data sets confirmed, in a consistent fraction of tumors, the downregulation of IGFBP7 transcript levels. The functional consequence of IGFBP7 downregulation was addressed in the PTC-derived NIM1 cell line in which IGFBP7 expression is repressed by promoter hypermethylation. Exposure to soluble IGFBP7 protein or restoration of IGFBP7 expression by complementary DNA transfection reduced growth rate, migration, anchorage-independent growth and tumorigenicity of NIM1 cells. We show that the effects of IGFBP7 are related to apoptosis. Our data suggest that loss of IGFBP7 expression has a functional role in thyroid carcinogenesis, and it may represent a possible basis for therapeutic strategies.
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Chang H, Jeung HC, Jung JJ, Kim TS, Rha SY, Chung HC. Identification of genes associated with chemosensitivity to SAHA/taxane combination treatment in taxane-resistant breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 125:55-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-0825-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to provide an update on recent advances in the understanding of thyroid cancer tumorigensis and implications in clinical practice. RECENT FINDINGS Recent novel and promising findings include additional abnormalities in key pathways associated with thyroid tumorigenesis (RET-Ras-BRAF-MEK; RET-beta-cateinin; TRK-PI3K-AKT; and MDM-p53-PTEN), single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with thyroid cancer susceptibility, epigenetic silencing, alternative splicing, and gene expression abnormalities. Complex regulatory mechanisms and insights into ways in which molecular aberrancies occur are becoming better understood through this research. SUMMARY With ongoing research, clinical problems such as the suspicious thyroid fine needle aspiration, better treatment algorithms for well differentiated thyroid cancer, and more effective treatment for anaplastic cancer will likely be found.
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LaBonte MJ, Wilson PM, Fazzone W, Groshen S, Lenz HJ, Ladner RD. DNA microarray profiling of genes differentially regulated by the histone deacetylase inhibitors vorinostat and LBH589 in colon cancer cell lines. BMC Med Genomics 2009; 2:67. [PMID: 19948057 PMCID: PMC2799439 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-2-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the significant progress made in colon cancer chemotherapy, advanced disease remains largely incurable and novel efficacious chemotherapies are urgently needed. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) represent a novel class of agents which have demonstrated promising preclinical activity and are undergoing clinical evaluation in colon cancer. The goal of this study was to identify genes in colon cancer cells that are differentially regulated by two clinically advanced hydroxamic acid HDACi, vorinostat and LBH589 to provide rationale for novel drug combination partners and identify a core set of HDACi-regulated genes. METHODS HCT116 and HT29 colon cancer cells were treated with LBH589 or vorinostat and growth inhibition, acetylation status and apoptosis were analyzed in response to treatment using MTS, Western blotting and flow cytometric analyses. In addition, gene expression was analyzed using the Illumina Human-6 V2 BeadChip array and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. RESULTS Treatment with either vorinostat or LBH589 rapidly induced histone acetylation, cell cycle arrest and inhibited the growth of both HCT116 and HT29 cells. Bioinformatic analysis of the microarray profiling revealed significant similarity in the genes altered in expression following treatment with the two HDACi tested within each cell line. However, analysis of genes that were altered in expression in the HCT116 and HT29 cells revealed cell-line-specific responses to HDACi treatment. In addition a core cassette of 11 genes modulated by both vorinostat and LBH589 were identified in both colon cancer cell lines analyzed. CONCLUSION This study identified HDACi-induced alterations in critical genes involved in nucleotide metabolism, angiogenesis, mitosis and cell survival which may represent potential intervention points for novel therapeutic combinations in colon cancer. This information will assist in the identification of novel pathways and targets that are modulated by HDACi, providing much-needed information on HDACi mechanism of action and providing rationale for novel drug combination partners. We identified a core signature of 11 genes which were modulated by both vorinostat and LBH589 in a similar manner in both cell lines. These core genes will assist in the development and validation of a common gene set which may represent a molecular signature of HDAC inhibition in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J LaBonte
- Department of Pathology Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Penkowa M, Sørensen BL, Nielsen SL, Hansen PB. Metallothionein as a useful marker in Hodgkin lymphoma subclassification. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 50:200-10. [DOI: 10.1080/10428190802699340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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RASSF1A, APC, ESR1, ABCB1 and HOXC9, but not p16INK4A, DAPK1, PTEN and MT1G genes were frequently methylated in the stage I non-small cell lung cancer in China. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2009; 135:1675-84. [PMID: 19506903 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-009-0614-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the DNA methylation biomarkers for the detection of the stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). MATERIALS AND METHODS The methylated state of p16INK4A, ESR1, HOX9, RASSF1A, DAPK1, PTEN, ABCB1, MGMT, APC and MT1G genes that have been reported frequently methylated in lung cancer was determined using methylation-specific PCR in four lung cancer cell lines, 124 cancer tissues of the stage I NSCLC and 26 non-cancerous disease tissues. RESULT The RASSF1A (53/124, 42.74%), APC (49/123, 39.52%), ESR1 (37/124, 29.84%), ABCB1 (31/124, 24.19%, MT1G (25/124, 20.16%) and HOXC9 (17/124, 13.71%) genes were more frequently methylated in the lung tissue from the stage I NSCLC than the non-cancerous lesion patients (2/26, 7.69%, P < 0.01; 2/26, 7.69%, P < 0.01; 2/26, 7.69%, P < 0.05; 1/26, 3.85% P < 0.01; 0/26 0%, P value: <0.01; 0/26, 0%, P < 0.05, respectively). p16INK4A was methylated in 28/124 (22.56%) of cancer tissues and 2/26 (7.69%) of non-cancerous tissues (P value >0.05). No significant association between the methylated state of the genes and the smoking, age or the pathologic types (squamous carcinoma, adenoma and the mixed types) was found. However, p16INK4A methylation was more frequently detected in the male (23/80, 28.75%) than the female (5/44, 11.36%, P > 0.05) patients. MGMT was barely methylated: 1/67, 1.49%), while DAPK1 and PTEN were not at all methylated in the cancer groups. CONCLUSIONS Methylation analysis in tissue of RASSF1A, APC, ESR1, ABCB1 and HOXC9 genes confirmed 79.8% of the existing diagnosis for the stage I NSCLC at specificity: 73.1%. The insufficiency of predicting disease onset in China, using the previously recommended targets (MGMT, DAPK1 and PTEN) in the United States reflects a potential disease disparity between these two populations. Alternatively, methylated state of this set of genes may be more specific to the late rather than the early stage of NSCLC.
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Liu ZM, Hasselt CAV, Song FZ, Vlantis AC, Cherian MG, Koropatnick J, Chen GG. Expression of functional metallothionein isoforms in papillary thyroid cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 302:92-8. [PMID: 19356627 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Metallothionein (MT) isoforms have not been studied in papillary thyroid cancer. We examined how the functional MT1 and MT2 isoforms were expressed in papillary thyroid cancer (KAT5) cells. We demonstrated that KAT5 cells expressed eight functional MT1 and MT2 isoforms induced by cadmium. Elevated calcium and activated ERK1/2 predated MT expression. The inhibition of either calcium or ERK1/2 significantly blocked the isoform expression. The induction of these isoforms accompanied an increased progression of cell cycle from G0/G1 to G2-M. The alternation in cell cycle disappeared when the expression of MT isoforms was blocked by calcium inhibitor or ERK1/2 inhibitor. Collectively, KAT5 cells express eight functional MT1 and MT2 isoforms in a pathway controlled by calcium and ERK1/2. The elevation of the MT isoforms contributes to the decreased G0/G1 but increased G2-M phase. These results reveal a novel pathway for the expression of the functional MT in papillary thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Min Liu
- Department of Surgery, Head and Neck Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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Huska D, Fabrik I, Baloun J, Adam V, Masarik M, Hubalek J, Vasku A, Trnkova L, Horna A, Zeman L, Kizek R. Study of Interactions between Metallothionein and Cisplatin by using Differential Pulse Voltammetry Brdickás reaction and Quartz Crystal Microbalance. SENSORS 2009; 9:1355-69. [PMID: 22573958 PMCID: PMC3345864 DOI: 10.3390/s90301355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Revised: 02/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Treatment strategies for tumour diseases are progressively focusing on personalization of medicine. However, this focus requires methods revealing the early general biological mechanisms, including the formation anti-cancer drugs’ resistance. The low molecular mass protein metallothionein is thought to be the crucial for the formation of resistance in tumour treatment based on the platinum-cytostatics. The interactions between metallothionein (MT) and cisplatin were determined by the adsorptive transfer stripping technique coupled with the differential pulse votlammetry Brdickás reaction. The signals related to the MT-cisplatin complex appeared at −0.9 V. The formation of this complex depended on the time of interaction between cisplatin and MT. The complex formation was consequently confirmed by quartz crystal microbalance analyses. The formation of this complex was detectable even after a 20 s long interaction. Moreover, we detected presence of MT-cisplatin complex in the blood of male rats treated with this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalibor Huska
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Fabrik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Baloun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Masarik
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromir Hubalek
- Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Udolni 53, CZ-602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Vasku
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Libuse Trnkova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Horna
- Tomas Bata University, T.G. Masaryka 275, CZ-762 72 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Zeman
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
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Pedersen MØ, Larsen A, Stoltenberg M, Penkowa M. The role of metallothionein in oncogenesis and cancer prognosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 44:29-64. [PMID: 19348910 DOI: 10.1016/j.proghi.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The antiapoptotic, antioxidant, proliferative, and angiogenic effects of metallothionein (MT)-I+II has resulted in increased focus on their role in oncogenesis, tumor progression, therapy response, and patient prognosis. Studies have reported increased expression of MT-I+II mRNA and protein in various human cancers; such as breast, kidney, lung, nasopharynx, ovary, prostate, salivary gland, testes, urinary bladder, cervical, endometrial, skin carcinoma, melanoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and pancreatic cancers, where MT-I+II expression is sometimes correlated to higher tumor grade/stage, chemotherapy/radiation resistance, and poor prognosis. However, MT-I+II are downregulated in other types of tumors (e.g. hepatocellular, gastric, colorectal, central nervous system (CNS), and thyroid cancers) where MT-I+II is either inversely correlated or unrelated to mortality. Large discrepancies exist between different tumor types, and no distinct and reliable association exists between MT-I+II expression in tumor tissues and prognosis and therapy resistance. Furthermore, a parallel has been drawn between MT-I+II expression as a potential marker for prognosis, and MT-I+II's role as oncogenic factors, without any direct evidence supporting such a parallel. This review aims at discussing the role of MT-I+II both as a prognostic marker for survival and therapy response, as well as for the hypothesized role of MT-I+II as causal oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Ø Pedersen
- Section of Neuroprotection, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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