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Gromadzka G, Wilkaniec A, Tarnacka B, Hadrian K, Bendykowska M, Przybyłkowski A, Litwin T. The Role of Glia in Wilson's Disease: Clinical, Neuroimaging, Neuropathological and Molecular Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7545. [PMID: 39062788 PMCID: PMC11276698 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Wilson's disease (WD) is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner and is caused by pathogenic variants of the ATP7B gene, which are responsible for impaired copper transport in the cell, inhibition of copper binding to apoceruloplasmin, and biliary excretion. This leads to the accumulation of copper in the tissues. Copper accumulation in the CNS leads to the neurological and psychiatric symptoms of WD. Abnormalities of copper metabolism in WD are associated with impaired iron metabolism. Both of these elements are redox active and may contribute to neuropathology. It has long been assumed that among parenchymal cells, astrocytes have the greatest impact on copper and iron homeostasis in the brain. Capillary endothelial cells are separated from the neuropil by astrocyte terminal legs, putting astrocytes in an ideal position to regulate the transport of iron and copper to other brain cells and protect them if metals breach the blood-brain barrier. Astrocytes are responsible for, among other things, maintaining extracellular ion homeostasis, modulating synaptic transmission and plasticity, obtaining metabolites, and protecting the brain against oxidative stress and toxins. However, excess copper and/or iron causes an increase in the number of astrocytes and their morphological changes observed in neuropathological studies, as well as a loss of the copper/iron storage function leading to macromolecule peroxidation and neuronal loss through apoptosis, autophagy, or cuproptosis/ferroptosis. The molecular mechanisms explaining the possible role of glia in copper- and iron-induced neurodegeneration in WD are largely understood from studies of neuropathology in Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Understanding the mechanisms of glial involvement in neuroprotection/neurotoxicity is important for explaining the pathomechanisms of neuronal death in WD and, in the future, perhaps for developing more effective diagnostic/treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Gromadzka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Wóycickiego 1/3, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Wilkaniec
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Tarnacka
- Department of Rehabilitation, Medical University of Warsaw, Spartańska 1, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Hadrian
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland (A.P.)
| | - Maria Bendykowska
- Students Scientific Association “Immunis”, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Przybyłkowski
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland (A.P.)
| | - Tomasz Litwin
- Second Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sobieskiego 9, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Gale J, Aizenman E. The physiological and pathophysiological roles of copper in the nervous system. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 60:3505-3543. [PMID: 38747014 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Copper is a critical trace element in biological systems due the vast number of essential enzymes that require the metal as a cofactor, including cytochrome c oxidase, superoxide dismutase and dopamine-β-hydroxylase. Due its key role in oxidative metabolism, antioxidant defence and neurotransmitter synthesis, copper is particularly important for neuronal development and proper neuronal function. Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that copper also serves important functions in synaptic and network activity, the regulation of circadian rhythms, and arousal. However, it is important to note that because of copper's ability to redox cycle and generate reactive species, cellular levels of the metal must be tightly regulated to meet cellular needs while avoiding copper-induced oxidative stress. Therefore, it is essential that the intricate system of copper transporters, exporters, copper chaperones and copper trafficking proteins function properly and in coordinate fashion. Indeed, disorders of copper metabolism such as Menkes disease and Wilson disease, as well as diseases linked to dysfunction of copper-requiring enzymes, such as SOD1-linked amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, demonstrate the dramatic neurological consequences of altered copper homeostasis. In this review, we explore the physiological importance of copper in the nervous system as well as pathologies related to improper copper handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Gale
- Department of Neurobiology and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elias Aizenman
- Department of Neurobiology and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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Tian Z, Jiang S, Zhou J, Zhang W. Copper homeostasis and cuproptosis in mitochondria. Life Sci 2023; 334:122223. [PMID: 38084674 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria serve as sites for energy production and are essential for regulating various forms of cell death induced by metal metabolism, targeted anticancer drugs, radiotherapy and immunotherapy. Cuproptosis is an autonomous form of cell death that depends on copper (Cu) and mitochondrial metabolism. Although the recent discovery of cuproptosis highlights the significance of Cu and mitochondria, there is still a lack of biological evidence and experimental verification for the underlying mechanism. We provide an overview of how Cu and cuproptosis affect mitochondrial morphology and function. Through comparison with ferroptosis, similarities and differences in mitochondrial metabolism between cuproptosis and ferroptosis have been identified. These findings provide implications for further exploration of cuproptotic mechanisms. Furthermore, we explore the correlation between cuproptosis and immunotherapy or radiosensitivity. Ultimately, we emphasize the therapeutic potential of targeting cuproptosis as a novel approach for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Su Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieyu Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenling Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Górska A, Markiewicz-Gospodarek A, Markiewicz R, Chilimoniuk Z, Borowski B, Trubalski M, Czarnek K. Distribution of Iron, Copper, Zinc and Cadmium in Glia, Their Influence on Glial Cells and Relationship with Neurodegenerative Diseases. Brain Sci 2023; 13:911. [PMID: 37371389 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13060911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent data on the distribution and influence of copper, zinc and cadmium in glial cells are summarized. This review also examines the relationship between those metals and their role in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which have become a great challenge for today's physicians. The studies suggest that among glial cells, iron has the highest concentration in oligodendrocytes, copper in astrocytes and zinc in the glia of hippocampus and cortex. Previous studies have shown neurotoxic effects of copper, iron and manganese, while zinc can have a bidirectional effect, i.e., neurotoxic but also neuroprotective effects depending on the dose and disease state. Recent data point to the association of metals with neurodegeneration through their role in the modulation of protein aggregation. Metals can accumulate in the brain with aging and may be associated with age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Górska
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 4 Jaczewskiego St., 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Renata Markiewicz
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Lublin, 18 Szkolna St., 20-124 Lublin, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Chilimoniuk
- Student Scientific Group at the Department of Family Medicine, 6a (SPSK1) Langiewicza St., 20-032 Lublin, Poland
| | - Bartosz Borowski
- Students Scientific Association at the Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mateusz Trubalski
- Students Scientific Association at the Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Czarnek
- Institute of Health Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów 1 H, 20-708 Lublin, Poland
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5
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Raschke S, Ebert F, Kipp AP, Kopp JF, Schwerdtle T. Selenium homeostasis in human brain cells: Effects of copper (II) and Se species. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 78:127149. [PMID: 36948045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both essential trace elements selenium (Se) and copper (Cu) play an important role in maintaining brain function. Homeostasis of Cu, which is tightly regulated under physiological conditions, seems to be disturbed in Alzheimer´s (AD) and Parkinson´s disease (PD) patients. Excess Cu promotes the formation of oxidative stress, which is thought to be a major cause for development and progression of neurological diseases (NDs). Most selenoproteins exhibit antioxidative properties and may counteract oxidative stress. However, expression of selenoproteins is altered under conditions of Se deficiency. Serum Se levels are decreased in AD and PD patients suggesting Se as an important factor in the development and progression of NDs. The aim of this study was to elucidate the interactions between Cu and Se in human brain cells particularly with respect to Se homeostasis. METHODS Firstly, modulation of Se status by selenite or SeMet were assessed in human astrocytes and human differentiated neurons. Therefore, cellular total Se content, intra- and extracellular selenoprotein P (SELENOP) content, and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity were quantified. Secondly, to investigate the impact of Cu on these markers, cells were exposed to copper(II)sulphate (CuSO4) for 48 h. In addition, putative protective effects of Se on Cu-induced toxicity, as measured by cell viability, DNA damage, and neurodegeneration were investigated. RESULTS Modulation of cellular Se status was strongly dependent on Se species. In detail, SeMet increased total cellular Se and SELENOP content, whereas selenite led to increased GPX activity and SELENOP excretion. Cu treatment resulted in 133-fold higher cellular Cu concentration with a concomitant decrease in Se content. Additionally, SELENOP excretion was suppressed in both cell lines, while GPX activity was diminished only in astrocytes. These effects of Cu could be partially prevented by the addition of Se depending on the cell line and Se species used. While Cu-induced oxidative DNA damage could not be prevented by addition of Se regardless of chemical species, SeMet protected against neurite network degeneration triggered by Cu. CONCLUSION Cu appears to negatively affect Se status in astrocytes and neurons. Especially with regard to an altered homeostasis of those trace elements during aging, this interaction is of high physiological relevance. Increasing Cu concentrations associated with decreased selenoprotein expression or functionality might be a promoting factor for the development of NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Raschke
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal 14558, Germany
| | - Franziska Ebert
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal 14558, Germany
| | - Anna Patricia Kipp
- Department of Molecular Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Str. 24, Jena 07743, Germany; TraceAge, DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Potsdam, Jena, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Florian Kopp
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal 14558, Germany; TraceAge, DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Potsdam, Jena, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal 14558, Germany; TraceAge, DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Potsdam, Jena, Berlin, Germany; German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, Berlin 10589, Germany.
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6
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Yun Z, Xianghong L, Qianhua G, Qin D. Copper ions inhibit Streptococcus mutans-Veillonella parvula dual biofilm by activating Streptococcus mutans reactive nitrogen species. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:48. [PMID: 36709299 PMCID: PMC9883903 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02738-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the inhibition mechanism of copper ions on Streptococcus mutans-Veillonella parvula dual biofilm. METHODS S. mutans-V. parvula dual biofilm was constructed and copper ions were added at different concentrations. After the biofilm was collected, RNA-seq and qRT-PCR were then performed to get gene information. RESULTS The coculture of S. mutans and V. parvula formed a significantly better dual biofilm of larger biomass than S. mutans mono biofilm. And copper ions showed a more significant inhibitory effect on S. mutans-V. parvula dual biofilm than on S. mutans mono biofilm when copper ions concentration reached 100 µM, and copper ions showed a decreased inhibitory effect on S. gordonii-V. parvula dual biofilm and S. sanguis-V.parvula dual biofilm than on the two mono biofilms as the concentration of copper ions increased. And common trace elements such as iron, magnesium, and zinc showed no inhibitory effect difference on S. mutans-V. parvula dual biofilm. The RNA-seq results showed a significant difference in the expression of a new ABC transporter SMU_651c, SMU_652c, SMU_653c, and S. mutans copper chaperone copYAZ. SMU_651c, SMU_652c, and SMU_653c were predicted to function as nitrite/nitrate transporter-related proteins, which suggested the specific inhibition of copper ions on S. mutans-V. parvula dual biofilm may be caused by the activation of S. mutans reactive nitrogen species. CONCLUSIONS Streptococcus mutans and Veillonella parvula are symbiotic, forming a dual biofilm of larger biomass to better resist the external antibacterial substances, which may increase the virulence of S. mutans. While common trace elements such as iron, magnesium, and zinc showed no specific inhibitory effect on S. mutans-V. parvula dual biofilm, copper ion had a unique inhibitory effect on S. mutans-V. parvula dual biofilm which may be caused by activating S. mutans RNS when copper ions concentration reached 250 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Yun
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China ,grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Liu Xianghong
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072 China
| | - Gao Qianhua
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072 China
| | - Du Qin
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072 China
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7
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Puig-Pijuan T, Souza LRQ, Pedrosa CDSG, Higa LM, Monteiro FL, Tanuri A, Valverde RHF, Einicker-Lamas M, Rehen SK. Copper regulation disturbance linked to oxidative stress and cell death during Zika virus infection in human astrocytes. J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:1997-2008. [PMID: 36063501 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Zika virus (ZIKV) caused neurological abnormalities in more than 3500 Brazilian newborns between 2015 and 2020. Data have pointed to oxidative stress in astrocytes as well as to dysregulations in neural cell proliferation and cell cycle as important events accounting for the cell death and neurological complications observed in Congenital Zika Syndrome. Copper imbalance has been shown to induce similar alterations in other pathologies, and disturbances in copper homeostasis have already been described in viral infections. Here, we investigated copper homeostasis imbalance as a factor that could contribute to the cytotoxic effects of ZIKV infection in astrocytes. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived astrocytes were infected with ZIKV; changes in the gene expression of copper homeostasis proteins were analyzed. The effect of the administration of CuCl2 or a copper chelator on oxidative stress, cell viability and percentage of infection were also studied. ZIKV infection leads to a downregulation of one of the transporters mediating copper release, ATP7B protein. We also observed the activation of mechanisms that counteract high copper levels, including the synthesis of copper chaperones and the reduction of the copper importer protein CTR1. Finally, we show that chelator-mediated copper sequestration in ZIKV-infected astrocytes reduces the levels of reactive oxygen species and improves cell viability, but does not change the overall percentage of infected cells. In summary, our results show that copper homeostasis imbalance plays a role in the pathology of ZIKV in astrocytes, indicating that it may also be a factor accounting for the developmental abnormalities in the central nervous system following viral infection. Evaluating micronutrient levels and the use of copper chelators in pregnant women susceptible to ZIKV infection may be promising strategies to manage novel cases of congenital ZIKV syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Puig-Pijuan
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Biomembranes, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leticia R Q Souza
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Luiza M Higa
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio Luis Monteiro
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amilcar Tanuri
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael H F Valverde
- Laboratory of Biomembranes, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Einicker-Lamas
- Laboratory of Biomembranes, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stevens Kastrup Rehen
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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8
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Brain microstructural abnormalities in patients with Wilson’s disease: A systematic review of diffusion tenor imaging studies. Brain Imaging Behav 2022; 16:2809-2840. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-022-00733-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Malych R, Füssy Z, Ženíšková K, Arbon D, Hampl V, Hrdý I, Sutak R. The response of Naegleria gruberi to oxidative stress. Metallomics 2022; 14:6527579. [PMID: 35150262 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic organisms require oxygen for respiration but must simultaneously cope with oxidative damages inherently linked with this molecule. Unicellular amoeboflagellates of the genus Naegleria, containing both free-living species and opportunistic parasite, thrive in aerobic environments. However, they are also known to maintain typical features of anaerobic organisms. Here, we describe the mechanisms of oxidative damage mitigation in Naegleria gruberi and focus on the molecular characteristics of three noncanonical proteins interacting with oxygen and its derived reactive forms. We show that this protist expresses hemerythrin, protoglobin and an aerobic-type rubrerythrin, with spectral properties characteristic of the cofactors they bind. We provide evidence that protoglobin and hemerythrin interact with oxygen in vitro and confirm the mitochondrial localization of rubrerythrin by immunolabeling. Our proteomic analysis and immunoblotting following heavy metal treatment revealed upregulation of hemerythrin, while rotenone treatment resulted in an increase in rubrerythrin protein levels together with vast upregulation of alternative oxidase. Our study provided new insights into the mechanisms employed by N. gruberi to cope with different types of oxidative stress and allowed us to propose specific roles for three unique and understudied proteins: hemerythrin, protoglobin and rubrerythrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Malych
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Zoltán Füssy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Ženíšková
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Arbon
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Hampl
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Hrdý
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Sutak
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
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10
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Furukawa Y. A pathological link between dysregulated copper binding in Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2022; 71:73-77. [PMID: 36213785 PMCID: PMC9519421 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.22-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene coding Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) are linked to a familial form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and its pathological hallmark includes abnormal accumulation of mutant SOD1 proteins in spinal motorneurons. Mutant SOD1 proteins are considered to be susceptible to misfolding, resulting in the accumulation as oligomers/aggregates. While it remains obscure how and why SOD1 becomes misfolded under pathological conditions in vivo, the failure to bind a copper and zinc ion in SOD1 in vitro leads to the significant destabilization of its natively folded structure. Therefore, genetic and pharmacological attempts to promote the metal binding in mutant SOD1 could serve as an effective treatment of ALS. Here, I briefly review the copper and zinc binding process of SOD1 in vivo and discuss a copper chaperone for SOD1 as a potential target for developing ALS therapeutics.
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11
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Pal A, Rani I, Pawar A, Picozza M, Rongioletti M, Squitti R. Microglia and Astrocytes in Alzheimer's Disease in the Context of the Aberrant Copper Homeostasis Hypothesis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1598. [PMID: 34827595 PMCID: PMC8615684 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence of copper's (Cu) involvement in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is available, but information on Cu involvement in microglia and astrocytes during the course of AD has yet to be structurally discussed. This review deals with this matter in an attempt to provide an updated discussion on the role of reactive glia challenged by excess labile Cu in a wide picture that embraces all the major processes identified as playing a role in toxicity induced by an imbalance of Cu in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Pal
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS, Kalyani 741245, West Bengal, India
| | - Isha Rani
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (MMIMSR), Maharishi Markandeshwar University (MMU), Mullana, Ambala 133207, Haryana, India;
| | - Anil Pawar
- Department of Zoology, DAV University, Jalandhar 144012, Punjab, India;
| | - Mario Picozza
- Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy;
| | - Mauro Rongioletti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Research and Development Division, San Giovanni Calibita Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, 00186 Rome, Italy;
| | - Rosanna Squitti
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
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12
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Curcumin and Nano-Curcumin Mitigate Copper Neurotoxicity by Modulating Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Akt/GSK-3β Signaling. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185591. [PMID: 34577062 PMCID: PMC8467357 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is essential for multiple biochemical processes, and copper sulphate (CuSO4) is a pesticide used for repelling pests. Accidental or intentional intoxication can induce multiorgan toxicity and could be fatal. Curcumin (CUR) is a potent antioxidant, but its poor systemic bioavailability is the main drawback in its therapeutic uses. This study investigated the protective effect of CUR and N-CUR on CuSO4-induced cerebral oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in rats, pointing to the possible involvement of Akt/GSK-3β. Rats received 100 mg/kg CuSO4 and were concurrently treated with CUR or N-CUR for 7 days. Cu-administered rats exhibited a remarkable increase in cerebral malondialdehyde (MDA), NF-κB p65, TNF-α, and IL-6 associated with decreased GSH, SOD, and catalase. Cu provoked DNA fragmentation, upregulated BAX, caspase-3, and p53, and decreased BCL-2 in the brain of rats. N-CUR and CUR ameliorated MDA, NF-κB p65, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, downregulated pro-apoptotic genes, upregulated BCL-2, and enhanced antioxidants and DNA integrity. In addition, both N-CUR and CUR increased AKT Ser473 and GSK-3β Ser9 phosphorylation in the brain of Cu-administered rats. In conclusion, N-CUR and CUR prevent Cu neurotoxicity by attenuating oxidative injury, inflammatory response, and apoptosis and upregulating AKT/GSK-3β signaling. The neuroprotective effect of N-CUR was more potent than CUR.
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Nano-Curcumin Prevents Cardiac Injury, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation, and Modulates TLR4/NF-κB and MAPK Signaling in Copper Sulfate-Intoxicated Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091414. [PMID: 34573046 PMCID: PMC8469340 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is essential for a plethora of biological processes; however, its high redox reactivity renders it potentially toxic. This study investigated the protective effect of curcumin (CUR) and nano-CUR (N-CUR) against Cu cardiotoxicity, emphasizing the role of oxidative stress, TLR4/NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and cell death in rats. Rats received 100 mg/kg copper sulfate (CuSO4), a pesticide used for repelling pests, and were concurrently treated with CUR or N-CUR for 7 days. Cu caused cardiac injury manifested by elevated serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI), creatine kinase (CK)-MB, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), as well as histopathological alterations. Cardiac malondialdehyde (MDA), NF-κB p65, TNF-α, and IL-6 were increased, and reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase were decreased in Cu-treated rats. CUR and N-CUR prevented cardiac tissue injury, decreased serum cTnI, CK-MB, and LDH, and cardiac MDA, NF-κB p65, TNF-α, and IL-6, and enhanced cellular antioxidants. CUR and N-CUR downregulated TLR4 and AP-1, and decreased the phosphorylation levels of p38 MAPK, JNK, and ERK1/2. In addition, CUR and N-CUR increased cardiac Bcl-2 and BAG-1, decreased Bax and caspase-3, and prevented DNA fragmentation. In conclusion, N-CUR prevents Cu cardiotoxicity by attenuating oxidative injury, inflammatory response, and apoptosis, and modulating TLR4/NF-κB and MAPK signaling. The cardioprotective effect of N-CUR was more potent than the native form.
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Isaev NK, Stelmashook EV, Genrikhs EE. Role of zinc and copper ions in the pathogenetic mechanisms of traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurosci 2021; 31:233-243. [PMID: 31747384 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2019-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The disruption of homeostasis of zinc (Zn2+) and copper (Cu2+) ions in the central nervous system is involved in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Wilson's, Creutzfeldt-Jakob, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's diseases (AD), and traumatic brain injury (TBI). The last two pathological conditions of the brain are the most common; moreover, it is possible that TBI is a risk factor for the development of AD. Disruptions of Zn2+ and Cu2+ homeostasis play an important role in the mechanisms of pathogenesis of both TBI and AD. This review attempts to summarize and systematize the currently available research data on this issue. The neurocytotoxicity of Cu2+ and Zn2+, the synergism of the toxic effect of calcium and Zn2+ ions on the mitochondria of neurons, and the interaction of Zn2+ and Cu2+ with β-amyloid (Abeta) and tau protein are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickolay K Isaev
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, N.A. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Biological Faculty, Moscow 119991, Russia.,Research Center of Neurology, Moscow 125367, Russia
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15
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Goto N, Hara H, Kondo M, Yasuda N, Kamiya T, Okuda K, Adachi T. Hydrogen sulfide increases copper-dependent neurotoxicity via intracellular copper accumulation. Metallomics 2021; 12:868-875. [PMID: 32315022 DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00015a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential trace element and acts as a redox cofactor for many enzymes; however, excess Cu is toxic to cells. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a well-known toxic gaseous molecule, but it has various biological effects such as neuromodulation and vasodilation. H2S was recently demonstrated to be involved in the detoxification of heavy metals, including zinc and cadmium, suggesting that H2S helps to maintain the homeostasis of heavy metals in cells. However, it is unclear how H2S impacts cellular Cu dynamics. In this study, we examined the effects of H2S on Cu cytotoxicity. Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to CuSO4 in the presence of the H2S donor NaHS. CuSO4 alone slightly induced cell injury, whereas the combination of CuSO4 and NaHS (Cu/NaHS) increased Cu cytotoxicity. The Cu chelator bathocuproinedisulfonic acid mitigated Cu/NaHS-induced cytotoxicity. Compared with CuSO4 alone, Cu/NaHS markedly promoted ROS generation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and a decrease in ATP production. In addition, reporter assay using the metal responsive element (MRE)-driven reporter plasmid revealed that Cu/NaHS augmented Cu-dependent MRE activation. The amount of intracellular Cu was significantly higher in cells treated with Cu/NaHS than in those treated with CuSO4 alone. Moreover, Cu/NaHS markedly suppressed the level of the Cu exporter ATP7A, but not ATP7B, protein, whereas the combination did not affect that of the Cu importer CTR1 protein. Taken together, we conclude that the marked decrease in the ATP7A protein level by Cu/NaHS promotes intracellular Cu accumulation and leads to increased Cu cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norika Goto
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
| | - Hirokazu Hara
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
| | - Mao Kondo
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
| | - Naomi Yasuda
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
| | - Tetsuro Kamiya
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
| | - Kensuke Okuda
- Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyama-kita, Higashinada, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Adachi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
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16
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Colombo E, Triolo D, Bassani C, Bedogni F, Di Dario M, Dina G, Fredrickx E, Fermo I, Martinelli V, Newcombe J, Taveggia C, Quattrini A, Comi G, Farina C. Dysregulated copper transport in multiple sclerosis may cause demyelination via astrocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2025804118. [PMID: 34183414 PMCID: PMC8271600 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2025804118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Demyelination is a key pathogenic feature of multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we evaluated the astrocyte contribution to myelin loss and focused on the neurotrophin receptor TrkB, whose up-regulation on the astrocyte finely demarcated chronic demyelinated areas in MS and was paralleled by neurotrophin loss. Mice lacking astrocyte TrkB were resistant to demyelination induced by autoimmune or toxic insults, demonstrating that TrkB signaling in astrocytes fostered oligodendrocyte damage. In vitro and ex vivo approaches highlighted that astrocyte TrkB supported scar formation and glia proliferation even in the absence of neurotrophin binding, indicating TrkB transactivation in response to inflammatory or toxic mediators. Notably, our neuropathological studies demonstrated copper dysregulation in MS and model lesions and TrkB-dependent expression of copper transporter (CTR1) on glia cells during neuroinflammation. In vitro experiments evidenced that TrkB was critical for the generation of glial intracellular calcium flux and CTR1 up-regulation induced by stimuli distinct from neurotrophins. These events led to copper uptake and release by the astrocyte, and in turn resulted in oligodendrocyte loss. Collectively, these data demonstrate a pathogenic demyelination mechanism via the astrocyte release of copper and open up the possibility of restoring copper homeostasis in the white matter as a therapeutic target in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Colombo
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Triolo
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Bassani
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Bedogni
- San Raffaele Rett Research Centre, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Di Dario
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Dina
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Evelien Fredrickx
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Fermo
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Vittorio Martinelli
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Jia Newcombe
- NeuroResource, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, WC1N 1PJ, London, UK
| | - Carla Taveggia
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Quattrini
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinthia Farina
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy;
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17
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Cheng H, Yang B, Ke T, Li S, Yang X, Aschner M, Chen P. Mechanisms of Metal-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurological Disorders. TOXICS 2021; 9:142. [PMID: 34204190 PMCID: PMC8235163 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9060142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Metals are actively involved in multiple catalytic physiological activities. However, metal overload may result in neurotoxicity as it increases formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and elevates oxidative stress in the nervous system. Mitochondria are a key target of metal-induced toxicity, given their role in energy production. As the brain consumes a large amount of energy, mitochondrial dysfunction and the subsequent decrease in levels of ATP may significantly disrupt brain function, resulting in neuronal cell death and ensuing neurological disorders. Here, we address contemporary studies on metal-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and its impact on the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Cheng
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (H.C.); (X.Y.)
| | - Bobo Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (B.Y.); (T.K.)
| | - Tao Ke
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (B.Y.); (T.K.)
| | - Shaojun Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China;
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (H.C.); (X.Y.)
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (B.Y.); (T.K.)
| | - Pan Chen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (B.Y.); (T.K.)
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18
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Witt B, Stiboller M, Raschke S, Friese S, Ebert F, Schwerdtle T. Characterizing effects of excess copper levels in a human astrocytic cell line with focus on oxidative stress markers. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2021; 65:126711. [PMID: 33486291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Being an essential trace element, copper is involved in diverse physiological processes. However, excess levels might lead to adverse effects. Disrupted copper homeostasis, particularly in the brain, has been associated with human diseases including the neurodegenerative disorders Wilson and Alzheimer's disease. In this context, astrocytes play an important role in the regulation of the copper homeostasis in the brain and likely in the prevention against neuronal toxicity, consequently pointing them out as a potential target for the neurotoxicity of copper. Major toxic mechanisms are discussed to be directed against mitochondria probably via oxidative stress. However, the toxic potential and mode of action of copper in astrocytes is poorly understood, so far. METHODS In this study, excess copper levels affecting human astrocytic cell model and their involvement in the neurotoxic mode of action of copper, as well as, effects on the homeostasis of other trace elements (Mn, Fe, Ca and Mg) were investigated. RESULTS Copper induced substantial cytotoxic effects in the human astrocytic cell line following 48 h incubation (EC30: 250 μM) and affected mitochondrial function, as observed via reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential and increased ROS production, likely originating from mitochondria. Moreover, cellular GSH metabolism was altered as well. Interestingly, not only cellular copper levels were affected, but also the homeostasis of other elements (Ca, Fe and Mn) were disrupted. CONCLUSION One potential toxic mode of action of copper seems to be effects on the mitochondria along with induction of oxidative stress in the human astrocytic cell model. Moreover, excess copper levels seem to interact with the homeostasis of other essential elements such as Ca, Fe and Mn. Disrupted element homeostasis might also contribute to the induction of oxidative stress, likely involved in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. These insights in the toxic mechanisms will help to develop ideas and approaches for therapeutic strategies against copper-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Witt
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Michael Stiboller
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Stefanie Raschke
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Sharleen Friese
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Franziska Ebert
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany; TraceAge - DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena, Germany; German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Lin J, Zheng Y, Liu Y, Lin Y, Wang Q, Lin XH, Zhu W, Lin WH, Wang N, Chen WJ, Fu Y. Higher Concentration of Plasma Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in Wilson Disease Patients with Neurological Manifestations. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1446-1450. [PMID: 33502774 PMCID: PMC8248415 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wilson disease is a rare, disabling, neurological genetic disease. Biomarkers of brain damage are less well developed. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein as a biomarker for neurological involvement in patients with Wilson disease. Methods This prospective cross‐observational study compared plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein concentration among different subtypes of patients with Wilson disease and healthy control subjects. Plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein levels were measured in 94 patients and 25 healthy control subjects. Patients were divided into two subtypes: patients with neurological manifestations (n = 74) or hepatic manifestations (n = 20). Results Median levels of plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein were significantly elevated in patients with neurological manifestations (143.87 pg/mL) compared with those with hepatic manifestations (107.50 pg/mL) and healthy control subjects (86.85 pg/mL). Receiver operating characteristic curve revealed that a plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein cutoff value of 128.8 pg/mL provides sufficient sensitivity (80.0%) and specificity (63.5%) to differentiate patients with neurological manifestations from those with hepatic manifestations. Conclusions Plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein may serve as a biomarker for distinguishing different subtypes of Wilson disease. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lin
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yexiang Zheng
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Radiology of First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yi Lin
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiqi Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Lin
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenli Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei-Hong Lin
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wan-Jin Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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20
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Wandt VK, Winkelbeiner N, Bornhorst J, Witt B, Raschke S, Simon L, Ebert F, Kipp AP, Schwerdtle T. A matter of concern - Trace element dyshomeostasis and genomic stability in neurons. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101877. [PMID: 33607499 PMCID: PMC7902532 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons are post-mitotic cells in the brain and their integrity is of central importance to avoid neurodegeneration. Yet, the inability of self-replenishment of post-mitotic cells results in the need to withstand challenges from numerous stressors during life. Neurons are exposed to oxidative stress due to high oxygen consumption during metabolic activity in the brain. Accordingly, DNA damage can occur and accumulate, resulting in genome instability. In this context, imbalances in brain trace element homeostasis are a matter of concern, especially regarding iron, copper, manganese, zinc, and selenium. Although trace elements are essential for brain physiology, excess and deficient conditions are considered to impair neuronal maintenance. Besides increasing oxidative stress, DNA damage response and repair of oxidative DNA damage are affected by trace elements. Hence, a balanced trace element homeostasis is of particular importance to safeguard neuronal genome integrity and prevent neuronal loss. This review summarises the current state of knowledge on the impact of deficient, as well as excessive iron, copper, manganese, zinc, and selenium levels on neuronal genome stability. Post-mitotic neurons show an increased vulnerability to oxidative stress. Trace element dyshomeostasis impairs neuronal genome maintenance, affecting DNA damage response as well as DNA repair. The review summarises the effects of excessive and deficient trace element levels neuronal genome stability maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria K Wandt
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany; TraceAge - DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Nicola Winkelbeiner
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany; TraceAge - DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Julia Bornhorst
- TraceAge - DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal, Germany; Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Barbara Witt
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Raschke
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Luise Simon
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany; TraceAge - DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Franziska Ebert
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany; TraceAge - DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Anna P Kipp
- TraceAge - DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Molecular Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Str. 24, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany; TraceAge - DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal, Germany; German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
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21
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Liu J, Huang Y, He J, Zhuo Y, Chen W, Ge L, Duan D, Lu M, Hu Z. Olfactory Mucosa Mesenchymal Stem Cells Ameliorate Cerebral Ischemic/Reperfusion Injury Through Modulation of UBIAD1 Expression. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:580206. [PMID: 33281557 PMCID: PMC7689024 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.580206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have presented a promising neuroprotective effect in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Olfactory mucosa MSCs (OM-MSCs), a novel source of MSCs located in the human nasal cavity, are easy to obtain and situated for autologous transplantation. The present study was designed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of OM-MSCs on cerebral I/R injury and the possible mechanisms. In the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (t-MCAO) model, excessive oxidative stress and increased swollen mitochondria were observed in the peri-infarct cortex. Intravenous injection of OM-MSCs ameliorated mitochondrial damage and restored oxidant/antioxidant imbalance. Using the oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) model in vitro, we discovered that the exposure of mouse neuroblastoma N2a cells to OGD/R triggers excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and induces mitochondrial deterioration with decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and reduces ATP content. OM-MSC transwell coculture attenuated the above perturbations accompanied with increased UbiA prenyltransferase domain-containing 1 (UBIAD1) expression, whereas these protective effects of OM-MSCs were blocked when UBIAD1 was knocked down. UBIAD1-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) reversed the increased membrane potential and ATP content promoted by OM-MSCs. Additionally, UBIAD1-specific siRNA blocked the oxidant/antioxidant balance treated by OM-MSCs. Overall, our results suggested that OM-MSCs exert neuroprotective effects in cerebral I/R injury by attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction and enhancing antioxidation via upregulation of UBIAD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jialin He
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Zhuo
- Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Lite Ge
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Da Duan
- Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiping Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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22
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Zubčić K, Hof PR, Šimić G, Jazvinšćak Jembrek M. The Role of Copper in Tau-Related Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:572308. [PMID: 33071757 PMCID: PMC7533614 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.572308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
All tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), are characterized by the intracellular accumulation of abnormal forms of tau protein in neurons and glial cells, which negatively affect microtubule stability. Under physiological conditions, tubulin-associated unit (Tau) protein is intrinsically disordered, almost without secondary structure, and is not prone to aggregation. In AD, it assembles, and forms paired helical filaments (PHFs) that further build-up neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Aggregates are composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein that is more prone to aggregation. The pathology of AD is also linked to disturbed copper homeostasis, which promotes oxidative stress (OS). Copper imbalance is widely observed in AD patients. Deregulated copper ions may initiate and exacerbate tau hyperphosphorylation and formation of β-sheet-rich tau fibrils that ultimately contribute to synaptic failure, neuronal death, and cognitive decline observed in AD patients. The present review summarizes factors affecting the process of tau aggregation, conformational changes of small peptide sequences in the microtubule-binding domain required for these motifs to act as seeding sites in aggregation, and the role of copper in OS induction, tau hyperphosphorylation and tau assembly. A better understanding of the various factors that affect tau aggregation under OS conditions may reveal new targets and novel pharmacological approaches for the therapy of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Zubčić
- Laboratory for Developmental Neuropathology, Department for Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Goran Šimić
- Laboratory for Developmental Neuropathology, Department for Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Jazvinšćak Jembrek
- Laboratory for Protein Dynamics, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Croatia, Zagreb, Croatia
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Yin C, Li J, Huo F. Cu2+ Biological Imaging Probes Based on Different Sensing Mechanisms. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:3958-4002. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170428110724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, fluorescent probes have recently attracted attention from researchers.
As a vital trace metal element, Cu2+ has an important role in the human body and
environment. Therefore, the development and design of Cu2+ small-molecular fluorescent
probes has been an active research area. This review focuses on the developments in the area
of small-molecular fluorescent probes for Cu2+ in biological applications according to different
sensing mechanisms including charge transfer (CT), electron transfer, energy transfer,
excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Yin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Jiawei Li and Caixia Yin, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Jiawei Li and Caixia Yin, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Fangjun Huo
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Fangjun Huo, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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24
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Dusek P, Litwin T, Członkowska A. Neurologic impairment in Wilson disease. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:S64. [PMID: 31179301 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.02.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neurologic symptoms in Wilson disease (WD) appear at an older age compared to hepatic symptoms and manifest in patients with misdiagnosed liver disease, in patients when the hepatic stage is clinically silent, in the case of non-compliance with anti-copper treatment, or with treatment failure. Neurologic symptoms in WD are caused by nervous tissue damage that is primarily a consequence of extrahepatic copper toxicity. Copper levels in brain tissues as well as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are diffusely increased by a factor of 10 and its toxicity involves various mechanisms such as mitochondrial toxicity, oxidative stress, cell membrane damage, crosslinking of DNA, and inhibition of enzymes. Excess copper is initially taken-up and buffered by astrocytes and oligodendrocytes but ultimately causes dysfunction of blood-brain-barrier and demyelination. Most severe neuropathologic abnormalities, including tissue rarefaction, reactive astrogliosis, myelin palor, and presence of iron-laden macrophages, are typically present in the putamen while other basal ganglia, thalami, and brainstem are usually less affected. The most common neurologic symptoms of WD are movement disorders including tremor, dystonia, parkinsonism, ataxia and chorea which are associated with dysphagia, dysarthria and drooling. Patients usually manifest with various combinations of these symptoms while purely monosymptomatic presentation is rare. Neurologic symptoms are largely reversible with anti-copper treatment, but a significant number of patients are left with residual impairment. The approach for symptomatic treatment in WD is based on guidelines for management of common movement disorders. The vast majority of WD patients with neurologic symptoms have abnormalities on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Pathologic MRI changes include T2 hyperintensities in the basal ganglia, thalami and white matter, T2 hypointensities in the basal ganglia, and atrophy. Most importantly, brain damage and neurologic symptoms can be prevented with an early initiation of anti-copper treatment. Introducing population WD screening, e.g., by exome sequencing genetic methods, would allow early treatment and decrease the neurologic burden of WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Dusek
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Radiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomasz Litwin
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Członkowska
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
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25
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Tan X, Zhou Y, Gong P, Guan H, Wu B, Hou L, Feng X, Zheng W, Li J. A multifunctional bis-(-)-nor-meptazinol-oxalamide hybrid with metal-chelating property ameliorates Cu(II)-induced spatial learning and memory deficits via preventing neuroinflammation and oxido-nitrosative stress in mice. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2019; 52:199-208. [PMID: 30732883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Excess copper exposure is a risk factor of neurodegeneration related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Evidence indicates that, besides promoting amyloid β aggregation, activation of neuroinflammation and oxido-nitrosative stress (two key pathophysiological processes of AD) may also play important roles in Cu(II)-induced neuronal injury. Therefore, the copper-chelating strategy has gained attention in search for new anti-AD drugs. We previously reported a novel multifunctional compound N1,N2-bis(3-(S)-meptazinol-propyl) oxalamide (ZLA), a bis-(-)-nor-meptazinol-oxalamide hybrid with properties of dual binding site acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition and Cu(II)/Zn(II) chelation. The present study was aimed to explore its effect on cognitive deficits caused by intrahippocampal injection of Cu(II) in mice. Results showed that ZLA (2, 5 mg/kg; i.p.) treatment significantly ameliorated the Cu(II)-induced impairment of hippocampus-dependent learning and memory, whereas rivastigmine, an AChE inhibitor showing a similar potency of enzyme inhibition to ZLA, had no obvious effect. Immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses revealed that ZLA attenuated the decrease in hippocampal expression of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2, a dendritic marker) in Cu(II)-challenged mice. Further analysis showed that ZLA suppressed the Cu(II)-evoked microglial activation. Moreover, it inhibited the Cu(II)-evoked production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1β and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the hippocampus. The Cu(II)-induced oxidative and nitrosative stress in the hippocampus was also attenuated after ZLA treatment. Collectively, these results suggest that ZLA ameliorates the Cu(II)-caused cognitive deficits. Inhibition of neuroinflammation and oxido-nitrosative stress, and thus ameliorating neuronal injury, may be the potential mechanism for the anti-amnesic effect of ZLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Tan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Ping Gong
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Huifeng Guan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Baichuan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Lina Hou
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Xuemei Feng
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Wei Zheng
- NPFPC Key Laboratory of Contraceptives and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, 2140 Xietu Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, PR China.
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Current insights on the role of iron and copper dyshomeostasis in the pathogenesis of bilirubin neurotoxicity. Life Sci 2017; 191:34-45. [PMID: 29030087 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Tanaka KI, Shimoda M, Kawahara M. Pyruvic acid prevents Cu 2+/Zn 2+-induced neurotoxicity by suppressing mitochondrial injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:1335-1341. [PMID: 29180015 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is known as a co-factor for over 300 metalloproteins or enzymes, and has essential roles in many physiological functions. However, excessively high Zn concentrations are induced in pathological conditions such as interruption of blood flow in stroke or transient global ischemia-induced neuronal cell death. Furthermore, we recently found that copper (Cu2+) significantly exacerbates Zn2+ neurotoxicity in mouse hypothalamic neuronal cells, suggesting that Zn2+ interaction with Cu2+ is important for the development of neurological disease. Meanwhile, organic acids such as pyruvic acid and citric acid are reported to prevent neuronal cell death induced by various stresses. Thus, in this study, we focused on organic acids and searched for compounds that inhibit Cu2+/Zn2+-induced neurotoxicity. Initially, we examined the protective effect of various organic acids on Cu2+/Zn2+-induced neurotoxicity, and found that pyruvic acid clearly suppresses Cu2+/Zn2+-induced neurotoxicity in GT1-7 cells. Next, we examined the protective mechanisms of pyruvic acid against Cu2+/Zn2+-induced neurotoxicity. Specifically, we examined the possibilities that pyruvic acid chelates Cu2+ and Zn2+ or suppresses the ER stress response, but found that neither was suppressed by pyruvic acid treatment. In contrast, pyruvic acid significantly suppressed cytochrome c release into cytoplasm, an index of mitochondrial injury, in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that pyruvic acid prevents Cu2+/Zn2+-induced neuronal cell death by suppressing mitochondrial injury. Based on our results, we assume that pyruvic acid may be therapeutically beneficial for neurological diseases involving neuronal cell death such as vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Tanaka
- Department of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan.
| | - Mikako Shimoda
- Department of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kawahara
- Department of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan.
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28
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3-Hydroxykynurenine and 3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid Enhance the Toxicity Induced by Copper in Rat Astrocyte Culture. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:2371895. [PMID: 28831293 PMCID: PMC5555010 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2371895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Copper is an integral component of various enzymes, necessary for mitochondrial respiration and other biological functions. Excess copper is related with neurodegenerative diseases as Alzheimer and is able to modify cellular redox environment, influencing its functions, signaling, and catabolic pathways. Tryptophan degradation through kynurenine pathway produces some metabolites with redox properties as 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HANA). The imbalance in their production is related with some neuropathologies, where the common factors are oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death. This study evaluated the effect of these kynurenines on the copper toxicity in astrocyte cultures. It assessed the CuSO4 effect, alone and in combination with 3-HK or 3-HANA on MTT reduction, ROS production, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), GHS levels, and cell viability in primary cultured astrocytes. Also, the chelating copper effect of 3-HK and 3-HANA was evaluated. The results showed that CuSO4 decreased MTT reduction, MMP, and GSH levels while ROS production and cell death are increasing. Coincubation with 3-HK and 3-HANA enhances the toxic effect of copper in all the markers tested except in ROS production, which was abolished by these kynurenines. Data suggest that 3-HK and 3-HANA increased copper toxicity in an independent manner to ROS production.
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29
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Abstract
Copper is an essential trace metal that is required for several important biological processes, however, an excess of copper can be toxic to cells. Therefore, systemic and cellular copper homeostasis is tightly regulated, but dysregulation of copper homeostasis may occur in disease states, resulting either in copper deficiency or copper overload and toxicity. This chapter will give an overview on the biological roles of copper and of the mechanisms involved in copper uptake, storage, and distribution. In addition, we will describe potential mechanisms of the cellular toxicity of copper and copper oxide nanoparticles. Finally, we will summarize the current knowledge on the connection of copper toxicity with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Bulcke
- Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dringen
- Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ivo Florin Scheiber
- Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Bremen, Germany.
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31
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Structural Diversity, Electrochemical, and DNA-Binding Properties of Copper(II) Carboxylates. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSACTION A-SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40995-016-0141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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32
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Dusek P, Bahn E, Litwin T, Jabłonka-Salach K, Łuciuk A, Huelnhagen T, Madai VI, Dieringer MA, Bulska E, Knauth M, Niendorf T, Sobesky J, Paul F, Schneider SA, Czlonkowska A, Brück W, Wegner C, Wuerfel J. Brain iron accumulation in Wilson disease: apost mortem7 Tesla MRI - histopathological study. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2016; 43:514-532. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Dusek
- Institute of Neuroradiology; University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience; 1 Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague; Charles University in Prague; Praha Czech Republic
| | - E. Bahn
- Institute of Neuropathology; University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - T. Litwin
- 2 Department of Neurology; Institute Psychiatry and Neurology; Warsaw Poland
| | - K. Jabłonka-Salach
- Faculty of Chemistry; Biological and Chemical Research Centre; University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - A. Łuciuk
- Faculty of Chemistry; Biological and Chemical Research Centre; University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - T. Huelnhagen
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.); Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association; Berlin Germany
| | - V. I. Madai
- Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB); Charité-Universitätsmedizin; Berlin Germany
| | - M. A. Dieringer
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.); Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association; Berlin Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC); Charité-Universitätsmedizin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC); Berlin Germany
| | - E. Bulska
- Faculty of Chemistry; Biological and Chemical Research Centre; University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - M. Knauth
- Institute of Neuroradiology; University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - T. Niendorf
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.); Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association; Berlin Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC); Charité-Universitätsmedizin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC); Berlin Germany
| | - J. Sobesky
- Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB); Charité-Universitätsmedizin; Berlin Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC); Charité-Universitätsmedizin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC); Berlin Germany
| | - F. Paul
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC); Charité-Universitätsmedizin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC); Berlin Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Clinical and Experimental Multiple Sclerosis Research Center; Department of Neurology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin; Berlin Germany
| | - S. A. Schneider
- Neurology Department; University of Kiel; Kiel Germany
- Department of Neurology; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
| | - A. Czlonkowska
- 2 Department of Neurology; Institute Psychiatry and Neurology; Warsaw Poland
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology; Medical University; Warsaw Poland
| | - W. Brück
- Institute of Neuropathology; University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - C. Wegner
- Institute of Neuropathology; University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - J. Wuerfel
- Institute of Neuroradiology; University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Clinical and Experimental Multiple Sclerosis Research Center; Department of Neurology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin; Berlin Germany
- Medical Imaging Analysis Center AG; Basel Switzerland
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Kunjunni R, Sathianathan S, Behari M, Chattopadhyay P, Subbiah V. Silencing of Human CutC Gene (hCutC) Induces Apoptosis in HepG2 Cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 172:120-126. [PMID: 26660891 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0577-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Copper is an essential microelement required for maintaining normal cell physiology. Copper transporter CutC is one of the six members of Cut family proteins, involved in prokaryotic copper homeostasis. Human homolog of CutC (hCutC) is an intracellular copper-binding protein with unknown physiological function. In the present study using HepG2 cells, we report the effects of hCutC knockdown on copper sensitivity and morphology of cells that ultimately leads to apoptosis. We silenced hCutC using specific small interfering RNA (siRNA), and its downregulation was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. Though there was no significant variation in total cellular copper as estimated by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), knockdown of hCutC caused an increase in sensitivity of HepG2 cells to copper loads when compared to control cells (studied by MTT-based cell viability assay). Morphological analysis by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated onset of apoptosis in hCutC-silenced cells which was exacerbated upon copper treatment. Mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) assay and DNA fragmentation assay further ensured apoptosis occurring in cells upon hCutC silencing. The present study reveals copper induced damage in cells upon hCutC silencing and provides evidence for the role of hCutC protein in intracellular copper homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remesh Kunjunni
- Department of Neurobiochemistry, India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, -110029, India
| | - Sandeep Sathianathan
- Department of Neurobiochemistry, India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, -110029, India
| | - Madhuri Behari
- Department of Neurology, India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, -110029, India
| | | | - Vivekanandhan Subbiah
- Department of Neurobiochemistry, India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, -110029, India.
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Lerner CA, Rutagarama P, Ahmad T, Sundar IK, Elder A, Rahman I. Electronic cigarette aerosols and copper nanoparticles induce mitochondrial stress and promote DNA fragmentation in lung fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:620-625. [PMID: 27343559 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxidants or nanoparticles have recently been identified as constituents of aerosols released from various styles of electronic cigarettes (E-cigs). Cells in the lung may be directly exposed to these constituents and harbor reactive properties capable of incurring acute cell injury. Our results show mitochondria are sensitive to both E-cig aerosols and aerosol containing copper nanoparticles when exposed to human lung fibroblasts (HFL-1) using an Air-Liquid Interface culture system, evident by elevated levels of mitochondrial ROS (mtROS). Increased mtROS after aerosol exposure is associated with reduced stability of OxPhos electron transport chain (ETC) complex IV subunit and nuclear DNA fragmentation. Increased levels of IL-8 and IL-6 in HFL-1 conditioned media were also observed. These findings reveal both mitochondrial, genotoxic, and inflammatory stresses are features of direct cell exposure to E-cig aerosols which are ensued by inflammatory duress, raising a concern on deleterious effect of vaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad A Lerner
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Pierrot Rutagarama
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Tanveer Ahmad
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Isaac K Sundar
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Alison Elder
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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35
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Harman MF, Ranocchia RP, Gorlino CV, Sánchez Vallecillo MF, Castell SD, Crespo MI, Maletto BA, Morón G, Pistoresi-Palencia MC. Expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells with arginase activity lasts longer in aged than in young mice after CpG-ODN plus IFA treatment. Oncotarget 2016; 6:13448-61. [PMID: 25922914 PMCID: PMC4537026 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
As we age, the homeostatic function of many systems in the body, such as the immune function declines, which in turn contributes to augment susceptibility to disease. Here we describe that challenging aged mice with synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated cytosine guanine motifs (CpG-ODN) emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA), (CpG-ODN+IFA) an inflammatory stimulus, led to the expansion of CD11b+Gr1+ myeloid cells with augmented expression of CD124 and CD31. These myeloid cells lasted longer in the spleen of aged mice than in their younger counterparts after CpG-ODN+IFA treatment and were capable of suppressing T cell proliferative response by arginase induction. Myeloid cells from aged CpG-ODN+IFA-treated mice presented increased arginase-1 expression and enzyme activity. In addition, we found a different requirement of cytokines for arginase induction according to mice age. In myeloid cells from young treated mice, arginase-1 expression and activity is induced by the presence of each IL-4 or IL-6 in their extracellular medium, unlike myeloid cells from aged treated mice which need the presence of both IL-4 and IL-6 together for arginase induction and suppressor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- María F Harman
- Centro de Investigación en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Romina P Ranocchia
- Centro de Investigación en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carolina V Gorlino
- Centro de Investigación en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María F Sánchez Vallecillo
- Centro de Investigación en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sofía D Castell
- Centro de Investigación en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María I Crespo
- Centro de Investigación en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Belkys A Maletto
- Centro de Investigación en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Morón
- Centro de Investigación en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María C Pistoresi-Palencia
- Centro de Investigación en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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36
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Bulcke F, Dringen R. Handling of Copper and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles by Astrocytes. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:33-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1688-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Kalita J, Kumar V, Ranjan A, Misra UK. Role of Oxidative Stress in the Worsening of Neurologic Wilson Disease Following Chelating Therapy. Neuromolecular Med 2015. [PMID: 26224517 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-015-8364-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Patients with neurologic Wilson disease (NWD) may worsen on treatment, but there is no study evaluating the role of oxidative stress. We report the role of plasma glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the worsening of NWD following treatment. Fifty-one treatment-naïve NWD patients were subjected to detailed clinical evaluation. The severity of NWD was noted, and dystonia was measured by Burke-Fahn-Marsden (BFM) score. Their hematological, serum chemistry, ultrasound abdomen and cranial MRI changes were noted. Plasma GSH, TAC and MDA, serum free copper (Cu) and 24-h urinary Cu were measured at admission and at 3 and 6 months after treatment. The patients were considered worsened if there was one or more grade deterioration in severity scale, >10 % deterioration in BFM score or appearance of new neurologic signs. The median age of the patients was 11 (5-37) years, and 12 were females. Following treatment, 25 patients improved, 12 worsened, and 14 had stationary course. The worsened group at 3 months had lower GSH (1.99 ± 0.17 vs. 2.30 ± 0.30 mg/dl; P = 0.004) and TAC (1.59 ± 0.12 vs. 1.82 ± 0.17 mmol Trolox equivalent/L; P = 0.001) and higher MDA (5.24 ± 0.22 vs. 4.34 ± 0.46 nmol/ml; P < 0.001) levels compared to the improved group. These changes were associated with increased serum free Cu (41.81 ± 3.31 vs. 35.62 ± 6.40 µg/dl; P = 0.02) and 24-h urinary Cu (206.42 ± 41.61 vs. 121.99 ± 23.72 µg/24 h; P < 0.001) in the worsened compared to the improved group. All the patients having worsening were on penicillamine. Worsening following chelating treatment in NWD may be due to oxidative stress which is induced by increased serum free Cu. These results may have future therapeutic implication and needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayantee Kalita
- Department of Neurology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Medical Sciences, Raebareily Road, Lucknow, 226014, India.
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Neurology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Medical Sciences, Raebareily Road, Lucknow, 226014, India
| | - Abhay Ranjan
- Department of Neurology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Medical Sciences, Raebareily Road, Lucknow, 226014, India
| | - Usha K Misra
- Department of Neurology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Medical Sciences, Raebareily Road, Lucknow, 226014, India
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38
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Kumar V, Ghosh S, Saini AK, Mobin SM, Mondal B. Copper(ii) mediated phenol ring nitration by nitrogen dioxide. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:19909-17. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt02318a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Addition of nitrogen dioxide in the THF solutions of Cu(ii) complexes of N2O2type ligands, L1H2and L2H2resulted in the nitration at the 4-position of coordinated equatorial phenolate ring of the ligand frameworks. Spectroscopic evidence suggests that the reaction proceeds through a phenoxyl radical complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- Assam 781039
- India
| | - Somnath Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- Assam 781039
- India
| | - Anoop Kumar Saini
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore
- Indore 452017
- India
| | - Shaikh M. Mobin
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore
- Indore 452017
- India
| | - Biplab Mondal
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- Assam 781039
- India
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39
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Sappal R, MacDonald N, Fast M, Stevens D, Kibenge F, Siah A, Kamunde C. Interactions of copper and thermal stress on mitochondrial bioenergetics in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 157:10-20. [PMID: 25310891 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Thermal stress may influence how organisms respond to concurrent or subsequent chemical, physical and biotic stressors. To unveil the potential mechanisms via which thermal stress modulates metals-induced bioenergetic disturbances, the interacting effects of temperature and copper (Cu) were investigated in vitro. Mitochondria isolated from rainbow trout livers were exposed to a range of Cu concentrations at three temperatures (5, 15 and 25 °C) with measurement of mitochondrial complex I (mtCI)-driven respiratory flux indices and uncoupler-stimulated respiration. Additional studies assessed effects of temperature and Cu on mtCI enzyme activity, induction of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP), swelling kinetics and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Maximal and basal respiration rates, as well as the proton leak, increased with temperature with the Q10 effects being higher at lower temperatures. The effect of Cu depended on the mitochondrial functional state in that the maximal respiration was monotonically inhibited by Cu exposure while low and high Cu concentrations stimulated and inhibited the basal respiration/proton leak, respectively. Importantly, temperature exacerbated the effects of Cu by lowering the concentration of the metal required for toxicity and causing loss of thermal dependence of mitochondrial respiration. Mitochondrial complex I activity was inhibited by Cu but was not affected by incubation temperature. Compared with the calcium (Ca) positive control, Cu-imposed mitochondrial swelling exhibited variable kinetics depending on the inducing conditions, and was highly temperature-sensitive. A partial reversal of the Cu-induced swelling by cyclosporine A was observed suggesting that it is in part mediated by MPTP. Interestingly, the combination of high Cu and high temperature not only completely inhibited mitochondrial swelling but also greatly increased the respiratory control ratio (RCR) relative to the controls. Copper exposure also caused marked MMP dissipation which was reversed by N-acetyl cysteine and vitamin E suggesting a role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in this response. Taken together, Cu impairs oxidative phosphorylation in part by inhibiting the electron transport chain (ETC), stimulating proton leak, inducing MPTP and dissipating MMP, with high temperature exacerbating these effects. Thus environmental temperature rise due to natural phenomenon or global climate change may sensitize fish to Cu toxicity by exacerbating mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Sappal
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Nicole MacDonald
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Mark Fast
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Don Stevens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Fred Kibenge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Ahmed Siah
- British Columbia Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences, 871A Island Highway, Campbell River, BC V9W 2C2, Canada
| | - Collins Kamunde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.
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40
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Pal A, Prasad R. An overview of various mammalian models to study chronic copper intoxication associated Alzheimer’s disease like pathology. Biometals 2014; 28:1-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-014-9799-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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41
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Subneurotoxic copper(II)-induced NF-κB-dependent microglial activation is associated with mitochondrial ROS. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 276:95-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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42
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Pal A, Prasad R. Recent discoveries on the functions of astrocytes in the copper homeostasis of the brain: a brief update. Neurotox Res 2014; 26:78-84. [PMID: 24385258 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-013-9453-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In the last two decades, there has been widespread acknowledgment of the pivotal role played by astrocytes in diverse aspects of central nervous system functioning. Astrocytes are crucial for the homeostasis of the copper in the central nervous system as evident by its proficiency in acquisition, trafficking, and export of copper. Moreover, the imbalance in copper homeostasis and impairment in astrocyte functioning are increasingly being recognized as an important contributing factor in the development of neurodegeneration and cognitive waning. In this review, we discuss the most recent advances in the field of copper homeostasis in astrocytes along with briefly outlining the copper dyshomeostasis associated hepatocerebral and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Pal
- Department of Biochemistry, P.G.I.M.E.R, Chandigarh, 160012, India
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43
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Kaneko Y, Tajiri N, Shojo H, Borlongan CV. Oxygen-glucose-deprived rat primary neural cells exhibit DJ-1 translocation into healthy mitochondria: a potent stroke therapeutic target. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 20:275-81. [PMID: 24382215 PMCID: PMC3947479 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS DJ-1 is a key redox-reactive neuroprotective protein implicated in regulation of oxidative stress after stroke. However, the molecular mechanism, especially the role of mitochondrial function, by which DJ-1 protects neural cells in stroke remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to reveal whether DJ-1 translocates into the mitochondria in exerting neuroprotection against oxidative stress. In particular, we examined DJ-1 secretion from primary rat neural cells (PRNCs) exposed to experimental stroke. METHODS Primary rat neural cells were exposed to the oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), an established in vitro stroke model, and DJ-1 translocation was measured by immunocytochemistry, and its secretion detected by ELISA. RESULTS Under OGD, DJ-1 translocated into the healthy mitochondria, and significant levels of DJ-1 protein were detected. Treatment with anti-DJ-1 antibody reduced cell viability and mitochondrial activity, and increased glutathione level. Interestingly, OGD reversed the ratio of astrocyte/neuron cells (6/4 to 4/6). CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these results revealed that DJ-1 participates in the acute endogenous neuroprotection after stroke via the mitochondrial pathway. That DJ-1 was detected immediately after stroke and efficiently translocated into the mitochondria offer a new venue for developing neuroprotective and/or neurorestorative strategies against ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Kaneko
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
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44
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A two-photon ratiometric fluorescence probe for cupric ions in live cells and tissues. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2933. [PMID: 24121717 PMCID: PMC3796302 DOI: 10.1038/srep02933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of sensitive and selective probes for cupric ions (Cu2+) at cell and tissue level is a challenging work for progress in understanding the biological effects of Cu2+. Here, we report a ratiometric two-photon probe for Cu2+ based on the organic-inorganic hybrids of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and Nile Blue dye. Meanwhile, Cu-free derivative of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD) – E2Zn2SOD is designed as the unique receptor for Cu2+ and conjugated on the surface of GQDs. This probe shows a blue-to-yellow color change in repose to Cu2+, good selectivity, low cytotoxicity, long-term photostability, and insensitivity to pH over the biologically relevant pH range. The developed probe allows the direct visualization of Cu2+ levels in live cells as well as in deep-tissues at 90–180 μm depth through the use of two-photon microscopy. Furthermore, the effect of ascorbic acid is also evaluated on intracellular Cu2+ binding to E2Zn2SOD by this probe.
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45
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Pushkar Y, Robison G, Sullivan B, Fu SX, Kohne M, Jiang W, Rohr S, Lai B, Marcus MA, Zakharova T, Zheng W. Aging results in copper accumulations in glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells in the subventricular zone. Aging Cell 2013; 12:823-32. [PMID: 23738916 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of rodent brains with X-ray fluorescence (XRF) microscopy combined with immunohistochemistry allowed us to demonstrate that local Cu concentrations are thousands of times higher in the glia of the subventricular zone (SVZ) than in other cells. Using XRF microscopy with subcellular resolution and intracellular X-ray absorption spectroscopy we determined the copper (I) oxidation state and the sulfur ligand environment. Cu K-edge X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy is consistent with Cu being bound as a multimetallic Cu-S cluster similar to one present in Cu-metallothionein. Analysis of age-related changes show that Cu content in astrocytes of the SVZ increases fourfold from 3 weeks to 9 months, while Cu concentration in other brain areas remain essentially constant. This increase in Cu correlates with a decrease in adult neurogenesis assessed using the Ki67 marker (both, however, can be age-related effects). We demonstrate that the Cu distribution and age-related concentration changes in the brain are highly cell specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Pushkar
- Department of Physics; Purdue University; 525 Northwestern Ave.; West Lafayette; IN; 47907; USA
| | - Gregory Robison
- Department of Physics; Purdue University; 525 Northwestern Ave.; West Lafayette; IN; 47907; USA
| | - Brendan Sullivan
- Department of Physics; Purdue University; 525 Northwestern Ave.; West Lafayette; IN; 47907; USA
| | - Sherleen X. Fu
- School of Health Sciences; Purdue University; 550 Stadium Mall Drive; West Lafayette; IN; 47907; USA
| | - Meghan Kohne
- Department of Physics; Purdue University; 525 Northwestern Ave.; West Lafayette; IN; 47907; USA
| | - Wendy Jiang
- School of Health Sciences; Purdue University; 550 Stadium Mall Drive; West Lafayette; IN; 47907; USA
| | - Sven Rohr
- Department of Physics; Purdue University; 525 Northwestern Ave.; West Lafayette; IN; 47907; USA
| | - Barry Lai
- X-ray Science Division; Advanced Photon Source; Argonne National Laboratory; Building 401; 9700 S. Cass Ave.; Argonne; IL; 60439; USA
| | - Matthew A. Marcus
- Advanced Light Source; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; 1 Cyclotron Rd.; Berkeley; CA; 94720; USA
| | - Taisiya Zakharova
- Department of Physics; Purdue University; 525 Northwestern Ave.; West Lafayette; IN; 47907; USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- School of Health Sciences; Purdue University; 550 Stadium Mall Drive; West Lafayette; IN; 47907; USA
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46
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Dringen R, Scheiber IF, Mercer JFB. Copper metabolism of astrocytes. Front Aging Neurosci 2013; 5:9. [PMID: 23503037 PMCID: PMC3596760 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This short review will summarize the current knowledge on the uptake, storage, and export of copper ions by astrocytes and will address the potential roles of astrocytes in copper homeostasis in the normal and diseased brain. Astrocytes in culture efficiently accumulate copper by processes that include both the copper transporter Ctr1 and Ctr1-independent mechanisms. Exposure of astrocytes to copper induces an increase in cellular glutathione (GSH) content as well as synthesis of metallothioneins, suggesting that excess of copper is stored as complex with GSH and in metallothioneins. Furthermore, exposure of astrocytes to copper accelerates the release of GSH and glycolytically generated lactate. Astrocytes are able to export copper and express the Menkes protein ATP7A. This protein undergoes reversible, copper-dependent trafficking between the trans-Golgi network and vesicular structures. The ability of astrocytes to efficiently take up, store and export copper suggests that astrocytes play a key role in the supply of neurons with copper and that astrocytes should be considered as target for therapeutic interventions that aim to correct disturbances in brain copper homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Dringen
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen Bremen, Germany ; Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen Bremen, Germany
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47
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Halatek T, Lutz P, Stetkiewicz J, Krajnow A, Wieczorek E, Swiercz R, Szymczak M, Wasowicz W. Comparison of neurobehavioral and biochemical effects in rats exposed to dusts from copper smelter plant at different locations. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2013; 48:1000-1011. [PMID: 23573920 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2013.773198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mixed exposure to metals (including arsenic and lead) associated with the neurological and respiratory effects constitute one of the major health problems of copper smelting. Chemical composition of the dust, and the expected health effect of inhalation can be very diverse at different parts of the smelter plant. The aims of this study were to compare lung responses and behavioral effects in female Wistar rats after instillation of dust collected from different production processes at the same smelter department. Dusts collected at two different locations of furnace hall were sifted through 25-μm-mesh sieve. Obtained dust fractions, P-25(I) collected near stove, rich in heavy metals and arsenic, and P-25(II) collected near anode residue storage site, rich in aluminium, were instilled to rats. At 1, 7 and 30 days after dusts instillation, lung injury and inflammation were measured by analyzing sings of lung permeability in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), cell differentiation in BALF sediment and lung morphology. The behavioral studies were done 30 days after exposure. Results of biochemical tests showed a strong pro-inflammatory effect of P-25(I) fractions. Mostly characteristic effects after instillation of P-25(I) samples were 10× increased protein leakages in BALF. Both P-25(I) and P-25(II) fractions caused a reduction of Clara-cell 16 protein concentration (CC16) in BALF and activation of serum butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) at all time points. The morphological studies after exposure to P-25(I) fractions showed multi-focal infiltrations in the alveoli. The behavioral results, especially P-25(II) group rats (in open filed, passive avoidance and hot plate tests), indicated adverse effects in the nervous system, which may be related to changes in the dopaminergic and cholinergic pathway. The symptoms were noted in the form of persistent neurobehavioral changes which might be associated with the content of neurotoxic metals. e.g. Al, Mn and/or As. Decrease of CC16 concentration that occurred immediately after instillation of both dust samples, point out impaired anti-inflammatory potential, resulted in early harmful effect not only to the respiratory tract but also to the whole body, including the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Halatek
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland.
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48
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Scheiber IF, Dringen R. Astrocyte functions in the copper homeostasis of the brain. Neurochem Int 2012; 62:556-65. [PMID: 22982300 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Copper is an essential element that is required for a variety of important cellular functions. Since not only copper deficiency but also excess of copper can seriously affect cellular functions, the cellular copper metabolism is tightly regulated. In brain, astrocytes appear to play a pivotal role in the copper metabolism. With their strategically important localization between capillary endothelial cells and neuronal structures they are ideally positioned to transport copper from the blood-brain barrier to parenchymal brain cells. Accordingly, astrocytes have the capacity to efficiently take up, store and to export copper. Cultured astrocytes appear to be remarkably resistant against copper-induced toxicity. However, copper exposure can lead to profound alterations in the metabolism of these cells. This article will summarize the current knowledge on the copper metabolism of astrocytes, will describe copper-induced alterations in the glucose and glutathione metabolism of astrocytes and will address the potential role of astrocytes in the copper metabolism of the brain in diseases that have been connected with disturbances in brain copper homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo F Scheiber
- Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
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49
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Ferrari CKB. Effects of xenobiotics on total antioxidant capacity. Interdiscip Toxicol 2012; 5:117-22. [PMID: 23554550 PMCID: PMC3600510 DOI: 10.2478/v10102-012-0019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this article was to review the effects of xenobiotics on total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Measurement of TAC is appropriate for evaluation of the total antioxidant defenses of blood, cells, and different kinds of tissues and organs. TAC is reduced by alcoholism, smoking, and exposure to radiation, herbicides, carbon monoxide, carbon tetrachloride, lead, arsenic, mercury, cadmium, aluminum, and other toxic elements. The test is also an important tool in evaluating environmental and occupational exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Kusano Bucalen Ferrari
- Biomedical Research Group, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (ICBS), Campus Universitário do Araguaia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Gov. Jaime Campos, 6390, Distrito Industrial, Barra do Garças, 78.600-000, MT, Brazil
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50
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Chen DB, Feng L, Lin XP, Zhang W, Li FR, Liang XL, Li XH. Penicillamine increases free copper and enhances oxidative stress in the brain of toxic milk mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37709. [PMID: 22629446 PMCID: PMC3357430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wilson disease (WD) is characterized by the accumulation of copper arising from a mutation in the ATP7B gene. Penicillamine (PA) makes 10–50% of the patients with neurologic symptoms neurologically worse at the early stage of administration. The aim of this study was to determine how the copper metabolism changes and whether the change impairs the brain of toxic milk (tx) mice, an animal model of WD, during the PA administration. The free copper and protein-bound copper concentrations in the serum, cortex and basal ganglia of tx mice with PA administration for 3 days, 10 days and 14 days, respectively, were investigated. The expression of copper transporters, ATP7A and CTR1,was analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR, immunofluorescence and Western blot. Then SOD, MDA and GSH/GSSG were detected to determine whether the oxidative stress changed correspondingly. The results revealed the elevated free copper concentrations in the serum and brain, and declined protein-bound copper concentrations in the brain of tx mice during PA administration. Meanwhile, transiently increased expression of ATP7A and CTR1 was observed generally in the brain parenchyma by immunofluorescence, real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot. Additionally, ATP7A and CTR1 were observed to locate mainly at Golgi apparatus and cellular membrane respectively. Intense staining of ATP7A in the choroid plexus was found in tx mice on the 3rd and 10th day of PA treatment, but rare staining of ATP7A and CTR1 in the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Decreased GSH/GSSG and increased MDA concentrations were also viewed in the cortex and basal ganglia. Our results suggested the elevated free copper concentrations in the brain might lead to the enhanced oxidative stress during PA administration. The increased free copper in the brain might come from the copper mobilized from brain parenchyma cells but not from the serum according to the ATP7A and CTR1 expression analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Bang Chen
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Feng
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Pu Lin
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fu-Rong Li
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Ling Liang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xun-Hua Li
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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