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Kapitan M, Niemiec MJ, Millet N, Brandt P, Chowdhury MEK, Czapka A, Abdissa K, Hoffmann F, Lange A, Veleba M, Nietzsche S, Mosig AS, Löffler B, Marquet M, Makarewicz O, Kline KA, Vylkova S, Swidergall M, Jacobsen ID. Synergistic cross-kingdom host cell damage between Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.11.612452. [PMID: 39314435 PMCID: PMC11419042 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.11.612452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
The fungus Candida albicans and the Gram-positive bacterium Enterococcus faecalis share mucosal niches in the human body. As opportunistic pathogens, both are found to expand population size during dysbiosis, and can cause severe systemic infections in susceptible individuals. Here, we show that the presence of C. albicans results in increased host cell damage by E. faecalis . Furthermore, E. faecalis aggravates oropharyngeal candidiasis in mice. Increased damage is mediated by enterococcal cytolysin, and involves both physical interaction and altered glucose availability. Physical interaction promotes accumulation of bacteria on host cells, facilitating contact of cytolysin with host cells. Glucose depletion by the metabolic activity of the fungus sensitized host cells to cytolysin. This work illustrates how a complex interplay between fungi and bacteria can result in detrimental consequences for the host.
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Guo TY, Kuo WT, Tsai YS, Yu LCH, Huang CY. Glucose-Stimulated Mucus Secretion by Goblet Cells Mitigates Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Mesenteric Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Curr Dev Nutr 2024; 8:104431. [PMID: 39263224 PMCID: PMC11388543 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.104431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Superior mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) causes barrier dysfunction and facilitates bacterial translocation (BT) in the small intestine, which can even lead to systemic sepsis. Our previous research showed that luminal administration of glucose and its anaerobic glycolytic metabolites exerted cytoprotective effects on epithelial cells and ameliorated I/R-induced BT in the liver and spleen. Notably, the reduction of BT occurs over the whole intestinal tract, not only restricted in the ligated glucose-containing loop. Objectives In this study, we hypothesized that local jejunal glucose-contacting might confer on the remote intestinal epithelium regeneration potential, fortify their barrier function and goblet cell secretory activity. Methods Two 10-cm jejunal segments were isolated in Wistar rats. One segment was ligatured at both ends and infused with Krebs buffer containing 0- or 50-mM glucose (local loop), whereas the adjacent segment was left unaltered and not exposed to glucose (remote loop). The rats then underwent either a sham operation or I/R challenge by occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery for 20 min, followed by reperfusion for 1 h. Results Enteral addition of glucose in the local jejunum loop alleviated ischemia-induced barrier defects, histopathological scores, cell death, and mucosal inflammation (myeloperoxidase and inflammatory cytokine production) in the remote jejunum. After ischemia, goblet cells in the remote jejunum showed cavitation of mucin granules and low MUC2 expression. Local addition of glucose enhanced MUC2 synthesis and stimulated a jet-like mucus secretion in the remote jejunum, which was accompanied by the restoration of crypt activity. Conclusions Our results showed local enteral glucose effectively mitigates I/R-induced barrier dysfunction, suggesting that local glucose-stimulated mucus secretion by remote goblet cells may serve to mitigate mucosal inflammation and BT. We provide a more precise barrier protection role of enteral glucose upon I/R challenge, presenting new opportunities for future therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-You Guo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Syuan Tsai
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Linda Chia-Hui Yu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ying Huang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Ping K, Yang R, Chen H, Xie S, Li M, Xiang Y, Lu Y, Dong J. Gypenoside XLIX alleviates intestinal injury by inhibiting sepsis-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 397:111077. [PMID: 38810818 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Intestinal barrier dysfunction is a significant complication induced by sepsis, yet therapeutic strategies targeting such dysfunction remain inadequate. This study investigates the protective effects of Gypenoside XLIX (Gyp XLIX) against intestinal damage induced by sepsis. Septic intestinal injury in mice was induced by cecum ligation and puncture (CLP) surgery. The biological activity and potential mechanisms of Gyp XLIX were explored through intraperitoneal injection of Gyp XLIX (40 mg/kg). The study demonstrates that Gyp XLIX improves the pathological structural damage of the intestine and increases tight junction protein expression as well as the number of cup cells. Through activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 - Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Nrf2-Keap1) pathway, Gyp XLIX enhances antioxidant enzyme levels while reducing the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, Gyp XLIX effectively alleviates sepsis-induced intestinal inflammation by inhibiting the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Moreover, Gyp XLIX inhibits cell death through modifying phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway, further enhancing its ability to shield the intestinal barrier. The combined action of these molecular mechanisms promotes the restoration of immune balance and reduces excessive autophagy activity induced under septic conditions. In summary, Gyp XLIX exhibits a significant preventive action against intestinal damage brought on by sepsis, with its mechanisms involving the improvement of intestinal barrier function, antioxidative stress, inhibition of inflammatory response, and cell apoptosis. This research offers a potential strategy for addressing intestinal barrier impairment brought on by sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixin Ping
- Jiangsu Marine Pharmaceutical Resources Development Engineering Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery Department, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Rongrong Yang
- Department of Oncology, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang (The Oncology Hospital of Lianyungang), Affiliated to Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Huizhen Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery Department, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Shaocheng Xie
- Jiangsu Marine Pharmaceutical Resources Development Engineering Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Mengxin Li
- Jiangsu Marine Pharmaceutical Resources Development Engineering Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery Department, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Yannan Xiang
- Jiangsu Marine Pharmaceutical Resources Development Engineering Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; Department of Oncology, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang (The Oncology Hospital of Lianyungang), Affiliated to Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Yingzhi Lu
- Department of Oncology, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang (The Oncology Hospital of Lianyungang), Affiliated to Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, 222000, China.
| | - Jingquan Dong
- Jiangsu Marine Pharmaceutical Resources Development Engineering Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China.
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Liu Z, Wang J, Tian P, Liu Y, Xing L, Fu C, Huang X, Liu P. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 promotes the biofunctions of perivascular preadipocytes mediated by Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C1611-C1624. [PMID: 38646789 PMCID: PMC11371362 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00606.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The influence of SGLT-1 on perivascular preadipocytes (PVPACs) and vascular remodeling is not well understood. This study aimed to elucidate the role and mechanism of SGLT-1-mediated PVPACs bioactivity. PVPACs were cultured in vitro and applied ex vivo to the carotid arteries of mice using a lentivirus-based thermosensitive in situ gel (TISG). The groups were treated with Lv-SGLT1 (lentiviral vector, overexpression), Lv-siSGLT1 (RNA interference, knockdown), or specific signaling pathway inhibitors. Assays were conducted to assess changes in cell proliferation, apoptosis, glucose uptake, adipogenic differentiation, and vascular remodeling in the PVPACs. Protein expression was analyzed by Western blotting, immunocytochemistry, and/or immunohistochemistry. The methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay and Hoechst 33342 staining indicated that SGLT-1 overexpression significantly promoted PVPACs proliferation and inhibited apoptosis in vitro. Conversely, SGLT-1 knockdown exerted the opposite effect. Oil Red O staining revealed that SGLT-1 overexpression facilitated adipogenic differentiation, while its inhibition mitigated these effects. 3H-labeled glucose uptake experiments demonstrated that SGLT-1 overexpression enhanced glucose uptake by PVPACs, whereas RNA interference-mediated SGLT-1 inhibition had no significant effect on glucose uptake. Moreover, RT-qPCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence analyses revealed that SGLT-1 overexpression upregulated FABP4 and VEGF-A levels and activated the Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway, whereas SGLT-1 knockdown produced the opposite effects. In vivo studies corroborated these findings and indicated that SGLT-1 overexpression facilitated carotid artery remodeling. Our study demonstrates that SGLT-1 activation of the Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway promotes PVPACs proliferation, adipogenesis, glucose uptake, glucolipid metabolism, and vascular remodeling.NEW & NOTEWORTHY SGLT-1 is expressed in PVPACs and can affect preadipocyte glucolipid metabolism and vascular remodeling. SGLT-1 promotes the biofunctions of PVPACs mediated by Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway. Compared with caudal vein or intraperitoneal injection, the external application of lentivirus-based thermal gel around the carotid artery is an innovative attempt at vascular remodeling model, it may effectively avoid the transfection of lentiviral vector into the whole body of mice and the adverse effect on experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiquan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Peiqing Tian
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yixuan Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liyun Xing
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Caihua Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xianwei Huang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Mitchell SB, Hung YH, Thorn TL, Zou J, Baser F, Gulec S, Cheung C, Aydemir TB. Sucrose-induced hyperglycemia dysregulates intestinal zinc metabolism and integrity: risk factors for chronic diseases. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1220533. [PMID: 37637953 PMCID: PMC10450956 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1220533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Zinc is an essential micronutrient that is critical for many physiological processes, including glucose metabolism, regulation of inflammation, and intestinal barrier function. Further, zinc dysregulation is associated with an increased risk of chronic inflammatory diseases such as type II diabetes, obesity, and inflammatory bowel disease. However, whether altered zinc status is a symptom or cause of disease onset remains unclear. Common symptoms of these three chronic diseases include the onset of increased intestinal permeability and zinc dyshomeostasis. The specific focus of this work is to investigate how dietary sources of intestinal permeability, such as high sucrose consumption, impact transporter-mediated zinc homeostasis and subsequent zinc-dependent physiology contributing to disease development. Method We used in vivo subchronic sucrose treatment, ex vivo intestinal organoid culture, and in vitro cell systems. We analyze the alterations in zinc metabolism and intestinal permeability and metabolic outcomes. Results We found that subchronic sucrose treatment resulted in systemic changes in steady-state zinc distribution and increased 65Zn transport (blood-to-intestine) along with greater ZIP14 expression at the basolateral membrane of the intestine. Further, sucrose treatment enhanced cell survival of intestinal epithelial cells, activation of the EGFR-AKT-STAT3 pathway, and intestinal permeability. Conclusion Our work suggests that subchronic high sucrose consumption alters systemic and intestinal zinc homeostasis linking diet-induced changes in zinc homeostasis to the intestinal permeability and onset of precursors for chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu-Han Hung
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Trista Lee Thorn
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Jiaqi Zou
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Filiz Baser
- Molecular Nutrition and Human Physiology Laboratory, Department of Food Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Sukru Gulec
- Molecular Nutrition and Human Physiology Laboratory, Department of Food Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Celeste Cheung
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Blackberry-Loaded AgNPs Attenuate Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030419. [PMID: 36984859 PMCID: PMC10051224 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a pathophysiological insult that often occurs during liver surgery. Blackberry leaves are known for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Aims: To achieve site-specific delivery of blackberry leaves extract (BBE) loaded AgNPs to the hepatocyte in IRI and to verify possible molecular mechanisms. Methods: IRI was induced in male Wister rats. Liver injury, hepatic histology, oxidative stress markers, hepatic expression of apoptosis-related proteins were evaluated. Non-targeted metabolomics for chemical characterization of blackberry leaves extract was performed. Key findings: Pre-treatment with BBE protected against the deterioration caused by I/R, depicted by a significant improvement of liver functions and structure, as well as reduction of oxidative stress with a concomitant increase in antioxidants. Additionally, BBE promoted phosphorylation of antiapoptotic proteins; PI3K, Akt and mTOR, while apoptotic proteins; Bax, Casp-9 and cleaved Casp-3 expressions were decreased. LC-HRMS-based metabolomics identified a range of metabolites, mainly flavonoids and anthocyanins. Upon comprehensive virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulation, the major annotated anthocyanins, cyanidin and pelargonidin glucosides, were suggested to act as PLA2 inhibitors. Significance: BBE can ameliorate hepatic IRI augmented by BBE-AgNPs nano-formulation via suppressing, oxidative stress and apoptosis as well as stimulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Afolabi OA, Akhigbe TM, Akhigbe RE, Alabi BA, Gbolagun OT, Taiwo ME, Fakeye OO, Yusuf EO. Methanolic Moringa oleifera leaf extract protects against epithelial barrier damage and enteric bacterial translocation in intestinal I/R: Possible role of caspase 3. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:989023. [PMID: 36210817 PMCID: PMC9546449 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.989023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Activation of caspase 3 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of I/R injury in various organs, but there is a paucity of data on its role in IIRI. Also, no reports were found on the beneficial role of methanolic Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MMOLE) in IIRI. This study investigated the involvement of caspase 3 in IIRI, and the impact of MMOLE in IIRI. Methods: Male Wistar rats were randomized into five groups; the sham-operated group that was sham-operated and received 0.5 ml of distilled water for 7 days prior to sham surgery, and the IIRI, febuxostat (FEB) +IIRI, low dose MMOLE (LDMO)+IIRI, and high dose MMOLE (HDMO)+IIRI groups that underwent I/R and also received 0.5 ml of distilled water, 10 mg/kg of febuxostat, 200 mg/kg of MMOLE, and 400 mg/kg of MMOLE respectively for 7 days prior to I/R. Markers of hepatic function, oxidative stress, and inflammation as well as enteric bacterial translocation and histoarchitecture integrity of intestinal and hepatic tissues were evaluated. The bioactive components of MMOLE were also determined by GC-MS. Results: As revealed by GC-MS, the active bioactive components of MMOLE were thiosemicarbazone, hydrazine, 1,3-dioxolane, octanoic acid, 1,3-benzenediamine, 9-octadecenoic acid, oleic acid, nonadecanoic acid, 3-undecanone, phosphonic acid, and cyclopentanecarboxylic acid. MMOLE alleviated IIRI-induced rise in intestinal and hepatic injury markers, malondialdehyde, TNF-α, IL-6, and myeloperoxidase activities. MMOLE improved IIRI-induced suppression of reduced glutathione, thiol and non-thiol proteins, and superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities. These were associated with suppression of IIRI-induced caspase 3 activity and bacterial translocation. Histopathological evaluation revealed that MMOLE attenuated IIRI-induced alterations in intestinal and hepatic histoarchitecture integrity. MMOLE also militated against increased absolute and relative intestinal and hepatic weight, intestinal and hepatic injuries, epithelial mucosal barrier dysfunction, and enteric bacterial translocation associated with IIRI by downregulating oxidative stress-mediated activation of caspase 3. Conclusion: IIRI is associated with a rise in caspase 3 activity. Also, MMOLE confers protection against IIRI, possibly due to its constituent bioactive molecules, especially hydrazine, 9-octadecenoic acid, 1,3-dioxolane, oleic acid, and nonadecanoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A. Afolabi
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - T M. Akhigbe
- Department of Agronomy, Osun State University, Osogbo, Osun, Nigeria
- Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Osun, Nigeria
| | - R E. Akhigbe
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo, Nigeria
- Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Osun, Nigeria
- *Correspondence: R E. Akhigbe,
| | - B A. Alabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Bowen University, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - O T. Gbolagun
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - M E. Taiwo
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - O O. Fakeye
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - E O. Yusuf
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo, Nigeria
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Liao S, Luo J, Kadier T, Ding K, Chen R, Meng Q. Mitochondrial DNA Release Contributes to Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:854994. [PMID: 35370747 PMCID: PMC8966724 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.854994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria release many damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) when cells are damaged or stressed, with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) being. MtDNA activates innate immune responses and induces inflammation through the TLR-9, NLRP3 inflammasome, and cGAS-STING signaling pathways. Released inflammatory factors cause damage to intestinal barrier function. Many bacteria and endotoxins migrate to the circulatory system and lymphatic system, leading to systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and even damaging the function of multiple organs throughout the body. This process may ultimately lead to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Recent studies have shown that various factors, such as the release of mtDNA and the massive infiltration of inflammatory factors, can cause intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. This destroys intestinal barrier function, induces an inflammatory storm, leads to SIRS, increases the vulnerability of organs, and develops into MODS. Mitophagy eliminates dysfunctional mitochondria to maintain cellular homeostasis. This review discusses mtDNA release during the pathogenesis of intestinal I/R and summarizes methods for the prevention or treatment of intestinal I/R. We also discuss the effects of inflammation and increased intestinal barrier permeability on drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishi Liao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tulanisa Kadier
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, East Hospital, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingtao Meng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, East Hospital, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Filippone A, Casili G, Ardizzone A, Lanza M, Mannino D, Paterniti I, Esposito E, Campolo M. Inhibition of Prolyl Oligopeptidase Prevents Consequences of Reperfusion following Intestinal Ischemia. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101354. [PMID: 34680471 PMCID: PMC8533609 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) remains a clinical event that contributes to high morbidity and mortality rates. Intestinal epithelium is exposed to histological and vascular changes following tissue ischemia. Prolyl endopeptidase (PREP), involved in inflammatory responses, could be targeted for recovery from the permanent consequences following intestinal ischemia. Our aim was to investigate the role of PREP inhibitor KYP-2047 in tissue damage, angiogenesis, and endothelial barrier permeability after intestinal IRI in mice. METHODS KYP-2047 treatments were performed 5 min prior to intestinal damage. Intestinal IRI was induced in mice by clamping the superior mesenteric artery and the celiac trunk for 30 min, followed by 1 h of reperfusion. RESULTS PREP inhibition by KYP-2047 treatment reduced intestinal IR-induced histological damage and neutrophil accumulation, limiting inflammation through decrease of NF-ĸB nuclear translocation and fibrotic processes. KYP-2047 treatment restored barrier permeability and structural alteration following intestinal IRI, attenuating neovascular processes compromised by ischemia/reperfusion. Additionally, loss of epithelial cells during intestinal ischemia occurring by apoptosis was limited by KYP-2047 treatment, which showed strong effects counteracting apoptosis and DNA damage. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide the first evidence that PREP inhibition through KYP-2047 inhibitor use could be a validate strategy for resolving alterations of intestinal epithelium the pathophysiology of intestinal disease.
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Wong YL, Lautenschläger I, Hummitzsch L, Zitta K, Cossais F, Wedel T, Rusch R, Berndt R, Gruenewald M, Weiler N, Steinfath M, Albrecht M. Effects of different ischemic preconditioning strategies on physiological and cellular mechanisms of intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury: Implication from an isolated perfused rat small intestine model. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256957. [PMID: 34478453 PMCID: PMC8415612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-injury often results in sepsis and organ failure and is of major importance in the clinic. A potential strategy to reduce I/R-injury is the application of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) during which repeated, brief episodes of I/R are applied. The aim of this study was to evaluate physiological and cellular effects of intestinal I/R-injury and to compare the influence of in-vivo IPC (iIPC) with ex-vivo IPC (eIPC), in which blood derived factors and nerval regulations are excluded. Methods Using an established perfused rat intestine model, effects of iIPC and eIPC on physiological as well as cellular mechanisms of I/R-injury (60 min hypoxia, 30 min reperfusion) were investigated. iIPC was applied by three reversible occlusions of the mesenteric artery in-vivo for 5 min followed by 5 min of reperfusion before isolating the small intestine, eIPC was induced by stopping the vascular perfusion ex-vivo 3 times for 5 min followed by 5 min of reperfusion after isolation of the intestine. Study groups (each N = 8–9 animals) were: iIPC, eIPC, I/R (iIPC group), I/R (eIPC group), iIPC+I/R, eIPC+I/R, no intervention/control (iIPC group), no intervention/control (eIPC group). Tissue morphology/damage, metabolic functions, fluid shifts and barrier permeability were evaluated. Cellular mechanisms were investigated using signaling arrays. Results I/R-injury decreased intestinal galactose uptake (iIPC group: p<0.001), increased vascular perfusion pressure (iIPC group: p<0.001; eIPC group: p<0.01) and attenuated venous flow (iIPC group: p<0.05) while lactate-to-pyruvate ratio (iIPC group, eIPC group: p<0.001), luminal flow (iIPC group: p<0.001; eIPC group: p<0.05), goblet cell ratio (iIPC group, eIPC group: p<0.001) and apoptosis (iIPC group, eIPC group: p<0.05) were all increased. Application of iIPC prior to I/R increased vascular galactose uptake (P<0.05) while eIPC had no significant impact on parameters of I/R-injury. On cellular level, I/R-injury resulted in a reduction of the phosphorylation of several MAPK signaling molecules. Application of iIPC prior to I/R increased phosphorylation of JNK2 and p38δ while eIPC enhanced CREB and GSK-3α/β phosphorylation. Conclusion Intestinal I/R-injury is associated with major physiological and cellular changes. However, the overall influence of the two different IPC strategies on the acute phase of intestinal I/R-injury is rather limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuk Lung Wong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ingmar Lautenschläger
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lars Hummitzsch
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Karina Zitta
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - François Cossais
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thilo Wedel
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rene Rusch
- Department of Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rouven Berndt
- Department of Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Gruenewald
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Norbert Weiler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Steinfath
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin Albrecht
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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11
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Arifa RDN, de Paula TP, Lima RL, Brito CB, Andrade MER, Cardoso VN, Pinheiro MVB, Ladeira LO, Krambrock K, Teixeira MM, Fagundes CT, Souza DG. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of the nanocomposite Fullerol decrease the severity of intestinal inflammation induced by gut ischemia and reperfusion. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 898:173984. [PMID: 33647256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal ischemia is a vascular emergency that arises when blood flow to the intestine is compromised. Reperfusion is necessary to restore intestinal function but might lead to local and systemic inflammatory responses and bacterial translocation, with consequent multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). During reperfusion occurs production of reactive oxygen species. These species contribute to intestinal injury through direct toxicity or activation of inflammatory pathways. Fullerol is a nanacomposite which has been shown to act as reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) scavengers. Thus, our aim was to evaluate whether Fullerol confer anti-inflammatory activity during intestinal ischemia and reperfusion (IIR). Intestinal ischemia was induced by total occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. Groups were treated with vehicle or Fullerol 10 min before reperfusion. Mice were euthanized after 6 h of reperfusion, and small intestines were collected for evaluation of plasma extravasation, leukocyte influx, cytokine production and histological damage. Bacterial translocation to the peritoneal cavity and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species production by lamina propria cells were also evaluated. Our results showed that treatment with Fullerol inhibited bacterial translocation to the peritoneal cavity, delayed and decreased the lethality rates and diminished neutrophil influx and intestinal injury induced by IIR. Reduced severity of reperfusion injury in Fullerol-treated mice was associated with blunted reactive oxygen and nitrogen species production in leukocytes isolated from gut lamina propria and decreased production of pro-inflammatory mediators. Thus, the present study shows that Fullerol is a potential therapy to treat inflammatory bowel disorders associated with bacterial translocation, such as IIR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Talles Prosperi de Paula
- Laboratório de Interação Microrganismo Hospedeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Renata Lacerda Lima
- Laboratório de Interação Microrganismo Hospedeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Camila Bernardo Brito
- Laboratório de Interação Microrganismo Hospedeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Luiz Orlando Ladeira
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Klaus Krambrock
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Caio Tavares Fagundes
- Laboratório de Interação Microrganismo Hospedeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniele Gloria Souza
- Laboratório de Interação Microrganismo Hospedeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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12
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Liu XS, Zeng J, Yang YX, Qi CL, Xiong T, Wu GZ, Zeng CY, Wang DX. DRD4 Mitigates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Association With PI3K/AKT Mediated Glucose Metabolism. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:619426. [PMID: 33584304 PMCID: PMC7873565 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.619426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) could cause heart irreversible damage, which is tightly combined with glucose metabolism disorder. It is demonstrated that GLUT4 (glucose transporter 4) translocation is critical for glucose metabolism in the cardiomyocytes under I/R injury. Moreover, DRD4 (dopamine receptor D4) modulate glucose metabolism, and protect neurocytes from anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R) injury. Thus, DRD4 might regulate myocardial I/R injury in association with GLUT4-mediated glucose metabolism. However, the effects and mechanisms are largely unknown. In the present study, the effect of DRD4 in heart I/R injury were studied ex vivo and in vitro. For I/R injury ex vivo, DRD4 agonist (PD168077) was perfused by Langendorff system in the isolated rat heart. DRD4 activated by PD168077 improved cardiac function in the I/R-injured heart as determined by the left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), +dp/dt, and left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP), and reduced heart damage evidenced by infarct size, the release of troponin T (TNT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). DRD4 activation diminished I/R injury induced apoptosis and enhanced cell viability impaired by I/R injury in cardiomyocyte, showed by TUNEL staining, flow cytometer and CCK8 assay. Furthermore, DRD4 activation did not change total GULT4 protein expression level but increased the membrane GULT4 localization determined by western blot. In terms of mechanism, DRD4 activation increased pPI3K/p-AKT but not the total PI3K/AKT during anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R) injury in vitro. Interestingly, PI3K inhibitor, Wortmannin, blocked PI3K/AKT pathway and depleted the membrane GULT4, and further promoted apoptosis showed by TUNEL staining, flow cytometer, western blot of cleaved caspase 3, BAX and BCL2 expression. Thus, DRD4 activation exerted a protective effect against I/R injury by promoting GLUT4 translocation depended on PI3K/AKT pathway, which enhanced the ability of glucose uptake, and ultimately reduced the apoptosis in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Song Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Xue Yang
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Lei Qi
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ting Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Geng-Ze Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun-Yu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Da-Xin Wang
- The Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Yangzhou University (Taizhou people's Hospital), Taizhou, China
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13
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Lu F, Li Y, Zhou B, Guo Q, Zhang Y. Early-life supplementation of grape polyphenol extract promotes polyphenol absorption and modulates the intestinal microbiota in association with the increase in mRNA expression of the key intestinal barrier genes. Food Funct 2021; 12:602-613. [PMID: 33346297 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02231d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Early-life nutritional supplementation can dramatically influence health status. Dietary polyphenols are a widespread group of phytochemicals with potential bioactive functions. However, how polyphenol intake during early life affects health status remains largely unknown. Mice aged 3- and 6-weeks were used to investigate how grape polyphenol extract (GPE) administration during early life altered polyphenol absorption, the intestinal microbiota, and the intestinal barrier. After a 2-week GPE supplementation, there were more diverse polyphenol metabolites in the plasma of 3-week-old mice than in the plasma of 6-week-old mice. Correspondingly, GPE supplementation increased the mRNA expression of genes related to polyphenol absorption in 3-week-old mice but not 6-week-old mice. Early-life GPE administration also stimulated the key genes of the small intestinal barrier in mice. Moreover, the key genes of the small intestinal barrier were positively associated with the genes related to polyphenol absorption in the small intestine of 3-week-old mice. In addition, fecal Akkermansia and Lactobacillus were increased, as evidenced by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. As a result, the acetate and butyrate production in the large intestinal content was enhanced, and the mRNA expression of the key genes involved in the large intestinal barrier was also increased. Thus, our study demonstrates that dietary polyphenol intake in early life induces improvements in polyphenol absorption, the intestinal microbiota, and the intestinal barrier, suggesting the importance of polyphenol-rich nutritional programming during early life on health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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14
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Liu X, Chen Y, You B, Peng Y, Chen Y, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Chen J. Molecular mechanism mediating enteric bacterial translocation after severe burn: the role of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. BURNS & TRAUMA 2021; 9:tkaa042. [PMID: 33501367 PMCID: PMC7809362 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkaa042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Gut ischemia and hypoxia post severe burn leads to breakdown of intestinal epithelial
barrier and enteric bacterial translocation (EBT), resulting in serious complications,
such as systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis and multiple organ failure.
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is known to be downregulated
by hypoxia and modulate junctional complexes, which are crucial structures maintaining
the intestinal barrier. This study aimed to investigate whether CFTR plays a role in
both regulating the intestinal barrier and mediating EBT post severe burn, as well as
the signaling pathways involved in these processes. Methods An in vitro Caco-2 cell model subjected to hypoxic injury and an
in vivo mouse model with a 30% total body surface area full-thickness
dermal burn were established. DF 508 mice (mice with F508del CFTR gene mutation) were
used as an in vivo model to further demonstrate the role of CFTR in maintaining normal
intestinal barrier function. QRT-PCR, western blot, ELISA, TER assay and
immunofluorescence staining were used to detect the expression and localization of CFTR
and tight junction proteins, as well as the function of tight junctions. Results Our data indicated that, in Caco-2 cells, the hypoxia condition significantly reduced
CFTR expression; activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase and nuclear factor-κB
signaling; elevated secretion of inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor-α,
interleukin-1β and interleukin-8); downregulated zonula occludens-1, occludin and
E-cadherin expression; decreased transepithelial electrical resistance values; and led
to a cellular mislocation of ZO-1. More importantly, knockdown of CFTR caused similar
alterations. The upregulation of inflammatory factors and downregulation of tight
junction proteins (ZO-1 and occludin) induced by knockdown of CFTR could be reversed by
specific extracellular signal-regulated kinase or nuclear factor-κB inhibition. In
support of the in vitro data, exuberant secretion of pro-inflammatory
mediators and EBT was observed in the intestine of severely burnt mice in
vivo. EBT occurred in DF508 mice (mice with the F508del CFTR gene mutation),
accompanied by augmented tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and interleukin-8
levels in the ileum compared to wildtype mice. In addition, vitamin D3 was shown to
protect the intestinal epithelial barrier from hypoxic injury. Conclusions Collectively, the present study illustrated that CFTR and downstream signaling were
critical in modulating the intestinal epithelial junction and EBT post severe burn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Proteomics Disease, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital), Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Gao Tan Yan Street, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Proteomics Disease, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital), Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Gao Tan Yan Street, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Bo You
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Proteomics Disease, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital), Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Gao Tan Yan Street, Chongqing 400038, China.,Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, No. 958 Hospital of Army, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Jian Xin Dong Street, Chongqing 400020, China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yajie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Proteomics Disease, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital), Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Gao Tan Yan Street, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zichen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Proteomics Disease, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital), Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Gao Tan Yan Street, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Proteomics Disease, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital), Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Gao Tan Yan Street, Chongqing 400038, China
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15
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Gulfo J, Rotondo F, Ávalos de León CG, Cornide-Petronio ME, Fuster C, Gracia-Sancho J, Jiménez-Castro MB, Peralta C. FGF15 improves outcomes after brain dead donor liver transplantation with steatotic and non-steatotic grafts in rats. J Hepatol 2020; 73:1131-1143. [PMID: 32422221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Donation after brain death (DBD) grafts are associated with reduced graft quality and function post liver transplantation (LT). We aimed to elucidate i) the impact of FGF15 levels on DBD grafts; ii) whether this impact resulted from altered intestinal FXR-FGF15; iii) whether administration of FGF15 to donors after brain death could confer a benefit on graft function post LT; and iv) whether FGF15 affects bile acid (BA) accumulation. METHODS Steatotic and non-steatotic grafts from DBD donors and donors without brain death were transplanted in rats. FGF15 was administered alone or combined with either a BA (cholic acid) or a YAP inhibitor. RESULTS Brain death induced intestinal damage and downregulation of FXR. The resulting reduced intestinal FGF15 was associated with low hepatic FGF15 levels, liver damage and regenerative failure. Hepatic FGFR4-Klb - the receptor for FGF15 - was downregulated whereas CYP7A1 was overexpressed, resulting in BA accumulation. FGF15 administration to DBD donors increased hepatic FGFR4-Klb, reduced CYP7A1 and normalized BA levels. The benefit of FGF15 on liver damage was reversed by cholic acid, whereas its positive effect on regeneration was maintained. YAP signaling in DBD donors was activated after FGF15 treatment. When a YAP inhibitor was administered, the benefits of FGF15 on regeneration were abolished, whereas its positive effect on hepatic damage remained. Neither the Hippo-YAP-BA nor the BA-IQGAP1-YAP axis was involved in the benefits of FGF15. CONCLUSION Alterations in the gut-liver axis contribute to the reduced quality of DBD grafts and the associated pathophysiology of LT. FGF15 pre-treatment in DBD donors protected against damage and promoted cell proliferation. LAY SUMMARY After brain death, potential liver donors have reduced intestinal FXR, which is associated with reduced intestinal, circulatory and hepatic levels of FGF15. A similar reduction in the cell-surface receptor complex Fgfr4/Klb is observed, whereas CYP7A1 is overexpressed; together, these molecular events result in the dangerous accumulation of bile acids, leading to damage and regenerative failure in brain dead donor grafts. Herein, we demonstrate that when such donors receive appropriate doses of FGF15, CYP7A1 levels and hepatic bile acid toxicity are reduced, and liver regeneration is promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Gulfo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Floriana Rotondo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Carla Fuster
- Pathology Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Gracia-Sancho
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain; Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Peralta
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain.
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16
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McCarty MF, Lerner A. Perspective: Prospects for Nutraceutical Support of Intestinal Barrier Function. Adv Nutr 2020; 12:316-324. [PMID: 33126251 PMCID: PMC8243597 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment of intestinal barrier function is linked to certain pathologies and to aging, and can be a cause of bacterial infections, systemic and hepatic inflammation, food allergies, and autoimmune disorders. The formation and maintenance of intestinal tight junctions is supported by glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), which via insulin-like growth factor I activity boosts phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (PI3K/Akt/mTORC1) signaling in enterocytes. 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity as well as estrogen receptor-β (ERβ) activity are also protective in this regard. Conversely, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and cellular Src (c-Src) under inflammatory conditions can induce dissociation of tight junctions. Hence, nutraceuticals that promote GLP-2 secretion from L cells-effective pre/probiotics, glycine, and glutamine-as well as diets rich in soluble fiber or resistant starch, can support intestinal barrier function. AMPK activators-notably berberine and the butyric acid produced by health-promoting microflora-are also beneficial in this regard, as are soy isoflavones, which function as selective agonists for ERβ. The adverse impact of MAPK and c-Src overactivation on the intestinal barrier can be combatted with various antioxidant measures, including phycocyanobilin, phase 2-inducer nutraceuticals, and N-acetylcysteine. These considerations suggest that rationally designed functional foods or complex supplementation programs could have clinical potential for supporting and restoring healthful intestinal barrier function.
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17
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Sodium-Dependent Glucose Transporter 1 (SGLT1) Stabled by HER2 Promotes Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation by Activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway in HER2+ Breast Cancer. DISEASE MARKERS 2020; 2020:6103542. [PMID: 32377271 PMCID: PMC7191406 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6103542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic glycolysis is a hallmark of tumor cells. SGLT1 plays a vital role in glucose metabolism. However, whether SGLT1 could promote cell growth and proliferation in breast cancer remains unclear. Here, we investigated the expression of SGLT1 in breast cancer and examined its role in malignant behavior and prognosis. Further, we examined the SGLT1 expression in breast cancer tissues and its relationship with clinicopathologic characteristics. We clarified that SGLT1 was overexpressed in HER2+ breast cancer cell lines and was affected by HER2 status. We further found that SGLT1 affected breast cancer cell proliferation and patient survival by mediating cell survival pathway activation. SGLT1 was overexpressed in HER2+ breast cancers and associated with lymph node metastasis and HER2+ status. Inhibition of HER2 decreased SGLT1 expression, and the extracellular acidification rate was also reduced in the UACC812 and SKBR3 cell lines. These changes could be reversed by proteasome inhibitor treatment. Knockdown of SGLT1 blocked PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling, thereby inhibiting cell proliferation. Further, we demonstrated that high SGLT1 was significantly correlated with shorter survival in all breast cancer patients and specifically in HER2+ breast cancer patients. Therefore, we conclude that SGLT1 is overexpressed in HER2+ breast cancer, thereby promoting cell proliferation and shortening survival by activating PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling. This study submits that SGLT1 is promising not only as a novel biomarker of HER2+ breast cancer subtype but also as a potential drug target.
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18
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Huang CY, Yu LCH. Distinct patterns of interleukin-12/23 and tumor necrosis factor α synthesis by activated macrophages are modulated by glucose and colon cancer metabolites. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2020; 63:7-14. [PMID: 32056981 DOI: 10.4103/cjp.cjp_75_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a major risk factor for colitis-associated colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Macrophages play a key role in altering the tumor microenvironment by producing pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Our previous studies showed that glucose metabolism conferred death resistance for tumor progression and exerted anti-inflammatory effects in ischemic gut mucosa. However, the effect of glucose and cancer metabolites in modulating macrophage cytokine profiles remains poorly defined. We used an in vitro system to mimic intestinal microenvironment and to investigate the roles of glucose and cancer metabolites in the cross-talk between carcinoma cells and macrophages. Human monocyte-derived THP-1 macrophages were stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence of conditioned media (CM) collected from human CRC Caco-2 cells incubated in either glucose-free or glucose-containing media. Our results demonstrated that glucose modulated the macrophage cytokine production, including decreased LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., tumor necrosis factor [TNF]α and interleukin [IL]-6) and increased anti-inflammatory cytokine (i.e., IL-10), at resting state. Moreover, glucose-containing CM reduced the macrophage secretion of TNFα and IL-8 but elevated the IL-12 and IL-23 levels, showing an opposite pattern of distinct pro-inflammatory cytokines modulated by cancer glucose metabolites. In contrast, LPS-induced production of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (a macrophage-derived chemoattractant for granulocytes) was not altered by glucose or CM, indicating that resident macrophages may play a more dominant role than infiltrating granulocytes for responding to cancer metabolites. In conclusion, glucose metabolites from CRC triggered distinct changes in the cytokine profiles in macrophages. The downregulation of death-inducing TNFα and upregulation of Th1/17-polarizing IL-12/IL-23 axis in macrophages caused by exposure to cancer-derived glucose metabolites may contribute to tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ying Huang
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei; Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Linda Chia-Hui Yu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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19
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Ueyama Y, Tokuhara K, Miki H, Nakatake R, Sakaguchi T, Nishizawa M, Kaibori M, Okumura T. Active Hexose Correlated Compound Has Protective Effects in Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury of the Rat Small Intestine. J Surg Res 2019; 243:265-273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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20
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Keschenau PR, Simons N, Klingel H, Reuter S, Foldenauer AC, Vieß J, Weidener D, Andruszkow J, Blümich B, Tolba R, Jacobs MJ, Kalder J. Perfusion-related changes in intestinal diffusion detected by NMR-MOUSE® monitoring in minipigs. Microvasc Res 2019; 125:103876. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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21
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Chen S, Li X, Wang Y, Mu P, Chen C, Huang P, Liu D. Ginsenoside Rb1 attenuates intestinal ischemia/reperfusion‑induced inflammation and oxidative stress via activation of the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:3633-3641. [PMID: 30864725 PMCID: PMC6471656 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1), one of the major active saponins isolated from ginseng, has recently been reported to protect various organs against ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury; however, the mechanisms underlying these protective effects following intestinal IR (IIR) remain unclear. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of GRb1 on IIR injury and determine the mechanisms involved in these effects. Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to 75 min of superior mesenteric artery occlusion, followed by 3 h of reperfusion. GRb1 (15 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 1 h prior to the induction of IIR, with or without intravenous administration of Wortmannin [WM; a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, 0.6 mg/kg]. The degree of intestinal injury and oxidative stress-induced damage was determined by histopathologic evaluation and measurement of the serum activity levels of D-lactate, diamine oxidase and endotoxin, and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α). The protein expression levels of p85, phosphorylated (p)-p85, protein kinase B (Akt), p-Akt and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) were determined via western blotting, and the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 were measured via ELISA. It was revealed that IIR led to severe intestinal injury (as determined by significant increases in intestinal Chiu scores), which was accompanied with disruptions in the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier. IIR also increased the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MDA and 8-iso-PGF2α in the intestine, and decreased those of SOD. GRb1 reduced intestinal histological injury, and suppressed inflammatory responses and oxidative stress. Additionally, the protective effects of GRb1 were eliminated by WM. These findings indicated that GRb1 may ameliorate IIR injury by activating the PI3K/protein kinase B/Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Yanling Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Panwei Mu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Chaojin Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Pinjie Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Dezhao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
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22
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Li Q, Cui S, Jing G, Ding H, Xia Z, He X. The role of PI3K/Akt signal pathway in the protective effects of propofol on intestinal and lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion1. Acta Cir Bras 2019; 34:e20190010000005. [PMID: 30785506 PMCID: PMC6585923 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020190010000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the role of PI3k/Akt signal pathway in the protective effects
of propofol on intestinal and lung injury induced by intestinal
ischemia/reperfusion(I/R). Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 45 min of ischemia by occluding
the superior mesenteric artery and to 2h of reperfusion to establish the
model of I/R. Twenty four rats were randomly divided into four groups: Sham,
intestinal I/R (II/R), propofol (P), wortmannin (W). In groups P, W,
propofol was injected intravenously and continuously at the onset of
reperfusion via infusion pump. PI3K inhibitor (wortmannin) was administered
intravenously in group W 25 min before ischemia. Intestinal tissues and lung
tissues were obtained for determination of histologic injury, wet/dry weight
ratio, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and
myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities. Meanwhile, the expressions of caspase-3
and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) in intestines and lungs were detected by
western blot. Results Propofol treatment alleviated intestinal and lung morphological changes which
were observed in II/R group , Moreover, wet/dry weight ratio, the MDA level,
MPO activity and expression of caspase-3 were significantly decreased
whereas the SOD activity and p-Akt expression were significantly increased.
Notably, the protections were significantly reversed by pretreatment of
wortmannin. Conclusion: PI3K/Akt pathway activation play a critical role in the protective effects of
propofol on intestinal and lung injury induced by ischemia/reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwen Li
- MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China. Manuscript preparation and writng
| | - Shanshan Cui
- MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China. Conception and design of the study, acquisiton of data
| | - Guoqing Jing
- MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China. Analysis and interpretation of data, technical procedures
| | - Huang Ding
- MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China. Histopathological examinations, statistics analysis
| | - Zhongyuan Xia
- MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China. Final approval
| | - Xianghu He
- MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China. Critical revision
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23
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Zhao M, Chen Y, Wang C, Xiao W, Chen S, Zhang S, Yang L, Li Y. Systems Pharmacology Dissection of Multi-Scale Mechanisms of Action of Huo-Xiang-Zheng-Qi Formula for the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1448. [PMID: 30687082 PMCID: PMC6336928 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-components Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) treats various complex diseases (multi-etiologies and multi-symptoms) via herbs interactions to exert curative efficacy with less adverse effects. However, the ancient Chinese compatibility theory of herbs formula still remains ambiguous. Presently, this combination principle is dissected through a systems pharmacology study on the mechanism of action of a representative TCM formula, Huo-xiang-zheng-qi (HXZQ) prescription, on the treatment of functional dyspepsia (FD), a chronic or recurrent clinical disorder of digestive system, as typical gastrointestinal (GI) diseases which burden human physical and mental health heavily and widely. In approach, a systems pharmacology platform which incorporates the pharmacokinetic and pharmaco-dynamics evaluation, target fishing and network pharmacological analyses is employed. As a result, 132 chemicals and 48 proteins are identified as active compounds and FD-related targets, and the mechanism of HXZQ formula for the treatment of GI diseases is based on its three function modules of anti-inflammation, immune protection and gastrointestinal motility regulation mainly through four, i.e., PIK-AKT, JAK-STAT, Toll-like as well as Calcium signaling pathways. In addition, HXZQ formula conforms to the ancient compatibility rule of "Jun-Chen-Zuo-Shi" due to the different, while cooperative roles that herbs possess, specifically, the direct FD curative effects of GHX (serving as Jun drug), the anti-bacterial efficacy and major accompanying symptoms-reliving bioactivities of ZS and BZ (as Chen), the detoxication and ADME regulation capacities of GC (as Shi), as well as the minor symptoms-treating efficacy of the rest 7 herbs (as Zuo). This work not only provides an insight of the therapeutic mechanism of TCMs on treating GI diseases from a multi-scale perspective, but also may offer an efficient way for drug discovery and development from herbal medicine as complementary drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.,Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic Phytomedicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yangyang Chen
- Lab of Systems Pharmacology, Center of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, China
| | - Shusheng Chen
- Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Computer & Information Science & Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.,Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic Phytomedicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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24
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He F, Zhang N, Lv Y, Sun W, Chen H. Low‑dose lipopolysaccharide inhibits neuronal apoptosis induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via the PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 signaling pathway in rats. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:1443-1452. [PMID: 30628689 PMCID: PMC6390019 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of low‑dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)‑induced brain injury, and to explore the mechanism of phosphoinositide 3‑kinase (PI3K)/Akt/forkhead box protein (Fox)O1 signaling pathway. Male Sprague‑Dawley rats were divided into control group (control), ischemia/reperfusion surgery group (I/R) and low‑dose LPS treatment group (LPS). An I/R model was established and the hemodynamic parameters were recorded at the end of I/R injury. The brain tissues were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemistry and terminal deoxynucleotidyl‑transferase‑mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining. Microglia were treated with LPS following hypoxia/reoxygenation. The cellular viability was detected by 3‑(4,5‑dimethylthiazol‑2‑yl)‑2,5‑diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The apoptotic rate of microglia was detected using AnnexinV/propidium iodide staining. The expression of B‑cell lymphoma (Bcl)‑2, Bcl‑2‑associated X (Bax), and caspase‑3 were detected by western blot analysis and reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Akt, phosphorylated (p)‑Akt, FoxO1 and p‑FoxO1 expression were detected by western blotting. It was previously reported that, following I/R injury, neuronal cells were disorderly and brain injury markers (neuron‑specific enolase and S100 β), inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)‑1β, IL‑6 and tumor necrosis factor‑α] levels were significantly upregulated. In the present study, the expression levels of Bax, caspase‑3 Akt and p‑Akt were significantly higher, while that of Bcl‑2, FoxO1 and p‑FoxO1 were significantly lower in the I/R group. LPS treatment significantly increased the viability of neuronal cells and decreased the rate of neuronal cell apoptosis. Following the addition of PI3K signaling pathway inhibitor LY294002 to microglia, LPS reduced the levels of activated Akt, increased the downstream regulatory gene phosphorylation of FoxO1 and reduced microglia apoptosis. It was concluded that LPS can alleviate I/R‑induced brain injury, inhibit neuronal cells apoptosis and protect neuronal cells via the PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan He
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Nannan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Yan Lv
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Wenhao Sun
- Department of Neurology, The General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
| | - Huisheng Chen
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
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25
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Keschenau PR, Klingel H, Reuter S, Foldenauer AC, Vieß J, Weidener D, Andruszkow J, Bluemich B, Tolba R, Jacobs MJ, Kalder J. Evaluation of the NMR-MOUSE as a new method for continuous functional monitoring of the small intestine during different perfusion states in a porcine model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206697. [PMID: 30388139 PMCID: PMC6214547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The study aim was to evaluate a small low-field NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) scanner, the NMR-MOUSE®, for detecting changes in intestinal diffusion under different (patho-) physiological perfusion states. Methods Laparotomy was performed on 8 female landrace pigs (body weight 70±6 kg) and the feeding vessels of several intestinal loops were dissected. Successively, the intestinal loops were examined using O2C (oxygen to see, LEA Medizintechnik GmbH, Giessen, Germany) for microcirculatory monitoring and the NMR-MOUSE® for diffusion measurement (fast and slow components). On each loop the baseline measurement (physiological perfusion) was followed by one of the following main procedures: method 1 –ischemia; method 2 –flow reduction; method 3 –intraluminal glucose followed by ischemia; method 4 –intraluminal glucose followed by flow reduction. Additionally, standard perioperative monitoring (blood pressure, ECG, blood gas analyses) and histological assessment of intestinal biopsies was performed. Results There was no statistical overall time and method effect in the NMR-MOUSE measurement (fast component: ptime = 0.6368, pmethod = 0.9766, slow component: ptime = 0.8216, pmethod = 0.7863). Yet, the fast component of the NMR-MOUSE measurement showed contrary trends during ischemia (increase) versus flow reduction (decrease). The slow-to-fast diffusion ratio shifted slightly towards slow diffusion during flow reduction. The O2C measurement showed a significant decrease of oxygen saturation and microcirculatory blood flow during ischemia and flow reduction (p < .0001). The local microcirculatory blood amount (rHb) showed a significant mucosal increase (pClamping(method 1) = 0.0007, pClamping(method 3) = 0.0119), but a serosal decrease (pClamping(method 1) = 0.0119, pClamping(method 3) = 0.0078) during ischemia. The histopathological damage was significantly higher with increasing experimental duration and at the end of methods 3 and 4 (p < .0001,Fisher-test). Conclusion Monitoring intestinal diffusion changes due to different perfusion states using the NMR-MOUSE is feasible under experimental conditions. Despite the lack of statistical significance, this technique reflects perfusion changes and therefore seems promising for the evaluation of different intestinal perfusion states in the future. Beforehand however, an optimization of this technology, including the optimization of the penetration depth, as well as further validation studies under physiological conditions and including older animals are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula R. Keschenau
- Department of Vascular Surgery, European Vascular Center Aachen-Maastricht, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hanna Klingel
- Department of Vascular Surgery, European Vascular Center Aachen-Maastricht, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Silke Reuter
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH University Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Jochen Vieß
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH University Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dennis Weidener
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH University Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Julia Andruszkow
- Institute for Pathology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Bluemich
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH University Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - René Tolba
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, RWTH University Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael J. Jacobs
- Department of Vascular Surgery, European Vascular Center Aachen-Maastricht, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Vascular Surgery, European Vascular Center Aachen-Maastricht, AZM University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Kalder
- Department of Vascular Surgery, European Vascular Center Aachen-Maastricht, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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26
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Chang YY, Yu LCH, Yu IS, Jhuang YL, Huang WJ, Yang CY, Jeng YM. Deletion of cadherin-17 enhances intestinal permeability and susceptibility to intestinal tumour formation. J Pathol 2018; 246:289-299. [PMID: 30047135 DOI: 10.1002/path.5138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cadherin-17 is an adhesion molecule expressed specifically in intestinal epithelial cells. It is frequently underexpressed in human colorectal cancer. The physiological function of cadherin-17 and its role in tumourigenesis have not yet been determined. We used the transcription activator-like effector nuclease technique to generate a Cdh17 knockout (KO) mouse model. Intestinal tissues were analysed with histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural methods. Colitis was induced by oral administration of dextran sulphate sodium (DSS), and, to study effects on intestinal tumourigenesis, mice were given azoxymethane (AOM) and DSS to induce colitis-associated cancer. Cdh17 KO mice were viable and fertile. The histology of their small and large intestines was similar to that of wild-type mice. The junctional architecture of the intestinal epithelium was preserved. The loss of cadherin-17 resulted in increased permeability and susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis. The AOM/DSS model demonstrated that Cdh17 KO enhanced tumour formation and progression in the intestine. Increased nuclear translocation of Yap1, but not of β-catenin, was identified in the tumours of Cdh17 KO mice. In conclusion, cadherin-17 plays a crucial role in intestinal homeostasis by limiting the permeability of the intestinal epithelium. Cadherin-17 is also a tumour suppressor for intestinal epithelia. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Yun Chang
- Graduate Institute of Pathology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Linda Chia-Hui Yu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Shing Yu
- Laboratory Animal Centre, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Jhuang
- Graduate Institute of Pathology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ju Huang
- Graduate Institute of Pathology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Oral Hygiene, Hsin-Sheng College of Medical Care and Management, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yao Yang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ming Jeng
- Graduate Institute of Pathology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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27
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Khedr RM, Ahmed AAE, Kamel R, Raafat EM. Sitagliptin attenuates intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury via cAMP/PKA, PI3K/Akt pathway in a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor-dependent manner. Life Sci 2018; 211:31-39. [PMID: 30195035 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study investigated the effect of sitagliptin prophylactic treatment on intestinal I/R rat model and explored the possible underlying mechanism. MAIN METHODS Forty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 3 groups: Sham group (operation without clamping), I/R group (operation with clamping) and sitagliptin pretreated group (300 mg/kg/day; p.o.) for 2 weeks before I/R insult. Intestinal I/R was performed by clamping the superior mesenteric artery for 30 min, followed by 60 min reperfusion after removal of clamping. At the end of the experimental period, all rats were sacrificed for histopathological, biochemical, PCR and western blot assessment. KEY FINDINGS Pretreatment with sitagliptin remarkably alleviated the pathological changes induced by I/R in the jejunum, suppressed upregulated NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1βand MPO caused by I/R. Moreover, sitagliptin decreased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and accordingly suppressed apoptotic tissue damage as reflected by a caspase-3 level reduction in rat intestine subjected to I/R injury. Interestingly, sitagliptin could obviously increase the active GLP-1 level and GLP-1 receptor mRNA expression in the jejunum of I/R rats. This was associated with the augmentation of the cAMP level and enhancement of PKA activity. Simultaneously, sitagliptin treatment was able to increase the protein expression levels of phosphorylated PI3K and Akt. SIGNIFICANCE Sitagliptin has shown protective effects against intestinal I/R injury in rats through reduction of intestinal inflammation and apoptosis. The molecular mechanisms may be partially correlated with activation of cAMP/PKA and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway by the GLP-1/GLP-1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab M Khedr
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Amany A E Ahmed
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rehab Kamel
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt; Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman M Raafat
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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28
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Lee T, Huang Y, Lu Y, Yeh Y, Yu LC. Hypoxia-induced intestinal barrier changes in balloon-assisted enteroscopy. J Physiol 2018; 596:3411-3424. [PMID: 29178568 PMCID: PMC6068115 DOI: 10.1113/jp275277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Balloon-assisted enteroscopy (BAE) is an emerging standard procedure by utilizing distensible balloons to facilitate deep endoscopy in the small and large intestine. Sporadic cases of bacteraemia were found after BAE. Balloon distension by BAE caused gut tissue hypoxia. The impact of balloon distension-induced hypoxia on intestinal barriers remains unclear. Murine models of BAE by colonic balloon distension showed that short- and long-term hypoxia evoked opposite effects on epithelial tight junctions (TJs). Short-term hypoxia fortified TJ integrity, whereas long-term hypoxia caused damage to barrier function. Our data showed for the first time the molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways of epithelial barrier fortification and TJ reorganization by short-term hypoxia for the maintenance of gut homeostasis. The findings suggest avoiding prolonged balloon distension during BAE to reduce the risk of hypoxia-induced gut barrier dysfunction. ABSTRACT Balloon-assisted enteroscopy (BAE) is an emerging standard procedure that uses distensible balloons to facilitate deep endoscopy. Intestines are known to harbour an abundant microflora. Whether balloon distension causes perturbation of blood flow and gut barrier dysfunction, and elicits risk of bacterial translocation remains unknown. Our aims were to (1) conduct a prospective study to gather microbiological and molecular evidence of bacterial translocation by BAE in patients, (2) establish a murine model of colonic balloon distension to investigate tissue hypoxia and intestinal barrier, and (3) assess the effect of short- and long-term hypoxia on epithelial permeability using cell lines. Thirteen patients were enrolled for BAE procedures, and blood samples were obtained before and after BAE for paired comparison. Four of the 13 patients (30.8%) had positive bacterial DNA in blood after BAE. Post-BAE endotoxaemia was higher than the pre-BAE level. Nevertheless, no clinical symptom of sepsis or fever was reported. To mimic clinical BAE, mice were subjected to colonic balloon distension. Local tissue hypoxia was observed during balloon inflation, and reoxygenation after deflation. A trend of increased gut permeability was seen after long-term distension, whereas a significant reduction of permeability was observed by short-term distension in the proximal colon. Human colonic epithelial Caco-2 cells exposed to hypoxia for 5-20 min exhibited increased tight junctional assembly, while those exposed to longer hypoxia displayed barrier disruption. In conclusion, sporadic cases of bacteraemia were found after BAE, without septic symptoms. Short-term hypoxia by balloon distension yielded a protective effect whereas long-term hypoxia caused damage to the gut barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung‐Chun Lee
- Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwanROC
- Department of Internal MedicineNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwanROC
| | - Yi‐Chen Huang
- Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwanROC
| | - Yen‐Zhen Lu
- Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwanROC
| | - Yu‐Chang Yeh
- Department of AnesthesiologyNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwanROC
| | - Linda Chia‐Hui Yu
- Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwanROC
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29
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Huang FC, Huang SC. Differential Effects of Statins on Inflammatory Interleukin-8 and Antimicrobial Peptide Human Β-Defensin 2 Responses in Salmonella-Infected Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061650. [PMID: 29865262 PMCID: PMC6032317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative therapies are needed to reduce the use of antibiotics and incidence of drug-resistant Salmonellosis. Previous studies have revealed important roles of statins in regulating innate immunity. Therefore, we investigated the effects of statins on innate immunity in Salmonella-infected intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), which are involved in mucosal innate immunity. SW480 cells and Akt siRNA- or vitamin D receptor (VDR) siRNA-transfected SW480 cells were infected by wild-type S. Typhimurium strain SL1344 in the presence or absence of statins. The mRNA or protein expression was analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR or western blot analysis, respectively. Simvastatin or fluvastatin caused IL-8 (interleukin-8) suppression, but increased hBD-2 mRNA expression in Salmonella-infected SW480 cells. Both statins enhanced phosphorylated Akt and VDR expressions. Akt or VDR knockdown by siRNA counteracted the suppressive effect of simvastatin on IL-8 expression, whereas VDR knockdown diminished the enhanced hBD-2 expression in Salmonella-infected SW480 cells. Therefore, we observed differential regulation of statins on inflammatory IL-8 and anti-microbial hBD-2 expressions in Salmonella-infected IECs via PI3K/Akt signaling and VDR protein expression, respectively. The enhanced activity of antimicrobial peptides by statins in Salmonella-infected IECs could protect the host against infection, and modulation of pro-inflammatory responses could prevent the detrimental effects of overwhelming inflammation in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chen Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
| | - Shun-Chen Huang
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
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30
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García-Heredia JM, Carnero A. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: MAP17's up-regulation, a crosspoint in cancer and inflammatory diseases. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:80. [PMID: 29650022 PMCID: PMC5896160 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0828-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- José M García-Heredia
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/ Universidad de Sevilla/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013, Sevilla, Spain.,Department of Vegetal Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.,CIBER de Cáncer, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pabellón 11, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/ Universidad de Sevilla/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013, Sevilla, Spain. .,CIBER de Cáncer, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pabellón 11, Madrid, Spain.
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31
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Sodium-glucose transporter as a novel therapeutic target in disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 822:25-31. [PMID: 29329760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glucose is the primary energy fuel of life. A glucose transporter, the sodium-glucose transporter (SGLT), is receiving attention as a novel therapeutic target in disease. This review summarizes the physiological role of SGLT in cerebral ischemia, cancer, cardiac disease, and intestinal ischemia, which has encouraged analysis of SGLT function. In cerebral ischemia and cardiomyopathy, SGLT-1 is involved in worsening of the injury. In addition, SGLT-1 promotes the development of cancer. On the other hand, SGLT-1 has a protective effect against cardiac and intestinal ischemia. Interestingly, SGLT-1 expression levels are increased in some diseased tissue, such as in cerebral ischemia and cancer. This suggests that SGLT-1 may have an important role in many diseases. This review discusses the potential of SGLT as a target for novel therapeutic agents.
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Liu Z, Li L, Chen W, Wang Q, Xiao W, Ma Y, Sheng B, Li X, Sun L, Yu M, Yang H. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation maintained the intestinal epithelial barrier function through Notch1 dependent signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2017; 41:1560-1572. [PMID: 29286081 PMCID: PMC5819918 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) induces disruption of the intestinal barrier function. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) has a vital role in maintaining the intestinal barrier function. However, the precise mechanism by which AhR maintains intestinal barrier function remains unclear. Notch1 signaling is downstream of AhR, and has also been reported to have a role in the development of tight junctions (TJs) and maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. Therefore, we hypothesized that AhR activation may attenuate the intestinal barrier dysfunction through increased activation of Notch1 signaling. Adult C57BL/6J mice were divided into three groups: Sham, I/R and I/R + 6-formylindolo(3,2-b)carbazole (Ficz) groups. Mice were sacrificed after I/R for 6 h and the intestine was harvested for histological examination, mRNA and protein content analysis, and mucosal permeability investigation. Additionally, a hypoxic Caco‑2 cell culture model was used to evaluate the role of AhR‑Notch1 signaling in the development of TJs and epithelial permeability in vitro. The AhR‑Notch1 signaling components and TJ proteins were assessed by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence staining. Epithelial permeability was detected by transepithelium electrical resistance. The data demonstrated that Ficz significantly attenuated the intestinal tissue damage and the disrupted distribution of TJs, increased the expression of TJ proteins, reversed the decrease in TER and upregulated epithelial Notch1 signaling following intestinal I/R in vivo and hypoxia in vitro. Furthermore, inhibition of Notch1 signaling by N‑[N‑(3,5‑difluorophenacetyl)‑L‑alanyl]‑S‑phenylglycine t‑butyl ester (inhibitor of Notch signaling) counteracted the effects of Ficz on the development of TJs in hypoxic Caco‑2 cells. In conclusion, AhR activation ameliorated epithelial barrier dysfunction following intestinal I/R and hypoxia through upregulation of Notch1 signaling, which suggests that AhR may be a potential pharmaceutical agent to combat this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongze Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Liangzi Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Weigang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Qimeng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Yuanhang Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Baifa Sheng
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Min Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
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Meng QT, Chen R, Chen C, Su K, Li W, Tang LH, Liu HM, Xue R, Sun Q, Leng Y, Hou JB, Wu Y, Xia ZY. Transcription factors Nrf2 and NF-κB contribute to inflammation and apoptosis induced by intestinal ischemia-reperfusion in mice. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:1731-1740. [PMID: 29039475 PMCID: PMC5716448 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (IIR) is a common pathological event associated with intestinal injury and apoptosis with high mortality. Nuclear factor (NF)-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) is a key transcription factor that interacts with NF-κB and has a vital anti-inflammatory effect. However, whether Nrf2 has a role in IIR-induced apoptosis and the possible underlining mechanisms, such as modulation of the inflammation regulation pathway, have remained to be fully elucidated. In the present study, IIR was identified to cause significant intestinal injury and apoptosis, with high expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, as well as the apoptotic proteins B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein (Bax) and caspase-3, while simultaneously decreasing the protein levels of Bcl-2. The effect was more pronounced after pretreatment of the animals with all-trans retinoic acid or brusatol, potent inhibitors of Nrf2. t-Butylhydroquinone, an Nrf2 activator, significantly attenuated IIR-induced intestinal injury and apoptosis, with inhibition of the overexpression of the inflammatory cytokines, Bax and caspase-3 protein and partial restoration of Bcl-2 protein expression. Taken together, these results indicated that increased Nrf2 expression reduced IIR-induced intestinal apoptosis and that the protective function of Nrf2 may be based on its anti-inflammatory effects through the inhibition of the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Tao Meng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Ke Su
- Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Hua Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Min Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Rui Xue
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Shiyan City, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yan Leng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Bao Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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Effects of Dexmedetomidine on Intestinal Microcirculation and Intestinal Epithelial Barrier in Endotoxemic Rats. Anesthesiology 2017; 125:355-67. [PMID: 27111533 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000001135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dexmedetomidine reduces cytokine production in septic patients and reduces inflammation and mortality in experimental models of endotoxemia and sepsis. This study investigated whether dexmedetomidine attenuates endothelial dysfunction, intestinal microcirculatory dysfunction, and intestinal epithelial barrier disruption in endotoxemic rats. METHODS Ninety-two male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the following four groups: (1) Sham; (2) lipopolysaccharide, received IV lipopolysaccharide 15 and 10 mg/kg at 0 and 120 min; (3) dexmedetomidine, received IV dexmedetomidine for 240 min; and (4) lipopolysaccharide + dexmedetomidine, received both lipopolysaccharide and dexmedetomidine. Sidestream dark-field videomicroscope, tissue oxygen monitor, and full-field laser perfusion image were used to investigate the microcirculation of the terminal ileum. Serum endocan level was measured. The Ussing chamber permeability assay, lumen-to-blood gadodiamide passage by magnetic resonance imaging, and bacterial translocation were conducted to determine epithelial barrier function. Mucosal apoptotic levels and tight junctional integrity were also examined. RESULTS The density of perfused small vessels in mucosa, serosal muscular layer, and Peyer patch in the lipopolysaccharide + dexmedetomidine group was higher than that of the lipopolysaccharide group. Serum endocan level was lower in the lipopolysaccharide + dexmedetomidine group than in the lipopolysaccharide group. Mucosal ratio of cleaved to full-length occludin and spleen bacterial counts were significantly lower in the lipopolysaccharide + dexmedetomidine group than in the lipopolysaccharide group. CONCLUSION The study finding suggests that dexmedetomidine protects against intestinal epithelial barrier disruption in endotoxemic rats by attenuating intestinal microcirculatory dysfunction and reducing mucosal cell death and tight junctional damage. (Anesthesiology 2016; 125:355-67).
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Tumor Necrosis Factor α-Dependent Neutrophil Priming Prevents Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Bacterial Translocation. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:1498-1510. [PMID: 28144894 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4468-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) causes barrier impairment and bacterial influx. Protection against I/R injury in sterile organs by hypoxic preconditioning (HPC) had been attributed to erythropoietic and angiogenic responses. Our previous study showed attenuation of intestinal I/R injury by HPC for 21 days in a neutrophil-dependent manner. AIM To investigate the underlying mechanisms of neutrophil priming by HPC, and explore whether adoptive transfer of primed neutrophils is sufficient to ameliorate intestinal I/R injury. METHODS Rats raised in normoxia (NM) and HPC for 3 or 7 days were subjected to sham operation or superior mesenteric artery occlusion for I/R challenge. Neutrophils isolated from rats raised in NM or HPC for 21 days were intravenously injected into naïve controls prior to I/R. RESULTS Similar to the protective effect of HPC-21d, I/R-induced mucosal damage was attenuated by HPC-7d but not by HPC-3d. Naïve rats reconstituted with neutrophils of HPC-21d rats showed increase in intestinal phagocytic infiltration and myeloperoxidase activity, and barrier protection against I/R insult. Elevated free radical production, and higher bactericidal and phagocytic activity were observed in HPC neutrophils compared to NM controls. Moreover, increased serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1) were seen in HPC rats. Naïve neutrophils incubated with HPC serum or recombinant TNFα, but not CINC-1, exhibited heightened respiratory burst and bactericidal activity. Lastly, neutrophil priming effect was abolished by neutralization of TNFα in HPC serum. CONCLUSIONS TNFα-primed neutrophils by HPC act as effectors cells for enhancing barrier integrity under gut ischemia.
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Huang C, Kuo W, Huang C, Lee T, Chen C, Peng W, Lu K, Yang C, Yu LC. Distinct cytoprotective roles of pyruvate and ATP by glucose metabolism on epithelial necroptosis and crypt proliferation in ischaemic gut. J Physiol 2017; 595:505-521. [PMID: 27121603 PMCID: PMC5233659 DOI: 10.1113/jp272208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Intestinal ischaemia causes epithelial death and crypt dysfunction, leading to barrier defects and gut bacteria-derived septic complications. Enteral glucose protects against ischaemic injury; however, the roles played by glucose metabolites such as pyruvate and ATP on epithelial death and crypt dysfunction remain elusive. A novel form of necrotic death that involves the assembly and phosphorylation of receptor interacting protein kinase 1/3 complex was found in ischaemic enterocytes. Pyruvate suppressed epithelial cell death in an ATP-independent manner and failed to maintain crypt function. Conversely, replenishment of ATP partly restored crypt proliferation but had no effect on epithelial necroptosis in ischaemic gut. Our data argue against the traditional view of ATP as the main cytoprotective factor by glucose metabolism, and indicate a novel anti-necroptotic role of glycolytic pyruvate under ischaemic stress. ABSTRACT Mesenteric ischaemia/reperfusion induces epithelial death in both forms of apoptosis and necrosis, leading to villus denudation and gut barrier damage. It remains unclear whether programmed cell necrosis [i.e. receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIP)-dependent necroptosis] is involved in ischaemic injury. Previous studies have demonstrated that enteral glucose uptake by sodium-glucose transporter 1 ameliorated ischaemia/reperfusion-induced epithelial injury, partly via anti-apoptotic signalling and maintenance of crypt proliferation. Glucose metabolism is generally assumed to be cytoprotective; however, the roles played by glucose metabolites (e.g. pyruvate and ATP) on epithelial cell death and crypt dysfunction remain elusive. The present study aimed to investigate the cytoprotective effects exerted by distinct glycolytic metabolites in ischaemic gut. Wistar rats subjected to mesenteric ischaemia were enterally instilled glucose, pyruvate or liposomal ATP. The results showed that intestinal ischaemia caused RIP1-dependent epithelial necroptosis and villus destruction accompanied by a reduction in crypt proliferation. Enteral glucose uptake decreased epithelial cell death and increased crypt proliferation, and ameliorated mucosal histological damage. Instillation of cell-permeable pyruvate suppressed epithelial cell death in an ATP-independent manner and improved the villus morphology but failed to maintain crypt function. Conversely, the administration of liposomal ATP partly restored crypt proliferation but did not reduce epithelial necroptosis and histopathological injury. Lastly, glucose and pyruvate attenuated mucosal-to-serosal macromolecular flux and prevented enteric bacterial translocation upon blood reperfusion. In conclusion, glucose metabolites protect against ischaemic injury through distinct modes and sites, including inhibition of epithelial necroptosis by pyruvate and the promotion of crypt proliferation by ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching‐Ying Huang
- Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Wei‐Ting Kuo
- Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chung‐Yen Huang
- Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Tsung‐Chun Lee
- Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of Internal MedicineNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chin‐Tin Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and TechnologyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Wei‐Hao Peng
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell BiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Kuo‐Shyan Lu
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell BiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chung‐Yi Yang
- Department of Medical Imaging, E‐Da HospitalI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
- Department of Medical ImagingNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Linda Chia‐Hui Yu
- Graduate Institute of PhysiologyNational Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
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Wang R, Guo LY, Suo MY, Sun Y, Wu JY, Zhang XY, Liu CY. Role of the nitrergic pathway in motor effects of oxytocin in rat proximal colon. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:1815-1823. [PMID: 27302181 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxytocin (OT) reduces rat duodenal tone and mouse intestinal transit; however, the underlying mechanisms are not totally understood. Consequently, this study was designed to investigate the influence of OT on spontaneous mechanical activity and neurally evoked responses, to characterize the mechanisms of the action, and to determine the distribution of the OT receptor (OTR) in rat proximal colonic muscle strips. METHODS The organ bath technique with electrical field stimulation, western blotting, and immunofluorescence were used. KEY RESULTS In rat proximal colon, exogenous OT induced a concentration-dependent reduction of the spontaneous mechanical activity without affecting the resting basal tone, which was abolished by atosiban, an OTR antagonist, by tetrodotoxin (TTX), a neural blocker or by Nω-propyl-l-arginine hydrochloride, an inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). The inhibitory effects of OT were not affected by atropine or the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor antagonist [Lys1, Pro2,5, Arg3,4, Tyr6]-VIP (VIPHyb). Proximal colon responses to electrical field stimulation were characterized by nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) relaxation, which was followed by an off-contraction. Oxytocin enhanced only NANC relaxation. Oxytocin stimulated spontaneous NO release from the longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus preparation of rat proximal colon. Western blot and immunohistochemistry experiments showing the presence of the OTR in proximal colon, and its co-localization with nNOS established that myenteric nitrergic neurons express OTR. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES The activation of OTR located on nitrergic neurons may negatively modulate colonic spontaneous contraction and enhance electrically evoked NANC relaxation through excitation of NO release.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - L Y Guo
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - M Y Suo
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Y Sun
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - J Y Wu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - X Y Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - C Y Liu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
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Protein Malnutrition Impairs Intestinal Epithelial Cell Turnover, a Potential Mechanism of Increased Cryptosporidiosis in a Murine Model. Infect Immun 2016; 84:3542-3549. [PMID: 27736783 PMCID: PMC5116730 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00705-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition and cryptosporidiosis form a vicious cycle and lead to acute and long-term growth impairment in children from developing countries. Insights into mechanisms underlying the vicious cycle will help to design rational therapies to mitigate this infection. We tested the effect of short-term protein malnutrition on Cryptosporidium parvum infection in a murine model by examining stool shedding, tissue burden, and histologic change and explored the mechanism underlying the interaction between malnutrition and cryptosporidiosis through immunostaining and immunoblotting. Protein malnutrition increased stool shedding and the number of intestine-associated C. parvum organisms, accompanied by significant suppression of C. parvum-induced caspase 3 activity and expression of PCNA and Ki67, but activation of the Akt survival pathway in intestinal epithelial cells. We find that even very brief periods of protein malnutrition may enhance (or intensify) cryptosporidiosis by suppressing C. parvum-induced cell turnover and caspase-dependent apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells. This implicates a potential strategy to attenuate C. parvum's effects by modulating apoptosis and promoting regeneration in the intestinal epithelium.
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Wen S, Ling Y, Yang W, Shen J, Li C, Deng W, Liu W, Liu K. Necroptosis is a key mediator of enterocytes loss in intestinal ischaemia/reperfusion injury. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 21:432-443. [PMID: 27677535 PMCID: PMC5323854 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death is an important biological process that is believed to have a central role in intestinal ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. While the apoptosis inhibition is pivotal in preventing intestinal I/R, how necrotic cell death is regulated remains unknown. Necroptosis represents a newly discovered form of programmed cell death that combines the features of both apoptosis and necrosis, and it has been implicated in the development of a range of inflammatory diseases. Here, we show that receptor‐interacting protein 1/3 (RIP1/3) kinase and mixed lineage kinase domain‐like protein recruitment mediates necroptosis in a rat model of ischaemic intestinal injury in vivo. Furthermore, necroptosis was specifically blocked by the RIP1 kinase inhibitor necrostatin‐1. In addition, the combined treatment of necrostatin‐1 and the pan‐caspase inhibitor Z‐VAD acted synergistically to protect against intestinal I/R injury, and these two pathways can be converted to one another when one is inhibited. In vitro, necrostatin‐1 pre‐treatment reduced the necroptotic death of oxygen‐glucose deprivation challenged intestinal epithelial cell‐6 cells, which in turn dampened the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐1β), and suppressed high‐mobility group box‐1 (HMGB1) translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and the subsequent release of HMGB1 into the supernatant, thus decreasing the activation of Toll‐like receptor 4 and the receptor for advanced glycation end products. Collectively, our study reveals a robust RIP1/RIP3‐dependent necroptosis pathway in intestinal I/R‐induced intestinal injury in vivo and in vitro and suggests that the HMGB1 signalling is highly involved in this process, making it a novel therapeutic target for acute ischaemic intestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihong Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yihong Ling
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hosptial, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiantong Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cai Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wentao Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kexuan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Kuo WT, Lee TC, Yu LCH. Eritoran Suppresses Colon Cancer by Altering a Functional Balance in Toll-like Receptors That Bind Lipopolysaccharide. Cancer Res 2016; 76:4684-95. [PMID: 27328732 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinogenesis is affected by overexpression of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptors CD14 and TLR4, which antagonize each other by affecting epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis. Eritoran is an investigational drug for sepsis treatment that resembles the lipid A moiety of LPS and therefore acts as a TLR4 inhibitor. In the present study, we explored the potential therapeutic uses and mechanisms of action of eritoran in reducing colon cancer progression. Eritoran administration via intracolonic, intragastric, or intravenous routes significantly reduced tumor burden in a chemically induced mouse model of colorectal carcinoma. Decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis were observed in mouse tumor cells after eritoran treatment. In vitro cultures of mouse primary tumor spheroids and human cancer cell lines displayed increased cell proliferation and cell-cycle progression following LPS challenge. This effect was inhibited by eritoran and by silencing CD14 or TLR4. In contrast, apoptosis induced by eritoran was eliminated by silencing CD14 or protein kinase Cζ (PKCζ) but not TLR4. Lastly, LPS and eritoran caused hyperphosphorylation of PKCζ in a CD14-dependent and TLR4-independent manner. Blocking PKCζ activation by a Src kinase inhibitor and a PKCζ-pseudosubstrate prevented eritoran-induced apoptosis. In summary, our work offers a preclinical proof of concept for the exploration of eritoran as a clinical treatment, with a mechanistic rationale to reposition this drug to improve the management of colorectal cancer. Cancer Res; 76(16); 4684-95. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Chun Lee
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan. Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Linda Chia-Hui Yu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Huang FC. The differential effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on Salmonella-induced interleukin-8 and human beta-defensin-2 in intestinal epithelial cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 185:98-106. [PMID: 26990648 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis or Salmonella, one of the most common food-borne diseases, remains a major public health problem worldwide. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) play an essential role in the mucosal innate immunity of the host to defend against the invasion of Salmonella by interleukin (IL)-8 and human β-defensin-2 (hBD-2). Accumulated research has unravelled important roles of vitamin D in the regulation of innate immunity. Therefore, we investigated the effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) on Salmonella-induced innate immunity in IECs. We demonstrate that pretreatment of 1,25D3 results in suppression of Salmonella-induced IL-8 but enhancement of hBD-2, either protein secretion and mRNA expression, in IECs. Furthermore, 1,25D3 enhanced Salmonella-induced membranous recruitment of nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD2) and its mRNA expression and activation of protein kinase B (Akt), a downstream effector of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). Inhibition of the PI3K/Akt signal counteracted the suppressive effect of 1,25D3 on Salmonella-induced IL-8 expression, while knock-down of NOD2 by siRNA diminished the enhanced hBD-2 expression. These data suggest differential regulation of 1,25D3 on Salmonella-induced IL-8 and hBD-2 expression in IECs via PI3K/Akt signal and NOD2 protein expression, respectively. Active vitamin D-enhanced anti-microbial peptide in Salmonella-infected IECs protected the host against infection, while modulation of proinflammatory responses by active vitamin D prevented the host from the detrimental effects of overwhelming inflammation. Thus, active vitamin D-induced innate immunity in IECs enhances the host's protective mechanism, which may provide an alternative therapy for invasive Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F-C Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Duodenojejunal Bypass Leads to Altered Gut Microbiota and Strengthened Epithelial Barriers in Rats. Obes Surg 2015; 26:1576-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-015-1968-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Wang CW, Su SC, Huang SF, Huang YC, Chan FN, Kuo YH, Hung MW, Lin HC, Chang WL, Chang TC. An Essential Role of cAMP Response Element Binding Protein in Ginsenoside Rg1-Mediated Inhibition of Na+/Glucose Cotransporter 1 Gene Expression. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:1072-83. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.097352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Chang CL, Sung PH, Sun CK, Chen CH, Chiang HJ, Huang TH, Chen YL, Zhen YY, Chai HT, Chung SY, Tong MS, Chang HW, Chen HH, Yip HK. Protective effect of melatonin-supported adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells against small bowel ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat. J Pineal Res 2015; 59:206-20. [PMID: 26013733 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that combined melatonin and autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSC) was superior to either alone against small bowel ischemia-reperfusion (SBIR) injury induced by superior mesenteric artery clamping for 30 min followed by reperfusion for 72 hr. Male adult Sprague Dawley rats (n = 50) were equally categorized into sham-operated controls SC, SBIR, SBIR-ADMSC (1.0 × 10(6) intravenous and 1.0 × 10(6) intrajejunal injection), SBIR-melatonin (intraperitoneal 20 mg/kg at 30 min after SI ischemia and 50 mg/kg at 6 and 18 hr after SI reperfusion), and SBIR-ADMSC-melatonin groups. The results demonstrated that the circulating levels of TNF-α, MPO, LyG6+ cells, CD68+ cells, WBC count, and gut permeability were highest in SBIR and lowest in SC, significantly higher in SBIR-ADMSC group and further increased in SBIR-melatonin group than in the combined therapy group (all P < 0.001). The ischemic mucosal damage score, the protein expressions of inflammation (TNF-α, NF-κB, MMP-9, MPO, and iNOS), oxidative stress (NOX-1, NOX-2, and oxidized protein), apoptosis (APAF-1, mitochondrial Bax, cleaved caspase-3 and PARP), mitochondrial damage (cytosolic cytochrome C) and DNA damage (γ-H2AX) markers, as well as cellular expressions of proliferation (PCNA), apoptosis (caspase-3, TUNEL assay), and DNA damage (γ-H2AX) showed an identical pattern, whereas mitochondrial cytochrome C exhibited an opposite pattern compared to that of inflammation among all groups (all P < 0.001). Besides, antioxidant expressions at protein (NQO-1, GR, and GPx) and cellular (HO-1) levels progressively increased from SC to the combined treatment group (all P < 0.001). In conclusion, combined melatonin-ADMSC treatment offered additive beneficial effect against SBIR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lo Chang
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsun Sung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Kwan Sun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University School of Medicine for International Students, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Chen
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ju Chiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Hung Huang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yi Zhen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Han-Tan Chai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Ying Chung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Shen Tong
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Wen Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hon-Kan Yip
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Sevoflurane protects against intestinal ischemia–reperfusion injury partly by phosphatidylinositol 3 kinases/Akt pathway in rats. Surgery 2015; 157:924-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Wang CW, Chang WL, Huang YC, Chou FC, Chan FN, Su SC, Huang SF, Ko HH, Ko YL, Lin HC, Chang TC. An essential role of cAMP response element-binding protein in epidermal growth factor-mediated induction of sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 gene expression and intestinal glucose uptake. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 64:239-51. [PMID: 25936754 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) is responsible for glucose uptake in intestinal epithelial cells. Its expression is decreased in individuals with intestinal inflammatory disorders and is correlated with the pathogenesis of disease. The aim of this study was to understand the regulatory mechanism of the SGLT1 gene. Using the trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced mouse models of intestinal inflammation, we observed decreased SGLT1 expression in the inflamed intestine was positively correlated with the mucosal level of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and activated CREB. Overexpression of EGF demonstrated that the effect of EGF on intestinal glucose uptake was primarily due to the increased level of SGLT1. We identified an essential cAMP binding element (CRE) confers EGF inducibility in the human SGLT1 gene promoter. ChIP assay further demonstrated the increased binding of CREB and CBP to the SGLT1 gene promoter in EGF-treated cells. In addition, the EGFR- and PI3K-dependent CREB phosphorylations are involved in the EGF-mediated SGLT1 expression. This is the first report to demonstrate that CREB is involved in EGF-mediated transcription regulation of SGLT1 gene in the normal and inflamed intestine, which can provide potential therapeutic applications for intestinal inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wen Wang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Liang Chang
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Chuan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fang-Chi Chou
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fang-Na Chan
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih-Chieh Su
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Fen Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hui-Hsuan Ko
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Ling Ko
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hang-Chin Lin
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsu-Chung Chang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.
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Kuo WT, Lee TC, Yang HY, Chen CY, Au YC, Lu YZ, Wu LL, Wei SC, Ni YH, Lin BR, Chen Y, Tsai YH, Kung JT, Sheu F, Lin LW, Yu LCH. LPS receptor subunits have antagonistic roles in epithelial apoptosis and colonic carcinogenesis. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:1590-604. [PMID: 25633197 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is characterized by unlimited proliferation and suppression of apoptosis, selective advantages for tumor survival, and chemoresistance. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) signaling is involved in both epithelial homeostasis and tumorigenesis, but the relative roles had by LPS receptor subunits CD14 and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) are poorly understood. Our study showed that normal human colonocytes were CD14(+)TLR4(-), whereas cancerous tissues were CD14(+)TLR4(+), by immunofluorescent staining. Using a chemical-induced CRC model, increased epithelial apoptosis and decreased tumor multiplicity and sizes were observed in TLR4-mutant mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice with CD14(+)TLR4(+) colonocytes. WT mice intracolonically administered a TLR4 antagonist displayed tumor reduction associated with enhanced apoptosis in cancerous tissues. Mucosa-associated LPS content was elevated in response to CRC induction. Epithelial apoptosis induced by LPS hypersensitivity in TLR4-mutant mice was prevented by intracolonic administration of neutralizing anti-CD14. Moreover, LPS-induced apoptosis was observed in primary colonic organoid cultures derived from TLR4 mutant but not WT murine crypts. Gene silencing of TLR4 increased cell apoptosis in WT organoids, whereas knockdown of CD14 ablated cell death in TLR4-mutant organoids. In vitro studies showed that LPS challenge caused apoptosis in Caco-2 cells (CD14(+)TLR4(-)) in a CD14-, phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C-, sphingomyelinase-, and protein kinase C-ζ-dependent manner. Conversely, expression of functional but not mutant TLR4 (Asp299Gly, Thr399Ile, and Pro714His) rescued cells from LPS/CD14-induced apoptosis. In summary, CD14-mediated lipid signaling induced epithelial apoptosis, whereas TLR4 antagonistically promoted cell survival and cancer development. Our findings indicate that dysfunction in the CD14/TLR4 antagonism may contribute to normal epithelial transition to carcinogenesis, and provide novel strategies for intervention against colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-T Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - T-C Lee
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - H-Y Yang
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C-Y Chen
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Y-C Au
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Y-Z Lu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - L-L Wu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S-C Wei
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Y-H Ni
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - B-R Lin
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Y Chen
- Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Yuan-Ze University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Y-H Tsai
- Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Yuan-Ze University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - J T Kung
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - F Sheu
- Department of Horticulture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - L-W Lin
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - L C-H Yu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Gonzalez LM, Moeser AJ, Blikslager AT. Animal models of ischemia-reperfusion-induced intestinal injury: progress and promise for translational research. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G63-75. [PMID: 25414098 PMCID: PMC4297854 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00112.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Research in the field of ischemia-reperfusion injury continues to be plagued by the inability to translate research findings to clinically useful therapies. This may in part relate to the complexity of disease processes that result in intestinal ischemia but may also result from inappropriate research model selection. Research animal models have been integral to the study of ischemia-reperfusion-induced intestinal injury. However, the clinical conditions that compromise intestinal blood flow in clinical patients ranges widely from primary intestinal disease to processes secondary to distant organ failure and generalized systemic disease. Thus models that closely resemble human pathology in clinical conditions as disparate as volvulus, shock, and necrotizing enterocolitis are likely to give the greatest opportunity to understand mechanisms of ischemia that may ultimately translate to patient care. Furthermore, conditions that result in varying levels of ischemia may be further complicated by the reperfusion of blood to tissues that, in some cases, further exacerbates injury. This review assesses animal models of ischemia-reperfusion injury as well as the knowledge that has been derived from each to aid selection of appropriate research models. In addition, a discussion of the future of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion research is provided to place some context on the areas likely to provide the greatest benefit from continued research of ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liara M. Gonzalez
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina; and
| | - Adam J. Moeser
- 2Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Anthony T. Blikslager
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina; and
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Yu LCH, Shih YA, Wu LL, Lin YD, Kuo WT, Peng WH, Lu KS, Wei SC, Turner JR, Ni YH. Enteric dysbiosis promotes antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection: systemic dissemination of resistant and commensal bacteria through epithelial transcytosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G824-35. [PMID: 25059827 PMCID: PMC4214854 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00070.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic usage promotes intestinal colonization of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. However, whether resistant bacteria gain dominance in enteric microflora or disseminate to extraintestinal viscera remains unclear. Our aim was to investigate temporal diversity changes in microbiota and transepithelial routes of bacterial translocation after antibiotic-resistant enterobacterial colonization. Mice drinking water with or without antibiotics were intragastrically gavaged with ampicillin-resistant (Amp-r) nonpathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) and given normal water afterward. The composition and spatial distribution of intestinal bacteria were evaluated using 16S rDNA sequencing and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Bacterial endocytosis in epithelial cells was examined using gentamicin resistance assay and transmission electromicroscopy. Paracellular permeability was assessed by tight junctional immunostaining and measured by tissue conductance and luminal-to-serosal dextran fluxes. Our results showed that antibiotic treatment enabled intestinal colonization and transient dominance of orally acquired Amp-r E. coli in mice. The colonized Amp-r E. coli peaked on day 3 postinoculation and was competed out after 1 wk, as evidenced by the recovery of commensals, such as Escherichia, Bacteroides, Lachnospiraceae, Clostridium, and Lactobacillus. Mucosal penetration and extraintestinal dissemination of exogenous and endogenous enterobacteria were correlated with abnormal epithelial transcytosis but uncoupled with paracellular tight junctional damage. In conclusion, antibiotic-induced enteric dysbiosis predisposes to exogenous infection and causes systemic dissemination of both antibiotic-resistant and commensal enterobacteria through transcytotic routes across epithelial layers. These results may help explain the susceptibility to sepsis in antibiotic-resistant enteric bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Chia-Hui Yu
- 1Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-An Shih
- 1Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan;
| | - Li-Ling Wu
- 1Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan;
| | - Yang-Ding Lin
- 2Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Ting Kuo
- 1Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Hao Peng
- 3Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan;
| | - Kuo-Shyan Lu
- 3Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan;
| | - Shu-Chen Wei
- 4Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; and
| | | | - Yen-Hsuan Ni
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan;
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Chen G, Zhang Z, Cheng Y, Xiao W, Qiu Y, Yu M, Sun L, Wang W, Du G, Gu Y, Peng K, Xu C, Yang H. The canonical Notch signaling was involved in the regulation of intestinal epithelial cells apoptosis after intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:7883-96. [PMID: 24806344 PMCID: PMC4057709 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15057883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling plays a critical role in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of Notch signaling in the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells after intestinal ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury. Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to sham operation or I/R injury. Intestinal tissue samples were collected at 12 h after reperfusion. TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling) staining showed that intestinal I/R injury induced significantly increased apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells. Meanwhile, the mRNA expression of Jagged1, DLL1, Notch2, and Hes5, and protein expression of NICD2 and Hes5 were increased significantly after I/R injury in intestinal epithelial cells. In an in vitro IEC-6 culture model, flow cytometry analyses showed that inhibition of Notch signaling by γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT and the suppression of Hes5 expression using siRNA both significantly increased the apoptosis of IEC-6 cells under the condition of hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). In conclusion, the Notch2/Hes5 signaling pathway was activated and involved in the regulation of intestinal epithelial cells apoptosis in intestinal I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Zhicao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Yingdong Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Weidong Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Yuan Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Min Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Lihua Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Wensheng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Guangsheng Du
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Yingchao Gu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Ke Peng
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
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