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Tomsuk Ö, Kuete V, Sivas H, Kürkçüoğlu M. Effects of essential oil of Origanum onites and its major component carvacrol on the expression of toxicity pathway genes in HepG2 cells. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:265. [PMID: 38992651 PMCID: PMC11238398 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Origanum species have been used in various commercial constructions as a remedy against burns and wounds, agriculture, alcoholic drinks, fragrance, and flavoring substances of food products. The essential oil of Origanum onites L. (EOOO) and its component carvacrol (CV) possesses a wide range of biological activities including anti-cancer activity. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the growth inhibitory activity of the essential oil and its major component CV and then hepatotoxicity pathway-related genes in HepG2 cells. METHODS The effects of the EOOO and CV on cell growth and mRNA expressions of 84 hepatotoxicity pathway-related genes were investigated in HepG2, using trypan blue exclusion/ bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation tests and real-time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) array, respectively. RESULTS The EOOO and CV inhibited cell growth with IC50 values of 0.08 µg/mL and 45 µg/mL, respectively, after 24 h. Real-time, reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT2-PCR) array analysis revealed that expressions of 32 genes out of 84 were changed at least 2-fold or more in the EOOO-treated cells. Among them, expression levels of 17 genes were elevated, while expression levels of 15 genes were diminished. Furthermore, after exposure of cells to 45 µg/mL of CV, the expression of 8 genes was increased while the other 8 genes were decreased. Both the EOOO and carvacrol affected the expression of 48 genes of HepG2 cells which are involved in the hepatotoxicity pathway, indicating their hepatoprotective and possible anti-hepatocarcinogenic effects. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that the essential oil of Origanum onites and carvacrol can be used in various applications such as anticancer or herbal drugs, since its non-hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Tomsuk
- Cellular Therapy and Stem Cell Production Application and Research Centre (ESTEM), Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, 26480, Turkey.
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Biotechnology and Biosafety Department, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey.
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Anadolu University, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - Victor Kuete
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 1499, Bafoussam, Cameroon.
| | - Hülya Sivas
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Anadolu University, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Mine Kürkçüoğlu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
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Hayat U, Siddiqui AA, Farhan ML, Haris A, Hameed N. Genome Editing and Fatty Liver. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1396:191-206. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-5642-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Zhang R, Zhong B, He J, Yang X, He M, Zeng W, Pan J, Fang Z, Jia J, Liu H. Single-cell transcriptomes identifies characteristic features of mouse macrophages in liver Mallory-Denk bodies formation. Exp Mol Pathol 2022; 127:104811. [PMID: 35850229 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2022.104811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mallory-Denk bodies (MDBs) consist of intracellular aggregates of misfolded proteins in ballooned hepatocytes and serve as important markers of progression in certain liver diseases. Resident hepatic macrophage-mediated inflammation influences the development of chronic liver diseases and cancer. Here, the first systematic study of macrophages heterogeneity in mice was conducted to illustrate the pathogenesis of MDB formation using single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq). Furthermore, we provided transcriptional profiles of macrophages obtained from the fractionation of mouse liver tissues following chronic injury. We equally identified seven discrete macrophage subpopulations, each involved in specific cellular activated pathways such as basal metabolism, immune regulation, angiogenesis, and cell cycle regulation. Among these, a specific macrophage cluster (Cluster4), a subpopulation specifically expressing genes that regulate cell division and the cell cycle, was identified. Interestingly, we found that CCR2 was significantly induced in Cluster2, thereby inducing monocytes to migrate to macrophages to promote MDB pathogenesis. Thus, our study is the first to demonstrate the heterogeneity of macrophages associated with liver MDB formation in mice through single-cell resolution. This serves as the basis for further insights into the pathogenesis of liver MDB formation and molecular mechanisms of chronic liver disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China; Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Bei Zhong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiashan He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Menghua He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wuyi Zeng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayi Pan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zixuan Fang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiangtao Jia
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China; The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China.
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Song X, Wang X, Li X, Yan X, Liang Y, Huang Y, Huang L, Zeng H. Histopathology and transcriptome reveals the tissue-specific hepatotoxicity and gills injury in mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) induced by sublethal concentration of triclosan. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 220:112325. [PMID: 34052755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), a ubiquitous antimicrobial agent, has been frequently detected in wild fish, leading to concerns regarding TCS safety in the aquatic environment. The present work aims to investigate the TCS-mediated effects on various tissues (the liver, gills, brain, and testes) of wild-sourced adult mosquitofish based on histological analysis and transcriptome. Severe morphological injuries were only found in the liver and gills. The histopathological alterations in the liver were characterized by cytoplasmic vacuolation and degeneration, eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions, and nuclear polymorphism. The gill lesions contained epithelial lifting, intraepithelial edema, fusion and shortening of the secondary lamellae. Consistently, the numbers of differently expressed genes (DEGs) identified by transcriptome were in the order of liver (1627) > gills (182) > brain (9) > testes (4). Trend-aligned histopathological and transcriptomic changes in the 4 tissues, suggesting the tissue-specific response manner of mosquitofish to TCS, and the liver and gills were the target organs. TCS interrupted many biological pathways associated with lipogenesis and lipid metabolism, transmembrane transporters, protein synthesis, and carbohydrate metabolism in the liver, and it induced nonspecific immune response in the gills. TCS-triggered hepatotoxicity and gills damnification may lead to inflammation, apoptosis, diseases, and even death in mosquitofish. TCS showed moderate acute toxicity and bioaccumulative property on mosquitofish, suggesting that prolonged or massive use of TCS may pose an ecological risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Song
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety Guarantee in Karst Area, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Xuegeng Wang
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xin Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Yanpeng Liang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety Guarantee in Karst Area, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Yuequn Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Liangliang Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety Guarantee in Karst Area, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Honghu Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety Guarantee in Karst Area, Guilin 541000, China.
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Lim Y, Ku NO. Revealing the Roles of Keratin 8/18-Associated Signaling Proteins Involved in the Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6401. [PMID: 34203895 PMCID: PMC8232640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is developed with various etiologies, protection of hepatocytes seems basically essential to prevent the incidence of HCC. Keratin 8 and keratin 18 (K8/K18) are cytoskeletal intermediate filament proteins that are expressed in hepatocytes. They maintain the cell shape and protect cells under stress conditions. Their protective roles in liver damage have been described in studies of mouse models, and K8/K18 mutation frequency in liver patients. Interestingly, K8/K18 bind to signaling proteins such as transcription factors and protein kinases involved in HCC development. Since K8/K18 are abundant cytoskeletal proteins, K8/K18 binding with the signaling factors can alter the availability of the factors. Herein, we discuss the potential roles of K8/K18 in HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younglan Lim
- Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea;
| | - Nam-On Ku
- Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea;
- Department of Bio-Convergence ISED, Underwood International College, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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Kim U, Kim N, Shin HY. Modeling Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Using "Good-Fit" Genome-Editing Tools. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122572. [PMID: 33271878 PMCID: PMC7760008 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which affects both adults and children, is the most common liver disorder worldwide. NAFLD is characterized by excess fat accumulation in the liver in the absence of significant alcohol use. NAFLD is strongly associated with obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, as well as specific genetic polymorphisms. Severe NAFLD cases can further progress to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), or cardiovascular complications. Here, we describe the pathophysiological features and critical genetic variants associated with NAFLD. Recent advances in genome-engineering technology have provided a new opportunity to generate in vitro and in vivo models that reflect the genetic abnormalities of NAFLD. We review the currently developed NAFLD models generated using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) genome editing. We further discuss unique features of CRISPR/Cas9 and Cas9 variants, including base editors and prime editor, that are useful for replicating genetic features specific to NAFLD. We also compare advantages and limitations of currently available methods for delivering genome-editing tools necessary for optimal genome editing. This review should provide helpful guidance for selecting “good fit” genome-editing tools and appropriate gene-delivery methods for the successful development of NAFLD models and clinical therapeutics.
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Zhong B, Dong J, Zhang R, He M, Zeng W, Pan J, He J, Tao A, Yang R, Fu B, French SW, Liu H. Altered regulation of LncRNA analysis of human alcoholic hepatitis with Mallory-Denk Bodies (MDBs) is revealed by RNA sequencing. Exp Mol Pathol 2020; 117:104559. [PMID: 33121977 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2020.104559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mallory-Denk Bodies (MDBs) are prevalent in a variety of liver diseases including alcoholic hepatitis (AH) and are formed in mice livers by feeding DDC. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are considered as emerging new gene regulators, which participates in many functional activities through diverse mechanisms. We previously reported the mechanisms involved in the formation of liver MDBs in mouse model and in AH livers where MDBs had formed. To investigate the regulation of mRNAs expression and the probable role of lncRNAs in AH livers with MDBs, RNA-Seq analyses was further conducted to determine the mRNA and lncRNA expression profiles of the AH livers compared with the normal livers. It showed that different lncRNAs have different information contribution degrees by principal component analysis, and the integrated analysis of lncRNA-mRNA co-expression networks were linked to endocytosis, cell cycle, p53 signaling pathways in the human. Based on the co-expression networks, we identify 36 mRNAs that could be as potential biomarkers of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To our knowledge, this is the first report on the regulatory network of lncRNAs associated with liver MDB formation in human, and these results might offer new insights into the molecular mechanisms of liver MDB formation and the progression of AH to HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhong
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Jun Dong
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Menghua He
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Wuyi Zeng
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Jiayi Pan
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Jiashan He
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Ailin Tao
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Rirong Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Bishi Fu
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Samuel W French
- University of California, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Torrance, CA 90509, USA.
| | - Hui Liu
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China.
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Ye J, Wu Y, Li M, Gong X, Zhong B. Keratin 8 Mutations Were Associated With Susceptibility to Chronic Hepatitis B and Related Progression. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:464-473. [PMID: 31515557 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keratin 8 and 18 (K8/K18) are the exclusively expressed keratins intermediate filaments pair in hepatocytes that protect against liver injuries and viral infection. We aimed to explore the genetic link between keratin variants and chronic hepatitis B virus (CHB) infection in a large cohort from a high-epidemic area. METHODS Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid was isolated from patients, and Sanger sequencing was applied to analyze variations in exon regions of K8/18. Biochemical and functional analysis of novel mutations was also performed. RESULTS The 713 participants comprised 173 healthy controls and 540 patients, which covered chronic hepatitis (n = 174), decompensated cirrhosis (n = 192), and primary liver carcinoma (n = 174). The frequency of mutations in K8/18 was significantly higher among patients than among controls (8.15% vs 0.58%, P < .001). Significant differences were found between the chronic hepatitis subgroup and controls in multiple comparisons (6.32% vs 0.58%, P = .006). All 21 missense mutations (3.89%) were detected in the keratin 8 (K8), including 4 novel conserved missense variants (R469C, R469H, A447V, and K483T). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated a higher risk of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) and missense variants (odds ratio = 4.38, P = .035). Transfection of these variants caused keratin network disruption in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Novel K8 cytoskeleton-disrupting variants predispose toward ACLF in CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhao Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanqin Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Minrui Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaorong Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Bihui Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
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Fragoulis A, Schenkel J, Herzog M, Schellenberg T, Jahr H, Pufe T, Trautwein C, Kensler TW, Streetz KL, Wruck CJ. Nrf2 Ameliorates DDC-Induced Sclerosing Cholangitis and Biliary Fibrosis and Improves the Regenerative Capacity of the Liver. Toxicol Sci 2020; 169:485-498. [PMID: 30825315 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nrf2 pathway protects against oxidative stress and induces regeneration of various tissues. Here, we investigated whether Nrf2 protects from sclerosing cholangitis and biliary fibrosis and simultaneously induces liver regeneration. Diet containing 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) was fed to Nrf2-KO mice (Nrf2-/-), mice with liver-specific hyperactivated Nrf2 (HKeap1-/-) and wild-type (WT) littermates to induce cholangitis, liver fibrosis, and oval cell expansion. HKeap1-/--mice were protected from almost all DDC-induced injury compared with WT and Nrf2-/-. Liver injury in Nrf2-/- and WT mice was mostly similar, albeit Nrf2-/- suffered more from DDC diet as seen for several parameters. Nrf2 activity was especially important for the expression of the hepatic efflux transporters Abcg2 and Abcc2-4, which are involved in hepatic toxin elimination. Surprisingly, cell proliferation was more enhanced in Nrf2-/-- and HKeap1-/--mice compared with WT. Interestingly, Nrf2-/--mice failed to sufficiently activate oval cell expansion after DDC treatment and showed almost no resident oval cell population under control conditions. The resident oval cell population of untreated HKeap1-/--mice was increased and DDC treatment resulted in a stronger oval cell expansion compared with WT. We provide evidence that Nrf2 activation protects from DDC-induced sclerosing cholangitis and biliary fibrosis. Moreover, our data establish a possible role of Nrf2 in oval cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanassios Fragoulis
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology.,Molecular Tumor Biology, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas W Kensler
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Konrad L Streetz
- Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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High Keratin 8/18 Ratio Predicts Aggressive Hepatocellular Cancer Phenotype. Transl Oncol 2018; 12:256-268. [PMID: 30439626 PMCID: PMC6234703 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Steatohepatitis (SH) and SH-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are of considerable clinical significance. SH is morphologically characterized by steatosis, liver cell ballooning, cytoplasmic aggregates termed Mallory-Denk bodies (MDBs), inflammation, and fibrosis at late stage. Disturbance of the keratin cytoskeleton and aggregation of keratins (KRTs) are essential for MDB formation. METHODS: We analyzed livers of aged Krt18−/− mice that spontaneously developed in the majority of cases SH-associated HCC independent of sex. Interestingly, the hepatic lipid profile in Krt18−/− mice, which accumulate KRT8, closely resembles human SH lipid profiles and shows that the excess of KRT8 over KRT18 determines the likelihood to develop SH-associated HCC linked with enhanced lipogenesis. RESULTS: Our analysis of the genetic profile of Krt18−/− mice with 26 human hepatoma cell lines and with data sets of >300 patients with HCC, where Krt18−/− gene signatures matched human HCC. Interestingly, a high KRT8/18 ratio is associated with an aggressive HCC phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: We can prove that intermediate filaments and their binding partners are tightly linked to hepatic lipid metabolism and to hepatocarcinogenesis. We suggest KRT8/18 ratio as a novel HCC biomarker for HCC.
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El-Kharashi OA, El-Din Aly El-Waseef DA, Nabih ES, Mohamed DI. Targeting NLRP3 inflammasome via acetylsalicylic acid: Role in suppressing hepatic dysfunction and insulin resistance induced by atorvastatin in naïve versus alcoholic liver in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:665-674. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Xue L, Lu X, He J, Zhang T, Wu X, Zhang Y, Wang N, An Z, Xu J, Geng Y. Serum CK 18-M30 reflect liver pathological severity during NAFLD progression in a rat model. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:1778-1786. [PMID: 30149902 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CK 18-M30 was increased in patients with NAFLD. However, little is known about the relationship between CK 18-M30 and NAFLD progression. We aimed to analyze the variety of CK 18-M30 and other metabolism indices during NAFLD progression. Meanwhile, we aimed to investigate the correlation between CK 18-M30 and liver pathology during NAFLD progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were fed with high sucrose and high fat diet for building NAFLD models. We detected liver pathology by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. We also detected serum CK 18-M30 and metabolism indices including liver enzymes, serum lipids and glycometabolism indices. RESULTS The aggravating degree of liver pathology appeared with prolonged feeding period. The relevance of CK 18-M30 to the severity of liver pathology were higher relative to other indices. CONCLUSION Our results suggested the significance of CK 18-M30 in the progression of NAFLD and provided new evidence for the early diagnosis and prognostic estimation of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xue
- Department of Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, PR China
| | - Xiaolan Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, PR China
| | - Juntao He
- Department of Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, PR China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Laboratory, Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, PR China.
| | - Xiaokang Wu
- Department of Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, PR China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, PR China
| | - Ningning Wang
- Department of Infection Control, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, PR China.
| | - Zhe An
- Department of Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, PR China
| | - Jiru Xu
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
| | - Yan Geng
- Department of Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, PR China.
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Afifiyan N, Tillman B, French BA, Sweeny O, Masouminia M, Samadzadeh S, French SW. The role of Tec kinase signaling pathways in the development of Mallory Denk Bodies in balloon cells in alcoholic hepatitis. Exp Mol Pathol 2017; 103:191-199. [PMID: 28935395 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Several research strategies have been used to study the pathogenesis of alcoholic hepatitis (AH). These strategies have shown that various signaling pathways are the target of alcohol in liver cells. However, few have provided specific mechanisms associated with Mallory-Denk Bodies (MDBs) formed in Balloon cells in AH. The formation of MDBs in these hepatocytes is an indication that the mechanisms of protein quality control have failed. The MDB is the result of aggregation and accumulation of proteins in the cytoplasm of balloon degenerated liver cells. To understand the mechanisms that failed to degrade and remove proteins in the hepatocyte from patients suffering from alcoholic hepatitis, we investigated the pathways that showed significant up regulation in the AH liver biopsies compared to normal control livers (Liu et al., 2015). Analysis of genomic profiles of AH liver biopsies and control livers by RNA-seq revealed different pathways that were up regulated significantly. In this study, the focus was on Tec kinase signaling pathways and the genes that significantly interrupt this pathway. Quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence staining results, indicated that several genes and proteins are significantly over expressed in the livers of AH patients that affect the Tec kinase signaling to PI3K which leads to activation of Akt and its downstream effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Afifiyan
- Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles BioMedical Institute, 1000W. Carson, Torrance, CA 90509, United States
| | - B Tillman
- Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles BioMedical Institute, 1000W. Carson, Torrance, CA 90509, United States
| | - B A French
- Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles BioMedical Institute, 1000W. Carson, Torrance, CA 90509, United States
| | - O Sweeny
- Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles BioMedical Institute, 1000W. Carson, Torrance, CA 90509, United States
| | - M Masouminia
- Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles BioMedical Institute, 1000W. Carson, Torrance, CA 90509, United States
| | - S Samadzadeh
- Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles BioMedical Institute, 1000W. Carson, Torrance, CA 90509, United States
| | - S W French
- Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles BioMedical Institute, 1000W. Carson, Torrance, CA 90509, United States.
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Afifiyan N, Tillman B, French BA, Masouminia M, Samadzadeh S, French SW. Over expression of proteins that alter the intracellular signaling pathways in the cytoplasm of the liver cells forming Mallory-Denk bodies. Exp Mol Pathol 2017; 102:106-114. [PMID: 28089901 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, liver biopsy sections fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin (FFPE) from patients with alcoholic hepatitis (AH) were used. The results showed that the expression of the SYK protein was up regulated by RNA-seq and real time PCR analyses in the alcoholic hepatitis patients compared to controls. The results were supported by using the IHC fluorescent antibody staining intensity morphometric quantitation. Morphometric quantification of fluorescent intensity measurement showed a two fold increase in SYK protein in the cytoplasm of the cells forming MDBs compared to surrounding normal hepatocytes. The expression of AKT1 was also analyzed. AKT1 is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that plays a key role in multiple cellular processes such as glucose metabolism, apoptosis, cell proliferation, transcription and cell migration. The AKT protein was also increased in hepatocyte balloon cells forming MDBs. This observation demonstrates the role of SYK and its subsequent effect on the internal signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT as well as p70S6K, as a potential multifunctional target in protein quality control mechanisms of hepatocytes when ER stress is activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Afifiyan
- Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles BioMedical Institute, 1000W, Carson, Torrance, CA 90509, United States
| | - B Tillman
- Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles BioMedical Institute, 1000W, Carson, Torrance, CA 90509, United States
| | - B A French
- Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles BioMedical Institute, 1000W, Carson, Torrance, CA 90509, United States
| | - M Masouminia
- Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles BioMedical Institute, 1000W, Carson, Torrance, CA 90509, United States
| | - S Samadzadeh
- Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles BioMedical Institute, 1000W, Carson, Torrance, CA 90509, United States
| | - S W French
- Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles BioMedical Institute, 1000W, Carson, Torrance, CA 90509, United States.
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Bettermann K, Mehta AK, Hofer EM, Wohlrab C, Golob-Schwarzl N, Svendova V, Schimek MG, Stumptner C, Thüringer A, Speicher MR, Lackner C, Zatloukal K, Denk H, Haybaeck J. Keratin 18-deficiency results in steatohepatitis and liver tumors in old mice: A model of steatohepatitis-associated liver carcinogenesis. Oncotarget 2016; 7:73309-73322. [PMID: 27689336 PMCID: PMC5341981 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Backround: Steatohepatitis (SH)-associated liver carcinogenesis is an increasingly important issue in clinical medicine. SH is morphologically characterized by steatosis, hepatocyte injury, ballooning, hepatocytic cytoplasmic inclusions termed Mallory-Denk bodies (MDBs), inflammation and fibrosis. RESULTS 17-20-months-old Krt18-/- and Krt18+/- mice in contrast to wt mice spontaneously developed liver lesions closely resembling the morphological spectrum of human SH as well as liver tumors. The pathologic alterations were more pronounced in Krt18-/- than in Krt18+/- mice. The frequency of liver tumors with male predominance was significantly higher in Krt18-/- compared to age-matched Krt18+/- and wt mice. Krt18-deficient tumors in contrast to wt animals displayed SH features and often pleomorphic morphology. aCGH analysis of tumors revealed chromosomal aberrations in Krt18-/- liver tumors, affecting loci of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Livers of 3-, 6-, 12- and 17-20-months-old aged wild type (wt), Krt18+/- and Krt18-/- (129P2/OlaHsd background) mice were analyzed by light and immunofluorescence microscopy as well as immunohistochemistry. Liver tumors arising in aged mice were analyzed by array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that K18 deficiency of hepatocytes leads to steatosis, increasing with age, and finally to SH. K18 deficiency and age promote liver tumor development in mice, frequently on the basis of chromosomal instability, resembling human HCC with stemness features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Bettermann
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | | | - Eva M. Hofer
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Christina Wohlrab
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | | | - Vendula Svendova
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Michael G. Schimek
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | | | - Andrea Thüringer
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | | | - Carolin Lackner
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Kurt Zatloukal
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Helmut Denk
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
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16
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Aberrant modulation of the BRCA1 and G1/S cell cycle pathways in alcoholic hepatitis patients with Mallory Denk Bodies revealed by RNA sequencing. Oncotarget 2016; 6:42491-503. [PMID: 26623723 PMCID: PMC4767447 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mallory-Denk Bodies (MDBs) are prevalent in various liver diseases including alcoholic hepatitis (AH) and are formed in mice livers by feeding DDC. Liver injury from alcohol administration causes balloon hepatocytes and MDB formation impeding liver regeneration. By comparing AH livers where MDBs had formed with normal liver transcriptomes obtained by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), there was significant upregulation of BRCA1-mediated signaling and G1/S cell cycle checkpoint pathways. The transcriptional architecture of differentially expressed genes from AH livers reflected step-wise transcriptional changes progressing to AH. Key molecules such as BRCA1, p15 and p21 were significantly upregulated both in AH livers and in the livers of the DDC re-fed mice model where MDBs had formed. The increase of G1/S cell cycle checkpoint inhibitors p15 and p21 results in cell cycle arrest and inhibition of liver regeneration, implying that p15 and p21 could be exploited for the identification of specific targets for the treatment of liver disease. Provided here for the first time is the RNA-Seq data that represents the fully annotated catalogue of the expression of mRNAs. The most prominent alterations observed were the changes in BRCA1-mediated signaling and G1/S cell cycle checkpoint pathways. These new findings expand previous and related knowledge in the search for gene changes that might be critical in the understanding of the underlying progression to the development of AH.
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17
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Fengler VHI, Macheiner T, Kessler SM, Czepukojc B, Gemperlein K, Müller R, Kiemer AK, Magnes C, Haybaeck J, Lackner C, Sargsyan K. Susceptibility of Different Mouse Wild Type Strains to Develop Diet-Induced NAFLD/AFLD-Associated Liver Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155163. [PMID: 27167736 PMCID: PMC4863973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although non-alcoholic and alcoholic fatty liver disease have been intensively studied, concerning pathophysiological mechanisms are still incompletely understood. This may be due to the use of different animal models and resulting model-associated variation. Therefore, this study aimed to compare three frequently used wild type mouse strains in their susceptibility to develop diet-induced features of non-alcoholic/alcoholic fatty liver disease. Fatty liver disease associated clinical, biochemical, and histological features in C57BL/6, CD-1, and 129Sv WT mice were induced by (i) high-fat diet feeding, (ii) ethanol feeding only, and (iii) the combination of high-fat diet and ethanol feeding. Hepatic and subcutaneous adipose lipid profiles were compared in CD-1 and 129Sv mice. Additionally hepatic fatty acid composition was determined in 129Sv mice. In C57BL/6 mice dietary regimens resulted in heterogeneous hepatic responses, ranging from pronounced steatosis and inflammation to a lack of any features of fatty liver disease. Liver-related serum biochemistry showed high deviations within the regimen groups. CD-1 mice did not exhibit significant changes in metabolic and liver markers and developed no significant steatosis or inflammation as a response to dietary regimens. Although 129Sv mice showed no weight gain, this strain achieved most consistent features of fatty liver disease, apparent from concentration alterations of liver-related serum biochemistry as well as moderate steatosis and inflammation as a result of all dietary regimens. Furthermore, the hepatic lipid profile as well as the fatty acid composition of 129Sv mice were considerably altered, upon feeding the different dietary regimens. Accordingly, diet-induced non-alcoholic/alcoholic fatty liver disease is most consistently promoted in 129Sv mice compared to C57BL/6 and CD-1 mice. As a conclusion, this study demonstrates the importance of genetic background of used mouse strains for modeling diet-induced non-alcoholic/alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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MESH Headings
- Alanine Transaminase/metabolism
- Animals
- Aspartate Aminotransferases/metabolism
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Cholesterol/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Dietary Fats/administration & dosage
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Susceptibility
- Ethanol/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/metabolism
- Fatty Liver, Alcoholic/etiology
- Fatty Liver, Alcoholic/genetics
- Fatty Liver, Alcoholic/metabolism
- Fatty Liver, Alcoholic/pathology
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Function Tests
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/etiology
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/genetics
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/metabolism
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/pathology
- Species Specificity
- Subcutaneous Fat/metabolism
- Subcutaneous Fat/pathology
- Triglycerides/metabolism
- Weight Gain
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanja Macheiner
- BioPersMed/Biobank Graz, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sonja M. Kessler
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Beate Czepukojc
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Katja Gemperlein
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Alexandra K. Kiemer
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christoph Magnes
- Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Carolin Lackner
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Karine Sargsyan
- BioPersMed/Biobank Graz, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- * E-mail:
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18
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Stumptner C, Gogg-Kamerer M, Viertler C, Denk H, Zatloukal K. Immunofluorescence and Immunohistochemical Detection of Keratins. Methods Enzymol 2016; 568:139-62. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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19
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Hirose A, Ochiai W, Yamamoto Y, Fukaya M, Iwasaki H, Wakui N, Takahashi A, Takahashi Y, Kitaoka S, Hatogai J, Ikarashi N, Sugiyama K. Analysis of CYP2R1 and CYP26A1 Expression Patterns in Regeneration in Mice with Liver Injury. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:1955-1960. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akiyo Hirose
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University
| | - Wataru Ochiai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University
| | - Yuka Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University
| | - Masashi Fukaya
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University
| | | | - Nozomi Wakui
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University
| | | | | | | | - Jo Hatogai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University
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Liu H, French BA, Li J, Tillman B, French SW. Altered regulation of miR-34a and miR-483-3p in alcoholic hepatitis and DDC fed mice. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:552-7. [PMID: 26403328 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression by binding to the untranslated regions of their target mRNAs. Deregulation of miRNAs is shown to play pivotal roles in tumorigenesis and progression. Mallory-Denk Bodies (MDBs) are prevalent in various liver diseases including alcoholic hepatitis (AH) and are formed in mice livers by feeding DDC. By comparing AH livers where MDBs had formed with normal livers, there were significant changes of miR-34a and miR-483-3p by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analyses. Real-time PCR further shows a 3- and 6-fold upregulation (respectively) of miR-34a in the AH livers and in the livers of DDC re-fed mice, while miR-483-3p was significantly downregulated in AH and DDC re-fed mice livers. This indicates that miR-34a and miR-483-3p may be crucial for liver MDB formation. P53 mRNA was found to be significantly downregulated both in the AH livers and in the livers of DDC re-fed mice, indicating that the upregulation of miR-34a is permitted by the decrease of p53 in AH since miR-34a is a main target of p53. Overexpression of miR-34a leads to an increase of p53 targets such as p27, which inhibits the cell cycle leading to cell cycle arrest. Importantly, BRCA1 is a target gene of miR-483-3p by RNA-Seq analyses and the downregulation of miR-483-3p may be the mechanism for liver MDB formation since the BRCA1 signal was markedly upregulated in AH livers. These results constitute a demonstration of the altered regulation of miR-34a and miR-483-3p in the livers of AH and mice fed DDC where MDBs formed, providing further insight into the mechanism of MDB formation mediated by miR-34a and miR-483-3p in AH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Barbara A French
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Brittany Tillman
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Samuel W French
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA.
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Liu H, French BA, Nelson TJ, Li J, Tillman B, French SW. IL-8 signaling is up-regulated in alcoholic hepatitis and DDC fed mice with Mallory Denk Bodies (MDBs) present. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:320-5. [PMID: 26260904 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors are involved in oncogenesis and in tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis. Various chemokines also promote cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis of stressed cells. The chemokine CXCL8, also known as interleukin-8 (IL-8), is a proinflammatory molecule that has functions within the tumor microenvironment. Deregulation of IL-8 signaling is shown to play pivotal roles in tumorigenesis and progression. Mallory-Denk Bodies (MDBs) are prevalent in various liver diseases including alcoholic hepatitis (AH) and are formed in mice livers by feeding DDC. By comparing AH livers where MDBs had formed with normal livers, there were significant changes of IL-8 signaling by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analyses. Real-time PCR analysis of CXCR2 further shows a 6-fold up-regulation in AH livers and a 26-fold up-regulation in the livers of DDC re-fed mice. IL-8 mRNA was also significantly up-regulated in AH livers and DDC re-fed mice livers. This indicates that CXCR2 and IL-8 may be crucial for liver MDB formation. MDB containing balloon hepatocytes in AH livers had increased intensity of staining of the cytoplasm for both CXCR2 and IL-8. Overexpression of IL-8 leads to an increase of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade and exacerbates the inflammatory cycle. These observations constitute a demonstration of the altered regulation of IL-8 signaling in the livers of AH and mice fed DDC where MDBs formed, providing further insight into the mechanism of MDB formation mediated by IL-8 signaling in AH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Barbara A French
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Tyler J Nelson
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Brittany Tillman
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Samuel W French
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA.
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23
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Chen Y, Guldiken N, Spurny M, Mohammed HHA, Haybaeck J, Pollheimer MJ, Fickert P, Gassler N, Jeon MK, Trautwein C, Strnad P. Loss of keratin 19 favours the development of cholestatic liver disease through decreased ductular reaction. J Pathol 2015; 237:343-54. [PMID: 26108453 DOI: 10.1002/path.4580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Keratins (K) are cytoprotective proteins and keratin mutations predispose to the development of multiple human diseases. K19 represents the most widely used marker of biliary and hepatic progenitor cells as well as a marker of ductular reaction that constitutes the basic regenerative response to chronic liver injury. In the present study, we investigated the role of K19 in biliary and hepatic progenitor cells and its importance for ductular reaction. K19 wild-type (WT) and knockout (KO) mice were fed: (a) 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC); (b) cholic acid (CA); (c) a choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented (CDE) diet; or (d) were subjected to common bile duct ligation (CBDL). The bile composition, liver damage, bile duct proliferation, oval cell content and biliary fibrosis were analysed. In untreated animals, loss of K19 led to redistribution of the K network in biliary epithelial cells (BECs) but to no obvious biliary phenotype. After DDC feeding, K19 KO mice exhibited (compared to WTs): (a) increased cholestasis; (b) less pronounced ductular reaction with reduced ductular proliferation and fewer oval cells; (c) impaired Notch 2 signalling in BECs; (d) lower biliary fibrosis score and biliary bicarbonate concentration. An attenuated oval cell proliferation in K19 KOs was also found after feeding with the CDE diet. K19 KOs subjected to CBDL displayed lower BEC proliferation, oval cell content and less prominent Notch 2 signal. K19 deficiency did not change the extent of CA- or CBDL-induced liver injury and fibrosis. Our results demonstrate that K19 plays an important role in the ductular reaction and might be of importance in multiple chronic liver disorders that frequently display a ductular reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine III and IZKF, RWTH Aachen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Centre Ulm, Germany
| | - Nurdan Guldiken
- Department of Internal Medicine III and IZKF, RWTH Aachen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Centre Ulm, Germany
| | - Manuela Spurny
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Centre Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Marion J Pollheimer
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Austria.,Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Fickert
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Austria.,Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University Graz, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Gassler
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Min Kyung Jeon
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Pavel Strnad
- Department of Internal Medicine III and IZKF, RWTH Aachen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Centre Ulm, Germany
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24
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Szabo S, Wögenstein KL, Österreicher CH, Guldiken N, Chen Y, Doler C, Wiche G, Boor P, Haybaeck J, Strnad P, Fuchs P. Epiplakin attenuates experimental mouse liver injury by chaperoning keratin reorganization. J Hepatol 2015; 62:1357-66. [PMID: 25617501 PMCID: PMC4451473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Epiplakin is a member of the plakin protein family and exclusively expressed in epithelial tissues where it binds to keratins. Epiplakin-deficient (Eppk1(-/-)) mice displayed no obvious spontaneous phenotype, but their keratinocytes showed a faster keratin network breakdown in response to stress. The role of epiplakin in the stressed liver remained to be elucidated. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and Eppk1(-/-) mice were subjected to common bile duct ligation (CBDL) or fed with a 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC)-containing diet. The importance of epiplakin during keratin reorganization was assessed in primary hepatocytes. RESULTS Our experiments revealed that epiplakin is expressed in hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, and binds to keratin 8 (K8) and K18 via multiple domains. In several liver stress models epiplakin and K8 genes displayed identical expression patterns and transgenic K8 overexpression resulted in elevated hepatic epiplakin levels. After CBDL and DDC treatment, Eppk1(-/-) mice developed a more pronounced liver injury and their livers contained larger amounts of hepatocellular keratin granules, indicating impaired disease-induced keratin network reorganization. In line with these findings, primary Eppk1(-/-) hepatocytes showed increased formation of keratin aggregates after treatment with the phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid, a phenotype which was rescued by the chemical chaperone trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). Finally, transfection experiments revealed that Eppk1(-/-) primary hepatocytes were less able to tolerate forced K8 overexpression and that TMAO treatment rescued this phenotype. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that epiplakin plays a protective role during experimental liver injuries by chaperoning disease-induced keratin reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Szabo
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl L Wögenstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph H Österreicher
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nurdan Guldiken
- Department of Internal Medicine III and IZKF, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine III and IZKF, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carina Doler
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerhard Wiche
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Boor
- Division of Nephrology and Institute of Pathology, RWTH University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Pavel Strnad
- Department of Internal Medicine III and IZKF, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Fuchs
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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The amount of keratins matters for stress protection of the colonic epithelium. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127436. [PMID: 26000979 PMCID: PMC4441500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratins (K) are important for epithelial stress protection as evidenced by keratin mutations predisposing to human liver diseases and possibly inflammatory bowel diseases. A role for K8 in the colon is supported by the ulcerative colitis-phenotype with epithelial hyperproliferation and abnormal ion transport in K8-knockout (K8-/-) mice. The heterozygote knockout (K8+/-) colon appears normal but displays a partial ion transport-defect. Characterizing the colonic phenotype we show that K8+/- colon expresses ~50% less keratins compared to K8 wild type (K8+/+) but de novo K7 expression is observed in the top-most cells of the K8+/- and K8-/- crypts. The K8+/- colonic crypts are significantly longer due to increased epithelial hyperproliferation, but display no defects in apoptosis or inflammation in contrast to K8-/-. When exposed to colitis using the dextran sulphate sodium-model, K8+/- mice showed higher disease sensitivity and delayed recovery compared to K8+/+ littermates. Therefore, the K8+/- mild colonic phenotype correlates with decreased keratin levels and increased sensitivity to experimental colitis, suggesting that a sufficient amount of keratin is needed for efficient stress protection in the colonic epithelia.
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26
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Desai MS, Eblimit Z, Thevananther S, Kosters A, Moore DD, Penny DJ, Karpen SJ. Cardiomyopathy reverses with recovery of liver injury, cholestasis and cholanemia in mouse model of biliary fibrosis. Liver Int 2015; 35:1464-77. [PMID: 24330504 PMCID: PMC4057995 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triggers and exacerbants of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy (CC) are poorly understood, limiting treatment options in patients with chronic liver diseases. Liver transplantation alone reverses some features of CC, but the physiology behind this effect has never been studied. AIMS We aimed to determine whether reversal of liver injury and fibrosis in mouse affects cardiac parameters. The second aim was to determine whether cardiomyopathy can be induced by specifically increasing systemic bile acid (BA) levels. METHODS 6-8 week old male C57BL6J mice were fed either chow (n = 5) or 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydroxychollidine (DDC) (n = 10) for 3 weeks. At the end of 3 weeks, half the mice in the DDC fed group were randomized to chow (the reversed [REV] group). Serial ECHOs and electrocardiographic analysis was conducted weekly for 6 weeks followed by liver tissue and serum studies. Hearts were analysed for key components of function and cell signalling. Cardiac physiological and molecular parameters were similarly analysed in Abcb11(-/-) mice (n = 5/grp) fed 0.5% cholic acid supplemented diet for 1 week. RESULTS Mice in the REV group showed normalization of biochemical markers of liver injury with resolution of electrocardiographic and ECHO aberrations. Catecholamine resistance seen in DDC group resolved in the REV group. Cardiac recovery was accompanied by normalization of cardiac troponin-T2 as well as resolution of cardiac stress response at RNA level. Cardiovascular physiological and molecular parameters correlated with degree of cholanemia. Cardiomyopathy was reproduced in cholanemic BA fed Abcb11(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS Cardiomyopathy resolves with resolution of liver injury, is associated with cholanaemia, and can be induced by BA feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeena Eblimit
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
| | - Sundararajah Thevananther
- Texas Children’s Liver Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Astrid Kosters
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Daniel J. Penny
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Saul J. Karpen
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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Peng Y, French BA, Tillman B, Morgan TR, French SW. The inflammasome in alcoholic hepatitis: Its relationship with Mallory-Denk body formation. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 97:305-13. [PMID: 25149528 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that the inflammasome activation plays important roles in the pathogenesis of alcoholic hepatitis (AH). Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) is a key component of the macromolecular complex that is so called the inflammasome that triggers caspase 1-dependent maturation of the precursors of IL-1β and IL-18 cytokines. It is also known that the adaptor proteins including apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD (ASC) and the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) are necessary for NLRP3-dependent inflammasome function. Steatohepatitis frequently includes Mallory-Denk body (MDB) formation. In the case of alcoholic steatohepatitis, MDB formation occurs in 80% of biopsies (French 1981; French 1981). While previous studies have focused on in vitro cell lines and mouse models, we are the first group to investigate inflammasome activation in AH liver biopsy specimen and correlate it with MDB formation. Expression of NOD1, NLRP3, ASC, NAIP, MAVS, caspase 1, IL-1β, IL-18, and other inflammatory components including IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, STAT3, and p65 was measured in three to eight formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded AH specimens and control normal liver specimens by immunofluorescence staining and quantified by immunofluorescence intensity. The specimens were double stained with ubiquitin to demonstrate the relationship between inflammasome activation and MDB formation. MAVS, caspase1, IL-18, and TNF-α showed increases in expression in AH compared to the controls (p<0.05), and NAIP expression markedly increased in AH compared to the controls (p<0.01). There was a trend that levels of NLRP3, ASC, caspase1, IL-18, IL-10, and p65 expression correlated with the number of MDBs found in the same field of measurement (correlation coefficients were between 0.62 and 0.93, p<0.05). Our results demonstrate the activation of the inflammasome in AH and suggest that MDB could be an indicator of the extent of inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Peng
- LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Barbara A French
- LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Brittany Tillman
- LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | | | - Samuel W French
- LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Torrance, CA 90509, USA.
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28
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Liu H, Li J, Tillman B, Morgan TR, French BA, French SW. TLR3/4 signaling is mediated via the NFκB-CXCR4/7 pathway in human alcoholic hepatitis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis which formed Mallory-Denk bodies. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 97:234-40. [PMID: 24997224 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling which stimulates inflammatory and proliferative pathways is the key element in the pathogenesis of Mallory-Denk bodies (MDBs) in mice fed DDC. However, little is known as to how TLR signaling is regulated in MDB formation during chronic liver disease development. The first systematic study of TLR signaling pathway transcript regulation in human archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) liver biopsies with MDB formation is presented here. When compared to the activation of Toll-like signaling in alcoholic hepatitis (AH) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients, striking similarities and obvious differences were observed. Similar TLRs (TLR3 and TLR4, etc.), TLR downstream adaptors (MyD88 and TRIF, etc.) and transcript factors (NFκB and IRF7, etc.) were all upregulated in the patients' livers. MyD88, TLR3 and TLR4 were significantly induced in the livers of AH and NASH compared to normal subjects, while TRIF and IRF7 mRNA were only slightly upregulated in AH patients. This is a different pathway from the induction of the TLR4-MyD88-independent pathway in the AH and NASH patients with MDBs present. Importantly, chemokine receptor 4 and 7 (CXCR4/7) mRNAs were found to be induced in the patients livers in FAT10 positive hepatocytes. The CXCR7 pathway was significantly upregulated in patients with AH and the CXCR4 was markedly upregulated in patients with NASH, indicating that CXCR4/7 is crucial in liver MDB formation. This data constitutes the first demonstration of the upregulation of the MyD88-dependent TLR4/NFκB pathway in AH and NASH where MDBs formed, via the NFκB-CXCR4/7 pathway, and provides further insight into the mechanism of MDB formation in human liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- LA BioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Jun Li
- LA BioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Brittany Tillman
- LA BioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | | | - Barbara A French
- LA BioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Samuel W French
- LA BioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Torrance, CA 90509, USA.
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Steatosis and steatohepatitis: complex disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:9924-44. [PMID: 24897026 PMCID: PMC4100130 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15069924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) which includes steatosis and steatohepatitis, in particular non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is a rising health problem world-wide and should be separated from alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH). NAFLD is regarded as hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome (MetSy), being tightly linked to obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Development of steatosis, liver fibrosis and cirrhosis often progresses towards hepatocellular carcinogenesis and frequently results in the indication for liver transplantation, underlining the clinical significance of this disease complex. Work on different murine models and several human patients studies led to the identification of different molecular key players as well as epigenetic factors like miRNAs and SNPs, which have a promoting or protecting function in AFLD/ASH or NAFLD/NASH. To which extent they might be translated into human biology and pathogenesis is still questionable and needs further investigation regarding diagnostic parameters, drug development and a better understanding of the genetic impact. In this review we give an overview about the currently available knowledge and recent findings regarding the development and progression of this disease.
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30
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Zatloukal B, Kufferath I, Thueringer A, Landegren U, Zatloukal K, Haybaeck J. Sensitivity and specificity of in situ proximity ligation for protein interaction analysis in a model of steatohepatitis with Mallory-Denk bodies. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96690. [PMID: 24798445 PMCID: PMC4010503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The in situ proximity ligation assay (isPLA) is an increasingly used technology for in situ detection of protein interactions, post-translational modifications, and spatial relationships of antigens in cells and tissues, in general. In order to test its performance we compared isPLA with immunofluorescence microscopy by analyzing protein interactions in cytoplasmic protein aggregates, so-called Mallory Denk bodies (MDBs). These structures represent protein inclusions in hepatocytes typically found in human steatohepatitis and they can be generated in mice by feeding of 3,5-diethoxy-carbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC). We investigated the colocalization of all three key MDB components, namely keratin 8 (K8), keratin 18 (K18), and p62 (sequestosome 1) by isPLA and immunofluorescence microscopy. Sensitivity and specificity of isPLA was assessed by using Krt8−/− and Krt18−/− mice as biological controls, along with a series of technical controls. isPLA signal visualization is a robust technology with excellent sensitivity and specificity. The biological relevance of signals generated critically depends on the performance of antibodies used, which requires careful testing of antibodies like in immunofluorescence microscopy. There is a clear advantage of isPLA in visualizing protein co-localization, particularly when antigens are present at markedly different concentrations. Furthermore, isPLA is superior to confocal microscopy with respect to spatial resolution of colocalizing antigens. Disadvantages compared to immunofluorescence are increased costs and longer duration of the laboratory protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iris Kufferath
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Ulf Landegren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kurt Zatloukal
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
- * E-mail:
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31
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Potikha T, Stoyanov E, Pappo O, Frolov A, Mizrahi L, Olam D, Shnitzer-Perlman T, Weiss I, Barashi N, Peled A, Sass G, Tiegs G, Poirier F, Rabinovich GA, Galun E, Goldenberg D. Interstrain differences in chronic hepatitis and tumor development in a murine model of inflammation-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis. Hepatology 2013; 58:192-204. [PMID: 23423643 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chronic inflammation is strongly associated with an increased risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. The multidrug resistance 2 (Mdr2)-knockout (KO) mouse (adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette b4(-/-) ), a model of inflammation-mediated HCC, develops chronic cholestatic hepatitis at an early age and HCC at an adult age. To delineate factors contributing to hepatocarcinogenesis, we compared the severity of early chronic hepatitis and late HCC development in two Mdr2-KO strains: Friend virus B-type/N (FVB) and C57 black 6 (B6). We demonstrated that hepatocarcinogenesis was significantly less efficient in the Mdr2-KO/B6 mice versus the Mdr2-KO/FVB mice; this difference was more prominent in males. Chronic hepatitis in the Mdr2-KO/B6 males was more severe at 1 month of age but was less severe at 3 months of age in comparison with age-matched Mdr2-KO/FVB males. A comparative genome-scale gene expression analysis of male livers of both strains at 3 months of age revealed both common and strain-specific aberrantly expressed genes, including genes associated with the regulation of inflammation, the response to oxidative stress, and lipid metabolism. One of these regulators, galectin-1 (Gal-1), possesses both anti-inflammatory and protumorigenic activities. To study its regulatory role in the liver, we transferred the Gal-1-KO mutation (lectin galactoside-binding soluble 1(-/-) ) from the B6 strain to the FVB strain, and we demonstrated that endogenous Gal-1 protected the liver against concanavalin A-induced hepatitis with the B6 genetic background but not the FVB genetic background. CONCLUSION Decreased chronic hepatitis in Mdr2-KO/B6 mice at the age of 3 months correlated with a significant retardation of liver tumor development in this strain versus the Mdr2-KO/FVB strain. We found candidate factors that may determine strain-specific differences in the course of chronic hepatitis and HCC development in the Mdr2-KO model, including inefficient anti-inflammatory activity of the endogenous lectin Gal-1 in the FVB strain.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/deficiency
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/genetics
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/etiology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/prevention & control
- Concanavalin A
- Galectin 1/physiology
- Hepatitis, Chronic/complications
- Hepatitis, Chronic/etiology
- Hepatitis, Chronic/pathology
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/etiology
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Methionine Adenosyltransferase/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains/genetics
- Mice, Knockout
- ATP-Binding Cassette Sub-Family B Member 4
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Potikha
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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