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Zhao Z, Yang Y, Wu S, Yao D. Role of Secretory Mucins in the Occurrence and Development of Cholelithiasis. Biomolecules 2024; 14:676. [PMID: 38927079 PMCID: PMC11201413 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholelithiasis is a common biliary tract disease. However, the exact mechanism underlying gallstone formation remains unclear. Mucin plays a vital role in the nuclear formation and growth of cholesterol and pigment stones. Excessive mucin secretion can result in cholestasis and decreased gallbladder activity, further facilitating stone formation and growth. Moreover, gallstones may result in inflammation and the secretion of inflammatory factors, which can further increase mucin expression and secretion to promote the growth of gallstones. This review systematically summarises and analyses the role of mucins in gallstone occurrence and development and its related mechanisms to explore new ideas for interventions in stone formation or recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dianbo Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110004, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (S.W.)
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Thomaidou E, Karlafti E, Didagelos M, Megari K, Argiriadou E, Akinosoglou K, Paramythiotis D, Savopoulos C. Acalculous Cholecystitis in COVID-19 Patients: A Narrative Review. Viruses 2024; 16:455. [PMID: 38543820 PMCID: PMC10976146 DOI: 10.3390/v16030455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) represents cholecystitis without gallstones, occurring in approximately 5-10% of all cases of acute cholecystitis in adults. Several risk factors have been recognized, while infectious diseases can be a cause of cholecystitis in otherwise healthy people. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has spread worldwide, leading to an unprecedented pandemic. The virus enters cells through the binding of the spike protein to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors expressed in many human tissues, including the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and this explains the symptoms emanating from the digestive system. Acute cholecystitis has been reported in patients with COVID-19. The purpose of this review is to provide a detailed analysis of the current literature on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and outcomes of AAC in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia Thomaidou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.T.); (M.D.); (E.A.)
| | - Eleni Karlafti
- Emergency Department, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- First Propaedeutic Internal Medicine Department, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Matthaios Didagelos
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.T.); (M.D.); (E.A.)
- 1st Cardiology Department, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Megari
- CITY College, University of York Europe Campus, 54626 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Eleni Argiriadou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.T.); (M.D.); (E.A.)
| | - Karolina Akinosoglou
- Department of Medicine, University General Hospital of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece;
| | - Daniel Paramythiotis
- First Propaedeutic Department of Surgery, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Christos Savopoulos
- First Propaedeutic Internal Medicine Department, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Han F, Zhao T, Zhang Y, Yun Y, Xu Y, Guo S, Zhong Y, Xie X, Shen J. Discovery and exploration of novel somatostatin receptor subtype 5 (SSTR5) antagonists for the treatment of cholesterol gallstones. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 264:116017. [PMID: 38070432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The shortage of cholesterol gallstones treatment intensifies the need to discover of effective small molecule drugs. Clinical follow-up and studies have found that activation of somatostatin receptor subtype 5 (SSTR5) reduce gallbladder contraction and thus increase the risk of cholesterol gallstones, implying that antagonizing SSTR5 may promote gallbladder emptying and reduce the formation of gallstones. Herein, we discovered novel SSTR5 antagonists and firstly investigated its effects on cholesterol gallstone. From loperamide, a reported seed structure with micromole activity, we identified optimal compound 23 as an SSTR5 antagonist exhibiting single-digit nanomolar potency, low hERG inhibition and oral availability. Further in vivo evaluation revealed that 23 significantly promoted gallbladder emptying. Moreover, in a mouse cholesterol gallstone model, 23 (3 mg/kg) effectively reduced the cholesterol gallstones formation, showing better efficacy than the clinical first-line drug UDCA (60 mg/kg), providing a new insight into the development of anti-gallstone drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Yanglong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ying Yun
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Shimeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yongqing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210046, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China; Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong, 264117, China.
| | - Jianhua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210046, China.
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4
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Nie C, Li Z, Yang T, Zhong J, Liu Q, Mi F, Yu J, Pan Y, Kan H, Hong F. Associations of long-term exposure to particulate matter with gallstone risks in Chinese adults: A large cross-sectional study. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 252:114644. [PMID: 36791505 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological evidence regarding the relation of exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) with gallstone disease (GSD) risk remains lacking. We tested the hypothesis that long-term exposure to PM is related to the development of GSD and that dyslipidemia can mediate the effect of PM-associated GSD formation. METHODS We extracted related information on the basis of the baseline survey of the China Multi-Ethnic Cohort Study. The exposure levels of PM (PM1, PM2.5, and PM10) were assessed by validated spatiotemporal models. The relation of exposure to ambient PM with GSD risks was analyzed by non-conditional logistic regression models. Additionally, mediation analysis was conducted to assess whether dyslipidemia was related to the relation of PM exposure with GSD risks. RESULTS A total of 72,893 participants were included. Increased ambient PM exposure was positively associated with a higher GSD risk, with ORs (and 95% CI) of 1.17 (1.06, 1.28), 1.10 (1.05, 1.15), and 1.07 (1.04, 1.10) for every 10 μg/m3 increment in PM1, PM2.5, and PM10, separately. The association was more remarkable in males, drinkers, and central obesity participants. Dyslipidemia significantly mediated the association between PM and GSD, with mediating proportions of 5.37%, 9.13%, and 7.66% in PM1, PM2.5, and PM10, respectively. CONCLUSION Exposure to PM may relate to the increased risk of GSD in Chinese adults, especially among males, drinkers, and central obesity participants. Dyslipidemia may partially mediate the effect of PM-associated GSD development. Our results might provide epidemiological evidence for the progression of GSD related to PM and give new insights into GSD prevention and screening priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Nie
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhifeng Li
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400042, China.
| | - Tingting Yang
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jianqin Zhong
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qiaolan Liu
- Sichuan University West China School of Public Health, Sichuan, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Fei Mi
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Jianhong Yu
- Pidu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Sichuan, Chengdu 611700, China
| | - Yongyue Pan
- School of Medicine, Tibet University, Lhasa, Tibet 850000, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Feng Hong
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, Guiyang 550025, China.
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Cumhur Cure M, Cure E. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 may cause liver injury via Na +/H + exchanger. World J Virol 2023; 12:12-21. [PMID: 36743661 PMCID: PMC9896593 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v12.i1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver has many significant functions, such as detoxification, the urea cycle, gluconeogenesis, and protein synthesis. Systemic diseases, hypoxia, infections, drugs, and toxins can easily affect the liver, which is extremely sensitive to injury. Systemic infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 can cause liver damage. The primary regulator of intracellular pH in the liver is the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE). Physiologically, NHE protects hepatocytes from apoptosis by making the intracellular pH alkaline. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 increases local angiotensin II levels by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. In severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019, high angi-otensin II levels may cause NHE overstimulation and lipid accumulation in the liver. NHE overstimulation can lead to hepatocyte death. NHE overstimulation may trigger a cytokine storm by increasing proinflammatory cytokines in the liver. Since the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 increases with NHE activation, the virus may indirectly cause an increase in fibrinogen and D-dimer levels. NHE overstimulation may cause thrombotic events and systemic damage by increasing fibrinogen levels and cytokine release. Also, NHE overstimulation causes an increase in the urea cycle while inhibiting vitamin D synthesis and gluconeogenesis in the liver. Increasing NHE3 activity leads to Na+ loading, which impairs the containment and fluidity of bile acid. NHE overstimulation can change the gut microbiota composition by disrupting the structure and fluidity of bile acid, thus triggering systemic damage. Unlike other tissues, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and angiotensin II decrease NHE3 activity in the intestine. Thus, increased luminal Na+ leads to diarrhea and cytokine release. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-induced local and systemic damage can be improved by preventing virus-induced NHE overstimulation in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medine Cumhur Cure
- Department of Biochemistry, Private Tanfer Hospital, Istanbul 34394, Turkey
| | - Erkan Cure
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bagcilar Medilife Hospital, Istanbul 34200, Turkey
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Liu L, Zhao Z, Hou X, Wu J. Effect of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction on the abundance of biliary microbiota (biliary microecology) in patients with common bile duct stones. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1001441. [PMID: 36569207 PMCID: PMC9768453 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1001441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Biliary calculi, a common benign disease of the gastrointestinal tract, are affected by multiple factors, including diet, lifestyle, living environment, and personal and genetic background. Its occurrence is believed to be related to a change in biliary microbiota. Approximately 10%-20% of symptomatic patients with cholecystolithiasis have choledocholithiasis, resulting in infection, abdominal pain, jaundice, and biliary pancreatitis. This study aimed to determine whether a dysfunction in the sphincter of Oddi, which controls the outflow of bile and separates the bile duct from the intestine, leads to a change in biliary microbiota and the occurrence of biliary calculi. Methods Forty patients with cholecystolithiasis and choledocholithiasis were prospectively recruited. Bile specimens were obtained, and biliary pressure was measured during and after surgery. The collected specimens were analyzed with 16S rRNA gene to characterize the biliary microbiota. The risk factors of common bile duct calculi were analyzed numerically combined with the pressure in the sphincter of Oddi. Results Different biliary microbiota were found in all cases. Patients with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction had significantly increased biliary microbiota as well as significantly higher level of systemic inflammation than patients with normal sphincter of Oddi. Conclusions The systemic inflammatory response of patients with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction is more severe, and their microbial community significantly differs from that of patients with normal sphincter of Oddi, which makes biliary tract infection more likely; furthermore, the biliary tract of patients with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction has more gallstone-related bacterial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxun Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining, Qinghai, China,*Correspondence: Linxun Liu,
| | - Zhanxue Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Xiaofan Hou
- Graduate College of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Jindu Wu
- Graduate College of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
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Ye Z, Wang Q, Dai S, Ji X, Cao P, Xu C, Bao G. The Berberis vulgaris L. extract berberine exerts its anti-oxidant effects to ameliorate cholesterol overloading-induced cell apoptosis in the primary mice hepatocytes: an in vitro study. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2022; 58:855-866. [PMID: 36481977 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-022-00737-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol overloading stress damages normal cellular functions in hepatocytes and induces metabolic disorders to facilitate the development of multiple diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, which seriously degrades the life quality of human beings. Recent data suggest that the Berberis vulgaris L. extract berberine is capable of regulating cholesterol homeostasis, which is deemed as potential therapeutic drug for the treatment of cholesterol overloading-associated diseases, but its detailed functions and molecular mechanisms are still largely unknown. In the present study, we evidenced that berberine suppressed cell apoptosis in high-cholesterol-diet mice liver and cholesterol-overloaded mice hepatocytes. Also, cholesterol overloading promoted reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation to trigger oxidative damages in hepatocytes, which were reversed by co-treating cells with both berberine and the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Moreover, the underlying mechanisms were uncovered, and we validated that berberine downregulated Keap1, and upregulated Nrf2 to activate the anti-oxidant Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in cholesterol overloading-treated hepatocytes, and both Keap1 upregulation and Nrf2 downregulation abrogated the suppressing effects of berberine on cell apoptosis in the hepatocytes with cholesterol exposure. Taken together, we concluded that berberine activated the anti-oxidant Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway to eliminate cholesterol overloading-induced oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death in mice hepatocytes, and those evidences hinted that berberine might be used as putative therapeutic drug for the treatment of cholesterol overloading-associated cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengchen Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Xichang Road No. 295, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Xichang Road No. 295, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Shupeng Dai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Xichang Road No. 295, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Xichang Road No. 295, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Pingli Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Xichang Road No. 295, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Chenglei Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Xichang Road No. 295, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Guoqing Bao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Xichang Road No. 295, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan Province, China.
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Bazin D, Daudon M, Frochot V, Haymann JP, Letavernier E. Foreword to microcrystalline pathologies: combining clinical activity and fundamental research at the nanoscale. CR CHIM 2022. [DOI: 10.5802/crchim.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Sharma R, Kumar K, Tanvi K. Dealkenylation of neoandrographolide, a phytochemical from Andrographis paniculata stimulates FXR (Farnesoid X Receptor) and enhances gallstone dissolution. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 41:3339-3348. [PMID: 35253613 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2048078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
FXR (Farnesoid X Receptor) is one of the nuclear receptors expressed in the liver performing a significant role in the maintenance of bile acid concentration. An imbalance of cholesterol and bile acid ratio due to any undefined reason could cause gallstone formation. Hence, this paper aims to screen phytochemicals that could maintain a requisite balance of cholesterol and bile acid by targeting FXR and thereby contributing to the dissolution of gallstone. Nineteen phytochemicals were selected and queried for Pa and Pi in the way2drug online server for hepatoprotective property, cholesterol synthesis and absorption inhibition property, and β-glucuronidase inhibiting activity. Cianidanol, neoandrographolide, cynarine, saponins, and tanins with satisfying stated properties were docked with the screened FXR (PDB ID- 1OSH) using HADDOCK server, followed by pharmacokinetics study utilizing SwissADME tool. Neoandrographolide fits best among the other selected literature-based phytochemicals with minor violation of 'Brenk's rule'. The violation was corrected with the removal of an alkene group in the provided ChemDraw space of SwissADME. This Dealkenylated compound was further docked with FXR. The promising response under the static condition of the Dealkenylated compound was analyzed for molecular dynamic simulation at physiological conditions for 100 ns. Dealkenylated Neoandrographolide (DN) exhibited hepatoprotective, cholesterol synthesis and absorption inhibition property, and β-glucuronidase inhibition activity with a superior binding score of -42.6+/-1.5 with FXR. The interaction of the FXR receptor and the DN showed exceptional stability at physiological conditions during MD simulation and fit for the ADME properties, therefore it could be a potent candidate to dissolve gallstones.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajani Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, India
| | - Kunal Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, India
| | - Kumari Tanvi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, India
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Hao M, Dou Z, Xu L, Shao Z, Sun H, Li Z. RNA Sequencing Analysis of Gene Expression by Electroacupuncture in Guinea Pig Gallstone Models. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2022; 2022:3793946. [PMID: 35035504 PMCID: PMC8759925 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3793946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical studies have shown that electroacupuncture (EA) promotes gallbladder motility and alleviates gallstone. However, the mechanism underlying the effects of EA on gallstone is poorly understood. In this study, the mRNA transcriptome analysis was used to study the possible therapeutic targets of EA. METHODS Hartley SPF guinea pigs were employed for the gallstone models. Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform was used for the RNA sequencing of guinea pig gallbladders in the normal group (Normal), gallstone model group (Model), and EA-treated group (EA). Differently expressed genes (DEGs) were examined separately in Model vs. Normal and EA vs. Model. DEGs reversed by EA were selected by comparing the DEGs of Model vs. Normal and EA vs. Model. Biological functions were enriched by gene ontology (GO) analysis. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was analyzed. RESULTS After 2 weeks of EA, 257 DEGs in Model vs. Normal and 1704 DEGs in EA vs. Model were identified. 94 DEGs reversed by EA were identified among these DEGs, including 28 reversed upregulated DEGs and 66 reversed downregulated DEGs. By PPI network analysis, 10 hub genes were found by Cytohubba plugin of Cytoscape. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) verified the changes. CONCLUSION We identified a few GOs and genes that might play key roles in the treatment of gallstone. This study may help understand the therapeutic mechanism of EA for gallstone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyao Hao
- External Treatment Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Zhiqiang Dou
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Luyao Xu
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Zongchen Shao
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Hongwei Sun
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Zhaofeng Li
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
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11
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Liang KW, Huang HH, Wang L, Lu WY, Chou YH, Tantoh DM, Nfor ON, Chiu NY, Tyan YS, Liaw YP. Risk of gallstones based on ABCG8 rs11887534 single nucleotide polymorphism among Taiwanese men and women. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21:468. [PMID: 34906072 PMCID: PMC8672562 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-021-02060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gallstones are abnormal masses caused by impaired metabolism of cholesterol, bilirubin, or bile salts in the gallbladder or biliary tract. ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 8 (ABCG8) is a protein that regulates cholesterol efflux from the liver. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and meta-analyses of GWAS revealed the ABCG8 rs11887534 variant as the most common genetic determinant of gallstones in humans. These findings have not been extensively replicated in Taiwanese. Therefore, we appraised the relationship between gallstones and rs11887534 in a relatively large Taiwanese sample. METHODS We retrieved data collected through questionnaires, physical and biochemical tests from the Taiwan Biobank Bank (TWB). The study participants comprised 7388 men and 13,880 women who voluntarily enrolled in the Taiwan Biobank project between 2008 and 2019. Gallstones were self-reported. RESULTS The overall sample size was 21,268 comprising 938 gallstone patients and 20,330 non-gallstone individuals. Among the participants, 20,640 had the GG and 628 had the GC + CC genotype. At p-value < 0.05, the baseline genotypes and gallstone status between men and women were not significantly different. The risk of gallstones was higher in participants having the GC + CC compared to the GG genotype: odds ratio (OR); 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.698; 1.240-2.325), but was lower in men compared to women (OR = 0.763; 95% CI = 0.638-0.913). Compared to men with the rs11887534 GG genotype, women with the GG and GC + CC genotypes had a higher risk of gallstone (OR; 95% CI = 1.304; 1.087-1.565 for GG and 2.291; 1.514-3.467 for GC + CC). The positive association between GC + CC and gallstones was retained after we restricted the analysis to the female participants (OR; 95% CI = 1.789 = 1.208-2.648). Hormone use was associated with an elevated risk of gallstones (OR; 95% CI = 1.359; 1.107-1.668). Relative to GG and no hormone use, we found a significantly high risk among hormone users with the GC + CC genotype (OR; 95% CI = 3.596; 1.495-8.650). CONCLUSIONS The rs11887534 GC + CC genotype was independently associated with a higher risk of gallstones. This risk was much higher among women, especially those who used hormones for various gynecological purposes.
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Grants
- CSH-2021-C-032 Chung Shan Medical University Hospital
- CSH-2021-C-032 Chung Shan Medical University Hospital
- CSH-2021-C-032 Chung Shan Medical University Hospital
- CSH-2021-C-032 Chung Shan Medical University Hospital
- CSH-2021-C-032 Chung Shan Medical University Hospital
- CSH-2021-C-032 Chung Shan Medical University Hospital
- CSH-2021-C-032 Chung Shan Medical University Hospital
- CSH-2021-C-032 Chung Shan Medical University Hospital
- CSH-2021-C-032 Chung Shan Medical University Hospital
- CSH-2021-C-032 Chung Shan Medical University Hospital
- MOST 109-2121-M-040-002; MOST 110-2121-M-040-002; MOST 109-2811-M-040-500; MOST 110-2811-M-040-001 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- MOST 109-2121-M-040-002; MOST 110-2121-M-040-002; MOST 109-2811-M-040-500; MOST 110-2811-M-040-001 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- MOST 109-2121-M-040-002; MOST 110-2121-M-040-002; MOST 109-2811-M-040-500; MOST 110-2811-M-040-001 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- MOST 109-2121-M-040-002; MOST 110-2121-M-040-002; MOST 109-2811-M-040-500; MOST 110-2811-M-040-001 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- MOST 109-2121-M-040-002; MOST 110-2121-M-040-002; MOST 109-2811-M-040-500; MOST 110-2811-M-040-001 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- MOST 109-2121-M-040-002; MOST 110-2121-M-040-002; MOST 109-2811-M-040-500; MOST 110-2811-M-040-001 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- MOST 109-2121-M-040-002; MOST 110-2121-M-040-002; MOST 109-2811-M-040-500; MOST 110-2811-M-040-001 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- MOST 109-2121-M-040-002; MOST 110-2121-M-040-002; MOST 109-2811-M-040-500; MOST 110-2811-M-040-001 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- MOST 109-2121-M-040-002; MOST 110-2121-M-040-002; MOST 109-2811-M-040-500; MOST 110-2811-M-040-001 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- MOST 109-2121-M-040-002; MOST 110-2121-M-040-002; MOST 109-2811-M-040-500; MOST 110-2811-M-040-001 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- MOST 109-2121-M-040-002; MOST 110-2121-M-040-002; MOST 109-2811-M-040-500; MOST 110-2811-M-040-001 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng-Wei Liang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hui Huang
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Lee Wang
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Lu
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsiang Chou
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Disline Manli Tantoh
- Department of Medical Imaging, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Oswald Ndi Nfor
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Neng-Yu Chiu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Yeu-Sheng Tyan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Po Liaw
- Department of Medical Imaging, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan.
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan.
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Fu Y, Pang L, Dai W, Wu S, Kong J. Advances in the Study of Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis: A Comprehensive Review. Dig Dis 2021; 40:468-478. [PMID: 34657038 DOI: 10.1159/000520025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) is characterized by acute necrotizing inflammation with no calculi and is diagnosed based on imaging, intraoperative, and pathological examinations. KEY MESSAGE Although AAC has been studied clinically for a long time, it remains difficult to diagnose and treat. The pathogenesis of AAC is still not fully understood, and it is often regarded as a relatively independent clinical disease that is different from acute calculous cholecystitis (ACC). Pathological studies suggest that AAC is the manifestation of a critical systemic disease, while ACC is a local disease of the gallbladder. SUMMARY Concerning the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of AAC, we reviewed the research progress of AAC, which will enhance the understanding of the early diagnosis and treatment of AAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yantao Fu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liwei Pang
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wanlin Dai
- Innovation Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuodong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Kong
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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E S, Srikanth MS, Shreyas A, Desai S, Mehdi S, Gangadharappa HV, Suman, Krishna KL. Recent advances, novel targets and treatments for cholelithiasis; a narrative review. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 908:174376. [PMID: 34303667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cholelithiasis is a common and frequent condition all over the world with a high prevalence rate in western countries. Individuals with cholesterol gallstone disease experience intense gastrointestinal symptoms and have a high risk of developing comorbidities like cholecystitis, Gall bladder (GB) cancer and pancreatitis. Multiple risk factors associated with cholesterol gallstones include but not limited to genetics, dietary habits, lifestyle changes, comorbid conditions and various drugs. These factors may lead to alteration in bile, cholesterol & phospholipids homeostasis in the GB, intestine and hepatocytes culminating in cholesterol gallstones formation. Surgical (cholecystectomy) and non-surgical (oral dissolution therapy) treatments are available for the disease, albeit with certain complications and high treatment cost. Thus, there is a need for interventions, complementary or alternative therapies for the treatment and prevention of cholesterol gallstones. Currently available drug therapies used for cholesterol gallstones include statins and ezetimibe. Many patients consider traditional herbal practitioners due to their promise of non-invasive and pain free management of gall stones. This present a positive shift towards generally acceptable safety and cost effectiveness of herbal treatment warranting extensive research for alternative or complementary choice such as herbal plants as an emerging area for their potential therapeutic effects. This review discusses current strategies, latest trends available in the disease pathogenesis, drug development for novel targets, risk management, newer anti-lithogenic drugs and herbal plants that target the different aspects of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarne E
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, 570 015, Karnataka, India
| | - M S Srikanth
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, 570 015, Karnataka, India
| | - Ayachit Shreyas
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, 570 015, Karnataka, India
| | - Sneha Desai
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, 570 015, Karnataka, India
| | - Seema Mehdi
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, 570 015, Karnataka, India
| | - H V Gangadharappa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, 570 015, Karnataka, India
| | - Suman
- Department of Dravya Guna, Government Ayurvedic Medical College and Hospital, New Sayyaji Rao Road, Mysuru, 570 001, India
| | - K L Krishna
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, 570 015, Karnataka, India.
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Sweed N, Kim HJ, Hultenby K, Barros R, Parini P, Sancisi V, Strandvik B, Gabbi C. Liver X receptor β regulates bile volume and the expression of aquaporins and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator in the gallbladder. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 321:G243-G251. [PMID: 34259574 PMCID: PMC8815792 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00024.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The gallbladder is considered an important organ in maintaining digestive and metabolic homeostasis. Given that therapeutic options for gallbladder diseases are often limited to cholecystectomy, understanding gallbladder pathophysiology is essential in developing novel therapeutic strategies. Since liver X receptor β (LXRβ), an oxysterol-activated transcription factor, is strongly expressed in gallbladder cholangiocytes, the aim was to investigate LXRβ physiological function in the gallbladder. Thus, we studied the gallbladders of WT and LXRβ-/- male mice using immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, qRT-PCR, bile duct cannulation, bile and blood biochemistry, and duodenal pH measurements. LXRβ-/- mice presented a large gallbladder bile volume with high duodenal mRNA levels of the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), a strong mediator of gallbladder relaxation. LXRβ-/- gallbladders showed low mRNA and protein expression of Aquaporin-1, Aquaporin-8, and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). A cystic fibrosis-resembling phenotype was evident in the liver showing high serum cholestatic markers and the presence of reactive cholangiocytes. For LXRβ being a transcription factor, we identified eight putative binding sites of LXR on the promoter and enhancer of the Cftr gene, suggesting Cftr as a novel LXRβ regulated gene. In conclusion, LXRβ was recognized as a regulator of gallbladder bile volume through multiple mechanisms involving CFTR and aquaporins.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This report reveals a novel and specific role of the nuclear receptor liver X receptor β (LXRβ) in controlling biliary tree pathophysiology. LXRβ-/- mice have high gallbladder bile volume and are affected by a cholangiopathy that resembles cystic fibrosis. We found LXRβ to regulate the expression of both aquaporins water channels and the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. This opens a new field in biliary tree pathophysiology, enlightening a possible transcription factor controlling CFTR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Sweed
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Kjell Hultenby
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, NEO, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Barros
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Paoo Parini
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Valentina Sancisi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL Reggio Emilia-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Birgitta Strandvik
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, NEO, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chiara Gabbi
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, NEO, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Xiang Y, Kong X, Zhang C, He C, Cai J, Lu R, Zhang B, Lu L, Yang Y. Free fatty acids and triglyceride change in the gallbladder bile of gallstone patients with pancreaticobiliary reflux. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:97. [PMID: 34465364 PMCID: PMC8408976 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01527-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreaticobiliary reflux (PBR) causes chronic inflammation of the gallbladder mucosa and changes in the bile components, which are known to promote gallstone formation. This study aimed to investigate the bile biochemistry changes in gallstone patients with PBR and provide new clues for research on the involvement of PBR in gallstone formation. Methods Patients undergoing surgery for gallstones between December 2020 and May 2021 were eligible for inclusion. The bile biochemistry (including amylase, lipase, triglyceride, cholesterol, free fatty acids [FFAs], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], and γ-glutamyl transferase [γ-GT]) of the included gallstone patients was analysed to determine correlations with PBR. Results In this study, 144 gallstone patients who underwent surgery were enrolled. Overall, 15.97 % of the patients had an increased bile amylase level, which was associated with older age and significantly higher bile levels of ALP, lipase, triglyceride, and FFAs. Positive correlations were observed between amylase and lipase, triglyceride, FFAs levels in the gallbladder bile. However, the bile levels of triglyceride, FFAs, and lipase were positively correlated with each other only in the PBR group and showed no significant correlation in the control (N) group. In addition, elevated bile FFAs levels were found to be an independent risk factor for gallbladder wall thickening. Conclusions In conclusion, PBR-induced increase in FFAs and triglyceride in the gallbladder bile is a cause of gallstone formation, and an increase in bile ALP suggests the presence of cholestasis in PBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukai Xiang
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangyu Kong
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanqi He
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingli Cai
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiqi Lu
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Bosen Zhang
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulong Yang
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China.
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Qian C, Qiu W, Zhang J, Shen Z, Liu H, Zhang Y. The long non-coding RNA MEG3 plays critical roles in the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstone. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10803. [PMID: 33665015 PMCID: PMC7908887 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cholesterol gallstone (CG) is the most common gallstone disease, which is induced by biliary cholesterol supersaturation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the pathogenesis of CG. Methods Sixteen mice were equally and randomly divided into model group and normal control group. The model group was fed with lithogenic diets to induce CG, and then gallbladder bile lipid analysis was performed. After RNA-seq library was constructed, differentially expressed mRNAs (DE-mRNAs) and differentially expressed lncRNAs (DE-lncRNAs) between model group and normal control group were analyzed by DESeq2 package. Using the cluster Profiler package, enrichment analysis for the DE-mRNAs was carried out. Based on Cytoscape software, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network were built. Using quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis, the key RNAs were validated. Results The mouse model of CG was suc cessfully established, and then 181 DE-mRNAs and 33 DE-lncRNAs between model and normal groups were obtained. Moreover, KDM4A was selected as a hub node in the PPI network, and lncRNA MEG3 was considered as a key lncRNA in the regulatory network. Additionally, the miR-107-5p/miR-149-3p/miR-346-3-MEG3 regulatory pairs and MEG3-PABPC4/CEP131/NUMB1 co-expression pairs existed in the regulatory network. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that KDM4A expression was increased, and the expressions of MEG3, PABPC4, CEP131, and NUMB1 were downregulated. Conclusion These RNAs might be related to the pathogenesis of CG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlin Qian
- The Second Department of Biliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of General Surgery, South Campus, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqing Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, South Campus, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, South Campus, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyong Shen
- Department of General Surgery, South Campus, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of General Surgery, South Campus, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongjie Zhang
- The Second Department of Biliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Hu FL, Chen HT, Guo FF, Yang M, Jiang X, Yu JH, Zhang FM, Xu GQ. Biliary microbiota and mucin 4 impact the calcification of cholesterol gallstones. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2021; 20:61-66. [PMID: 33341401 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholesterol gallstones account for over 80% of gallstones, and the pathogenesis of gallstone formation involves genetic and environmental factors. However, data on the evolution of cholesterol gallstones with various densities are limited. This study aimed to determine the roles of microbiota and mucins on the formation of calcified cholesterol gallstones in patients with cholelithiasis. METHODS Paired gallbladder tissues and bile specimens were obtained from cholelithiasis patients who were categorized into the isodense group and calcified group according to the density of gallstones. The relative abundance of microbiota in gallbladder tissues was detected. Immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were performed to detect the expression levels of MUC1, MUC2, MUC3a, MUC3b, MUC4, MUC5ac and MUC5b in gallbladder tissues and bile. The correlation of microbiota abundance with MUC4 expression was evaluated by linear regression. RESULTS A total of 23 patients with gallbladder stones were included. The density of gallstones in the isodense group was significantly lower than that of the calcified group (34.20 ± 1.50 vs. 109.40 ± 3.84 HU, P < 0.0001). Compared to the isodense group, the calcified group showed a higher abundance of gram-positive bacteria at the fundus, in the body and neck of gallbladder tissues. The concentrations of MUC1, MUC2, MUC3a, MUC3b, MUC5ac and MUC5b in the epithelial cells of gallbladder tissues showed no difference between the two groups, while the concentrations of MUC4 were significantly higher in the calcified group than that in the isodense group at the fundus (15.49 ± 0.69 vs. 10.23 ± 0.54 ng/mL, P < 0.05), in the body (14.54 ± 0.94 vs. 11.87 ± 0.85 ng/mL, P < 0.05) as well as in the neck (14.77 ± 1.04 vs. 10.85 ± 0.72 ng/mL, P < 0.05) of gallbladder tissues. Moreover, the abundance of bacteria was positively correlated with the expression of MUC4 (r = 0.569, P < 0.05) in the calcified group. CONCLUSIONS This study showed the potential clinical relevance among biliary microbiota, mucins and calcified gallstones in patients with gallstones. Gram-positive microbiota and MUC4 may be positively associated with the calcification of cholesterol gallstones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ling Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hong-Tan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Fang-Fang Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jing-Hua Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Fen-Ming Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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Glucagon-Like Peptide 2 Inhibits Postprandial Gallbladder Emptying in Man: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Crossover Study. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2021; 11:e00257. [PMID: 33512799 PMCID: PMC7710225 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: A recent study in mice points to the gut-derived hormone glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) as an important regulator of gallbladder motility inducing gallbladder relaxation and refilling. In this study, we evaluated the effect of exogenous GLP-2 on postprandial gallbladder motility in healthy men. METHODS: In a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study, we evaluated the effect of 4-hour intravenous infusions of high-dose GLP-2 (10 pmol × kg−1 × min−1), low-dose GLP-2 (1 pmol × kg−1 × min−1), and placebo (saline) on postprandial gallbladder motility. A 300-kcal liquid-mixed meal (added 1.5 g of acetaminophen for indirect measurement of gastric emptying) was served 30 minutes after start of intravenous infusions. Gallbladder volume was assessed by ultrasonography. RESULTS: Fifteen healthy men, age 24.3 (22.4–26.1) years (mean [95% confidence interval]) and body mass index 22.5 (21.7–23.4) kg × m−2, were included. Basal plasma GLP-2 concentration was 14 (11–17) pmol/L. During low-dose and high-dose GLP-2 infusions, steady-state postprandial plasma GLP-2 concentrations amounted to 201 (188–214) and 2,658 (2,443–2,873) pmol/L, respectively, compared with maximum postprandial plasma GLP-2 concentration of 34 (25–44) pmol/L during placebo. Gallbladder emptying (assessed as baseline-subtracted area under the curve for gallbladder volume) was reduced by low-dose GLP-2 (−0.8 [0.7–1.9] L × min, P < 0.0001) and nearly abolished by high-dose GLP-2 (1.3 [−1.7 to 0.01] L × min, P = 0.029) compared to placebo (−2.0 [−2.8 to −1.1] L × min). Compared to placebo, gastric emptying was reduced by high-dose GLP-2 (P = 0.0060 and 0.019), whereas low-dose GLP-2 did not affect gastric emptying (P = 0.13 and 0.85). DISCUSSION: Exogenous GLP-2 exerts a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on postprandial gallbladder emptying in healthy men.
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The association between gallstone disease and metabolic syndrome related abnormalities: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-020-00890-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Fan N, Meng K, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Li D, Gao Q, Wang J, Li Y, Wu S, Cui Y. The effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on the relative expression of the lipid metabolism genes in mouse cholesterol gallstone models. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:158. [PMID: 32615989 PMCID: PMC7333299 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01334-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies indicate that gallstone formation has genetic components. The abnormal expression of lipid-related genes could be the basis for particular forms of cholesterol gallstone disease. The aim of this study was to obtain insight into lipid metabolism disorder during cholesterol gallstone formation and to evaluate the effect of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on the improvement of bile lithogenicity and its potential influence on the transcription of lipid-related genes. METHODS Gallstone-susceptible mouse models were induced by feeding with a lithogenic diet (LD) for 8 weeks. Bile and liver tissues were obtained from these mouse models after 0, 4 and 8 weeks. Bile lipids were measured enzymatically, and the cholesterol saturation index (CSI) was calculated to evaluate the bile lithogenicity by using Carey's critical tables. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), liver X receptor (LXR), adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette subfamily G member 5/8 (ABCG5/8), cholesterol 7-α hydroxylase (CYP7A1), oxysterol 7-α hydroxylase (CYP7B1), sterol 27-α hydroxylase (CYP27A1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) and adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette subfamily B member 11 (ABCB11). RESULTS The rate of gallstone formation was 100% in the 4-week group but only 30% in the UDCA-treated group. The UDCA-treated group had a significantly lower CSI compared with other groups. Of special note, the data on the effects of UDCA showed higher expression levels of ABCG8, ABCB11 and CYP27A1, as well as lower expression levels of LXR and PPAR-α, compared to the model control group. CONCLUSIONS UDCA exhibits tremendously potent activity in restraining lipid accumulation, thus reversing the lithogenic effect and protecting hepatocytes from serious pathological damage. The abnormal expression of ABCG8, CYP7A1, CYP27A1, LXR and PPAR-α might lead to high lithogenicity of bile. These results are helpful in exploring new lipid metabolism pathways and potential targets for the treatment of cholesterol stones and for providing some basis for the study of the pathogenesis and genetic characteristics of cholelithiasis. Research on the mechanism of UDCA in improving lipid metabolism and bile lithogenicity may be helpful for clinical treatment and for reducing the incidence of gallstones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Fan
- Beichen Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 436 Jingjin Road, Beichen District, Tianjin, 300400, China
| | - Ke Meng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, 154 AnShan Road, HePing District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Nankai Clinical School of Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, 122 Sanwei Road Nankai District, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - Yong Hu
- Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Donghua Li
- Institute of Acute Abdomen in Integrative Medicine, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Nankai Clinical School of Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, 122 Sanwei Road Nankai District, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - Qiaoying Gao
- Institute of Acute Abdomen in Integrative Medicine, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Nankai Clinical School of Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, 122 Sanwei Road Nankai District, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Beichen Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 436 Jingjin Road, Beichen District, Tianjin, 300400, China
| | - Yanning Li
- Beichen Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 436 Jingjin Road, Beichen District, Tianjin, 300400, China
| | - Shangwei Wu
- Institute of Acute Abdomen in Integrative Medicine, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Nankai Clinical School of Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, 122 Sanwei Road Nankai District, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - Yunfeng Cui
- Department of Surgery, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Nankai Clinical School of Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, 122 Sanwei Road Nankai District, Tianjin, 300100, China.
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22
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Chen Y, Wu S, Qi L, Dai W, Tian Y, Kong J. Altered absorptive function in the gall bladder during cholesterol gallstone formation is associated with abnormal NHE3 complex formation. J Physiol Biochem 2020; 76:427-435. [PMID: 32557227 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-020-00751-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3) contributes to the formation of cholesterol gallstones. We aimed to investigate whether NHE3 dysfunction is associated with abnormalities in NHE3 complex formation. We fed C57BL/6 mice with control or lithogenic diet and study the expression of NHE3, ezrin, and Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor 1 (NHERF1) in the gallbladder (GB) using RT-PCR and western blot. Immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation were performed to investigate the interactions of NHE3 with ezrin or NHERF1. To explore the initiating factor that leads to NHE3 dysfunction, we stimulated cholangiocarcinoma cells with taurochenodeoxycholate (TCDC) and/or forskolin. The effects of TCDC on the expression of NHE3 regulatory proteins, as well as their bindings to NHE3, were detected by western blot and immunoprecipitation. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to study the regulation of cAMP production by TCDC. The expression of NHERF1 and ezrin phosphorylation level were increased in the gallbladder epithelial cells (GBECs) of C57BL/6 mice with cholesterol gallstones. Immunofluorescence studies demonstrated that the subcellular localization of ezrin and NHERF1 were similar to that of NHE3 in GBECs. Immunoprecipitation revealed that ezrin formed macrocomplex with NHE3, which were enhanced after gallstone formation. TCDC increased forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation, and NHERF1 and PKCα expression in cholangiocarcinoma cells. Under the synergistic effect of forskolin, TCDC stimulated ezrin phosphorylation, with enhanced interaction between ezrin and NHE3. The formation of cholesterol gallstones is associated with abnormal formation of NHE3 complexes. Decreased biliary TCDC may be an initiating factor that leads to abnormal GB absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shuodong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Li Qi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 39, Hua xiang Road, Tiexi District, Shenyang, 110022, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Wanlin Dai
- China Medical University, No. 77, Pu He Road, Shenbeixin District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jing Kong
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, China
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Ushio N, Chambers JK, Watanabe KI, Kishimoto TE, Shiga T, Li JY, Nakayama H, Uchida K. Chronic Inflammatory and Proliferative Lesions of the Gallbladder in Aged Pigs. Vet Pathol 2019; 57:122-131. [PMID: 31551021 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819875749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Primary epithelial tumors of the gallbladder are rarely reported in animals. In this study, 9 aged pigs (6-12 years old) were histopathologically examined for gallbladder proliferative lesions. At necropsy, a large gallstone occupied the lumen of the gallbladder of 3 pigs. Histopathological examination revealed chronic cholecystitis in all 9 pigs, mucosal hyperplasia in 2 pigs, adenoma in 1 pig, and adenocarcinoma in 2 pigs. Bacilli were detected in the gallbladder lumen of 6 pigs by Warthin-Starry stain. Mucosal hyperplasia, adenoma, and adenocarcinoma were characterized by papillary projections of the mucosa with occasional acinar structures. Tumor invasion of the surrounding tissue was observed in the cases of adenocarcinoma. On Alcian blue and periodic acid-Schiff double-stained sections, the acinar structure of gallbladder mucosa in chronic cholecystitis and mucosal hyperplasia was stained in a mosaic pattern, indicating pyloric gland metaplasia. The results of immunohistochemistry revealed a CD10-positive epithelial brush border and mucin (MUC) 2-positive goblet cells in chronic cholecystitis, adenoma, and adenocarcinomas, indicating intestinal metaplasia. Immunoreactivity of MUC5 AC and cytokeratin 19 was weaker in adenoma and adenocarcinomas compared with the normal and hyperplastic gallbladder mucosa. The number of p53-positive nuclei and the Ki-67 index were higher in adenocarcinomas compared with benign lesions. These results suggest that chronic cholecystitis associated with gallstones and/or bacterial infections may contribute to metaplastic changes and development of gallbladder tumors in aged pigs. Alteration of mucin, cytokeratin, and p53 profiles in gallbladder proliferative lesions in pigs were similar to that in humans, suggesting a common pathogenesis in tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanako Ushio
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - James K Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Watanabe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takuya E Kishimoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Shiga
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun-You Li
- Animal Resource Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakayama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Kim HS, Cho SK, Kim CS, Park JS. Big data and analysis of risk factors for gallbladder disease in the young generation of Korea. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211480. [PMID: 30794560 PMCID: PMC6386282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Few studies have examined the risk factors for gallbladder (GB) disease in young adults. This study aimed to evaluate risk factors for GB disease in young adults based on big data in Korea. METHODS All participants underwent routine checkup at the Korea Medical Institute from June 2014 to May 2015. After excluding 677 individuals with missing information in records, 724,114 individuals (435,635 men, 288,479 women) were finally included. The definition of abnormal GB finding included stones, sludge, polyps, and adenomyomatosis detected using ultrasonography. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS software version 9.2. RESULTS Overall, 27,130 (17.5%) individuals were diagnosed as having abnormal GB finding in the young age group (N = 154,463, aged 20-39 years). In men, significant differences in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and cholesterol levels were observed between the abnormal GB finding group and normal GB group (p < 0.05). In women, a significant difference in smoking history was noted between the abnormal GB finding group and normal GB group (p < 0.05). The prevalence rate of GB stones was 1.9% (27,979/154,463) in the young age group. High body mass index (BMI), large thigh circumference, and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level in women and low HDL level in men were independent risk factors for the presence of GB stones (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION In this study, obesity-related factors (BMI, waist size, thigh circumference, and cholesterol, LDL, and HDL levels) correlated with GB disease in the young generation of Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Sun Kim
- Pancreatobiliary Cancer Clinic, Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Kyung Cho
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Soo Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Seong Park
- Pancreatobiliary Cancer Clinic, Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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25
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Nagahara T, Ohno K, Kanemoto H, Kakimoto T, Fukushima K, Goto-Koshino Y, Tsujimoto H. Effect of prednisolone administration on gallbladder emptying rate and gallbladder bile composition in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:1050-1056. [PMID: 30256139 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.10.1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate effects of prednisolone administration on gallbladder emptying rate and gallbladder bile composition in dogs. ANIMALS 6 healthy Beagles. PROCEDURES Prednisolone was administered (2 mg/kg, SC, once daily for 2 weeks) to each dog and tapered over 2 weeks. Gallbladder emptying rate and bile composition were evaluated before and after administration of prednisolone for 2 weeks as well as 1 week after cessation of prednisolone administration. RESULTS Gallbladder emptying rate decreased significantly after prednisolone administration (median, 27%; range, 0% to 38%), compared with rate before administration (median, 59%; range, 29% to 68%), but then increased 1 week after cessation of administration (median, 45%; range, 23% to 48%). Gallbladder bile mucin concentration decreased significantly after prednisolone administration (median, 8.8 mg/dL; range, 6.2 to 11.3 mg/dL), compared with concentration before administration (median, 13.1 mg/dL; range, 10.7 to 21.7 mg/dL), but then increased 1 week after cessation of administration (median, 14.3 mg/dL; range, 9.6 to 26.7 mg/dL). Gallbladder taurochenodeoxycholic acid concentration decreased significantly after prednisolone administration (8.1 mmol/L; range, 6.8 to 15.2 mmol/L), compared with concentration before administration (median, 27.2 mmol/L; range, 22.0 to 31.9 mmol/L), but then increased 1 week after cessation of administration (median, 26.4 mmol/L; range, 15.1 to 31.5 mmol/L). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A lower gallbladder emptying rate caused by prednisolone administration may be involved in the pathogenesis of gallbladder disease in dogs. Further studies are required to determine the clinical importance of lower gallbladder bile mucin concentrations caused by glucocorticoid administration in the pathogenesis of gallbladder disease in dogs.
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Chen YD, Cai HB, Liu P, Peng Y. Non-surgical treatment of cholesterol gallstones: An update on recent developments. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2018; 26:1511-1516. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v26.i25.1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol gallstones (CS) are a common disease of the digestive system. The imbalance of cholesterol and bile acid metabolism tends to result in the deposition of cholesterol crystals, which is the basis of gallstone formation. Current guidelines recommend cholecystectomy for CS patients with any symptoms. Nevertheless, there are still some patients without surgical indications, surgical conditions, or surgical consent, who may be benefit from non-surgical treatment. However, there are not too many tips for non-surgical treatment of CS in latest guidelines, nor sufficient attention paid form clinicians. This paper reviews the relevant recent literature on non-surgical treatment of CS, with an aim to help clinicians be familiar with non-surgical treatment of CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Dong Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410000, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hai-Bin Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410000, Hunan Province, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410000, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ya Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410000, Hunan Province, China
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27
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López-Reyes A, Clavijo-Cornejo D, Fernández-Torres J, Medina-Luna D, Estrada-Villaseñor EG, Gómez-Quiroz LE, Gutiérrez M, Granados J, Vargas-Alarcón G, Pineda C, García H, Morales-Garza LA, Gutiérrez-Ruiz MC, Martínez-Flores K. Fast Morphological Gallbladder Changes Triggered by a Hypercholesterolemic Diet. Ann Hepatol 2018; 17:857-863. [PMID: 30145572 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.3160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIM Obesity is a worldwide epidemic problem, described as a risk factor for hepatic diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and other pathologies related to development of cholesterol crystals and cholesterol gallbladder stones. It has been reported that cholesterol overload may cause hepatic damage; however, little is known about the effects of an acute hypercholesterolemic diet on the gallbladder. The aim of this manuscript was to evaluate the impact of a cholesterol-rich diet on the gallbladder. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included ten eight-week-old C57BL6 male mice, which were divided into two study groups and fed different diets for 48 h: a hypercholesterolemic diet and a balanced Chow diet. After 48 h, the mice were analyzed by US with a Siemens Acuson Antares equipment. Mice were subsequently sacrificed to carry out a cholesterol analysis with a Refloton System (Roche), a crystal analysis with a Carl Zeiss microscope with polarized light, and a histological analysis with Hematoxylin-eosin staining. RESULTS The hypercholesterolemic diet induced an increase in gallbladder size and total cholesterol content in the bile, along with important histological changes. CONCLUSION Cholesterol overloads not only trigger hepatic damage, but also affect the gallbladder significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto López-Reyes
- Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases Division (Synovial Fluid Laboratory). National Institute of Rehabilitation "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Ministry of Health. Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Denise Clavijo-Cornejo
- Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases Division (Synovial Fluid Laboratory). National Institute of Rehabilitation "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Ministry of Health. Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Javier Fernández-Torres
- Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases Division (Synovial Fluid Laboratory). National Institute of Rehabilitation "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Ministry of Health. Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Medina-Luna
- Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases Division (Synovial Fluid Laboratory). National Institute of Rehabilitation "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Ministry of Health. Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Erendida G Estrada-Villaseñor
- Pathology Service. National Institute of Rehabilitation "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Ministry of Health. Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis E Gómez-Quiroz
- Department of Health Sciences. Autonomous Metropolitan University, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marwin Gutiérrez
- Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases Division (Synovial Fluid Laboratory). National Institute of Rehabilitation "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Ministry of Health. Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Julio Granados
- Transplantation Department. National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, Ministry of Health. Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gilberto Vargas-Alarcón
- Molecular Biology Department. National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez", Ministry of Health. Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Pineda
- Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases Division (Synovial Fluid Laboratory). National Institute of Rehabilitation "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Ministry of Health. Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hiram García
- Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases Division (Synovial Fluid Laboratory). National Institute of Rehabilitation "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Ministry of Health. Mexico City, Mexico
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Kakimoto T, Kanemoto H, Fukushima K, Ohno K, Tsujimoto H. Effect of a high-fat-high-cholesterol diet on gallbladder bile acid composition and gallbladder motility in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2018; 78:1406-1413. [PMID: 29182389 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.12.1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJCTIVE To investigate the effects of dietary lipid overload on bile acid metabolism and gallbladder motility in healthy dogs. ANIMALS 7 healthy Beagles. PROCEDURES In a crossover study, dogs were fed a high-fat-high-cholesterol diet (HFCD) or a low-fat diet (LFD) for a period of 2 weeks. After a 4-month washout period, dogs were fed the other diet for 2 weeks. Before and at the end of each feeding period, the concentrations of each of the gallbladder bile acids, cholecystokinin (CCK)-induced gallbladder motility, and bile acid metabolism-related hepatic gene expression were examined in all dogs. RESULTS The HFCD significantly increased plasma total cholesterol concentrations. The HFCD also increased the concentration of taurochenodeoxycholic acid and decreased the concentration of taurocholic acid in bile and reduced gallbladder contractility, whereas the LFD significantly decreased the concentration of taurodeoxycholic acid in bile. Gene expression analysis revealed significant elevation of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase mRNA expression after feeding the HFCD for 2 weeks, but the expression of other genes was unchanged. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Feeding the HFCD and LFD for 2 weeks induced changes in gallbladder bile acid composition and gallbladder motility in dogs. In particular, feeding the HFCD caused an increase in plasma total cholesterol concentration, an increase of hydrophobic bile acid concentration in bile, and a decrease in gallbladder sensitivity to CCK. These results suggested that similar bile acid compositional changes and gallbladder hypomotility might be evident in dogs with hyperlipidemia.
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Chen Y, Wu S, Tian Y. Cholecystectomy as a risk factor of metabolic syndrome: from epidemiologic clues to biochemical mechanisms. J Transl Med 2018; 98:7-14. [PMID: 28892095 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholecystectomy has long been regarded as a safe procedure with no deleterious influence on the body. However, recent studies provide clues that link cholecystectomy to a high risk for metabolic syndrome (MetS). In the present review, we describe the epidemiologic evidence that links cholecystectomy to MetS. Various components of MetS are investigated, including visceral obesity, dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, impaired fasting glucose, and insulin resistance. The possible mechanisms that associate cholecystectomy with MetS are discussed on the basis of experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuodong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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30
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Zhao J, Yu Y, Luo M, Li L, Rong P. Bi-directional regulation of acupuncture on extrahepatic biliary system: An approach in guinea pigs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14066. [PMID: 29070912 PMCID: PMC5656652 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14482-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinically, acupuncture affects the motility of the extrahepatic biliary tract, but the underlining mechanisms are still unknown. We applied manual acupuncture (MA) and electrical acupuncture (EA) separately at acupoints Tianshu (ST25), Qimen (LR14), Yanglingquan (GB34), and Yidan (CO11) in forty guinea pigs (4 groups) with or without atropinization under anesthesia while Sphincter of Oddi (SO) myoelectric activities and gallbladder pressure were monitored. In both MA and EA groups, stimulation at ST25 or LR14 significantly increased the frequency and amplitude of SO myoelectrical activities and simultaneously decreased the gallbladder pressure as compared to the pre-MA and pre-EA (P < 0.05). On the contrary, stimulation at GB34 or CO11 significantly decreased SO myoelectricity and increased the gallbladder pressure (P < 0.05). Pretreatment with atropine could abolish the effect of stimulation at acupoints ST25, GB34 and LR14 (P > 0.05), although significant myoelectricity increases were still inducible with MA or EA stimulation at CO11 (P < 0.05). In summary, acupuncture has bi-directional effects to gallbladder pressure and SO function, which probably due to autonomic reflex and somatovisceral interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjun Zhao
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yutian Yu
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstrasse 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Man Luo
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Li
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peijing Rong
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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31
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Asai Y, Yamada T, Tsukita S, Takahashi K, Maekawa M, Honma M, Ikeda M, Murakami K, Munakata Y, Shirai Y, Kodama S, Sugisawa T, Chiba Y, Kondo Y, Kaneko K, Uno K, Sawada S, Imai J, Nakamura Y, Yamaguchi H, Tanaka K, Sasano H, Mano N, Ueno Y, Shimosegawa T, Katagiri H. Activation of the Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1α Subunit Pathway in Steatotic Liver Contributes to Formation of Cholesterol Gallstones. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:1521-1535.e8. [PMID: 28088462 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α subunit (HIF1A) is a transcription factor that controls the cellular response to hypoxia and is activated in hepatocytes of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD increases the risk for cholesterol gallstone disease by unclear mechanisms. We studied the relationship between HIF1A and gallstone formation associated with liver steatosis. METHODS We performed studies with mice with inducible disruption of Hif1a in hepatocytes via a Cre adenoviral vector (inducible hepatocyte-selective HIF1A knockout [iH-HIFKO] mice), and mice without disruption of Hif1a (control mice). Mice were fed a diet rich in cholesterol and cholate for 1 or 2 weeks; gallbladders were collected and the number of gallstones was determined. Livers and biliary tissues were analyzed by histology, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and immunoblots. We measured concentrations of bile acid, cholesterol, and phospholipid in bile and rates of bile flow. Primary hepatocytes and cholangiocytes were isolated and analyzed. HIF1A was knocked down in Hepa1-6 cells with small interfering RNAs. Liver biopsy samples from patients with NAFLD, with or without gallstones, were analyzed by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Control mice fed a diet rich in cholesterol and cholate developed liver steatosis with hypoxia; levels of HIF1A protein were increased in hepatocytes around central veins and 90% of mice developed cholesterol gallstones. Only 20% of the iH-HIFKO mice developed cholesterol gallstones. In iH-HIFKO mice, the biliary lipid concentration was reduced by 36%, compared with control mice, and bile flow was increased by 35%. We observed increased water secretion from hepatocytes into bile canaliculi to mediate these effects, resulting in suppression of cholelithogenesis. Hepatic expression of aquaporin 8 (AQP8) protein was 1.5-fold higher in iH-HIFKO mice than in control mice. Under hypoxic conditions, cultured hepatocytes increased expression of Hif1a, Hmox1, and Vegfa messenger RNAs (mRNAs), and down-regulated expression of AQP8 mRNA and protein; AQP8 down-regulation was not observed in cells with knockdown of HIF1A. iH-HIFKO mice had reduced inflammation and mucin deposition in the gallbladder compared with control mice. Liver tissues from patients with NAFLD with gallstones had increased levels of HIF1A, HMOX1, and VEGFA mRNAs, compared with livers from patients with NAFLD without gallstones. CONCLUSIONS In steatotic livers of mice, hypoxia up-regulates expression of HIF1A, which reduces expression of AQP8 and concentrates biliary lipids via suppression of water secretion from hepatocytes. This promotes cholesterol gallstone formation. Livers from patients with NAFLD and gallstones express higher levels of HIF1A than livers from patients with NAFLD without gallstones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Asai
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamada
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Sohei Tsukita
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kei Takahashi
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Maekawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Midori Honma
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masanori Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keigo Murakami
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Munakata
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuta Shirai
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Kodama
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugisawa
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yumiko Chiba
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Kondo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keizo Kaneko
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenji Uno
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shojiro Sawada
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Junta Imai
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kozo Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nariyasu Mano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Tooru Shimosegawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideki Katagiri
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Tokyo, Japan
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Serin Hİ, Yilmaz YK, Turan Y, Arslan E, Erkoç MF, Doğan A, Celikbilek M. The association between gallstone disease and plaque in the abdominopelvic arteries. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017; 22:11. [PMID: 28458703 PMCID: PMC5367247 DOI: 10.4103/1735-1995.199087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to assess the atheromatous plaque, in the abdominopelvic arteries as a marker of cardiac risk in patients with or without gallstone disease (GD). Materials and Methods: A total of 136 patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Forty-eight patients had GD and the remaining 88 patients did not. The presence or absence of gallstones was noted during abdominal ultrasonography while vascular risk factors such as plaque formation, intima-media thickness, plaque calcification, mural thrombus, stenosis, aneurysm, and inflammation were recorded during an abdominopelvic computed tomography scan. In addition, percentage of the abdominopelvic aorta surface covered by atheromatous plaque was calculated. Results: The mean age of patients with GD and without GD was 50.81 ± 16.20 and 50.40 ± 12.43, respectively. Patients with GD were more likely to have diabetes mellitus, a higher body mass index (BMI) (P < 0.001), and higher cholesterol (P < 0.01), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (P < 0.02) levels. No significant differences were found between the groups regarding other atherosclerotic risk factors. Patients with GD had significantly higher rates of the vascular risk factors as intima-media thickness, plaque formation, calcification, aneurysm, mural thrombosis, stenosis, and inflammation in all abdominal arterial segments other than aneurysm in the femoral arteries. In addition, patients with GD had severe atheromatous plaques in the abdominal aorta, common iliac, external iliac, and common femoral artery (CFA). In patients with GD, parameters of age, BMI, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were all correlated with the severity of the atheromatous plaque in abdominal aorta, common iliac, external iliac, and CFA. Conclusion: We demonstrated a direct relationship between GD and abdominopelvic atheromatous plaque, which is a marker for increased cardiovascular risk, for the first time in the literature. Patients with GD exhibit greater abdominopelvic atherosclerosis and therefore, have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halil İbrahim Serin
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Yunus Keser Yilmaz
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Yaşar Turan
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Ergin Arslan
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Fatih Erkoç
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Aytaç Doğan
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Celikbilek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
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Fang BJ, Shen JY, Zhang H, Zhou S, Lyu CZ, Xie YQ. Effect of emodin on mobility signal transduction system of gallbladder smooth muscle in Guinea pig with cholelithiasis. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2016; 9:1013-1018. [PMID: 27794381 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of emodin on protein and gene expressions of the massagers in mobility signal transduction system of cholecyst smooth muscle cells in guinea pig with cholesterol calculus. METHODS The guinea pigs were randomly divided into 4 groups, such as control group, gall-stone (GS) group, emodin group and ursodeoxycholic acid (UA) group. Cholesterol calculus models were induced in guinea pigs of GS, emodin and UA groups by lithogenic diet, while emodin or UA were given to the corresponding group for 7 weeks. The histomorphological and ultrastructure change of gallbladder were detected by microscope and electron microscope, the content of plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) and [Ca2+]i were analyzed successively by radioimmunoassay and flow cytometry. The protein and mRNA of Gsα, Giα and Cap in cholecyst cells were determined by western blotting and real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Emodin or UA can relieve pathogenic changes in epithelial cells and muscle cells in gallbladder of guinea pig with cholesterol calculus by microscope and transmission electron microscope. In the cholecyst cells of GS group, CCK levels in plasma and [Ca2+]i decreased, the protein and mRNA of GS were down-regulated, the protein and mRNA of Gi and Cap were up-regulated. Emodin significantly decreased the formative rate of gallstone, improved the pathogenic change in epithelial cells and muscle cells, increased CCK levels in plasma and [Ca2+]i in cholecyst cells, enhanced the protein and mRNA of Gs in cholecyst cells, reduced the protein and mRNA of Gi and Cap in cholecyst cells in guinea pig with cholesterol calculus. CONCLUSION The dysfunction of gallbladder contraction gives rise to the disorders of mobility signal transduction system in cholecyst smooth muscle cells, including low content of plasma CCK and [Ca2+]i in cholecyst cells, abnormal protein and mRNA of Gs, Gi and Cap. Emodin can enhance the contractibility of gallbladder and alleviate cholestasis by regulating plasma CCK levels, [Ca2+]i in cholecyst cells and the protein and mRNA of Gs, Gi and Cap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang-Jiang Fang
- Emergency Department, Long Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun-Yi Shen
- Emergency Department, Long Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Traumatology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, Hainan, China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- Changhai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Second Military University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Chuan-Zhu Lyu
- Traumatology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, Hainan, China
| | - Yi-Qiang Xie
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, Hainan, China
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Liver Cholesterol Overload Aggravates Obstructive Cholestasis by Inducing Oxidative Stress and Premature Death in Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:9895176. [PMID: 27635189 PMCID: PMC5011220 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9895176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is one of the leading causes of liver disease. Dietary factors determine the clinical presentation of steatohepatitis and can influence the progression of related diseases. Cholesterol has emerged as a critical player in the disease and hence consumption of cholesterol-enriched diets can lead to a progressive form of the disease. The aim was to investigate the impact of liver cholesterol overload on the progression of the obstructive cholestasis in mice subjected to bile duct ligation surgery. Mice were fed with a high cholesterol diet for two days and then were subjected to surgery procedure; histological, biochemical, and molecular analyses were conducted to address the effect of cholesterol in liver damage. Mice under the diet were more susceptible to damage. Results show that cholesterol fed mice exhibited increased apoptosis and oxidative stress as well as reduction in cell proliferation. Mortality following surgery was higher in HC fed mice. Liver cholesterol impairs the repair of liver during obstructive cholestasis and aggravates the disease with early fatal consequences; these effects were strongly associated with oxidative stress.
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Villanacci V, Del Sordo R, Salemme M, Cadei M, Sidoni A, Bassotti G. The enteric nervous system in patients with calculous and acalculous gallbladder. Dig Liver Dis 2016; 48:792-5. [PMID: 27068404 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is generally thought that gallbladder motility plays a more or less important role in the pathogenesis of gallstones. Some studies have shown that some abnormalities of its intrinsic innervations, but these studies were usually limited to one cell component. AIMS We investigated the main cell components of gallbladder intrinsic innervation in patients with and without gallstones. METHODS Archival gallbladder specimens from 39 patients, 27 with gallstones (age range 45-69 yrs) and 12 patients without gallstones (age range 39-71 yrs) were obtained. Full thickness sections were obtained from the gallbladder neck and immunohistochemistry was carried out for enteric neurons (neuron-specific enolase and calretinin), enteric glia (S100) and interstitial cells of Cajal (CD117 and CD34); tryptase staining was also done to distinguish the latter from mast cells. RESULTS Apart from calretinin-positive neurons, patients with gallstones featured a significant decrease of neurons, enteric glial cells (EGC) and mast cells compared to those without gallstones; interstitial cells of Cajal were extremely few and only found in two patients, one for each group. CONCLUSIONS The intrinsic innervations of the gallbladder is abnormal in gallstone patients, and this may contribute to gallstone formation in these subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Villanacci
- Pathology Section, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Spedali Civili and University of Brescia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rachele Del Sordo
- Pathology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia School of Medicine, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marianna Salemme
- Pathology Section, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Spedali Civili and University of Brescia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Moris Cadei
- Pathology Section, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Spedali Civili and University of Brescia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angelo Sidoni
- Pathology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia School of Medicine, Perugia, Italy
| | - Gabrio Bassotti
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia School of Medicine, Perugia, Italy.
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Liang FS, Zhang B, Lan YX, Liang J, Ding J. Relationship between folded gallbladder and risk of gallstone formation. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:2390-2393. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i15.2390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the relationship between morphologically folded gallbladder and gallstone formation.
METHODS: A case-control study was performed in 169 patients with cholecystolithiasis who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy (stone group) and 200 healthy persons without cholecystolithiasis who underwent physical examination (control group) from January 2013 to December 2014 in the Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Affiliated Dalian Friendship Hospital, Dalian Medical University. Criteria for the diagnosis of folded gallbladder included: (1) ultrasonography showed separation of the gallbladder in the control group, while CT and laparoscopic examinations showed that the angle between the long axis of the gallbladder and the folded part was ≥ 60° in the observation group; and (2) adenomyoma of the gallbladder was excluded pathologically. According to the proportion of the cube of the affected gallbladder, the morphologic folding was classified as 1/4, 1/3, 1/2, and 2/3. The type of cholecystolithiasis was also classified.
RESULTS: There were 54 (32%) cases of folded gallbladder in the stone group and 14 (7%) cases in the control group, and there was a significant difference between the two groups. There were 6 cases with 1/4 folding, 18 cases with 1/3, 13 cases with 1/2, and 17 cases with 2/3. There were 52 cases of folding towards the right and 2 cases of folding towards the left. According to the type of cholecystolithiasis, there were 32 (n = 54, 59.3%) cases of bile pigment calculus in the folded gallbladder group and 46 (n = 115, 40%) cases in the non-folded group (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Folded gallbladder has a high incidence rate in patients with gallstones and is one of major risk factors for gallstone formation. The rate of bile pigment calculu is high in patients with folded gallbladder.
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