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Peng X, Ma Y, Yan C, Wei X, Zhang L, Jiang H, Ma Y, Zhang S, Xing M, Gao Y. Mechanism, Formulation, and Efficacy Evaluation of Natural Products for Skin Pigmentation Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:1022. [PMID: 39204367 PMCID: PMC11359997 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16081022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin pigmentation typically arises from the excessive secretion and accumulation of melanin, resulting in a darker complexion compared to normal skin. Currently, the local application of chemical drugs is a first-line strategy for pigmentation disorders, but the safety and efficacy of drugs still cannot meet clinical treatment needs. For long-term and safe medication, researchers have paid attention to natural products with higher biocompatibility. This article begins by examining the pathogenesis and treatment approaches of skin pigmentation diseases and summarizes the research progress and mechanism of natural products with lightening or whitening effects that are clinically common or experimentally proven. Moreover, we outline the novel formulations of natural products in treating pigmentation disorders, including liposomes, nanoparticles, microemulsions, microneedles, and tocosomes. Finally, the pharmacodynamic evaluation methods in the study of pigmentation disorder were first systematically analyzed. In brief, this review aims to collect natural products for skin pigmentation treatment and investigate their formulation design and efficacy evaluation to provide insights for the development of new products for this complex skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Peng
- Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao 266112, China;
| | - Yuning Ma
- Key Laboratory of New Material Research Institute, Institute of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (Y.M.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (H.J.)
| | - Chenxin Yan
- Beijing CAS Microneedle Technology, Ltd., Beijing 102609, China;
| | - Xiaocen Wei
- Key Laboratory of New Material Research Institute, Institute of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (Y.M.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (H.J.)
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Material Research Institute, Institute of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (Y.M.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (H.J.)
| | - Hehe Jiang
- Key Laboratory of New Material Research Institute, Institute of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (Y.M.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (H.J.)
| | - Yuxia Ma
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China;
| | - Suohui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China;
| | - Mengzhen Xing
- Key Laboratory of New Material Research Institute, Institute of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (Y.M.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (H.J.)
| | - Yunhua Gao
- Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao 266112, China;
- Beijing CAS Microneedle Technology, Ltd., Beijing 102609, China;
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China;
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2
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Garbe C, Forsea AM, Amaral T, Arenberger P, Autier P, Berwick M, Boonen B, Bylaite M, Del Marmol V, Dreno B, Fargnoli MC, Geller AC, Green AC, Greinert R, Hauschild A, Harwood CA, Hoorens I, Kandolf L, Kaufmann R, Kelleners-Smeets N, Lallas A, Lebbé C, Leiter U, Lim HW, Longo C, Malvehy J, Moreno D, Pellacani G, Peris K, Robert C, Saiag P, Schadendorf D, Peter Soyer H, Stockfleth E, Stratigos A, Uhara H, Vieira R, Volkmer B, Weinstock MA, Whitaker D, Zalaudek I, Whiteman DC, Brochez L. Skin cancers are the most frequent cancers in fair-skinned populations, but we can prevent them. Eur J Cancer 2024; 204:114074. [PMID: 38691877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2024.114074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Cancers of the skin are the most commonly occurring cancers in humans. In fair-skinned populations, up to 95% of keratinocyte skin cancers and 70-95% of cutaneous melanomas are caused by ultraviolet radiation and are thus theoretically preventable. Currently, however, there is no comprehensive global advice on practical steps to be taken to reduce the toll of skin cancer. To address this gap, an expert working group comprising clinicians and researchers from Africa, America, Asia, Australia, and Europe, together with learned societies (European Association of Dermato-Oncology, Euromelanoma, Euroskin, European Union of Medical Specialists, and the Melanoma World Society) reviewed the extant evidence and issued the following evidence-based recommendations for photoprotection as a strategy to prevent skin cancer. Fair skinned people, especially children, should minimise their exposure to ultraviolet radiation, and are advised to use protective measures when the UV index is forecast to reach 3 or higher. Protective measures include a combination of seeking shade, physical protection (e.g. clothing, hat, sunglasses), and applying broad-spectrum, SPF 30 + sunscreens to uncovered skin. Intentional exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation for the purpose of sunbathing and tanning is considered an unhealthy behaviour and should be avoided. Similarly, use of solaria and other artificial sources of ultraviolet radiation to encourage tanning should be strongly discouraged, through regulation if necessary. Primary prevention of skin cancer has a positive return on investment. We encourage policymakers to communicate these messages to the general public and promote their wider implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Garbe
- Centre for Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Ana-Maria Forsea
- Dermatology Department, Elias University Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, Romania
| | - Teresa Amaral
- Centre for Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Petr Arenberger
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Charles University Third Medical Faculty and University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Philippe Autier
- International Prevention Research Institute (i-PRI), Dardilly, France
| | - Marianne Berwick
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Albuquerque, USA
| | | | - Matilda Bylaite
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre of Dermatovenereology, Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Dermatovenereology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Veronique Del Marmol
- Department of Dermatology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Dreno
- France Nantes University, Inserm 1302, INCIT, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Maria Concetta Fargnoli
- Dermatology, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alan C Geller
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Public Health Campus, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adele C Green
- Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rüdiger Greinert
- Skin Cancer Centre, Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, Elbe Hospital Buxtehude, Buxtehude, Germany
| | - Axel Hauschild
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Catherine A Harwood
- Department of Dermatology, Barts Health NHS Trust and Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK
| | - Isabelle Hoorens
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lidija Kandolf
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Roland Kaufmann
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Frankfurt University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nicole Kelleners-Smeets
- GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Dermatology, Maastricht UMC+ Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Aimilios Lallas
- First Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Celeste Lebbé
- Université Paris Cite, AP-HP Dermato-oncology and CIC, Cancer institute APHP. Nord Paris Cité, France; INSERM U976, Saint Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Ulrike Leiter
- Centre for Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Henry W Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Caterina Longo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Skin Cancer Centre, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Joseph Malvehy
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona (Melanoma Unit), University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona & CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Moreno
- Medical-&-Surgical Dermatology Service. Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Giovanni Pellacani
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Ketty Peris
- Dermatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; UOC di Dermatologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Caroline Robert
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy and Paris Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Philippe Saiag
- Department of General and Oncologic Dermatology, Ambroise Paré hospital, APHP, & EA 4340 "Biomarkers in cancerology and haematooncology", UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology & West German Cancer Centre, University Hospital Essen & German Cancer Consortium, Campus Essen & National Centre for tumour Diseases (NCT)-West, Campus Essen, Germany
| | - H Peter Soyer
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Dermatology Research Centre, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Alex Stratigos
- First Department of Dermatology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Hisashi Uhara
- Department of Dermatology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ricardo Vieira
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Beate Volkmer
- Skin Cancer Centre, Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, Elbe Hospital Buxtehude, Buxtehude, Germany
| | | | | | - Iris Zalaudek
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology of the Hospital Clinics Giuliano Isontino (ASUGI), Maggiore Hospital, Trieste, Italy
| | - David C Whiteman
- Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lieve Brochez
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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3
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Asbóth D, Bánfi B, Kocsis D, Erdő F. Rodent models of dermatological disorders. Ital J Dermatol Venerol 2024; 159:303-317. [PMID: 38287740 DOI: 10.23736/s2784-8671.23.07700-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
To assess the possible beneficial effects of drugs and drug candidates, different dermatological disease models are available in rodents. These models are able to mimic one or more characteristic features of the disorders, but not completely recapitulate the pathogenesis of the human skin diseases. Therefore, to improve the technology many new models have been developed both by genetic engineering and by chemical or physical induction. Currently the in vivo rodent models provide the physiologically most relevant approach to produce the pathology related to the majority of dermatological diseases. In this short review some widely used animal techniques (psoriasis, allergic contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, wound healing, melanoma and non-melanoma type skin cancers and UV erythema) are shown which are currently applied in pharmacological, pharmacokinetic, pharmaceutical and dermatological research. First the main points of the human pathomechanism are shown and afterwards the rodent models are briefly discussed. Finally critical evaluation is provided by the authors. However, according to the 3R rule the number of experimental animals is strongly suggested to be reduced, therefore the advanced in vitro and ex vivo techniques become more and more important contrary to in vivo preclinical methods also in dermatological research. As it is described in the outlook section, although the 2D/3D in vitro and skin on-a-chip techniques are promising and have many advantages they are not able to completely substitute the animal models in their vascular, immunological, secretory and neural complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorottya Asbóth
- Pediatric Dermatology Center, Szent János Center Hospital in North Buda, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barnabás Bánfi
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Kocsis
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Franciska Erdő
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary -
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4
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Agrez M, Rybchyn MS, De Silva WGM, Mason RS, Chandler C, Piva TJ, Thurecht K, Fletcher N, Liu F, Subramaniam G, Howard CB, Blyth B, Parker S, Turner D, Rzepecka J, Knox G, Nika A, Hall A, Gooding H, Gallagher L. An immunomodulating peptide to counteract solar radiation-induced immunosuppression and DNA damage. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11702. [PMID: 37474630 PMCID: PMC10359417 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38890-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) induces immunosuppression and DNA damage, both of which contribute to the rising global incidence of skin cancer including melanoma. Nucleotide excision repair, which is activated upon UVR-induced DNA damage, is linked to expression of interleukin-12 (IL-12) which serves to limit immunosuppression and augment the DNA repair process. Herein, we report an immunomodulating peptide, designated IK14800, that not only elicits secretion of IL-12, interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) but also reduces DNA damage in the skin following exposure to UVR. Combined with re-invigoration of exhausted CD4+ T cells, inhibition of UVR-induced MMP-1 release and suppression of B16F10 melanoma metastases, IK14800 offers an opportunity to gain further insight into mechanisms underlying the development and progression of skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Agrez
- InterK Peptide Therapeutics Limited, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and the ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Mark Stephen Rybchyn
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Rebecca Sara Mason
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Terrence J Piva
- Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kristofer Thurecht
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and the ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicholas Fletcher
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and the ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Feifei Liu
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and the ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gayathri Subramaniam
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and the ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christopher B Howard
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and the ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Benjamin Blyth
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology at the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen Parker
- InterK Peptide Therapeutics Limited, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Gavin Knox
- Concept Life Sciences Limited, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | | | - Andrew Hall
- Concept Life Sciences Limited, Edinburgh, Scotland
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5
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Quadri M, Marconi A, Sandhu SK, Kiss A, Efimova T, Palazzo E. Investigating Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma in vitro and in vivo: Novel 3D Tools and Animal Models. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:875517. [PMID: 35646967 PMCID: PMC9131878 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.875517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (cSCC) represents the second most common type of skin cancer, which incidence is continuously increasing worldwide. Given its high frequency, cSCC represents a major public health problem. Therefore, to provide the best patients’ care, it is necessary having a detailed understanding of the molecular processes underlying cSCC development, progression, and invasion. Extensive efforts have been made in developing new models allowing to study the molecular pathogenesis of solid tumors, including cSCC tumors. Traditionally, in vitro studies were performed with cells grown in a two-dimensional context, which, however, does not represent the complexity of tumor in vivo. In the recent years, new in vitro models have been developed aiming to mimic the three-dimensionality (3D) of the tumor, allowing the evaluation of tumor cell-cell and tumor-microenvironment interaction in an in vivo-like setting. These models include spheroids, organotypic cultures, skin reconstructs and organoids. Although 3D models demonstrate high potential to enhance the overall knowledge in cancer research, they lack systemic components which may be solved only by using animal models. Zebrafish is emerging as an alternative xenotransplant model in cancer research, offering a high-throughput approach for drug screening and real-time in vivo imaging to study cell invasion. Moreover, several categories of mouse models were developed for pre-clinical purpose, including xeno- and syngeneic transplantation models, autochthonous models of chemically or UV-induced skin squamous carcinogenesis, and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) of cSCC. These models have been instrumental in examining the molecular mechanisms of cSCC and drug response in an in vivo setting. The present review proposes an overview of in vitro, particularly 3D, and in vivo models and their application in cutaneous SCC research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Quadri
- DermoLAB, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Marconi
- DermoLAB, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Simran K Sandhu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States.,The George Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States.,Department of Dermatology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Alexi Kiss
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States.,The George Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Tatiana Efimova
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States.,The George Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States.,Department of Dermatology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Elisabetta Palazzo
- DermoLAB, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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6
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Okwundu N, Rahman H, Liu T, Florell SR, Boucher KM, Grossman D. A Randomized Double-blind Placebo-controlled Trial of Oral Aspirin for Protection of Melanocytic Nevi Against UV-induced DNA Damage. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2022; 15:129-138. [PMID: 34750146 PMCID: PMC8828675 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-21-0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage plays a role in ultraviolet (UV)-induced melanoma. We previously showed that aspirin (ASA) can suppress prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) and protect melanocytes from UV-induced DNA damage in mice, and suggested that taking ASA before acute sun exposure may reduce melanoma risk. We conducted a prospective randomized placebo-controlled trial to determine if orally administered ASA could suppress PGE2 in plasma and nevi and protect nevi from UV-induced DNA damage. After obtaining plasma and determining the minimal erythemal dose (MED) in 95 subjects at increased risk for melanoma, they were randomized to receive a daily dose of placebo, 81 mg ASA, or 325 mg ASA, in double-blind fashion for one month. After this intervention, one nevus was irradiated (dose = 1 or 2 MED) using a solar simulator. One day later, MED was re-determined, a second plasma sample was obtained, and the UV-irradiated nevus and an unirradiated nevus were removed. ASA metabolites were detected in the second plasma sample in subjects in the ASA arms. There were no significant differences in the pre- and post-intervention MED between those patients receiving ASA and placebo. Significantly reduced PGE2 levels were detected in plasma (second vs. first samples) and in nevi (both unirradiated and UV-treated) in subjects receiving ASA compared to placebo. Comparing UV-treated nevi from the ASA and placebo cohorts, however, did not reveal significant reductions in CD3-cell infiltration or 8-oxoguanine and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers. Thus ASA did not effectively protect nevi from solar-simulated UV-induced inflammation and DNA damage under the conditions examined. PREVENTION RELEVANCE: Despite promising rationale, ASA at conventional dosing was not able to protect nevi against UV-induced DNA damage under the conditions examined.See related Spotlight, p. 71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nwanneka Okwundu
- From the Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Hafeez Rahman
- From the Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Tong Liu
- From the Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Scott R Florell
- Departments of Dermatology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Kenneth M Boucher
- From the Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Douglas Grossman
- From the Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.
- Departments of Dermatology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Oncological Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
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7
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Takabe P, Siiskonen H, Rönkä A, Kainulainen K, Pasonen-Seppänen S. The Impact of Hyaluronan on Tumor Progression in Cutaneous Melanoma. Front Oncol 2022; 11:811434. [PMID: 35127523 PMCID: PMC8813769 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.811434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of cutaneous melanoma is rapidly increasing worldwide. Cutaneous melanoma is an aggressive type of skin cancer, which originates from malignant transformation of pigment producing melanocytes. The main risk factor for melanoma is ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and thus it often arises from highly sun-exposed skin areas and is characterized by a high mutational burden. In addition to melanoma-associated mutations such as BRAF, NRAS, PTEN and cell cycle regulators, the expansion of melanoma is affected by the extracellular matrix surrounding the tumor together with immune cells. In the early phases of the disease, hyaluronan is the major matrix component in cutaneous melanoma microenvironment. It is a high-molecular weight polysaccharide involved in several physiological and pathological processes. Hyaluronan is involved in the inflammatory reactions associated with UV radiation but its role in melanomagenesis is still unclear. Although abundant hyaluronan surrounds epidermal and dermal cells in normal skin and benign nevi, its content is further elevated in dysplastic lesions and local tumors. At this stage hyaluronan matrix may act as a protective barrier against melanoma progression, or alternatively against immune cell attack. While in advanced melanoma, the content of hyaluronan decreases due to altered synthesis and degradation, and this correlates with poor prognosis. This review focuses on hyaluronan matrix in cutaneous melanoma and how the changes in hyaluronan metabolism affect the progression of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piia Takabe
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hanna Siiskonen
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aino Rönkä
- Department of Oncology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsi Kainulainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna Pasonen-Seppänen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- *Correspondence: Sanna Pasonen-Seppänen,
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8
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Keim U, Gandini S, Amaral T, Katalinic A, Holleczek B, Flatz L, Leiter U, Whiteman D, Garbe C. Cutaneous melanoma attributable to UVR exposure in Denmark and Germany. Eur J Cancer 2021; 159:98-104. [PMID: 34742161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing incidence rates of cutaneous melanoma (CM) observed during the last five decades in white populations are largely attributed to increased exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR), often expressed as population attributable fraction (PAF). Thus, many CMs could be prevented by reducing UVR exposure. The aim of this study was to estimate the PAF of CM attributable to UVR exposure and demographic changes in Denmark and Saarland/Germany for the period 1943 to 2036. MATERIAL AND METHODS CM incidence data (ICD-10, C43) for Denmark (1943-2016) and the German Federal State of Saarland (1972-2016) were retrieved from the NORDCAN database and from the Saarland Cancer Registry. The number of CMs attributable to UVR exposure was calculated by comparing contemporary or predicted CM incidence rates with CM rates in Denmark during the years 1943-1946. RESULTS In Denmark, the proportion of CM cases attributable to UVR exposure increased from around 20% in 1947-1951 to 96% in 2012-2016; in the Federal State of Saarland, it increased from 50% in 1972-1976 to 90% in 2012-2016. Until 2032-2036, the PAF is expected to rise in Denmark to 97% and in the Saarland to 92%. The demographic influence, on the other hand, is rather small. CONCLUSIONS More than 90% of all CM in Germany and Denmark are attributable to UVR exposure, and in principle, preventable. These findings underline the need for primary prevention strategies, aiming to increase the awareness of melanoma and its risk factors and to promote behavioural changes that decrease sun exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Keim
- Centre for Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sara Gandini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Teresa Amaral
- Centre for Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany; Portuguese Air Force Health Care Direction, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | - Lukas Flatz
- Centre for Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Leiter
- Centre for Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - David Whiteman
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Claus Garbe
- Centre for Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany.
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9
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Matias M, Pinho JO, Penetra MJ, Campos G, Reis CP, Gaspar MM. The Challenging Melanoma Landscape: From Early Drug Discovery to Clinical Approval. Cells 2021; 10:3088. [PMID: 34831311 PMCID: PMC8621991 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is recognized as the most dangerous type of skin cancer, with high mortality and resistance to currently used treatments. To overcome the limitations of the available therapeutic options, the discovery and development of new, more effective, and safer therapies is required. In this review, the different research steps involved in the process of antimelanoma drug evaluation and selection are explored, including information regarding in silico, in vitro, and in vivo experiments, as well as clinical trial phases. Details are given about the most used cell lines and assays to perform both two- and three-dimensional in vitro screening of drug candidates towards melanoma. For in vivo studies, murine models are, undoubtedly, the most widely used for assessing the therapeutic potential of new compounds and to study the underlying mechanisms of action. Here, the main melanoma murine models are described as well as other animal species. A section is dedicated to ongoing clinical studies, demonstrating the wide interest and successful efforts devoted to melanoma therapy, in particular at advanced stages of the disease, and a final section includes some considerations regarding approval for marketing by regulatory agencies. Overall, considerable commitment is being directed to the continuous development of optimized experimental models, important for the understanding of melanoma biology and for the evaluation and validation of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Matias
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jacinta O Pinho
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria João Penetra
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Campos
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Catarina Pinto Reis
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Manuela Gaspar
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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10
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Kao HJ, Wang YH, Keshari S, Yang JJ, Simbolon S, Chen CC, Huang CM. Propionic acid produced by Cutibacterium acnes fermentation ameliorates ultraviolet B-induced melanin synthesis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11980. [PMID: 34099789 PMCID: PMC8184931 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91386-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet irradiation induces melanin accumulation, which can be reduced by the use of chemical whitening products. However, the associated safety concerns of such products have prompted the search for natural and harmless alternatives. This study aimed to identify a natural acidic formulation to reduce skin pigmentation. The metabolite propionic acid (CH3CH2COOH, PA) was the most abundant fatty acid in the filtrate from Pluronic F68 (PF68) fermentation of Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) and reduced the DOPA-positive melanocytes by significantly inhibiting cellular tyrosinase activity via binding to the free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2). Moreover, 4 mM PA treatment did not alter melanocyte proliferation, indicating that it is an effective solution for hyperpigmentation, causing no cellular damage. The reduced DOPA-positive melanocytes and tyrosinase activity were also observed in mice ear skin tissue injected with a mixture of C. acnes and PF68, supporting that the inhibition of melanogenesis is likely to be mediated through fermentation metabolites from C. acnes fermentation using PF68 as a carbon source. Additionally, PA did not affect the growth of its parent bacteria C. acnes, hence is a potent fermentation metabolite that does not disrupt the balance of the skin microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Jou Kao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Zhongda Rd, No. 300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli District, Taoyuan City, 32001, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yan-Han Wang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sunita Keshari
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Zhongli District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - John Jackson Yang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Zhongli District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shinta Simbolon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Zhongda Rd, No. 300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli District, Taoyuan City, 32001, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Chuan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Zhongda Rd, No. 300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli District, Taoyuan City, 32001, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Ming Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Zhongda Rd, No. 300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli District, Taoyuan City, 32001, Taiwan, ROC.
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11
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Dean DN, Lee JC. Linking Parkinson's Disease and Melanoma: Interplay Between α-Synuclein and Pmel17 Amyloid Formation. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1489-1498. [PMID: 34021920 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with the death of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra of the brain. Melanoma is a cancer of melanocytes, pigmented cells that give rise to skin tone, hair, and eye color. Although these two diseases fundamentally differ, with PD leading to cell degeneration and melanoma leading to cell proliferation, epidemiological evidence has revealed a reciprocal relationship where patients with PD are more susceptible to melanoma and patients with melanoma are more susceptible to PD. The hallmark pathology observed in PD brains is intracellular inclusions, of which the primary component is proteinaceous α-synuclein (α-syn) amyloid fibrils. α-Syn also has been detected in cultured melanoma cells and tissues derived from patients with melanoma, where an inverse correlation exists between α-syn expression and pigmentation. Although this has led to the prevailing hypothesis that α-syn inhibits enzymes involved in melanin biosynthesis, we recently reported an alternative hypothesis in which α-syn interacts with and modulates the aggregation of Pmel17, a functional amyloid that serves as a scaffold for melanin biosynthesis. In this perspective, we review the literature describing the epidemiological and molecular connections between PD and melanoma, presenting both the prevailing hypothesis and our amyloid-centric hypothesis. We offer our views of the essential questions that remain unanswered to motivate future investigations. Understanding the behavior of α-syn in melanoma could not only provide novel approaches for treating melanoma but also could reveal insights into the role of α-syn in PD. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexter N Dean
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer C Lee
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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12
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Patton EE, Mueller KL, Adams DJ, Anandasabapathy N, Aplin AE, Bertolotto C, Bosenberg M, Ceol CJ, Burd CE, Chi P, Herlyn M, Holmen SL, Karreth FA, Kaufman CK, Khan S, Kobold S, Leucci E, Levy C, Lombard DB, Lund AW, Marie KL, Marine JC, Marais R, McMahon M, Robles-Espinoza CD, Ronai ZA, Samuels Y, Soengas MS, Villanueva J, Weeraratna AT, White RM, Yeh I, Zhu J, Zon LI, Hurlbert MS, Merlino G. Melanoma models for the next generation of therapies. Cancer Cell 2021; 39:610-631. [PMID: 33545064 PMCID: PMC8378471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is a lack of appropriate melanoma models that can be used to evaluate the efficacy of novel therapeutic modalities. Here, we discuss the current state of the art of melanoma models including genetically engineered mouse, patient-derived xenograft, zebrafish, and ex vivo and in vitro models. We also identify five major challenges that can be addressed using such models, including metastasis and tumor dormancy, drug resistance, the melanoma immune response, and the impact of aging and environmental exposures on melanoma progression and drug resistance. Additionally, we discuss the opportunity for building models for rare subtypes of melanomas, which represent an unmet critical need. Finally, we identify key recommendations for melanoma models that may improve accuracy of preclinical testing and predict efficacy in clinical trials, to help usher in the next generation of melanoma therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Elizabeth Patton
- MRC Human Genetics Unit and Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
| | - Kristen L Mueller
- Melanoma Research Alliance, 730 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005, USA.
| | - David J Adams
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Niroshana Anandasabapathy
- Department of Dermatology, Meyer Cancer Center, Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10026, USA
| | - Andrew E Aplin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Corine Bertolotto
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France; INSERM, Biology and Pathologies of Melanocytes, Team 1, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2020, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Nice, France
| | - Marcus Bosenberg
- Departments of Dermatology, Pathology, and Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Craig J Ceol
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Christin E Burd
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Biology, and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 918, 460 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ping Chi
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Sheri L Holmen
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Florian A Karreth
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Charles K Kaufman
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Department of Developmental Biology, McDonnell Science Building, 4518 McKinley Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shaheen Khan
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU, Munich, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), German Center for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eleonora Leucci
- Laboratory for RNA Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, LKI, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Trace, Department of Oncology, LKI, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carmit Levy
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - David B Lombard
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Gerontology, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Amanda W Lund
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology and Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kerrie L Marie
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Marine
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Richard Marais
- CRUK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Martin McMahon
- Department of Dermatology & Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Carla Daniela Robles-Espinoza
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación sobre el Genoma Humano, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Santiago de Querétaro 76230, Mexico; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ze'ev A Ronai
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yardena Samuels
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maria S Soengas
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jessie Villanueva
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ashani T Weeraratna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Richard M White
- Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Iwei Yeh
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jiyue Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Leonard I Zon
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Department, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc S Hurlbert
- Melanoma Research Alliance, 730 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005, USA
| | - Glenn Merlino
- Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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13
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Wijayanti LW, Swasono RT, Lee W, Jumina J. Synthesis and Evaluation of Chalcone Derivatives as Novel Sunscreen Agent. Molecules 2021; 26:2698. [PMID: 34064528 PMCID: PMC8124754 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is a serious problem for skin health thus the interest in the research to develop sunscreen agent has been increasing. Chalcone is a promising compound to be developed as its chromophore absorbs in the UV region. Therefore, in the present work, we synthesized eight chalcone derivatives through Claisen-Schmidt condensation at room temperature. The evaluation of the optical properties of each chalcone derivatives in the UV region was conducted through spectroscopic and computational studies. The synthesized chalcones were obtained in good yields and they were active in the UV region. The results revealed that more methoxy substituents to chalcone leads toward red shift. All chalcone derivatives have high molar absorptivity value (21,000-56,000) demonstrating that they have the potential to be used as the sunscreen agent. The cytotoxicity assay showed that chalcone derivatives were demonstrating low toxicity toward normal human fibroblast cell, which is remarkable. Therefore, we concluded that the synthesized chalcones in this work were potential to be developed as novel sunscreen agents in real application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Wiwid Wijayanti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; (L.W.W.); (R.T.S.)
- Chemistry Education Department, Kampus III Paingan, Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Respati Tri Swasono
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; (L.W.W.); (R.T.S.)
| | - Wonkoo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea;
| | - Jumina Jumina
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; (L.W.W.); (R.T.S.)
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14
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Tandukar B, Kalapurakal E, Hornyak TJ. B6-Dct-H2BGFP bitransgenic mice: A standardized mouse model for in vivo characterization of melanocyte development and stem cell differentiation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:905-917. [PMID: 33544968 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanocyte stem cells (McSCs) are key components of the hair follicle (HF) stem cell system that regenerate differentiated melanocytes during successive HF cycles. To facilitate continued research on melanocyte development and differentiation and McSCs, we backcrossed inducible Dct-H2BGFP mice into the C57BL/6J background (B6-Dct-H2BGFP). We compared the expression pattern of B6-Dct-H2BGFP to that of Dct-H2BGFP mice on a mixed genetic background reported previously. To characterize B6-Dct-H2BGFP mice, we confirmed not only the expression of GFP in all melanocyte lineage cells, but also doxycycline regulation of GFP expression. Furthermore, ex vivo culture of the McSC subsets isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) showed the propensity of bulge/CD34+ McSCs to differentiate with expression of non-melanocytic, neural crest lineage markers including glia (Gfap and CNPase, 73 ± 1% and 77 ± 2%, respectively), neurons (Tuj1 26 ± 5%), and smooth muscle (α-Sma, 31 ± 9%). In contrast, CD34-/secondary hair germ (SHG) McSCs differentiated into pigmented melanocytes, with higher expression of melanogenic markers Tyr (71 ± 1%), Tyrp1 (68 ± 4%), and Mitf (75 ± 7%). These results establish the utility of B6-Dct-H2BGFP bitransgenic mice for future in vivo studies of melanocytes requiring a defined genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishal Tandukar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emmanual Kalapurakal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas J Hornyak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Research & Development Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA
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15
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Zhong QY, Lin B, Chen YT, Huang YP, Feng WP, Wu Y, Long GH, Zou YN, Liu Y, Lin BQ, Sang NL, Zhan JYX. Gender differences in UV-induced skin inflammation, skin carcinogenesis and systemic damage. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 81:103512. [PMID: 33096234 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced chronic inflammation contributes to all stages of skin tumor development. In addition, gender plays an important role in inflammatory diseases or cancer. In this study, histopathology changes, hematology, oxidative stress and inflammatory response were used to evaluate sex differences in UV-induced chronic inflammation-associated cancer development. The results showed that the male and female mice had photoaging damage at the 9th week. However, skin tumors only appeared in male mice at 31st week. Furthermore, UV increased ROS production, p65, p-p65, IL-6 and TNF-α protein expressions in skin, and these factors elevated more in male mouse model. Hematology results showed that the parameters of blood systemic inflammation were changed in different degrees in model groups, while the pathological results showed inflammatory cell infiltration in the internal organs of both model groups in varying degrees. These results indicate that there are gender differences in UV-induced skin inflammation, carcinogenesis and systemic damage. Moreover, male mice are more sensitive to UV irradiation, which may be responsible to greater oxidative stress and inflammatory damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Yuan Zhong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Bing Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yin-Ting Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yin-Ping Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wei-Peng Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ying Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Gui-Hong Long
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yun-Nan Zou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Bao-Qin Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Nian-Li Sang
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Janis Ya-Xian Zhan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China.
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16
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Song H, Liu Q, Liao Q. Circular RNA and tumor microenvironment. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:211. [PMID: 32518520 PMCID: PMC7268656 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01301-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs with a unique ring structure and play important roles as gene regulators. Disturbed expressions of circRNAs is closely related to varieties of pathological processes. The roles of circRNAs in cancers have gained increasing concerns. The communications between the cancer cells and tumor microenvironment (TME) play complicated roles to affect the malignant behaviors of cancers, which potentially present new therapeutic targets. Herein, we reviewed the roles of circRNAs in the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixin Song
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Qiaofei Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Quan Liao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730 China
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17
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Pérez-Guijarro E, Yang HH, Araya RE, El Meskini R, Michael HT, Vodnala SK, Marie KL, Smith C, Chin S, Lam KC, Thorkelsson A, Iacovelli AJ, Kulaga A, Fon A, Michalowski AM, Hugo W, Lo RS, Restifo NP, Sharan SK, Van Dyke T, Goldszmid RS, Weaver Ohler Z, Lee MP, Day CP, Merlino G. Multimodel preclinical platform predicts clinical response of melanoma to immunotherapy. Nat Med 2020; 26:781-791. [PMID: 32284588 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0818-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, only a subset of patients demonstrate durable clinical benefit. Definitive predictive biomarkers and targets to overcome resistance remain unidentified, underscoring the urgency to develop reliable immunocompetent models for mechanistic assessment. Here we characterize a panel of syngeneic mouse models, representing a variety of molecular and phenotypic subtypes of human melanomas and exhibiting their diverse range of responses to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Comparative analysis of genomic, transcriptomic and tumor-infiltrating immune cell profiles demonstrated alignment with clinical observations and validated the correlation of T cell dysfunction and exclusion programs with resistance. Notably, genome-wide expression analysis uncovered a melanocytic plasticity signature predictive of patient outcome in response to ICB, suggesting that the multipotency and differentiation status of melanoma can determine ICB benefit. Our comparative preclinical platform recapitulates melanoma clinical behavior and can be employed to identify mechanisms and treatment strategies to improve patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Pérez-Guijarro
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Howard H Yang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Romina E Araya
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rajaa El Meskini
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Helen T Michael
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Suman Kumar Vodnala
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Lyell Immunopharma, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kerrie L Marie
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cari Smith
- Laboratory Animal Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sung Chin
- Laboratory Animal Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Khiem C Lam
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andres Thorkelsson
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anthony J Iacovelli
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Alan Kulaga
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Anyen Fon
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aleksandra M Michalowski
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Willy Hugo
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roger S Lo
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas P Restifo
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Lyell Immunopharma, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shyam K Sharan
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA.,Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Terry Van Dyke
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA.,Path Forward Solutions, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Romina S Goldszmid
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zoe Weaver Ohler
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Maxwell P Lee
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Chi-Ping Day
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Glenn Merlino
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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18
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Brożyna AA, Hoffman RM, Slominski AT. Relevance of Vitamin D in Melanoma Development, Progression and Therapy. Anticancer Res 2020; 40:473-489. [PMID: 31892603 PMCID: PMC6948187 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.13976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most lethal types of skin cancer, with a poor prognosis once the disease enters metastasis. The efficacy of currently available treatment schemes for advanced melanomas is low, expensive, and burdened by significant side-effects. Therefore, there is a need to develop new treatment options. Skin cells are able to activate vitamin D via classical and non-classical pathways. Vitamin D derivatives have anticancer properties which promote differentiation and inhibit proliferation. The role of systemic vitamin D in patients with melanoma is unclear as epidemiological studies are not definitive. In contrast, experimental data have clearly shown that vitamin D and its derivatives have anti-melanoma properties. Furthermore, molecular and clinicopathological studies have demonstrated a correlation between defects in vitamin D signaling and progression of melanoma and disease outcome. Therefore, adequate vitamin D signaling can play a role in the treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Brożyna
- Department of Human Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, U.S.A. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, U.S.A.,VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, U.S.A
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19
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Chen L, Karisma VW, Liu H, Zhong L. MicroRNA-300: A Transcellular Mediator in Exosome Regulates Melanoma Progression. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1005. [PMID: 31681565 PMCID: PMC6803498 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a common and high-mortality skin cancer. Oxidative stress and DNA damage caused by ultraviolet light (UV) are major causative factors of melanoma formation. However, the specific molecular mechanism is still unclear. In this study, 218 dysregulated genes and 104 dysregulated miRNAs in response to UV were screened by analyzing sequencing datasets. Among them, 29 up-regulated miRNAs and 28 down-regulated miRNAs were involved in the melanoma pathway. As the only differential gene in the melanoma pathway, GADD45B severely affects the prognosis of melanoma patients. MiR-300 is the only differentially expressed miRNA that regulates GADD45B. In addition, compared to normal melanocytes, miR-300 was significantly down-regulated in melanoma cells (log FC = −1.63) and exosomes (log FC = −1.34). Among the transcription factors predicted to regulate miR-300, MYC, PPARG, and ZIC2 were significantly up-regulated in melanoma cells, and TP53, JUN, JUNB, FOS, and FOSB interacted with GADD45B. We attempted to reveal the pathogenesis of melanoma and screen new biomarkers by constructing a TF-mRNA-miRNA axis in turn to provide a view for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- Bioengineering Institute of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Huawen Liu
- Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zhong
- Bioengineering Institute of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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20
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Mo X, Preston S, Zaidi MR. Macroenvironment-gene-microenvironment interactions in ultraviolet radiation-induced melanomagenesis. Adv Cancer Res 2019; 144:1-54. [PMID: 31349897 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous malignant melanoma is one of the few major cancers that continue to exhibit a positive rate of increase in the developed world. A wealth of epidemiological data has undisputedly implicated ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from sunlight and artificial sources as the major risk factor for melanomagenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms of this cause-and-effect relationship remain murky and understudied. Recent efforts on multiple fronts have brought unprecedented expansion of our knowledge base on this subject and it is now clear that melanoma is caused by a complex interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental exposure, primarily to UVR. Here we provide an overview of the effects of the macroenvironment (UVR) on the skin microenvironment and melanocyte-specific intrinsic (mostly genetic) landscape, which conspire to produce one of the deadliest malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Mo
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sarah Preston
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - M Raza Zaidi
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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21
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Abstract
Mice get melanoma faster when they have common, inherited variants in a few genes that control cell-wide changes but also respond to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E Brash
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States.,Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States.,Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
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22
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Trucco LD, Mundra PA, Hogan K, Garcia-Martinez P, Viros A, Mandal AK, Macagno N, Gaudy-Marqueste C, Allan D, Baenke F, Cook M, McManus C, Sanchez-Laorden B, Dhomen N, Marais R. Ultraviolet radiation-induced DNA damage is prognostic for outcome in melanoma. Nat Med 2019; 25:221-224. [PMID: 30510256 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The melanoma genome is dominated by ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced mutations. Their relevance in disease progression is unknown. Here we classify melanomas by mutation signatures and identify ten recurrently mutated UVR signature genes that predict patient survival. We validate these findings in primary human melanomas; in mice we show that this signature is imprinted by short-wavelength UVR and that four exposures to UVR are sufficient to accelerate melanomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas D Trucco
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Piyushkumar A Mundra
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kate Hogan
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Pablo Garcia-Martinez
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Amaya Viros
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Amit K Mandal
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nicolas Macagno
- Department of Pathology, Aix-Marseille University, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Gaudy-Marqueste
- Dermatology and Skin Cancer Department, Aix-Marseille University, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Donald Allan
- Medical Physics Department and The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Franziska Baenke
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Martin Cook
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Clare McManus
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Berta Sanchez-Laorden
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nathalie Dhomen
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard Marais
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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23
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Wong K, van der Weyden L, Schott CR, Foote A, Constantino-Casas F, Smith S, Dobson JM, Murchison EP, Wu H, Yeh I, Fullen DR, Joseph N, Bastian BC, Patel RM, Martincorena I, Robles-Espinoza CD, Iyer V, Kuijjer ML, Arends MJ, Brenn T, Harms PW, Wood GA, Adams DJ. Cross-species genomic landscape comparison of human mucosal melanoma with canine oral and equine melanoma. Nat Commun 2019; 10:353. [PMID: 30664638 PMCID: PMC6341101 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal melanoma is a rare and poorly characterized subtype of human melanoma. Here we perform a cross-species analysis by sequencing tumor-germline pairs from 46 primary human muscosal, 65 primary canine oral and 28 primary equine melanoma cases from mucosal sites. Analysis of these data reveals recurrently mutated driver genes shared between species such as NRAS, FAT4, PTPRJ, TP53 and PTEN, and pathogenic germline alleles of BRCA1, BRCA2 and TP53. We identify a UV mutation signature in a small number of samples, including human cases from the lip and nasal mucosa. A cross-species comparative analysis of recurrent copy number alterations identifies several candidate drivers including MDM2, B2M, KNSTRN and BUB1B. Comparison of somatic mutations in recurrences and metastases to those in the primary tumor suggests pervasive intra-tumor heterogeneity. Collectively, these studies suggest a convergence of some genetic changes in mucosal melanomas between species but also distinctly different paths to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Wong
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Louise van der Weyden
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Courtney R Schott
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Alastair Foote
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Diagnostic Centre, High Street, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 8JS, UK
| | - Fernando Constantino-Casas
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge Veterinary School, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Sionagh Smith
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Jane M Dobson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge Veterinary School, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Elizabeth P Murchison
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge Veterinary School, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Hong Wu
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Iwei Yeh
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Douglas R Fullen
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, 3261 Medical Science I, 1301 Catherine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5602, USA
| | - Nancy Joseph
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Boris C Bastian
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Rajiv M Patel
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, 3261 Medical Science I, 1301 Catherine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5602, USA
| | - Inigo Martincorena
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Carla Daniela Robles-Espinoza
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación sobre el Genoma Humano, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Blvd Juriquilla 3001, Santiago de Querétaro, 76230, Mexico
| | - Vivek Iyer
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Marieke L Kuijjer
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mark J Arends
- University of Edinburgh, Division of Pathology, Centre for Comparative Pathology, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Thomas Brenn
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine and Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2L 2K8, Canada
| | - Paul W Harms
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, 3261 Medical Science I, 1301 Catherine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5602, USA
| | - Geoffrey A Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - David J Adams
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
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24
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Bagati A, Moparthy S, Fink EE, Bianchi-Smiraglia A, Yun DH, Kolesnikova M, Udartseva OO, Wolff DW, Roll MV, Lipchick BC, Han Z, Kozlova NI, Jowdy P, Berman AE, Box NF, Rodriguez C, Bshara W, Kandel ES, Soengas MS, Paragh G, Nikiforov MA. KLF9-dependent ROS regulate melanoma progression in stage-specific manner. Oncogene 2019; 38:3585-3597. [PMID: 30664687 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0689-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although antioxidants promote melanoma metastasis, the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in other stages of melanoma progression is controversial. Moreover, genes regulating ROS have not been functionally characterized throughout the entire tumor progression in mouse models of cancer. To address this question, we crossed mice-bearing knock-out of Klf9, an ubiquitous transcriptional regulator of oxidative stress, with two conditional melanocytic mouse models: BrafCA mice, where BrafV600E causes premalignant melanocytic hyperplasia, and BrafCA/Pten-/- mice, where BrafV600E and loss of Pten induce primary melanomas and metastases. Klf9 deficiency inhibited premalignant melanocytic hyperplasia in BrafCA mice but did not affect formation and growth of BrafCA/Pten-/- primary melanomas. It also, as expected, promoted BrafCA/Pten-/- metastasis. Treatment with antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine phenocopied loss of Klf9 including suppression of melanocytic hyperplasia. We were interested in a different role of Klf9 in regulation of cell proliferation in BrafCA and BrafCA/Pten-/- melanocytic cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that BRAFV600E signaling transcriptionally upregulated KLF9 and that KLF9-dependent ROS were required for full-scale activation of ERK1/2 and induction of cell proliferation by BRAFV600E. PTEN depletion in BRAFV600E-melanocytes did not further activate ERK1/2 and cell proliferation, but rendered these phenotypes insensitive to KLF9 and ROS. Our data identified an essential role of KLF9-dependent ROS in BRAFV600E signaling in premalignant melanocytes, offered an explanation to variable role of ROS in premalignant and transformed melanocytic cells and suggested a novel mechanism for suppression of premalignant growth by topical antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archis Bagati
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Smith Building, SM-0728, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Sudha Moparthy
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Emily E Fink
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Dong Hyun Yun
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Masha Kolesnikova
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Olga O Udartseva
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - David W Wolff
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, USA
| | - Matthew V Roll
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, USA
| | - Brittany C Lipchick
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, USA.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Wake Forest University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, USA
| | - Zhannan Han
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, USA
| | | | - Peter Jowdy
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Albert E Berman
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, 119121, Russia
| | - Neil F Box
- Department of Dermatology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Cesar Rodriguez
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, USA
| | - Wiam Bshara
- Department of Pathology Resource Network, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Eugene S Kandel
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Maria S Soengas
- Melanoma Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gyorgy Paragh
- Department of Dermatology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Mikhail A Nikiforov
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA. .,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, USA.
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25
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Grafanaki K, Anastasakis D, Kyriakopoulos G, Skeparnias I, Georgiou S, Stathopoulos C. Translation regulation in skin cancer from a tRNA point of view. Epigenomics 2018; 11:215-245. [PMID: 30565492 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2018-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein synthesis is a central and dynamic process, frequently deregulated in cancer through aberrant activation or expression of translation initiation factors and tRNAs. The discovery of tRNA-derived fragments, a new class of abundant and, in some cases stress-induced, small Noncoding RNAs has perplexed the epigenomics landscape and highlights the emerging regulatory role of tRNAs in translation and beyond. Skin is the biggest organ in human body, which maintains homeostasis of its multilayers through regulatory networks that induce translational reprogramming, and modulate tRNA transcription, modification and fragmentation, in response to various stress signals, like UV irradiation. In this review, we summarize recent knowledge on the role of translation regulation and tRNA biology in the alarming prevalence of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Grafanaki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece.,Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Anastasakis
- National Institute of Musculoskeletal & Arthritis & Skin, NIH, 50 South Drive, Room 1152, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - George Kyriakopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Ilias Skeparnias
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Sophia Georgiou
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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26
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Dietary furocoumarins and skin cancer: A review of current biological evidence. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 122:163-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Emri G, Paragh G, Tósaki Á, Janka E, Kollár S, Hegedűs C, Gellén E, Horkay I, Koncz G, Remenyik É. Ultraviolet radiation-mediated development of cutaneous melanoma: An update. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2018; 185:169-175. [PMID: 29936410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) light is absorbed by nucleic acids, proteins or other endogenous chromophores, such as porphyrins, flavins and melanin, triggering biological processes in skin cells. Both UV-induced mutations in melanocytes and changes in the immune microenvironment are understood to play a role in the development of cutaneous melanoma. The degree of UV-induced stress and the protection against this stress are influenced by both intracellular and intercellular molecular interactions. The present review summarizes the known major molecular biological changes induced by UV light in the skin that play a role in melanoma initiation and promotion. Nevertheless, cutaneous melanoma is not a homogenous disease, and the interaction of variable environmental exposure and different genetic susceptibility and other host factors lead to the formation of melanomas with different biological behavior and clinical characteristics. This review highlights the challenges in the understanding of how UV radiation contributes to the formation of cutaneous melanoma, and reviews the new results of photobiology and their link to tumor genetics and tumor immunology with potential implications on melanoma prevention and therapeutic strategies. The information presented here is expected to add clarity to ongoing research efforts in this field to aid the development of novel strategies to prevent and treat melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Emri
- Department of Dermatology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - György Paragh
- Department of Dermatology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA; Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Ágnes Tósaki
- Department of Dermatology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Eszter Janka
- Department of Dermatology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kollár
- Department of Pathology, Kenézy Gyula Hospital, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba Hegedűs
- Department of Dermatology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Emese Gellén
- Department of Dermatology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Irén Horkay
- Department of Dermatology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Koncz
- Department of Immunology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Remenyik
- Department of Dermatology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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28
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Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive and highly metastatic skin cancer, carrying a poor prognosis with a median survival time of 5.3-10 months depending on the stage of disease. Research has advanced our understanding of the underlying pathology of melanoma and strategies to prevent and treat melanoma. Mouse models have been developed to elucidate the molecular, immunological, and cellular mechanisms contributing to proliferation and metastasis of melanoma. This review article aims to provide an overview of various types of murine melanoma models, including xenograft and syngeneic transplantation models, genetically modified models, ultraviolent radiation models, and chemically induced models, and discuss the advantages and limitations of each model.
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29
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De Luca DA, Sterniczky B, Kimeswenger S, Födinger D, Schwarz A, Schwarz T, Jantschitsch C. Ultraviolet radiation induces Melan-A-expressing cells in interfollicular epidermis in wild-type mice. Arch Dermatol Res 2018; 310:529-532. [PMID: 29774387 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-018-1840-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adult wild-type mice are not supposed to be proper models for ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced melanoma since melanocytes are confined to hair follicles and cannot be sufficiently reached by UVR. On the other hand, in mutated mouse models used for melanoma research limitations, including an altered immune system and selection of affected pathways, lead to tumors phenotypically quite different from naturally occurring melanomas. We compared the distribution of epidermal melanocytes in UVR and not-UVR-exposed wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Starting at the age of 8 weeks, mice were exposed to physiologic doses of UVR three times weekly over 16 weeks. Back skin biopsies were taken 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks after initiation of exposure, and stained for Melan-A, representing a highly selective marker for melanocytes. Surprisingly, after exposure to UVR, Melan-A positive cells were detected also in the interfollicular epidermis of C57BL/6 mice. We conclude that UVR is capable of inducing interfollicular epidermal melanocytes in wild-type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A De Luca
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Tte. Gral. Juan Domingo Perón 4230, 1199, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Department of Dermatology, Vienna General Hospital, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Barbara Sterniczky
- Department of Dermatology, Vienna General Hospital, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Kimeswenger
- Department of Dermatology, Vienna General Hospital, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dagmar Födinger
- Department of Dermatology, Vienna General Hospital, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Agatha Schwarz
- Department of Dermatology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Rosalind-Franklin-Straße 7, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Schwarz
- Department of Dermatology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Rosalind-Franklin-Straße 7, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Jantschitsch
- Department of Dermatology, Vienna General Hospital, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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30
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Spatiotemporal Labeling of Melanocytes in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051469. [PMID: 29762513 PMCID: PMC5983676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanocytes are pigment producing cells in the skin that give rise to cutaneous malignant melanoma, which is a highly aggressive and the deadliest form of skin cancer. Studying melanocytes in vivo is often difficult due to their small proportion in the skin and the lack of specific cell surface markers. Several genetically-engineered mouse models (GEMMs) have been created to specifically label the melanocyte compartment. These models give both spatial and temporal control over the expression of a cellular ‘beacon’ that has an added benefit of inducible expression that can be activated on demand. Two powerful models that are discussed in this review include the melanocyte-specific, tetracycline-inducible green fluorescent protein expression system (iDct-GFP), and the fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator (FUCCI) model that allows for the monitoring of the cell-cycle. These two systems are powerful tools in studying melanocyte and melanoma biology. We discuss their current uses and how they could be employed to help answer unresolved questions in the fields of melanocyte and melanoma biology.
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Li H, Hou L. Regulation of melanocyte stem cell behavior by the niche microenvironment. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2018; 31:556-569. [PMID: 29582573 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Somatic stem cells are regulated by their niches to maintain tissue homeostasis and repair throughout the lifetime of an organism. An excellent example to study stem cell/niche interactions is provided by the regeneration of melanocytes during the hair cycle and in response to various types of injury. These processes are regulated by neighboring stem cells and multiple signaling pathways, including WNT/β-catenin, KITL/KIT, EDNs/EDNRB, TGF-β/TGF-βR, α-MSH/MC1R, and Notch signaling. In this review, we highlight recent studies that have advanced our understanding of the molecular crosstalk between melanocyte stem cells and their neighboring cells, which collectively form the niche microenvironment, and we focus on the question of how McSCs/niche interactions shape the responses to genotoxic damages and mechanical injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huirong Li
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ling Hou
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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32
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Testa U, Castelli G, Pelosi E. Melanoma: Genetic Abnormalities, Tumor Progression, Clonal Evolution and Tumor Initiating Cells. Med Sci (Basel) 2017; 5:E28. [PMID: 29156643 PMCID: PMC5753657 DOI: 10.3390/medsci5040028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive neoplasia issued from the malignant transformation of melanocytes, the pigment-generating cells of the skin. It is responsible for about 75% of deaths due to skin cancers. Melanoma is a phenotypically and molecularly heterogeneous disease: cutaneous, uveal, acral, and mucosal melanomas have different clinical courses, are associated with different mutational profiles, and possess distinct risk factors. The discovery of the molecular abnormalities underlying melanomas has led to the promising improvement of therapy, and further progress is expected in the near future. The study of melanoma precursor lesions has led to the suggestion that the pathway of tumor evolution implies the progression from benign naevi, to dysplastic naevi, to melanoma in situ and then to invasive and metastatic melanoma. The gene alterations characterizing melanomas tend to accumulate in these precursor lesions in a sequential order. Studies carried out in recent years have, in part, elucidated the great tumorigenic potential of melanoma tumor cells. These findings have led to speculation that the cancer stem cell model cannot be applied to melanoma because, in this malignancy, tumor cells possess an intrinsic plasticity, conferring the capacity to initiate and maintain the neoplastic process to phenotypically different tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Testa
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Germana Castelli
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Elvira Pelosi
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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