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Zhang W, Quan Y, Ma X, Zeng L, Li J, Chen S, Su M, Hong L, Li P, Wang H, Xu Q, Zhao C, Zhu X, Geng Y, Yan X, Fang Z, Chen M, Tian D, Su M, Chen X, Gu J. Synergistic effect of glutathione and IgG4 in immune evasion and the implication for cancer immunotherapy. Redox Biol 2023; 60:102608. [PMID: 36681047 PMCID: PMC9868885 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently reported a novel IgG4-centered immune evasion mechanism in cancer, and this was achieved mostly through the Fc-Fc reaction of increased IgG4 to cancer-bound IgG in cancer microenvironment. The mechanism was suggested to be related to cancer hyperprogressive disease (HPD) which is a side-effect often associated to IgG4 subtype PD-1 antibody immunotherapy. HPD was reported to occur in cancers with certain mutated genes including KRAS and such mutations are often associated to glutathione (GSH) synthesis. Therefore, we hypothesize that IgG4 and GSH may play a synergistic role in local immunosuppression of cancer. METHODS Quantitatively analyzed the distribution and abundance of GSH and IgG4 in human cancer samples with ELISA and immunohistochemistry. The interactions between GSH and IgG4 were examined with Electrophoresis and Western Blot. The synergistic effects of the two on classic immune responses were investigated in vitro. The combined effects were also tested in a lung cancer model and a skin graft model in mice. RESULTS We detected significant increases of both GSH and IgG4 in the microenvironment of lung cancer, esophageal cancer, and colon cancer tissues. GSH disrupted the disulfide bond of IgG4 heavy chain and enhanced IgG4's ability of Fc-Fc reaction to immobilized IgG subtypes. Combined administration of IgG4 and GSH augmented the inhibitory effect of IgG4 on the classic ADCC, ADCP, and CDC reactions. Local administration of IgG4/GSH achieved the most obvious effect of accelerating cancer growth in the mouse lung cancer model. The same combination prolonged the survival of skin grafts between two different strains of mouse. In both models, immune cells and several cytokines were found to shift to the state of immune tolerance. CONCLUSION Combined application of GSH and IgG4 can promote tumor growth and protect skin graft. The mechanism may be achieved through the effect of the Fc-Fc reaction between IgG4 and other tissue-bound IgG subtypes resulting in local immunosuppression. This reaction was facilitated by increased GSH to dissociate the two heavy chains of IgG4 Fc fragment at its disulfide bonds. Our findings unveiled the interaction between the redox system and the immune systems in cancer microenvironment. It offers a sensible explanation for HPD and provides new possibilities for manipulating this mechanism for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Zhang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Quan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xiaonan Ma
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liting Zeng
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jirui Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuqi Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meng Su
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liangli Hong
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Penghao Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Jinxin Research Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jinjiang Hospital for Maternal and Child Health Care, 66 Jingxiu Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chanyuan Zhao
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiqun Geng
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaomiao Yan
- Jinxin Research Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jinjiang Hospital for Maternal and Child Health Care, 66 Jingxiu Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Zheng Fang
- Motic China Group Co, Ltd, Xiamen, China
| | | | - Dongping Tian
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Su
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xueling Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiang Gu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Jinxin Research Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jinjiang Hospital for Maternal and Child Health Care, 66 Jingxiu Road, Chengdu, China.
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Mueller JPJ, Dobosz M, O’Brien N, Abdoush N, Giusti AM, Lechmann M, Osl F, Wolf AK, Arellano-Viera E, Shaikh H, Sauer M, Rosenwald A, Herting F, Umaña P, Colombetti S, Pöschinger T, Beilhack A. ROCKETS - a novel one-for-all toolbox for light sheet microscopy in drug discovery. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1034032. [PMID: 36845124 PMCID: PMC9945347 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1034032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Advancing novel immunotherapy strategies requires refined tools in preclinical research to thoroughly assess drug targets, biodistribution, safety, and efficacy. Light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) offers unprecedented fast volumetric ex vivo imaging of large tissue samples in high resolution. Yet, to date laborious and unstandardized tissue processing procedures have limited throughput and broader applications in immunological research. Therefore, we developed a simple and harmonized protocol for processing, clearing and imaging of all mouse organs and even entire mouse bodies. Applying this Rapid Optical Clearing Kit for Enhanced Tissue Scanning (ROCKETS) in combination with LSFM allowed us to comprehensively study the in vivo biodistribution of an antibody targeting Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) in 3D. Quantitative high-resolution scans of whole organs did not only reveal known EpCAM expression patterns but, importantly, uncovered several new EpCAM-binding sites. We identified gustatory papillae of the tongue, choroid plexi in the brain and duodenal papillae as previously unanticipated locations of high EpCAM expression. Subsequently, we confirmed high EpCAM expression also in human tongue and duodenal specimens. Choroid plexi and duodenal papillae may be considered as particularly sensitive sites due to their importance for liquor production or as critical junctions draining bile and digestive pancreatic enzymes into the small bowel, respectively. These newly gained insights appear highly relevant for clinical translation of EpCAM-addressing immunotherapies. Thus, ROCKETS in combination with LSFM may help to set new standards for preclinical evaluation of immunotherapeutic strategies. In conclusion, we propose ROCKETS as an ideal platform for a broader application of LSFM in immunological research optimally suited for quantitative co-localization studies of immunotherapeutic drugs and defined cell populations in the microanatomical context of organs or even whole mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg P. J. Mueller
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Laboratory (IZKF) Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Würzburg University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Michael Dobosz
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Nils O’Brien
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Nassri Abdoush
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Anna Maria Giusti
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Glycart AG, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Martin Lechmann
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Franz Osl
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Ann-Katrin Wolf
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Laboratory (IZKF) Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Würzburg University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Estibaliz Arellano-Viera
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Laboratory (IZKF) Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Würzburg University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Haroon Shaikh
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Laboratory (IZKF) Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Würzburg University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Frank Herting
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Pablo Umaña
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Glycart AG, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Sara Colombetti
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Glycart AG, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Pöschinger
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Beilhack
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Laboratory (IZKF) Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Würzburg University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
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Whary MT, Wang C, Ruff CF, DiVincenzo MJ, Labriola C, Ge L, Feng Y, Ge Z, Bakthavatchalu V, Muthupalani S, Horwitz BH, Fox JG. Effects of Colonization of Gnotobiotic Swiss Webster Mice with Helicobacter bilis. Comp Med 2020; 70:216-232. [PMID: 32349859 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter bilis (Hb) causes hepatitis in some strains of inbred mice. The current study confirmed that Hb directly causes portal hepatitis in outbred gnotobiotic Swiss Webster (SW) mice, as we previously reported for conventional SW mice. Hbmonoassociated SW mice also developed mild enterocolitis, expanded gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), and tertiary lymphoid tissue in the lower bowel. At 1 and 10 mo after infection, Hb-induced GALT hyperplasia exhibited well-organized, ectopic germinal centers with increased mononuclear cell apoptosis, MHC class II antigen presentation, and pronounced endothelial venule formation, consistent with features of tertiary lymphoid tissue. In the lower bowel, Hb induced mainly B220+ cells as well as CD4+ IL17+, CD4+ IFNγ+, and CD4+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells and significantly increased IL10 mRNA expression. This gnotobiotic model confirmed that Hb causes portal hepatitis in outbred SW mice but stimulated GALT with an antiinflammatory bias. Because Hb had both anti- and proinflammatory effects on GALT, it should be considered a 'pathosymbiont provocateur' and merits further evaluation in mouse models of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Whary
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts;,
| | - Chuanwu Wang
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Catherine F Ruff
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Mallory J DiVincenzo
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Caralyn Labriola
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Lillian Ge
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Yan Feng
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Zhongming Ge
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Vasu Bakthavatchalu
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Suresh Muthupalani
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Bruce H Horwitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Valencia E, Cruz-Alonso M, Álvarez L, González-Iglesias H, Fernández B, Pereiro R. Fluorescent silver nanoclusters as antibody label in a competitive immunoassay for the complement factor H. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:429. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3554-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Glutathione inhibits antibody and complement-mediated immunologic cell injury via multiple mechanisms. Redox Biol 2017; 12:571-581. [PMID: 28390315 PMCID: PMC5384323 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidant glutathione (GSH) plays an important role in the regulation of immunity. However, little is known about its effects on humoral immunity, especially its action on effector molecules like antibody and complement. Given that these molecules contain abundant disulfide bonds, we speculated that GSH might influence the action of these proteins via its thiol function. Using a model of a glomerular mesangial cell (MC) lysis induced by antibodies plus complement, we addressed this hypothesis. Exposure of rat MCs to anti-Thy-1 antibody plus complement or anti-MC rabbit serum caused a complement-dependent cell lysis, which was completely blocked by GSH. Moreover, GSH potently prevented the antibody-mediated agglutination of red blood cells and aggregation of antibody-sensitized microspheres. Further analysis revealed that GSH inhibited antibody binding to antigens and promoted the conversion of the antibodies to its reduced forms. GSH also potently inhibited the formation and deposition of C5b-9 in MCs and suppressed both the classic and alternative complement activation pathway. Lastly, GSH attenuated P38 activation, an oxidative sensitive kinase that partially mediated the antibody- and complement-dependent MC lysis. Depletion of GSH via inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase or xCT transporter augmented P38 activation and sensitized MCs to the cell lysis. Collectively, our results indicate that GSH protects cells from immunological cell damage via mechanisms involving inhibition of antibody binding to the antigens, suppression of complement activation and augmentation of cellular defense mechanism. Our study provides novel mechanistic insights into the actions of GSH in the regulation of immune responses and suggests that GSH might be used to treat certain immune disorders. Little information is available regarding the role of GSH on humoral immunity. GSH inhibited antibody-triggered and complement-mediated immune responses. GSH interfered with antibody binding to cell surface antigens via its thiol function. GSH inhibited both the classic and alternative complement activation pathways. GSH increased cell resistance to immunological injury via inhibition of P38.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter cinaedi, an enterohepatic helicobacter species (EHS), is an important human pathogen and is associated with a wide range of diseases, especially in immunocompromised patients. It has been convincingly demonstrated that innate immune response to certain pathogenic enteric bacteria is sufficient to initiate colitis and colon carcinogenesis in recombinase-activating gene (Rag)-2-deficient mice model. To better understand the mechanisms of human IBD and its association with development of colon cancer, we investigated whether H. cinaedi could induce pathological changes noted with murine enterohepatic helicobacter infections in the Rag2(-/-) mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty 129SvEv Rag2(-/-) mice mouse were experimentally or sham infected orally with H. cinaedi strain CCUG 18818. Gastrointestinal pathology and immune responses in infected and control mice were analyzed at 3, 6 and 9 months postinfection (MPI). H. cinaedi colonized the cecum, colon, and stomach in infected mice. RESULTS H. cinaedi induced typhlocolitis in Rag2(-/-) mice by 3 MPI and intestinal lesions became more severe by 9 MPI. H. cinaedi was also associated with the elevation of proinflammatory cytokines, interferon-γ, tumor-necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, IL-10; iNOS mRNA levels were also upregulated in the cecum of infected mice. However, changes in IL-4, IL-6, Cox-2, and c-myc mRNA expressions were not detected. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that the Rag2(-/-) mouse model will be useful to continue investigating the pathogenicity of H. cinaedi, and to study the association of host immune responses in IBD caused by EHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeli Shen
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Nisimova L, Wen S, Cross-Knorr S, Rogers AB, Moss SF, Chatterjee D. Role of Raf kinase inhibitor protein in Helicobacter pylori-mediated signaling in gastric cancer. Crit Rev Oncog 2015; 19:469-81. [PMID: 25597356 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2014012044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a helical bacterium that colonizes the stomach in over half of the world's population. Infection with this bacterium has been linked to peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. The bacterium has been shown to affect regulatory pathways in its host cells through specific virulence factors that control gene expression. Infection with H. pylori increases levels of phosphorylation of Raf kinase inhibitor protein (pRKIP) in gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells in vitro and in vivo. We investigated the role of H. pylori in the phosphorylation of RKIP as a possible mechanism to downregulate pro-survival signals in gastric adenocarcinoma. pRKIP induces RKIP transcriptional activity, which serves to induce apoptosis of damaged cells to prevent further tumorigenesis. Infection of wild type and RKIP knockout mice with H. pylori for 2 months further confirmed roles of RKIP and pRKIP in the prevention of gastric cancer progression. Loss of RKIP in AGS cells results in increased expression of the Cag A virulence factor after H. pylori infection and RKIP overexpression inhibits H. pylori-mediated STAT3 phosphorylation and STAT3 and NF-κB transcriptional activity. We examined the role of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) after H. pylori infection on the phosphorylation of RKIP. Cells treated with rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR, displayed less expression of pRKIP after H. pylori infection. Microarray antibody analysis was conducted on wild-type and RKIP-knockdown AGS cells and showed that in the absence of RKIP, there was increased expression of pro-tumorigenic proteins such as EGFR, Raf-1, and MAPKs. Although further work is needed to confirm the interaction of RKIP and mTOR in AGS cells as a result of H. pylori infection, we hypothesize that H. pylori-mediated induction of pro-survival signaling in gastric epithelial cells induces a feedback response through the activation of RKIP. The phosphorylated, or active, form of RKIP is important in protecting gastric epithelial cells from tumorigenesis after H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Nisimova
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Sicheng Wen
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Sam Cross-Knorr
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Arlin B Rogers
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Steven F Moss
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Devasis Chatterjee
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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Whary MT, Muthupalani S, Ge Z, Feng Y, Lofgren J, Shi HN, Taylor NS, Correa P, Versalovic J, Wang TC, Fox JG. Helminth co-infection in Helicobacter pylori infected INS-GAS mice attenuates gastric premalignant lesions of epithelial dysplasia and glandular atrophy and preserves colonization resistance of the stomach to lower bowel microbiota. Microbes Infect 2014; 16:345-55. [PMID: 24513446 PMCID: PMC4030519 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Higher prevalence of helminth infections in Helicobacter pylori infected children was suggested to potentially lower the life-time risk for gastric adenocarcinoma. In rodent models, helminth co-infection does not reduce Helicobacter-induced inflammation but delays progression of pre-malignant gastric lesions. Because gastric cancer in INS-GAS mice is promoted by intestinal microflora, the impact of Heligmosomoides polygyrus co-infection on H. pylori-associated gastric lesions and microflora were evaluated. Male INS-GAS mice co-infected with H. pylori and H. polygyrus for 5 months were assessed for gastrointestinal lesions, inflammation-related mRNA expression, FoxP3(+) cells, epithelial proliferation, and gastric colonization with H. pylori and Altered Schaedler Flora. Despite similar gastric inflammation and high levels of proinflammatory mRNA, helminth co-infection increased FoxP3(+) cells in the corpus and reduced H. pylori-associated gastric atrophy (p < 0.04), dysplasia (p < 0.02) and prevented H. pylori-induced changes in the gastric flora (p < 0.05). This is the first evidence of helminth infection reducing H. pylori-induced gastric lesions while inhibiting changes in gastric flora, consistent with prior observations that gastric colonization with enteric microbiota accelerated gastric lesions in INS-GAS mice. Identifying how helminths reduce gastric premalignant lesions and impact bacterial colonization of the H. pylori infected stomach could lead to new treatment strategies to inhibit progression from chronic gastritis to cancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Whary
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | | | - Zhongming Ge
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yan Feng
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Lofgren
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hai Ning Shi
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nancy S Taylor
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pelayo Correa
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James Versalovic
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Pang J, Borjeson TM, Muthupalani S, Ducore RM, Carr CA, Feng Y, Sullivan MP, Cristofaro V, Luo J, Lindstrom JM, Fox JG. Megaesophagus in a line of transgenic rats: a model of achalasia. Vet Pathol 2014; 51:1187-200. [PMID: 24457157 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813519136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Megaesophagus is defined as the abnormal enlargement or dilatation of the esophagus, characterized by a lack of normal contraction of the esophageal walls. This is called achalasia when associated with reduced or no relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). To date, there are few naturally occurring models for this disease. A colony of transgenic (Pvrl3-Cre) rats presented with megaesophagus at 3 to 4 months of age; further breeding studies revealed a prevalence of 90% of transgene-positive animals having megaesophagus. Affected rats could be maintained on a total liquid diet long term and were shown to display the classic features of dilated esophagus, closed lower esophageal sphincter, and abnormal contractions on contrast radiography and fluoroscopy. Histologically, the findings of muscle degeneration, inflammation, and a reduced number of myenteric ganglia in the esophagus combined with ultrastructural lesions of muscle fiber disarray and mitochondrial changes in the striated muscle of these animals closely mimic that seen in the human condition. Muscle contractile studies looking at the response of the lower esophageal sphincter and fundus to electrical field stimulation, sodium nitroprusside, and L-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester also demonstrate the similarity between megaesophagus in the transgenic rats and patients with achalasia. No primary cause for megaesophagus was found, but the close parallel to the human form of the disease, as well as ease of care and manipulation of these rats, makes this a suitable model to better understand the etiology of achalasia as well as study new management and treatment options for this incurable condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pang
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - T M Borjeson
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S Muthupalani
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - R M Ducore
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - C A Carr
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Y Feng
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M P Sullivan
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA, USA
| | - V Cristofaro
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA, USA
| | - J Luo
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J M Lindstrom
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Yu B, Liu YJ, Yin X. Elimination of non-specific staining in immunohistochemistry of human liver tissues by modulation of antibody–antigen binding microenvironment. J Histotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/2046023612y.0000000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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11
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Chuag SH, Chen GH, Chou HH, Shen SW, Chen CF. Accelerated colorimetric immunosensing using surface-modified porous monoliths and gold nanoparticles. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2013; 14:044403. [PMID: 27877588 PMCID: PMC5090314 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/14/4/044403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive immunoassay platform integrating polymerized monoliths and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has been developed. The porous monoliths are photopolymerized in situ within a silica capillary and serve as solid support for high-mass transport and high-density capture antibody immobilization to create a shorter diffusion length for antibody-antigen interactions, resulting in a rapid assay and low reagent consumption. AuNPs are modified with detection antibodies and are utilized as signals for colorimetric immunoassays without the need for enzyme, substrate and sophisticated equipment for quantitative measurements. This platform has been verified by performing a human IgG sandwich immunoassay with a detection limit of 0.1 ng ml-1. In addition, a single assay can be completed in 1 h, which is more efficient than traditional immunoassays that require several hours to complete.
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Hines IN, Hartwell HJ, Feng Y, Theve EJ, Hall GA, Hashway S, Connolly J, Fecteau M, Fox JG, Rogers AB. Insulin resistance and metabolic hepatocarcinogenesis with parent-of-origin effects in A×B mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:2855-65. [PMID: 21967816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a defining feature of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus but also may occur independently of these conditions. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the hepatic manifestation of these disorders, increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, mechanisms linking hyperinsulinemia to NAFLD and HCC require clarification. We describe a novel model of primary insulin resistance and HCC with strong parent-of-origin effects. Male AB6F1 (A/JCr dam × C57BL/6 sire) but not B6AF1 (B6 dam × A/J sire) mice developed spontaneous insulin resistance, NAFLD, and HCC without obesity or diabetes. A survey of mitochondrial, imprinted, and sex-linked traits revealed modest associations with X-linked genes. However, a diet-induced obesity study, including B6.A chromosome substitution-strain (consomic) mice, showed no segregation by sex chromosome. Thus, parent-of-origin effects were specified within the autosomal genome. Next, we interrogated mechanisms of insulin-associated hepatocarcinogenesis. Steatotic hepatocytes exhibited adipogenic transition characterized by vacuolar metaplasia and up-regulation of vimentin, adipsin, fatty acid translocase (CD36), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, and related products. This profile was largely recapitulated in insulin-supplemented primary mouse hepatocyte cultures. Importantly, pyruvate kinase M2, a fetal anabolic enzyme implicated in the Warburg effect, was activated by insulin in vivo and in vitro. Thus, our study reveals parent-of-origin effects in heritable insulin resistance, implicating adipogenic transition with acquired anabolic metabolism in the progression from NAFLD to HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian N Hines
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Buchwalow I, Samoilova V, Boecker W, Tiemann M. Non-specific binding of antibodies in immunohistochemistry: fallacies and facts. Sci Rep 2011; 1:28. [PMID: 22355547 PMCID: PMC3216515 DOI: 10.1038/srep00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The current protocols for blocking background staining in immunohistochemistry are based on conflicting reports. Background staining is thought to occur as a result of either non-specific antibody (Ab) binding to endogenous Fc receptors (FcRs) or a combination of ionic and hydrophobic interactions. In this study, cell and tissue samples were processed according to routine protocols either with or without a blocking step (goat serum or BSA). Surprisingly, no Abs in samples processed without a blocking step showed any propensity for non-specific binding leading to background staining, implying that endogenous FcRs do not retain their ability to bind the Fc portion of Abs after standard fixation. Likewise, we did not find any non-specific Ab binding ascribable to either ionic or hydrophobic interactions. We determined that traditionally used protein blocking steps are unnecessary in the immunostaining of routinely fixed cell and tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Buchwalow
- Institute for Hematopathology , Fangdieckstr. 75a, 22547 Hamburg, Germany.
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Sheh A, Ge Z, Parry NMA, Muthupalani S, Rager JE, Raczynski AR, Mobley MW, McCabe AF, Fry RC, Wang TC, Fox JG. 17β-estradiol and tamoxifen prevent gastric cancer by modulating leukocyte recruitment and oncogenic pathways in Helicobacter pylori-infected INS-GAS male mice. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4:1426-35. [PMID: 21680705 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection promotes male predominant gastric adenocarcinoma in humans. Estrogens reduce gastric cancer risk and previous studies showed that prophylactic 17β-estradiol (E2) in INS-GAS mice decreases H. pylori-induced carcinogenesis. We examined the effect of E2 and tamoxifen (TAM) on H. pylori-induced gastric cancer in male and female INS-GAS mice. After confirming robust gastric pathology at 16 weeks postinfection (WPI), mice were implanted with E2, TAM, both E2 and TAM, or placebo pellets for 12 weeks. At 28 WPI, gastric histopathology, gene expression, and immune cell infiltration were evaluated and serum inflammatory cytokines measured. After treatment, no gastric cancer was observed in H. pylori-infected males receiving E2 and/or TAM, whereas 40% of infected untreated males developed gastric cancer. E2, TAM, and their combination significantly reduced gastric precancerous lesions in infected males compared with infected untreated males (P < 0.001, 0.01, and 0.01, respectively). However, TAM did not alter female pathology regardless of infection status. Differentially expressed genes from males treated with E2 or TAM (n = 363 and n = 144, Q < 0.05) associated highly with cancer and cellular movement, indicating overlapping pathways in the reduction of gastric lesions. E2 or TAM deregulated genes associated with metastasis (PLAUR and MMP10) and Wnt inhibition (FZD6 and SFRP2). Compared with controls, E2 decreased gastric mRNA (Q < 0.05) and serum levels (P < 0.05) of CXCL1, a neutrophil chemokine, leading to decreased neutrophil infiltration (P < 0.01). Prevention of H. pylori-induced gastric cancer by E2 and TAM may be mediated by estrogen signaling and is associated with decreased CXCL1, decreased neutrophil counts, and downregulation of oncogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sheh
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Robust amyloid clearance in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease provides novel insights into the mechanism of amyloid-beta immunotherapy. J Neurosci 2011; 31:4124-36. [PMID: 21411653 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5077-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Many new therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease delay the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in transgenic mice, but evidence for clearance of preexisting plaques is often lacking. Here, we demonstrate that anti-Aβ immunotherapy combined with suppression of Aβ synthesis allows significant removal of antecedent deposits. We treated amyloid-bearing tet-off APP (amyloid precursor protein) mice with doxycycline to suppress transgenic Aβ production before initiating a 12 week course of passive immunization. Animals remained on doxycycline for 3 months afterward to assess whether improvements attained during combined treatment could be maintained by monotherapy. This strategy reduced amyloid load by 52% and Aβ42 content by 28% relative to pretreatment levels, with preferential clearance of small deposits and diffuse Aβ surrounding fibrillar cores. We demonstrate that peripherally administered anti-Aβ antibody crossed the blood-brain barrier, bound to plaques, and was still be found associated with a subset of amyloid deposits many months after the final injection. Antibody accessed the brain independent of plasma Aβ levels, where it enhanced microglial internalization of aggregated Aβ. Our data support a mechanism by which passive immunization acts centrally to stimulate microglial phagocytosis of aggregated Aβ, but is opposed by the continued aggregation of newly secreted Aβ. By arresting the production of Aβ, combination therapy allows microglial clearance to work from a static amyloid burden toward a significant reduction in plaque load. Our findings suggest that combining two therapeutic approaches currently in clinical trials may improve neuropathological outcome over either alone.
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Bodelon C, Anderson GL, Rossing MA, Chlebowski RT, Ochs-Balcom HM, Vaughan TL, Mobley MW, McCabe AF, Fry RC, Wang TC, Fox JG. Hormonal factors and risks of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma in postmenopausal women. CANCER PREVENTION RESEARCH (PHILADELPHIA, PA.) 2011. [PMID: 21505180 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The incidences of esophageal adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are higher in males than in females. We investigated whether female-related hormonal factors are associated with risks of these two types of esophageal cancer. We examined the association between use of hormone therapy (HT) and the risks of esophageal adenocarcinoma and SCC in postmenopausal women enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) clinical trials and observational studies. Twenty-three esophageal adenocarcinoma and 34 esophageal SCC cases were confirmed among the 161,080 participants, after a median of 11.82 years of follow-up. Risk of esophageal SCC was lower among HT users (past users: HR = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.06-1.10 in 2 cases; current users: HR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.18-0.94 in 9 cases). A decreased esophageal SCC risk was observed for current users of estrogen plus progestin (E+P) therapy (HR = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.07-0.86 in 3 cases) but not for current users of estrogen-only therapy (HR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.28-3.29 in 6 cases). No association was observed between the use of HT and the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma. No other reproductive or hormonal factors were significantly associated with the risk of either SCC or adenocarcinoma. Current use of E+P therapy was found to be associated with a decreased risk of esophageal SCC, but no association was observed with esophageal adenocarcinoma. To provide more definitive evidence, a pooled analysis of all available studies or a much larger study would be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Bodelon
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Whary MT, Taylor NS, Feng Y, Ge Z, Muthupalani S, Versalovic J, Fox JG. Lactobacillus reuteri promotes Helicobacter hepaticus-associated typhlocolitis in gnotobiotic B6.129P2-IL-10(tm1Cgn) (IL-10(-/-) ) mice. Immunology 2011; 133:165-78. [PMID: 21426337 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To model inflammatory bowel disease, we assessed infection with Helicobacter hepaticus 3B1 (ATCC 51449) and a potential probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri (ATCC PTA-6475) in gnotobiotic B6.129P2-IL-10(tm1Cgn) (IL-10(-/-) ) mice. No typhlocolitis developed in germ-free controls (n=21) or in L. reuteri (n=8) or H. hepaticus (n=18) mono-associated mice for 20 weeks post-infection. As positive controls, three specific pathogen-free IL-10(-/-) mice dosed with H. hepaticus developed severe typhlocolitis within 11 weeks. Because L. reuteri PTA-6475 has anti-inflammatory properties in vitro, it was unexpected to observe significant typhlocolitis (P<0·0001) in mice that had been infected with L. reuteri followed in 1 week by H. hepaticus (n=16). The H. hepaticus colonization was not affected through 20 weeks post-infection but L. reuteri colonization was lower in co-infected compared with L. reuteri mono-associated mice at 8-11 weeks post-infection (P<0·05). Typhlocolitis was associated with an increased T helper type 1 serum IgG2c response to H. hepaticus in co-infected mice compared with H. hepaticus mono-associated mice (P<0·005) and similarly, mRNA expression in caecal-colonic tissue was elevated at least twofold for chemokine ligands and pro-inflammatory interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, IL-12 receptor, tumour necrosis factor-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Anti-inflammatory transforming growth factor-β, lactotransferrin, peptidoglycan recognition proteins, Toll-like receptors 4, 6, 8 and particularly 9 gene expression, were also elevated only in co-infected mice (P<0·05). These data support that the development of typhlocolitis in H. hepaticus-infected IL-10(-/-) mice required co-colonization with other microbiota and in this study, required only L. reuteri. Although the effects other microbiota may have on H. hepaticus virulence properties remain speculative, further investigations using this gnotobiotic model are now possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Whary
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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McBee ME, Zeng Y, Parry N, Nagler CR, Tannenbaum SR, Schauer DB. Multivariate modeling identifies neutrophil- and Th17-related factors as differential serum biomarkers of chronic murine colitis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13277. [PMID: 20976045 PMCID: PMC2957404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diagnosis of chronic intestinal inflammation, which characterizes inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), along with prediction of disease state is hindered by the availability of predictive serum biomarker. Serum biomarkers predictive of disease state will improve trials for therapeutic intervention, and disease monitoring, particularly in genetically susceptible individuals. Chronic inflammation during IBD is considered distinct from infectious intestinal inflammation thereby requiring biomarkers to provide differential diagnosis. To address whether differential serum biomarkers could be identified in murine models of colitis, immunological profiles from both chronic spontaneous and acute infectious colitis were compared and predictive serum biomarkers identified via multivariate modeling. Methodology/Principal Findings Discriminatory multivariate modeling of 23 cytokines plus chlorotyrosine and nitrotyrosine (protein adducts from reactive nitrogen species and hypochlorite) in serum and tissue from two murine models of colitis was performed to identify disease-associated biomarkers. Acute C. rodentium-induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice and chronic spontaneous Helicobacter-dependent colitis in TLR4−/− x IL-10−/− mice were utilized for evaluation. Colon profiles of both colitis models were nearly identical with chemokines, neutrophil- and Th17-related factors highly associated with intestinal disease. In acute colitis, discriminatory disease-associated serum factors were not those identified in the colon. In contrast, the discriminatory predictive serum factors for chronic colitis were neutrophil- and Th17-related factors (KC, IL-12/23p40, IL-17, G-CSF, and chlorotyrosine) that were also elevated in colon tissue. Chronic colitis serum biomarkers were specific to chronic colitis as they were not discriminatory for acute colitis. Conclusions/Significance Immunological profiling revealed strikingly similar colon profiles, yet distinctly different serum profiles for acute and chronic colitis. Neutrophil- and Th17-related factors were identified as predictive serum biomarkers of chronic colitis, but not acute colitis, despite their presence in colitic tissue of both diseases thereby demonstrating the utility of mathematical modeling for identifying disease-associated serum biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E McBee
- Biological Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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Mast TG, Brann JH, Fadool DA. The TRPC2 channel forms protein-protein interactions with Homer and RTP in the rat vomeronasal organ. BMC Neurosci 2010; 11:61. [PMID: 20492691 PMCID: PMC2881103 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-11-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The signal transduction cascade operational in the vomeronasal organ (VNO) of the olfactory system detects odorants important for prey localization, mating, and social recognition. While the protein machinery transducing these external cues has been individually well characterized, little attention has been paid to the role of protein-protein interactions among these molecules. Development of an in vitro expression system for the transient receptor potential 2 channel (TRPC2), which establishes the first electrical signal in the pheromone transduction pathway, led to the discovery of two protein partners that couple with the channel in the native VNO. RESULTS Homer family proteins were expressed in both male and female adult VNO, particularly Homer 1b/c and Homer 3. In addition to this family of scaffolding proteins, the chaperones receptor transporting protein 1 (RTP1) and receptor expression enhancing protein 1 (REEP1) were also expressed. RTP1 was localized broadly across the VNO sensory epithelium, goblet cells, and the soft palate. Both Homer and RTP1 formed protein-protein interactions with TRPC2 in native reciprocal pull-down assays and RTP1 increased surface expression of TRPC2 in in vitro assays. The RTP1-dependent TRPC2 surface expression was paralleled with an increase in ATP-stimulated whole-cell current in an in vitro patch-clamp electrophysiological assay. CONCLUSIONS TRPC2 expression and channel activity is regulated by chaperone- and scaffolding-associated proteins, which could modulate the transduction of chemosignals. The developed in vitro expression system, as described here, will be advantageous for detailed investigations into TRPC2 channel activity and cell signalling, for a channel protein that was traditionally difficult to physiologically assess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Mast
- Department of Biological Science, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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20
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Painter JT, Clayton NP, Herbert RA. Useful immunohistochemical markers of tumor differentiation. Toxicol Pathol 2009; 38:131-41. [PMID: 20028992 DOI: 10.1177/0192623309356449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) has been somewhat underutilized in the practice of toxicological pathology but can be a valuable tool for the evaluation of rodent neoplasms, both in a diagnostic and an investigational role. Determining an exact tumor type using standard hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of formalin-fixed tissues can be challenging, especially with metastatic and/or poorly differentiated tumors. Successful IHC is dependent on many factors, including species and tissue type, type and duration of fixation, quality fresh or frozen sectioning, and antibody specificity. The initial approach of most tumor diagnosis IHC applications is distinguishing epithelial from mesenchymal differentiation using vimentin and cytokeratin markers, although false-negative and/or false-positive results may occur. Experimentally, IHC can be employed to investigate the earliest changes in transformed tissues, identifying cellular changes not normally visible with H&E. Individual markers for proliferation, apoptosis, and specific tumor proteins can be used to help distinguish hyperplasia from neoplasia and determine specific tumor origin/type. IHC provides a relatively rapid and simple method to better determine the origin of neoplastic tissue or investigate the behavior or progression of a given neoplasm. Several experimental and diagnostic examples will be presented to illustrate the utility of IHC as a supplement to standard staining techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Painter
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Cytolethal distending toxin promotes Helicobacter cinaedi-associated typhlocolitis in interleukin-10-deficient mice. Infect Immun 2009; 77:2508-16. [PMID: 19307212 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00166-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter cinaedi colonizes a wide host range, including rodents, and may be an emerging zoonotic agent. Colonization parameters, pathology, serology, and inflammatory responses to wild-type H. cinaedi (WT(Hc)) were evaluated in B6.129P2-IL-10(tm1Cgn) (IL-10(-/-)) mice for 36 weeks postinfection (WPI) and in C57BL/6 (B6) mice for 12 WPI. Because cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) may be a virulence factor, IL-10(-/-) mice were also infected with the cdtB(Hc) and cdtB-N(Hc) isogenic mutants and evaluated for 12 WPI. Consistent with other murine enterohepatic helicobacters, WT(Hc) did not cause typhlocolitis in B6 mice, but mild to severe lesions developed at the cecocolic junction in IL-10(-/-) mice, despite similar colonization levels of WT(Hc) in the cecum and colon of both B6 and IL-10(-/-) mice. WT(Hc) and cdtB mutants also colonized IL-10(-/-) mice to a similar extent, but infection with either cdtB mutant resulted in attenuated typhlocolitis and hyperplasia compared to infection with WT(Hc) (P < 0.03), and only WT(Hc) infection caused dysplasia and intramucosal carcinoma. WT(Hc) and cdtB(Hc) mutant infection of IL-10(-/-) mice elevated mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and gamma interferon in the cecum, as well as elevated Th1-associated serum immunoglobulin G2a(b) compared to infection of B6 mice (P < 0.05). Although no hepatitis was noted, liver samples were PCR positive at various time points for WT(Hc) or the cdtB(Hc) mutant in approximately 33% of IL-10(-/-) mice and in 10 to 20% of WT(Hc)-infected B6 mice. These results indicate that WT(Hc) can be used to model inflammatory bowel disease in IL-10(-/-) mice and that CDT contributes to the virulence of H. cinaedi.
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Concurrent Helicobacter bilis infection in C57BL/6 mice attenuates proinflammatory H. pylori-induced gastric pathology. Infect Immun 2009; 77:2147-58. [PMID: 19223483 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01395-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Because coinfections can alter helicobacter gastritis, we investigated whether enterohepatic Helicobacter bilis modulates Helicobacter pylori gastritis in C57BL/6 mice. Thirty mice per group were sham dosed, H. bilis or H. pylori infected, or H. bilis infected followed in 2 weeks by H. pylori and then evaluated at 6 and 11 months postinfection (mpi) for gastritis and premalignant lesions. Compared to H. pylori-infected mice, H. bilis/H. pylori-infected mice at 6 and 11 mpi had less severe gastritis, atrophy, mucous metaplasia and hyperplasia (P < 0.01) and, additionally, at 11 mpi, less severe intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia (P < 0.05). H. bilis/H. pylori-infected mice at 11 mpi exhibited less Ki67 labeling of proliferating epithelial cells, reduced numbers of FoxP3(+) T-regulatory (T(REG)) cells, and lower FoxP3(+) mRNA levels than did H. pylori-infected mice (P < 0.05). Proinflammatory interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), gamma interferon, and tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA levels were attenuated in H. bilis/H. pylori-infected mice at 6 and 11 mpi (P < 0.01), although anti-inflammatory IL-10, IL-13, and transforming growth factor beta1 mRNA levels were not consistently impacted by H. bilis coinfection. Decreased pathology in H. bilis/H. pylori-infected mice correlated with higher gastric H. pylori colonization at 6 mpi (P < 0.001) and lower Th1-associated immunoglobulin G2c responses to H. pylori at 6 and 10 mpi (P < 0.05). We hypothesized that reduced pathology in H. bilis/H. pylori-infected mice was due to H. bilis-primed T(REG) cells in the lower bowel that migrated to the gastric compartment and inhibited Th1 responses to subsequent H. pylori infection. Thus, H. pylori-induced gastric lesions may vary in mouse models of unknown enteric helicobacter infection status and, importantly, variable sequelae to human H. pylori infection, particularly in developing countries, may occur where coinfection with lower bowel helicobacters and H. pylori may be common.
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Nitric oxide and TNF-alpha trigger colonic inflammation and carcinogenesis in Helicobacter hepaticus-infected, Rag2-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:1027-32. [PMID: 19164562 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0812347106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinase-activating gene-2-deficient (Rag2(-/-)) mice lacking functional lymphocytes provide a useful model of chronic inflammatory bowel disease-emulating events in human colon cancer. Infection of Rag2(-/-) mice with Helicobacter hepaticus led to accumulation of macrophages and neutrophils in the colon, a process temporally related to up-regulation of tissue inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression at the site of infection and increased nitric oxide (NO) production, as evidenced by urinary excretion of nitrate. Progressive development of increasingly severe inflammation, hyperplasia, dysplasia, and cancer accompanied these changes. Concurrent administration of an iNOS inhibitor prevented NO production and abrogated epithelial pathology and inhibited the onset of cancer. The presence of Gr-1(+) neutrophils and elevated tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) expression in colon were required for increased iNOS expression and cancer, whereas interleukin-10 (IL-10) down-regulated TNF-alpha and iNOS expression and suppressed cancer. Anti-inflammatory CD4(+) regulatory lymphocytes also down-regulated iNOS and reduced cancer formation. Collectively, these results confirm essential roles for inflammation, increased TNF-alpha expression, and elevated NO production in colon carcinogenesis.
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Abstract
Antibodies represent the end product of an exquisitely complex biological process including recombination, somatic hypermutation, affinity maturation, and self-tolerance, culminating in binding reagents directed against a vast repertoire of antigens. The resultant high affinity and diversity of specificity of these biomolecules has been exploited through the development of immunoassays and biotherapeutics that inaugurated a new era in experimental molecular biology and pharmaceutical drug development. Despite the utility of antibodies for research applications and in disease treatment, they must be employed in the context of an accurate understanding of their binding profile. High-content microarrays comprised of thousands of native, full length human proteins are an important tool in the assessment of antibody specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn R Mattoon
- Invitrogen Corporation, Protein Array Center, 688 East Main Street, Branford, CT 06405, USA
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Abstract
Acute diarrheal illness is a global health problem that may be exacerbated by concurrent infection. Using Citrobacter rodentium, a murine model of attaching and effacing diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, we demonstrate that persistent Helicobacter hepaticus infection modulates host responses to diarrheal disease, resulting in delayed recovery from weight loss and from tissue damage. Chronic colitis in concurrently infected mice is characterized by macrophage and Foxp3(+) regulatory T-cell accumulation. Prolonged disease is also associated with increased interleukin-17 expression, which may be due to suppression of gamma interferon during the acute phase of diarrheal infection. This new model of polymicrobial infection provides insight into the mechanism by which subclinical infection can exacerbate morbidity due to an unrelated self-limiting infection.
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Fox JG, Rogers AB, Whary MT, Ge Z, Ohtani M, Jones EK, Wang TC. Accelerated progression of gastritis to dysplasia in the pyloric antrum of TFF2 -/- C57BL6 x Sv129 Helicobacter pylori-infected mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 171:1520-8. [PMID: 17982128 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.070249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Trefoil factor family 2 (TFF2) is up-regulated in Helicobacter spp.-infected gastric tissues of both humans and mice. To ascertain the biological effects of TFF2 in vivo, TFF2(-/-) C57BL/6 x Sv129 and wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 x Sv129 mice were orally infected with Helicobacter pylori SS1. Mice were evaluated for gastric H. pylori colonization, pathology, and cytokine profiles at 6 and 19 months post inoculation (pi). At 6 months pi, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) for epithelial criteria (mucosal defects, atrophy, hyperplasia, pseudopyloric metaplasia, and dysplasia) in the corpus of TFF2(-/-) versus WT mice. At 19 months pi, a similar statistical difference in epithelial parameters was noted in the antrum of TFF2(-/-) versus WT mice (P < 0.01). All of the TFF2(-/-) H. pylori-infected mice had high-grade antral dysplasia, including gastric intraepithelial neoplasia, which was statistically significant (P < 0.05) compared with the infected WT mice. Levels of interferon-gamma were markedly elevated in the gastric mucosa of infected TFF2(-/-) mice at both 6 and 19 months pi. TFF2 provided a cytoprotective and/or anti-inflammatory effect against the progression of premalignant lesions of the gastric corpus at 6 months pi and in the pyloric antrum in H. pylori-infected mice at 19 months pi. These data support a protective role for TFF2 in part by modulating levels of gastric interferon-gamma in the development of H. pylori-associated premalignancy of the distal stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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Rogers AB, Theve EJ, Feng Y, Fry RC, Taghizadeh K, Clapp KM, Boussahmain C, Cormier KS, Fox JG. Hepatocellular carcinoma associated with liver-gender disruption in male mice. Cancer Res 2007; 67:11536-46. [PMID: 18089782 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a male-predominant cancer associated with chronic hepatitis. Like human viral hepatitis, murine Helicobacter hepaticus infection produces inflammation and HCC with a masculine bias. We used this model to identify potential mechanisms of male HCC predisposition. Male weanling A/JCr mice (n = 67) were gavaged with H. hepaticus or vehicle. At 1 year, mice were distributed into four groups: surgical castration, chemical castration, castration followed by dihydrotestosterone supplementation, or sexually intact controls. Responses to infection were compared with IFN-gamma challenge alone. At 21 months, there was no significant difference in hepatitis between groups. Neither castration nor androgen receptor agonism altered tumor incidence. Infected mice with severe, but not mild, disease exhibited a mosaic of alterations to sexually dimorphic genes and microsomal long-chain fatty acids. By microarray, tumorigenic hepatitis was strongly associated with liver-gender disruption, defined as the loss of a gender-identifying hepatic molecular signature. IFN-gamma alone produced similar changes, demonstrating a role for proinflammatory cytokines in this process. In conclusion, hepatocarcinogenesis in male mice with chronic hepatitis is maturationally imprinted and androgen-independent. Proinflammatory cytokines may promote HCC in a male-predominant fashion due to high sensitivity of the masculinized liver to loss of sex-specific transcriptional balance. Liver-gender disruption has pleiotropic implications for hepatic enzyme activity, lipid processing, nuclear receptor activation, apoptosis, and proliferation. We propose a multistep model linking chronic hepatitis to liver cancer through cytokine-mediated derangement of gender-specific cellular metabolism. This model introduces a novel mechanism of inflammation-associated carcinogenesis consistent with male-predominant HCC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlin B Rogers
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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Schuller BW, Rogers AB, Cormier KS, Riley KJ, Binns PJ, Julius R, Hawthorne MF, Coderre JA. No significant endothelial apoptosis in the radiation-induced gastrointestinal syndrome. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 68:205-10. [PMID: 17448874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Revised: 12/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/29/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This report addresses the incidence of vascular endothelial cell apoptosis in the mouse small intestine in relation to the radiation-induced gastrointestinal (GI) syndrome. METHODS AND MATERIALS Nonanesthetized mice received whole-body irradiation at doses above and below the threshold for death from the GI syndrome with 250 kVp X-rays, (137)Cs gamma rays, epithermal neutrons alone, or a unique approach for selective vascular irradiation using epithermal neutrons in combination with boronated liposomes that are restricted to the blood. Both terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining for apoptosis and dual-fluorescence staining for apoptosis and endothelial cells were carried out in jejunal cross-sections at 4 h postirradiation. RESULTS Most apoptotic cells were in the crypt epithelium. The number of TUNEL-positive nuclei per villus was low (1.62 +/- 0.03, mean +/- SEM) for all irradiation modalities and showed no dose-response as a function of blood vessel dose, even as the dose crossed the threshold for death from the GI syndrome. Dual-fluorescence staining for apoptosis and endothelial cells verified the TUNEL results and identified the apoptotic nuclei in the villi as CD45-positive leukocytes. CONCLUSION These data do not support the hypothesis that vascular endothelial cell apoptosis is the cause of the GI syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley W Schuller
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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