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Venkatraman K, Lee CT, Budin I. Setting the curve: the biophysical properties of lipids in mitochondrial form and function. J Lipid Res 2024:100643. [PMID: 39303982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial membranes are defined by their diverse functions, complex geometries, and unique lipidomes. In the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM), highly-curved membrane folds known as cristae house the electron transport chain and are the primary sites of cellular energy production. The outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) is flat by contrast, but is critical for the initiation and mediation of processes key to mitochondrial physiology: mitophagy, inter-organelle contacts, fission and fusion dynamics and metabolite transport. While the lipid composition of both the IMM and OMM have been characterized across a variety of cell types, a mechanistic understanding for how individual lipid classes contribute to mitochondrial structure and function remains nebulous. In this review, we address the biophysical properties of mitochondrial lipids and their related functional roles. We highlight the intrinsic curvature of the bulk mitochondrial phospholipid pool, with an emphasis on the nuances surrounding the mitochondrially-synthesized cardiolipin. We also outline emerging questions about other lipid classes, ether lipids and sterols, with potential roles in mitochondrial physiology. We propose that further investigation is warranted to elucidate the specific properties of these lipids and their influence on mitochondrial architecture and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash Venkatraman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christopher T Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Itay Budin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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2
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Sniezek Carney O, Harris KW, Wohlfarter Y, Lee K, Butschek G, Anzmann A, Claypool SM, Hamacher-Brady A, Keller M, Vernon HJ. Stem cell models of TAFAZZIN deficiency reveal novel tissue-specific pathologies in Barth Syndrome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.28.591534. [PMID: 38746168 PMCID: PMC11092433 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.28.591534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Barth syndrome (BTHS) is a rare mitochondrial disease caused by pathogenic variants in the gene TAFAZZIN, which leads to abnormal cardiolipin (CL) metabolism on the inner mitochondrial membrane. Although TAFAZZIN is ubiquitously expressed, BTHS involves a complex combination of tissue specific phenotypes including cardiomyopathy, neutropenia, skeletal myopathy, and growth delays, with a relatively minimal neurological burden. To understand both the developmental and functional effects of TAZ-deficiency in different tissues, we generated isogenic TAZ knockout (TAZ- KO) and WT cardiomyocytes (CMs) and neural progenitor cells (NPCs) from CRISPR-edited induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In TAZ-KO CMs we discovered evidence of dysregulated mitophagy including dysmorphic mitochondria and mitochondrial cristae, differential expression of key autophagy-associated genes, and an inability of TAZ-deficient CMs to properly initiate stress-induced mitophagy. In TAZ-deficient NPCs we identified novel phenotypes including a reduction in CIV abundance and CIV activity in the CIII2&CIV2 intermediate complex. Interestingly, while CL acyl chain manipulation was unable to alter mitophagy defects in TAZ-KO CMs, we found that linoleic acid or oleic acid supplementation was able to partially restore CIV abundance in TAZ-deficient NPCs. Taken together, our results have implications for understanding the tissue-specific pathology of BTHS and potential for tissue-specific therapeutic targeting. Moreover, our results highlight an emerging role for mitophagy in the cardiac pathophysiology of BTHS and reveal a potential neuron-specific bioenergetic phenotype.
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3
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Mahler CA, Snoke DB, Cole RM, Angelotti A, Sparagna GC, Baskin KK, Ni A, Belury MA. Consuming a Linoleate-Rich Diet Increases Concentrations of Tetralinoleoyl Cardiolipin in Mouse Liver and Alters Hepatic Mitochondrial Respiration. J Nutr 2024; 154:856-865. [PMID: 38160803 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction is a major cause of fat accumulation in the liver. Individuals with fatty liver conditions have hepatic mitochondrial structural abnormalities and a switch in the side chain composition of the mitochondrial phospholipid, cardiolipin, from poly- to monounsaturated fatty acids. Linoleic acid (LA), an essential dietary fatty acid, is required to remodel nascent cardiolipin (CL) to its tetralinoleoyl cardiolipin (L4CL, CL with 4 LA side chains) form, which is integral for mitochondrial membrane structure and function to promote fatty acid oxidation. It is unknown, however, whether increasing LA in the diet can increase hepatic L4CL concentrations and improve mitochondrial respiration in the liver compared with a diet rich in monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids. OBJECTIVES The main aim of this study was to test the ability of a diet fortified with LA-rich safflower oil (SO), compared with the one fortified with lard (LD), to increase concentrations of L4CL and improve mitochondrial respiration in the livers of mice. METHODS Twenty-four (9-wk-old) C57 BL/J6 male mice were fed either the SO or LD diets for ∼100 d, whereas food intake and body weight, fasting glucose, and glucose tolerance tests were performed to determine any changes in glycemic control. RESULTS Livers from mice fed SO diet had higher relative concentrations of hepatic L4CL species compared with LD diet-fed mice (P value = 0.004). Uncoupled mitochondria of mice fed the SO diet, compared with LD diet, had an increased baseline oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and succinate-driven respiration (P values = 0.03 and 0.01). SO diet-fed mice had increased LA content in all phospholipid classes compared with LD-fed mice (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal that maintaining or increasing hepatic L4CL may result in increased OCR in uncoupled hepatic mitochondria in healthy mice whereas higher oleate content of CL reduced mitochondrial function shown by lower OCR in uncoupled mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor A Mahler
- Lilly Diabetes Research Center, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Deena B Snoke
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States; Interdisciplinary PhD Program in Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Rachel M Cole
- Interdisciplinary PhD Program in Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Austin Angelotti
- Interdisciplinary PhD Program in Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Genevieve C Sparagna
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kedryn K Baskin
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ai Ni
- Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Martha A Belury
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
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Ikari N, Honjo K, Sagami Y, Nakamura Y, Arakawa H. Mieap forms membrane-less organelles involved in cardiolipin metabolism. iScience 2024; 27:108916. [PMID: 38322995 PMCID: PMC10845071 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Biomolecular condensates (BCs) are formed by proteins with intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) via liquid-liquid phase separation. Mieap/Spata18, a p53-inducible protein, participates in suppression of colorectal tumors by promoting mitochondrial quality control. However, the regulatory mechanism involved remains unclear. Here, we report that Mieap is an IDR-containing protein that drives formation of BCs involved in cardiolipin metabolism. Mieap BCs specifically phase separate the mitochondrial phospholipid, cardiolipin. Mieap directly binds to cardiolipin in vitro. Lipidomic analysis of cardiolipin suggests that Mieap promotes enzymatic reactions in cardiolipin biosynthesis and remodeling. Accordingly, four cardiolipin biosynthetic enzymes, TAMM41, PGS1, PTPMT1, and CRLS1 and two remodeling enzymes, PLA2G6 and TAZ, are phase-separated by Mieap BCs. Mieap-deficient cells exhibit altered crista structure, leading to decreased respiration activity and ATP production in mitochondria. These results suggest that Mieap may form membrane-less organelles to compartmentalize and facilitate cardiolipin metabolism, thus potentially contributing to mitochondrial quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ikari
- Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Katsuko Honjo
- Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yoko Sagami
- Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Nakamura
- Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Arakawa
- Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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5
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Venkatraman K, Lee CT, Garcia GC, Mahapatra A, Milshteyn D, Perkins G, Kim K, Pasolli HA, Phan S, Lippincott‐Schwartz J, Ellisman MH, Rangamani P, Budin I. Cristae formation is a mechanical buckling event controlled by the inner mitochondrial membrane lipidome. EMBO J 2023; 42:e114054. [PMID: 37933600 PMCID: PMC10711667 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023114054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cristae are high-curvature structures in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) that are crucial for ATP production. While cristae-shaping proteins have been defined, analogous lipid-based mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. Here, we combine experimental lipidome dissection with multi-scale modeling to investigate how lipid interactions dictate IMM morphology and ATP generation. When modulating phospholipid (PL) saturation in engineered yeast strains, we observed a surprisingly abrupt breakpoint in IMM topology driven by a continuous loss of ATP synthase organization at cristae ridges. We found that cardiolipin (CL) specifically buffers the inner mitochondrial membrane against curvature loss, an effect that is independent of ATP synthase dimerization. To explain this interaction, we developed a continuum model for cristae tubule formation that integrates both lipid and protein-mediated curvatures. This model highlighted a snapthrough instability, which drives IMM collapse upon small changes in membrane properties. We also showed that cardiolipin is essential in low-oxygen conditions that promote PL saturation. These results demonstrate that the mechanical function of cardiolipin is dependent on the surrounding lipid and protein components of the IMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash Venkatraman
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Christopher T Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Guadalupe C Garcia
- Computational Neurobiology LaboratorySalk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Arijit Mahapatra
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
- Present address:
Applied Physical SciencesUniversity of North Carolina Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Daniel Milshteyn
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Guy Perkins
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological SystemsUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Keun‐Young Kim
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological SystemsUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - H Amalia Pasolli
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnVAUSA
- Present address:
Electron Microscopy Resource CenterThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Sebastien Phan
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological SystemsUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | | | - Mark H Ellisman
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological SystemsUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Padmini Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Itay Budin
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
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6
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Ježek P, Jabůrek M, Holendová B, Engstová H, Dlasková A. Mitochondrial Cristae Morphology Reflecting Metabolism, Superoxide Formation, Redox Homeostasis, and Pathology. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 39:635-683. [PMID: 36793196 PMCID: PMC10615093 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Mitochondrial (mt) reticulum network in the cell possesses amazing ultramorphology of parallel lamellar cristae, formed by the invaginated inner mitochondrial membrane. Its non-invaginated part, the inner boundary membrane (IBM) forms a cylindrical sandwich with the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). Crista membranes (CMs) meet IBM at crista junctions (CJs) of mt cristae organizing system (MICOS) complexes connected to OMM sorting and assembly machinery (SAM). Cristae dimensions, shape, and CJs have characteristic patterns for different metabolic regimes, physiological and pathological situations. Recent Advances: Cristae-shaping proteins were characterized, namely rows of ATP-synthase dimers forming the crista lamella edges, MICOS subunits, optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) isoforms and mitochondrial genome maintenance 1 (MGM1) filaments, prohibitins, and others. Detailed cristae ultramorphology changes were imaged by focused-ion beam/scanning electron microscopy. Dynamics of crista lamellae and mobile CJs were demonstrated by nanoscopy in living cells. With tBID-induced apoptosis a single entirely fused cristae reticulum was observed in a mitochondrial spheroid. Critical Issues: The mobility and composition of MICOS, OPA1, and ATP-synthase dimeric rows regulated by post-translational modifications might be exclusively responsible for cristae morphology changes, but ion fluxes across CM and resulting osmotic forces might be also involved. Inevitably, cristae ultramorphology should reflect also mitochondrial redox homeostasis, but details are unknown. Disordered cristae typically reflect higher superoxide formation. Future Directions: To link redox homeostasis to cristae ultramorphology and define markers, recent progress will help in uncovering mechanisms involved in proton-coupled electron transfer via the respiratory chain and in regulation of cristae architecture, leading to structural determination of superoxide formation sites and cristae ultramorphology changes in diseases. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 39, 635-683.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Ježek
- Department No. 75, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Jabůrek
- Department No. 75, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Holendová
- Department No. 75, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Engstová
- Department No. 75, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Dlasková
- Department No. 75, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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7
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Venkatraman K, Lee CT, Garcia GC, Mahapatra A, Milshteyn D, Perkins G, Kim KY, Pasolli HA, Phan S, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Ellisman MH, Rangamani P, Budin I. Cristae formation is a mechanical buckling event controlled by the inner membrane lipidome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.13.532310. [PMID: 36993370 PMCID: PMC10054968 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.13.532310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Cristae are high curvature structures in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) that are crucial for ATP production. While cristae-shaping proteins have been defined, analogous mechanisms for lipids have yet to be elucidated. Here we combine experimental lipidome dissection with multi-scale modeling to investigate how lipid interactions dictate IMM morphology and ATP generation. When modulating phospholipid (PL) saturation in engineered yeast strains, we observed a surprisingly abrupt breakpoint in IMM topology driven by a continuous loss of ATP synthase organization at cristae ridges. We found that cardiolipin (CL) specifically buffers the IMM against curvature loss, an effect that is independent of ATP synthase dimerization. To explain this interaction, we developed a continuum model for cristae tubule formation that integrates both lipid and protein-mediated curvatures. The model highlighted a snapthrough instability, which drives IMM collapse upon small changes in membrane properties. We also showed that CL is essential in low oxygen conditions that promote PL saturation. These results demonstrate that the mechanical function of CL is dependent on the surrounding lipid and protein components of the IMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash Venkatraman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Christopher T Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Guadalupe C Garcia
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla CA 92097
| | - Arijit Mahapatra
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Daniel Milshteyn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Guy Perkins
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Keun-Young Kim
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - H Amalia Pasolli
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn VA 20147
| | - Sebastien Phan
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | | | - Mark H Ellisman
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Padmini Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Itay Budin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Lead contact
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8
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Wang S, Yazawa E, Keating EM, Mazumdar N, Hauschild A, Ma Q, Wu H, Xu Y, Shi X, Strathdee D, Gerszten RE, Schlame M, Pu WT. Genetic modifiers modulate phenotypic expression of tafazzin deficiency in a mouse model of Barth syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:2055-2067. [PMID: 36917259 PMCID: PMC10244222 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Barth syndrome is an X-linked disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in Tafazzin (TAZ), an acyltransferase that catalyzes remodeling of cardiolipin, a signature phospholipid of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Patients develop cardiac and skeletal muscle weakness, growth delay and neutropenia, although phenotypic expression varies considerably between patients. Taz knockout mice recapitulate many of the hallmark features of the disease. We used mouse genetics to test the hypothesis that genetic modifiers alter the phenotypic manifestations of Taz inactivation. We crossed TazKO/X females in the C57BL6/J inbred strain to males from eight inbred strains and evaluated the phenotypes of first-generation (F1) TazKO/Y progeny, compared to TazWT/Y littermates. We observed that genetic background strongly impacted phenotypic expression. C57BL6/J and CAST/EiJ[F1] TazKO/Y mice developed severe cardiomyopathy, whereas A/J[F1] TazKO/Y mice had normal heart function. C57BL6/J and WSB/EiJ[F1] TazKO/Y mice had severely reduced treadmill endurance, whereas endurance was normal in A/J[F1] and CAST/EiJ[F1] TazKO/Y mice. In all genetic backgrounds, cardiolipin showed similar abnormalities in knockout mice, and transcriptomic and metabolomic investigations identified signatures of mitochondrial uncoupling and activation of the integrated stress response. TazKO/Y cardiac mitochondria were small, clustered and had reduced cristae density in knockouts in severely affected genetic backgrounds but were relatively preserved in the permissive A/J[F1] strain. Gene expression and mitophagy measurements were consistent with reduced mitophagy in knockout mice in genetic backgrounds intolerant of Taz mutation. Our data demonstrate that genetic modifiers powerfully modulate phenotypic expression of Taz loss-of-function and act downstream of cardiolipin, possibly by altering mitochondrial quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suya Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215NYU 10016, USA
| | - Erika Yazawa
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215NYU 10016, USA
| | - Erin M Keating
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215NYU 10016, USA
| | - Neil Mazumdar
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215NYU 10016, USA
| | - Alexander Hauschild
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215NYU 10016, USA
| | - Qing Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215NYU 10016, USA
| | - Haiyan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Sichuan University West China School of Basic Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xu Shi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Douglas Strathdee
- Transgenic Technology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Robert E Gerszten
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Schlame
- Department of Anesthesiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - William T Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215NYU 10016, USA
- Transgenic Technology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 02138 Beatson, Cambridge, MA G61 1BD, USA
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9
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Barth Syndrome: Psychosocial Impact and Quality of Life Assessment. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9120448. [PMID: 36547445 PMCID: PMC9784194 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9120448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Barth syndrome (BTHS) is a rare X-linked genetic disease that affects multiple systems and leads to complex clinical manifestations. Although a considerable amount of research has focused on the physical aspects of the disease, less has focused on the psychosocial impact and quality of life (QoL) in BTHS. METHODS The current study investigated caregiver- (n = 10) and self-reported (n = 16) psychological well-being and QoL in a cohort of BTHS-affected patients and families. Participants completed the depression and anxiety components of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Information System (PROMIS) Short Form 8A and Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) surveys at enrollment and again during a follow-up period ranging from 6 to 36 months after baseline. RESULTS Quality of life changed significantly over time and the various domains with some improvement and some decline. Among the available caregiver-patient dyad data, there was a trend toward discordance between caregiver and self-reported outcomes. Most notably, patients reported improvement in HRQoL, while caregivers reported declines. This suggests that there may be differences in perceived quality of life between the patients and parents, though our study is limited by small sample size. CONCLUSION Our study provides valuable insights into the impacts of psychosocial and mental health aspects of BTHS. Implications of these findings include incorporating longitudinal assessment of QoL and screening for psychological symptoms in BTHS care to identify interventions that may drastically impact health status and the course of the disease.
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10
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Komaragiri Y, Panhwar MH, Fregin B, Jagirdar G, Wolke C, Spiegler S, Otto O. Mechanical characterization of isolated mitochondria under conditions of oxidative stress. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:064101. [PMID: 36406339 PMCID: PMC9674388 DOI: 10.1063/5.0111581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical properties have been proven to be a pivotal parameter to enhance our understanding of living systems. While research during the last decades focused on cells and tissues, little is known about the role of organelle mechanics in cell function. Here, mitochondria are of specific interest due to their involvement in numerous physiological and pathological processes, e.g., in the production and homeostasis of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Using real-time fluorescence and deformability cytometry, we present a microfluidic technology that is capable to determine the mechanical properties of individual mitochondria at a throughput exceeding 100 organelles per second. Our data on several thousands of viable mitochondria isolated from rat C6 glial cells yield a homogenous population with a median deformation that scales with the applied hydrodynamic stress. In two proof-of-principle studies, we investigated the impact of exogenously and endogenously produced ROS on mitochondria mechanics. Exposing C6 cells to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) triggers superoxide production and leads to a reduction in mitochondria size while deformation is increased. In a second study, we focused on the knockout of tafazzin, which has been associated with impaired remodeling of the mitochondrial membrane and elevated levels of ROS. Interestingly, our results reveal the same mechanical alterations as observed after the exposure to H2O2, which points to a unified biophysical mechanism of how mitochondria respond to the presence of oxidative stress. In summary, we introduce high-throughput mechanical phenotyping into the field of organelle biology with potential applications for understanding sub-cellular dynamics that have not been accessible before.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gayatri Jagirdar
- Institut für Medizinische Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Carmen Wolke
- Institut für Medizinische Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Oliver Otto
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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11
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Jiang Z, Shen T, Huynh H, Fang X, Han Z, Ouyang K. Cardiolipin Regulates Mitochondrial Ultrastructure and Function in Mammalian Cells. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101889. [PMID: 36292774 PMCID: PMC9601307 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a unique, tetra-acylated diphosphatidylglycerol lipid that mainly localizes in the inner mitochondria membrane (IMM) in mammalian cells and plays a central role in regulating mitochondrial architecture and functioning. A deficiency of CL biosynthesis and remodeling perturbs mitochondrial functioning and ultrastructure. Clinical and experimental studies on human patients and animal models have also provided compelling evidence that an abnormal CL content, acyl chain composition, localization, and level of oxidation may be directly linked to multiple diseases, including cardiomyopathy, neuronal dysfunction, immune cell defects, and metabolic disorders. The central role of CL in regulating the pathogenesis and progression of these diseases has attracted increasing attention in recent years. In this review, we focus on the advances in our understanding of the physiological roles of CL biosynthesis and remodeling from human patients and mouse models, and we provide an overview of the potential mechanism by which CL regulates the mitochondrial architecture and functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitong Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tao Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Helen Huynh
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xi Fang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zhen Han
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (K.O.)
| | - Kunfu Ouyang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (K.O.)
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12
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N-oleoylethanolamide treatment of lymphoblasts deficient in Tafazzin improves cell growth and mitochondrial morphology and dynamics. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9466. [PMID: 35676289 PMCID: PMC9178007 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13463-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Barth syndrome (BTHS) is caused by mutations in the TAZ gene encoding the cardiolipin remodeling enzyme, Tafazzin. The study objective was to quantitatively examine growth characteristics and mitochondrial morphology of transformed lymphoblast cell lines derived from five patients with BTHS relative to five healthy controls, as well as the therapeutic potential of oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and linoleoylethanolamide (LEA). These bioactive lipids both activate PPARα, which may be therapeutic. BTHS lymphoblasts grew more slowly than controls, suggesting lymphopenia merits clinical investigation. Treatment of BTHS lymphoblasts with OEA, but not LEA, significantly restored mitochondrial membrane potential, as well as colony growth in all BTHS lymphoblast lines, although a full growth rescue was not achieved. Quantification analysis of electron micrographs from three BTHS and healthy lymphoblast donors indicated similar numbers of mitochondria per cell, but lower average cristae length per mitochondrion, and higher mitochondrial density. Additionally, BTHS lymphoblasts had larger mitochondria, and a higher percentage of abnormally large mitochondria (> 1 μm2) than healthy controls. Notably, OEA treatment significantly restored mitochondrial size, without affecting density or cristae lengths. Cardiolipin total content, relative linoleic acid content and monolysocardiolipin:cardiolipin ratios were not improved by OEA, indicating that effects on growth, and mitochondrial morphology and function, occurred without resolving this deficit. However, immunoblotting showed higher levels of OPA1, a biomarker for mitochondrial fusion, in BTHS lymphoblasts, which was attenuated by OEA treatment, implicating altered mitochondrial dynamics in the pathology and treatment of BTHS.
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13
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Warnsmann V, Marschall LM, Meeßen AC, Wolters M, Schürmanns L, Basoglu M, Eimer S, Osiewacz HD. Disruption of the MICOS complex leads to an aberrant cristae structure and an unexpected, pronounced lifespan extension in Podospora anserina. J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:1306-1326. [PMID: 35616269 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic eukaryotic organelles involved in a variety of essential cellular processes including the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reactive oxygen species as well as in the control of apoptosis and autophagy. Impairments of mitochondrial functions lead to aging and disease. Previous work with the ascomycete Podospora anserina demonstrated that mitochondrial morphotype as well as mitochondrial ultrastructure change during aging. The latter goes along with an age-dependent reorganization of the inner mitochondrial membrane leading to a change from lamellar cristae to vesicular structures. Particularly from studies with yeast, it is known that besides the F1 Fo -ATP-synthase and the phospholipid cardiolipin also the "mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system" (MICOS) complex, existing of the Mic60- and Mic10-subcomplex, is essential for proper cristae formation. In the present study, we aimed to understand the mechanistic basis of age-related changes in the mitochondrial ultrastructure. We observed that MICOS subunits are coregulated at the posttranscriptional level. This regulation partially depends on the mitochondrial iAAA-protease PaIAP. Most surprisingly, we made the counterintuitive observation that, despite the loss of lamellar cristae and of mitochondrial impairments, the ablation of MICOS subunits (except for PaMIC12) leads to a pronounced lifespan extension. Moreover, simultaneous ablation of subunits of both MICOS subcomplexes synergistically increases lifespan, providing formal genetic evidence that both subcomplexes affect lifespan by different and at least partially independent pathways. At the molecular level, we found that ablation of Mic10-subcomplex components leads to a mitohormesis-induced lifespan extension, while lifespan extension of Mic60-subcomplex mutants seems to be controlled by pathways involved in the control of phospholipid homeostasis. Overall, our data demonstrate that both MICOS subcomplexes have different functions and play distinct roles in the aging process of P. anserina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Warnsmann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lisa-Marie Marschall
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anja C Meeßen
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Maike Wolters
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lea Schürmanns
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marion Basoglu
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Biosciences, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Eimer
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Biosciences, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Heinz D Osiewacz
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
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14
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Ventura R, Martínez-Ruiz I, Hernández-Alvarez MI. Phospholipid Membrane Transport and Associated Diseases. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051201. [PMID: 35625937 PMCID: PMC9138374 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids are the basic structure block of eukaryotic membranes, in both the outer and inner membranes, which delimit cell organelles. Phospholipids can also be damaged by oxidative stress produced by mitochondria, for instance, becoming oxidized phospholipids. These damaged phospholipids have been related to prevalent diseases such as atherosclerosis or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) because they alter gene expression and induce cellular stress and apoptosis. One of the main sites of phospholipid synthesis is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). ER association with other organelles through membrane contact sites (MCS) provides a close apposition for lipid transport. Additionally, an important advance in this small cytosolic gap are lipid transfer proteins (LTPs), which accelerate and modulate the distribution of phospholipids in other organelles. In this regard, LTPs can be established as an essential point within phospholipid circulation, as relevant data show impaired phospholipid transport when LTPs are defected. This review will focus on phospholipid function, metabolism, non-vesicular transport, and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Ventura
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (R.V.); (I.M.-R.)
| | - Inma Martínez-Ruiz
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (R.V.); (I.M.-R.)
| | - María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (R.V.); (I.M.-R.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- IBUB Universitat de Barcelona—Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
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15
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Jones DE, Romenskaia I, Kosma DK, Ryan RO. Role of non-enzymatic chemical reactions in 3-methylglutaconic aciduria. FEBS J 2022; 289:2948-2958. [PMID: 34877790 PMCID: PMC9117401 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
3-Methylglutaconic (3MGC) aciduria occurs in numerous inborn errors associated with compromised mitochondrial energy metabolism. In these disorders, 3MGC CoA is produced de novo from acetyl CoA in three steps with the final reaction catalysed by 3MGC CoA hydratase (AUH). In in vitro assays, whereas recombinant AUH dehydrated 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG) CoA to 3MGC CoA, free CoA was also produced. Although HMG CoA is known to undergo non-enzymatic intramolecular cyclisation, forming HMG anhydride and free CoA, the amount of free CoA generated increased when AUH was present. To test the hypothesis that the AUH-dependent increase in CoA production is caused by intramolecular cyclisation of 3MGC CoA, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of organic acids was performed. In the absence of AUH, HMG CoA was converted to HMG acid while, in the presence of AUH, 3MGC acid was also detected. To determine which 3MGC acid diastereomer was formed, immunoblot assays were conducted with 3MGCylated BSA. In competition experiments, when α-3MGC IgG was preincubated with trans-3MGC acid or cis-3MGC acid, the cis diastereomer inhibited antibody binding to 3MGCylated BSA. When an AUH assay product mix served as competitor, α-3MGC IgG binding to 3MGCylated BSA was also inhibited, indicating cis-3MGC acid is produced in incubations of AUH and HMG CoA. Thus, non-enzymatic isomerisation of trans-3MGC CoA drives AUH-dependent HMG CoA dehydration and explains the occurrence of cis-3MGC acid in urine of subjects with 3MGC aciduria. Furthermore, the ability of cis-3MGC anhydride to non-enzymatically acylate protein substrates may have deleterious pathophysiological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan E. Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Irina Romenskaia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Dylan K. Kosma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Robert O. Ryan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557
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16
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Jones DE, Jennings EA, Ryan RO. Diversion of Acetyl CoA to 3-Methylglutaconic Acid Caused by Discrete Inborn Errors of Metabolism. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12050377. [PMID: 35629880 PMCID: PMC9146172 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12050377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing number of inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) have been identified that manifest 3-methylglutaconic (3MGC) aciduria as a phenotypic feature. In primary 3MGC aciduria, IEM-dependent deficiencies in leucine pathway enzymes prevent catabolism of trans-3MGC CoA. Consequently, this metabolite is converted to 3MGC acid and excreted in urine. In secondary 3MGC aciduria, however, no leucine metabolism pathway enzyme deficiencies exist. These IEMs affect mitochondrial membrane structure, electron transport chain function or ATP synthase subunits. As a result, acetyl CoA oxidation via the TCA cycle slows and acetyl CoA is diverted to trans-3MGC CoA, and then to 3MGC acid. Whereas the trans diastereomer of 3MGC CoA is the only biologically relevant diastereomer, the urine of affected subjects contains both cis- and trans-3MGC acids. Studies have revealed that trans-3MGC CoA is susceptible to isomerization to cis-3MGC CoA. Once formed, cis-3MGC CoA undergoes intramolecular cyclization, forming an anhydride that, upon hydrolysis, yields cis-3MGC acid. Alternatively, cis-3MGC anhydride can acylate protein lysine side chains. Once formed, cis-3MGCylated proteins can be deacylated by the NAD+-dependent enzyme, sirtuin 4. Taken together, the excretion of 3MGC acid in secondary 3MGC aciduria represents a barometer of defective mitochondrial function.
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17
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Pang J, Bao Y, Mitchell-Silbaugh K, Veevers J, Fang X. Barth Syndrome Cardiomyopathy: An Update. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13040656. [PMID: 35456462 PMCID: PMC9030331 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Barth syndrome (BTHS) is an X-linked mitochondrial lipid disorder caused by mutations in the TAFAZZIN (TAZ) gene, which encodes a mitochondrial acyltransferase/transacylase required for cardiolipin (CL) biosynthesis. Cardiomyopathy is a major clinical feature of BTHS. During the past four decades, we have witnessed many landmark discoveries that have led to a greater understanding of clinical features of BTHS cardiomyopathy and their molecular basis, as well as the therapeutic targets for this disease. Recently published Taz knockout mouse models provide useful experimental models for studying BTHS cardiomyopathy and testing potential therapeutic approaches. This review aims to summarize key findings of the clinical features, molecular mechanisms, and potential therapeutic approaches for BTHS cardiomyopathy, with particular emphasis on the most recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (J.P.); (Y.B.); (K.M.-S.); (J.V.)
- Department of Biological Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yutong Bao
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (J.P.); (Y.B.); (K.M.-S.); (J.V.)
- Department of Biological Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kalia Mitchell-Silbaugh
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (J.P.); (Y.B.); (K.M.-S.); (J.V.)
| | - Jennifer Veevers
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (J.P.); (Y.B.); (K.M.-S.); (J.V.)
| | - Xi Fang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (J.P.); (Y.B.); (K.M.-S.); (J.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-858-246-4637
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18
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Dudek J, Maack C. Mechano-energetic aspects of Barth syndrome. J Inherit Metab Dis 2022; 45:82-98. [PMID: 34423473 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Energy-demanding organs like the heart are strongly dependent on oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. Oxidative phosphorylation is governed by the respiratory chain located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The inner mitochondrial membrane is the only cellular membrane with significant amounts of the phospholipid cardiolipin, and cardiolipin was found to directly interact with a number of essential protein complexes, including respiratory chain complexes I to V. An inherited defect in the biogenesis of cardiolipin causes Barth syndrome, which is associated with cardiomyopathy, skeletal myopathy, neutropenia and growth retardation. Energy conversion is dependent on reducing equivalents, which are replenished by oxidative metabolism in the Krebs cycle. Cardiolipin deficiency in Barth syndrome also affects Krebs cycle activity, metabolite transport and mitochondrial morphology. During excitation-contraction coupling, calcium (Ca2+ ) released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum drives sarcomeric contraction. At the same time, Ca2+ influx into mitochondria drives the activation of Krebs cycle dehydrogenases and the regeneration of reducing equivalents. Reducing equivalents are essential not only for energy conversion, but also for maintaining a redox buffer, which is required to detoxify reactive oxygen species (ROS). Defects in CL may also affect Ca2+ uptake into mitochondria and thereby hamper energy supply and demand matching, but also detoxification of ROS. Here, we review the impact of cardiolipin deficiency on mitochondrial function in Barth syndrome and discuss potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Dudek
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Maack
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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19
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Ji J, Greenberg ML. Cardiolipin function in the yeast S. cerevisiae and the lessons learned for Barth syndrome. J Inherit Metab Dis 2022; 45:60-71. [PMID: 34626131 PMCID: PMC8755574 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is the signature phospholipid (PL) of mitochondria and plays a pivotal role in mitochondrial and cellular function. Disruption of the CL remodeling gene tafazzin (TAZ) causes the severe genetic disorder Barth syndrome (BTHS). Our current understanding of the function of CL and the mechanism underlying the disease has greatly benefited from studies utilizing the powerful yeast model Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this review, we discuss important findings on the function of CL and its remodeling from yeast studies and the implications of these findings for BTHS, highlighting the potential physiological modifiers that may contribute to the disparities in clinical presentation among BTHS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Ji
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Miriam L Greenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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20
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Káňovičová P, Čermáková P, Kubalová D, Bábelová L, Veselá P, Valachovič M, Zahumenský J, Horváth A, Malínský J, Balážová M. Blocking phosphatidylglycerol degradation in yeast defective in cardiolipin remodeling results in a new model of the Barth syndrome cellular phenotype. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101462. [PMID: 34864056 PMCID: PMC8728584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Barth syndrome (BTHS) is an inherited mitochondrial disorder characterized by a decrease in total cardiolipin and the accumulation of its precursor monolysocardiolipin due to the loss of the transacylase enzyme tafazzin. However, the molecular basis of BTHS pathology is still not well understood. Here we characterize the double mutant pgc1Δtaz1Δ of Saccharomyces cerevisiae deficient in phosphatidylglycerol-specific phospholipase C and tafazzin as a new yeast model of BTHS. Unlike the taz1Δ mutant used to date, this model accumulates phosphatidylglycerol, thus better approximating the human BTHS cells. We demonstrate that increased phosphatidylglycerol in this strain leads to more pronounced mitochondrial respiratory defects and an increased incidence of aberrant mitochondria compared to the single taz1Δ mutant. We also show that the mitochondria of the pgc1Δtaz1Δ mutant exhibit a reduced rate of respiration due to decreased cytochrome c oxidase and ATP synthase activities. Finally, we determined that the mood-stabilizing anticonvulsant valproic acid has a positive effect on both lipid composition and mitochondrial function in these yeast BTHS models. Overall, our results show that the pgc1Δtaz1Δ mutant better mimics the cellular phenotype of BTHS patients than taz1Δ cells, both in terms of lipid composition and the degree of disruption of mitochondrial structure and function. This favors the new model for use in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulína Káňovičová
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petra Čermáková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dominika Kubalová
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Bábelová
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petra Veselá
- Department of Functional Organization of Biomembranes, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Valachovič
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jakub Zahumenský
- Department of Functional Organization of Biomembranes, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anton Horváth
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Malínský
- Department of Functional Organization of Biomembranes, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Mária Balážová
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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21
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Zegallai HM, Abu-El-Rub E, Cole LK, Field J, Mejia EM, Gordon JW, Marshall AJ, Hatch GM. Tafazzin deficiency impairs mitochondrial metabolism and function of lipopolysaccharide activated B lymphocytes in mice. FASEB J 2021; 35:e22023. [PMID: 34767647 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100811rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocytes are responsible for humoral immunity and play a key role in the immune response. Optimal mitochondrial function is required to support B cell activity during activation. We examined how deficiency of tafazzin, a cardiolipin remodeling enzyme required for mitochondrial function, alters the metabolic activity of B cells and their response to activation by lipopolysaccharide in mice. B cells were isolated from 3-month-old wild type or tafazzin knockdown mice and incubated for up to 72 h with lipopolysaccharide and cell proliferation, expression of cell surface markers, secretion of antibodies and chemokines, proteasome and immunoproteasome activities, and metabolic function determined. In addition, proteomic analysis was performed to identify altered levels of proteins involved in survival, immunogenic, proteasomal and mitochondrial processes. Compared to wild type lipopolysaccharide activated B cells, lipopolysaccharide activated tafazzin knockdown B cells exhibited significantly reduced proliferation, lowered expression of cluster of differentiation 86 and cluster of differentiation 69 surface markers, reduced secretion of immunoglobulin M antibody, reduced secretion of keratinocytes-derived chemokine and macrophage-inflammatory protein-2, reduced proteasome and immunoproteasome activities, and reduced mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis. Proteomic analysis revealed significant alterations in key protein targets that regulate cell survival, immunogenicity, proteasomal processing and mitochondrial function consistent with the findings of the above functional studies. The results indicate that the cardiolipin transacylase enzyme tafazzin plays a key role in regulating mouse B cell function and metabolic activity during activation through modulation of mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana M Zegallai
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ejlal Abu-El-Rub
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Laura K Cole
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jared Field
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Edgard M Mejia
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Joseph W Gordon
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,College of Nursing, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Aaron J Marshall
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Grant M Hatch
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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22
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Sakihara T, Takiguchi N, Uzawa H, Serizawa R, Kobayashi T. Erylysin A inhibits cytokinesis in Escherichia coli by binding with cardiolipin. J Biochem 2021; 170:369-377. [PMID: 34424293 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) localizes to curved membranes such as cristae in mitochondria as well as cell poles and division sites in rod-shaped bacteria. CL is believed to stabilize the membrane curvature by localizing to sites of negative curvature. However, this hypothesis has not been tested because of a lack of appropriate tools to distinguish CL inside and outside lipid bilayers. In this study, we provided the first evidence that CL localized to regions of negative curvature in Escherichia coli using the novel CL probe erylysin A-EGFP (EryA-EGFP). Staining in E.coli illustrated that CL localized to the inner leaflets at cell poles and the outer leaflets at division sites. Furthermore, we revealed that EryA-EGFP inhibited cytokinesis. We propose that cytokinesis completes after CL in the outer leaflets transfers to the inner leaflets at division sites by inspecting the mechanism of inhibition of cytokinesis. Moreover, the cytoskeletal protein RodZ was abnormally distributed when cytokinesis was inhibited by EryA-EGFP, suggesting that RodZ participates in cytokinesis. In summary, we revealed the detailed distribution of CL and proposed a new model of cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Sakihara
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Naoko Takiguchi
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Hikari Uzawa
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Rika Serizawa
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
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23
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Sakurai T, Chen Z, Yamahata A, Hayasaka T, Satoh H, Sekiguchi H, Chiba H, Hui SP. A mouse model of short-term, diet-induced fatty liver with abnormal cardiolipin remodeling via downregulated Tafazzin gene expression. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:4995-5001. [PMID: 33543498 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiolipin (CL) helps maintain mitochondrial structure and function. Here we investigated whether a high carbohydrate diet (HCD) fed to mice for a short period (5 days) could modulate the CL level, including that of monolysoCL (MLCL) in the liver. RESULTS Total CL in the HCD group was 22% lower than that in the normal chow diet (NCD) group (P < 0.05). The CL72:8 level strikingly decreased by 93% (P < 0.0001), whereas total nascent CLs (CLs other than CL72:8) increased (P < 0.01) in the HCD group. The total MLCL in the HCD group increased by 2.4-fold compared with that in the NCD group (P < 0.05). Tafazzin expression in the HCD group was significantly downregulated compared with that in the NCD group (P < 0.05). A strong positive correlation between nascent CL and total MLCL (r = 0.955, P < 0.0001), and a negative correlation between MLCL and Tafazzin expression (r = -0.593, P = 0.0883) were observed. CONCLUSION A HCD modulated the fatty acid composition of CL and MLCL via Tafazzin in the liver, which could lead to mitochondrial dysfunction. This model may be useful for elucidating the relationship between fatty liver and mitochondrial dysfunction. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhen Chen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Arisa Yamahata
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Satoh
- Department of Food and Health Research, Life Science Institute Co. Ltd and Nissei Bio Co. Ltd, Center for Food and Medical Innovation, Institute for the Promotion of Business-Regional Collaboration, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Research and Development division, Hokkaido Research Institute, Nissei Bio Co. Ltd, Eniwa, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Sekiguchi
- Department of Food and Health Research, Life Science Institute Co. Ltd and Nissei Bio Co. Ltd, Center for Food and Medical Innovation, Institute for the Promotion of Business-Regional Collaboration, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- R&D Planning and Administration Department, Life Science Institute Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Chiba
- Department of Nutrition, Sapporo University of Health Sciences, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shu-Ping Hui
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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24
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Byeon SK, Ramarajan MG, Madugundu AK, Oglesbee D, Vernon HJ, Pandey A. High-resolution mass spectrometric analysis of cardiolipin profiles in Barth syndrome. Mitochondrion 2021; 60:27-32. [PMID: 34273557 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Barth syndrome is an X-linked recessive disorder caused by pathogenic variants in TAZ, which leads to a reduction in cardiolipin with a concomitant elevation of monolysocardiolipins. There is a paucity of studies characterizing changes in individual species of monolysocardiolipins, dilysocardiolipins and cardiolipin in Barth syndrome using high resolution untargeted lipidomics that can accurately annotate and quantify diverse lipids. We confirmed the structural diversity monolysocardiolipins, dilysocardiolipins and cardiolipin and identified individual species that showed previously unreported alterations in BTHS. Development of mass spectrometry-based targeted assays for these lipid biomarkers should provide an important tool for clinical diagnosis of Barth syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul Kee Byeon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Madan Gopal Ramarajan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Anil K Madugundu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Devin Oglesbee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Hilary J Vernon
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
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25
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Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria Dysfunction in Genetic Neuromuscular Disorders with Cardiac Phenotype. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147349. [PMID: 34298968 PMCID: PMC8307986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is considered the major contributor to skeletal muscle wasting in different conditions. Genetically determined neuromuscular disorders occur as a result of mutations in the structural proteins of striated muscle cells and therefore are often combined with cardiac phenotype, which most often manifests as a cardiomyopathy. The specific roles played by mitochondria and mitochondrial energetic metabolism in skeletal muscle under muscle-wasting conditions in cardiomyopathies have not yet been investigated in detail, and this aspect of genetic muscle diseases remains poorly characterized. This review will highlight dysregulation of mitochondrial representation and bioenergetics in specific skeletal muscle disorders caused by mutations that disrupt the structural and functional integrity of muscle cells.
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26
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Joubert F, Puff N. Mitochondrial Cristae Architecture and Functions: Lessons from Minimal Model Systems. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11070465. [PMID: 34201754 PMCID: PMC8306996 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11070465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of eukaryotic cells. Energy production occurs in specific dynamic membrane invaginations in the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae. Although the integrity of these structures is recognized as a key point for proper mitochondrial function, less is known about the mechanisms at the origin of their plasticity and organization, and how they can influence mitochondria function. Here, we review the studies which question the role of lipid membrane composition based mainly on minimal model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Joubert
- Laboratoire Jean Perrin, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, UMR 8237, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Nicolas Puff
- Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, UFR 925 Physique, 75005 Paris, France
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, UMR 7057 CNRS, 75013 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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27
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Dabner L, Pieles GE, Steward CG, Hamilton-Shield JP, Ness AR, Rogers CA, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Greenwood R, Ellis L, Sheehan K, Reeves BC. Treatment of Barth Syndrome by Cardiolipin Manipulation (CARDIOMAN) With Bezafibrate: Protocol for a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Pilot Trial Conducted in the Nationally Commissioned Barth Syndrome Service. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e22533. [PMID: 34057417 PMCID: PMC8204243 DOI: 10.2196/22533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Barth syndrome is a rare, life-threatening, X-linked recessive genetic disease that predominantly affects young males and is caused by abnormal mitochondrial lipid metabolism. Currently, there is no definitive treatment for Barth syndrome other than interventions to ameliorate acute symptoms, such as heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, neutropenia, and severe muscle fatigue. Previous mechanistic studies have identified the lipid-lowering drug bezafibrate as a promising potential treatment; however, to date, no human trials have been performed in this population. Objective The aim of this study is to determine whether bezafibrate (and resveratrol in vitro) will increase mitochondrial biogenesis and potentially modify the cellular ratio of monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) to tetralinoleoyl-cardiolipin (L4-CL), ameliorating the disease phenotype in those living with the disease. Methods The CARDIOMAN (Cardiolipin Manipulation) study is a UK single-center, double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study investigating the efficacy of bezafibrate in participants with Barth syndrome. Treatment was administered in two 15-week phases with a minimum washout period of 1 month between the phases where no treatment was administered. The primary outcome is peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak). Secondary outcomes include MLCL/L4-CL ratio and CL profile in blood cells, amino acid expression, phosphocreatine to adenosine triphosphate ratio in cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle oxidative function on phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy, quality of life using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory questionnaire, absolute neutrophil count, cardiac function and rhythm profiles at rest and during exercise, and mitochondrial organization and function assessments. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and during the final week of each treatment phase. Results A total of 12 patients were scheduled to participate across three consecutive research clinics between March and April 2019. In total, 11 participants were recruited, and the follow-up was completed in January 2020. Data analysis is ongoing, with publication expected in 2021. Conclusions This trial was approved by the United Kingdom National Research Ethics Service Committee and the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. The feasibility of the CARDIOMAN study will help to inform the future conduct of randomized controlled trials in rare disease populations as well as testing the efficacy of bezafibrate as a potential treatment for the disease and advancing the mechanistic understanding of Barth syndrome. Trial Registration International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN): 58006579; https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN58006579 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/22533
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Dabner
- Bristol Trials Centre (Clinical Trials and Evaluation Unit), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Guido E Pieles
- Bristol Congenital Heart Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom.,National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (Cardiovascular theme), University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Colin G Steward
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Julian P Hamilton-Shield
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (Nutrition theme), University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R Ness
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (Nutrition theme), University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.,Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Chris A Rogers
- Bristol Trials Centre (Clinical Trials and Evaluation Unit), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Bucciarelli-Ducci
- National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (Cardiovascular theme), University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.,Bristol Heart Institute, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary Greenwood
- Research Design Service South West, National Institute for Health Research, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Ellis
- Bristol Trials Centre (Clinical Trials and Evaluation Unit), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Sheehan
- University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Barnaby C Reeves
- Bristol Trials Centre (Clinical Trials and Evaluation Unit), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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28
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Bao MHR, Yang C, Tse APW, Wei L, Lee D, Zhang MS, Goh CC, Chiu DKC, Yuen VWH, Law CT, Chin WC, Chui NNQ, Wong BPY, Chan CYK, Ng IOL, Chung CYS, Wong CM, Wong CCL. Genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 knockout library screening identified PTPMT1 in cardiolipin synthesis is crucial to survival in hypoxia in liver cancer. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108676. [PMID: 33503428 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, low oxygen (O2), is a key feature of all solid cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 knockout library screening is used to identify reliable therapeutic targets responsible for hypoxic survival in HCC. We find that protein-tyrosine phosphatase mitochondrial 1 (PTPMT1), an important enzyme for cardiolipin (CL) synthesis, is the most significant gene and ranks just after hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and HIF-1β as crucial to hypoxic survival. CL constitutes the mitochondrial membrane and ensures the proper assembly of electron transport chain (ETC) complexes for efficient electron transfer in respiration. ETC becomes highly unstable during hypoxia. Knockout of PTPMT1 stops the maturation of CL and impairs the assembly of ETC complexes, leading to further electron leakage and ROS accumulation at ETC in hypoxia. Excitingly, HCC cells, especially under hypoxic conditions, show great sensitivity toward PTPMT1 inhibitor alexidine dihydrochloride (AD). This study unravels the protective roles of PTPMT1 in hypoxic survival and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chunxue Yang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Aki Pui-Wah Tse
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lai Wei
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Derek Lee
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | - Chi Ching Goh
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | | | - Cheuk-Ting Law
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wai-Ching Chin
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | - Irene Oi-Lin Ng
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Clive Yik-Sham Chung
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chun-Ming Wong
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Carmen Chak-Lui Wong
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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29
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Metabolic Alterations Caused by Defective Cardiolipin Remodeling in Inherited Cardiomyopathies. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10110277. [PMID: 33187128 PMCID: PMC7697959 DOI: 10.3390/life10110277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is the most energy-consuming organ in the human body. In heart failure, the homeostasis of energy supply and demand is endangered by an increase in cardiomyocyte workload, or by an insufficiency in energy-providing processes. Energy metabolism is directly associated with mitochondrial redox homeostasis. The production of toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) may overwhelm mitochondrial and cellular ROS defense mechanisms in case of heart failure. Mitochondria are essential cell organelles and provide 95% of the required energy in the heart. Metabolic remodeling, changes in mitochondrial structure or function, and alterations in mitochondrial calcium signaling diminish mitochondrial energy provision in many forms of cardiomyopathy. The mitochondrial respiratory chain creates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, which couples respiration with oxidative phosphorylation and the preservation of energy in the chemical bonds of ATP. Akin to other mitochondrial enzymes, the respiratory chain is integrated into the inner mitochondrial membrane. The tight association with the mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin (CL) ensures its structural integrity and coordinates enzymatic activity. This review focuses on how changes in mitochondrial CL may be associated with heart failure. Dysfunctional CL has been found in diabetic cardiomyopathy, ischemia reperfusion injury and the aging heart. Barth syndrome (BTHS) is caused by an inherited defect in the biosynthesis of cardiolipin. Moreover, a dysfunctional CL pool causes other types of rare inherited cardiomyopathies, such as Sengers syndrome and Dilated Cardiomyopathy with Ataxia (DCMA). Here we review the impact of cardiolipin deficiency on mitochondrial functions in cellular and animal models. We describe the molecular mechanisms concerning mitochondrial dysfunction as an incitement of cardiomyopathy and discuss potential therapeutic strategies.
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30
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OPA1 and MICOS Regulate mitochondrial crista dynamics and formation. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:940. [PMID: 33130824 PMCID: PMC7603527 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03152-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial cristae are the main site for oxidative phosphorylation, which is critical for cellular energy production. Upon different physiological or pathological stresses, mitochondrial cristae undergo remodeling to reprogram mitochondrial function. However, how mitochondrial cristae are formed, maintained, and remolded is still largely unknown due to the technical challenges of tracking mitochondrial crista dynamics in living cells. Here, using live-cell Hessian structured illumination microscopy combined with transmission electron microscopy, focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy, and three-dimensional tomographic reconstruction, we show, in living cells, that mitochondrial cristae are highly dynamic and undergo morphological changes, including elongation, shortening, fusion, division, and detachment from the mitochondrial inner boundary membrane (IBM). In addition, we find that OPA1, Yme1L, MICOS, and Sam50, along with the newly identified crista regulator ATAD3A, control mitochondrial crista dynamics. Furthermore, we discover two new types of mitochondrial crista in dysfunctional mitochondria, “cut-through crista” and “spherical crista”, which are formed due to incomplete mitochondrial fusion and dysfunction of the MICOS complex. Interestingly, cut-through crista can convert to “lamellar crista”. Overall, we provide a direct link between mitochondrial crista formation and mitochondrial crista dynamics.
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31
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Anand R, Kondadi AK, Meisterknecht J, Golombek M, Nortmann O, Riedel J, Peifer-Weiß L, Brocke-Ahmadinejad N, Schlütermann D, Stork B, Eichmann TO, Wittig I, Reichert AS. MIC26 and MIC27 cooperate to regulate cardiolipin levels and the landscape of OXPHOS complexes. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:e202000711. [PMID: 32788226 PMCID: PMC7425215 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Homologous apolipoproteins of MICOS complex, MIC26 and MIC27, show an antagonistic regulation of their protein levels, making it difficult to deduce their individual functions using a single gene deletion. We obtained single and double knockout (DKO) human cells of MIC26 and MIC27 and found that DKO show more concentric onion-like cristae with loss of CJs than any single deletion indicating overlapping roles in formation of CJs. Using a combination of complexome profiling, STED nanoscopy, and blue-native gel electrophoresis, we found that MIC26 and MIC27 are dispensable for the stability and integration of the remaining MICOS subunits into the complex suggesting that they assemble late into the MICOS complex. MIC26 and MIC27 are cooperatively required for the integrity of respiratory chain (super) complexes (RCs/SC) and the F1Fo-ATP synthase complex and integration of F1 subunits into the monomeric F1Fo-ATP synthase. While cardiolipin was reduced in DKO cells, overexpression of cardiolipin synthase in DKO restores the stability of RCs/SC. Overall, we propose that MIC26 and MIC27 are cooperatively required for global integrity and stability of multimeric OXPHOS complexes by modulating cardiolipin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Anand
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Arun Kumar Kondadi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jana Meisterknecht
- Functional Proteomics, Sonderforschungsbereich (SFB) 815 Core Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Macromolecular Complexes", Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mathias Golombek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Oliver Nortmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Riedel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Leon Peifer-Weiß
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nahal Brocke-Ahmadinejad
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - David Schlütermann
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Björn Stork
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas O Eichmann
- Center for Explorative Lipidomics, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ilka Wittig
- Functional Proteomics, Sonderforschungsbereich (SFB) 815 Core Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Macromolecular Complexes", Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas S Reichert
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
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32
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Kondadi AK, Anand R, Reichert AS. Cristae Membrane Dynamics - A Paradigm Change. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:923-936. [PMID: 32978040 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that have essential metabolic and regulatory functions. Earlier studies using electron microscopy (EM) revealed an immense diversity in the architecture of cristae - infoldings of the mitochondrial inner membrane (IM) - in different cells, tissues, bioenergetic and metabolic conditions, and during apoptosis. However, cristae were considered to be largely static entities. Recently, advanced super-resolution techniques have revealed that cristae are independent bioenergetic units that are highly dynamic and remodel on a timescale of seconds. These advances, coupled with mechanistic and structural studies on key molecular players, such as the MICOS (mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system) complex and the dynamin-like GTPase OPA1, have changed our view on mitochondria in a fundamental way. We summarize these recent findings and discuss their functional implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar Kondadi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Ruchika Anand
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas S Reichert
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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33
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Le CH, Benage LG, Specht KS, Li Puma LC, Mulligan CM, Heuberger AL, Prenni JE, Claypool SM, Chatfield KC, Sparagna GC, Chicco AJ. Tafazzin deficiency impairs CoA-dependent oxidative metabolism in cardiac mitochondria. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:12485-12497. [PMID: 32665401 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Barth syndrome is a mitochondrial myopathy resulting from mutations in the tafazzin (TAZ) gene encoding a phospholipid transacylase required for cardiolipin remodeling. Cardiolipin is a phospholipid of the inner mitochondrial membrane essential for the function of numerous mitochondrial proteins and processes. However, it is unclear how tafazzin deficiency impacts cardiac mitochondrial metabolism. To address this question while avoiding confounding effects of cardiomyopathy on mitochondrial phenotype, we utilized Taz-shRNA knockdown (TazKD ) mice, which exhibit defective cardiolipin remodeling and respiratory supercomplex instability characteristic of human Barth syndrome but normal cardiac function into adulthood. Consistent with previous reports from other models, mitochondrial H2O2 emission and oxidative damage were greater in TazKD than in wild-type (WT) hearts, but there were no differences in oxidative phosphorylation coupling efficiency or membrane potential. Fatty acid and pyruvate oxidation capacities were 40-60% lower in TazKD mitochondria, but an up-regulation of glutamate oxidation supported respiration rates approximating those with pyruvate and palmitoylcarnitine in WT. Deficiencies in mitochondrial CoA and shifts in the cardiac acyl-CoA profile paralleled changes in fatty acid oxidation enzymes and acyl-CoA thioesterases, suggesting limitations of CoA availability or "trapping" in TazKD mitochondrial metabolism. Incubation of TazKD mitochondria with exogenous CoA partially rescued pyruvate and palmitoylcarnitine oxidation capacities, implicating dysregulation of CoA-dependent intermediary metabolism rather than respiratory chain defects in the bioenergetic impacts of tafazzin deficiency. These findings support links among cardiolipin abnormalities, respiratory supercomplex instability, and mitochondrial oxidant production and shed new light on the distinct metabolic consequences of tafazzin deficiency in the mammalian heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine H Le
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Lindsay G Benage
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Kalyn S Specht
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Lance C Li Puma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Christopher M Mulligan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Adam L Heuberger
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Jessica E Prenni
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Steven M Claypool
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathryn C Chatfield
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Genevieve C Sparagna
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Adam J Chicco
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Segawa M, Wolf DM, Hultgren NW, Williams DS, van der Bliek AM, Shackelford DB, Liesa M, Shirihai OS. Quantification of cristae architecture reveals time-dependent characteristics of individual mitochondria. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:e201900620. [PMID: 32499316 PMCID: PMC7283135 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in live-cell imaging have enabled visualization of cristae, making it feasible to investigate the structure-function relationship of cristae in real time. However, quantifying live-cell images of cristae in an unbiased way remains challenging. Here, we present a novel, semi-automated approach to quantify cristae, using the machine-learning Trainable Weka Segmentation tool. Compared with standard techniques, our approach not only avoids the bias associated with manual thresholding but more efficiently segments cristae from Airyscan and structured illumination microscopy images. Using a cardiolipin-deficient cell line, as well as FCCP, we show that our approach is sufficiently sensitive to detect perturbations in cristae density, size, and shape. This approach, moreover, reveals that cristae are not uniformly distributed within the mitochondrion, and sites of mitochondrial fission are localized to areas of decreased cristae density. After a fusion event, individual cristae from the two mitochondria, at the site of fusion, merge into one object with distinct architectural values. Overall, our study shows that machine learning represents a compelling new strategy for quantifying cristae in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Segawa
- Department of Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dane M Wolf
- Department of Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Graduate Program in Nutrition and Metabolism, Graduate Medical Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nan W Hultgren
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurobiology, Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David S Williams
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurobiology, Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexander M van der Bliek
- Molecular Biology Institute at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David B Shackelford
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marc Liesa
- Department of Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Orian S Shirihai
- Department of Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) interactions with mitochondrial membrane proteins. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:993-1004. [PMID: 32453413 PMCID: PMC7329354 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) is a three-tailed variant of cardiolipin (CL), the signature lipid of mitochondria. MLCL is not normally found in healthy tissue but accumulates in mitochondria of people with Barth syndrome (BTHS), with an overall increase in the MLCL:CL ratio. The reason for MLCL accumulation remains to be fully understood. The effect of MLCL build-up and decreased CL content in causing the characteristics of BTHS are also unclear. In both cases, an understanding of the nature of MLCL interaction with mitochondrial proteins will be key. Recent work has shown that MLCL associates less tightly than CL with proteins in the mitochondrial inner membrane, suggesting that MLCL accumulation is a result of CL degradation, and that the lack of MLCL–protein interactions compromises the stability of the protein-dense mitochondrial inner membrane, leading to a decrease in optimal respiration. There is some data on MLCL–protein interactions for proteins involved in the respiratory chain and in apoptosis, but there remains much to be understood regarding the nature of MLCL–protein interactions. Recent developments in structural, analytical and computational approaches mean that these investigations are now possible. Such an understanding will be key to further insights into how MLCL accumulation impacts mitochondrial membranes. In turn, these insights will help to support the development of therapies for people with BTHS and give a broader understanding of other diseases involving defective CL content.
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Colina-Tenorio L, Horten P, Pfanner N, Rampelt H. Shaping the mitochondrial inner membrane in health and disease. J Intern Med 2020; 287:645-664. [PMID: 32012363 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play central roles in cellular energetics, metabolism and signalling. Efficient respiration, mitochondrial quality control, apoptosis and inheritance of mitochondrial DNA depend on the proper architecture of the mitochondrial membranes and a dynamic remodelling of inner membrane cristae. Defects in mitochondrial architecture can result in severe human diseases affecting predominantly the nervous system and the heart. Inner membrane morphology is generated and maintained in particular by the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS), the F1 Fo -ATP synthase, the fusion protein OPA1/Mgm1 and the nonbilayer-forming phospholipids cardiolipin and phosphatidylethanolamine. These protein complexes and phospholipids are embedded in a network of functional interactions. They communicate with each other and additional factors, enabling them to balance different aspects of cristae biogenesis and to dynamically remodel the inner mitochondrial membrane. Genetic alterations disturbing these membrane-shaping factors can lead to human pathologies including fatal encephalopathy, dominant optic atrophy, Leigh syndrome, Parkinson's disease and Barth syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Colina-Tenorio
- From the, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - P Horten
- From the, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - N Pfanner
- From the, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - H Rampelt
- From the, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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37
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Functional Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Supercomplex Assembly Factors and Their Involvement in Muscle Quality. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093182. [PMID: 32365950 PMCID: PMC7246575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment of skeletal muscle function causes disabilities in elderly people. Therefore, in an aged society, prevention and treatment of sarcopenia are important for expanding healthy life expectancy. In addition to aging, adipose tissue disfunction and inflammation also contribute to the pathogenesis of sarcopenia by causing the combined state called ‘sarcopenic obesity’. Muscle quality as well as muscle mass contributes to muscle strength and physical performance. Mitochondria in the skeletal muscles affect muscle quality by regulating the production of energy and reactive oxygen species. A certain portion of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes form a higher-order structure called a “supercomplex”, which plays important roles in efficient energy production, stabilization of respiratory chain complex I, and prevention of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Several molecules including phospholipids, proteins, and certain chemicals are known to promote or stabilize mitochondrial respiratory chain supercomplex assembly directly or indirectly. In this article, we review the distinct mechanisms underlying the promotion or stabilization of mitochondrial respiratory chain supercomplex assembly by supercomplex assembly factors. Further, we introduce regulatory pathways of mitochondrial respiratory chain supercomplex assembly and discuss the roles of supercomplex assembly factors and regulatory pathways in skeletal muscles and adipose tissues, believing that this will lead to discovery of potential targets for prevention and treatment of muscle disorders such as sarcopenia.
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38
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Bertero E, Kutschka I, Maack C, Dudek J. Cardiolipin remodeling in Barth syndrome and other hereditary cardiomyopathies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165803. [PMID: 32348916 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a prominent role in cardiac energy metabolism, and their function is critically dependent on the integrity of mitochondrial membranes. Disorders characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction are commonly associated with cardiac disease. The mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin directly interacts with a number of essential protein complexes in the mitochondrial membranes including the respiratory chain, mitochondrial metabolite carriers, and proteins critical for mitochondrial morphology. Barth syndrome is an X-linked disorder caused by an inherited defect in the biogenesis of the mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin. How cardiolipin deficiency impacts on mitochondrial function and how mitochondrial dysfunction causes cardiomyopathy has been intensively studied in cellular and animal models of Barth syndrome. These findings may also have implications for the molecular mechanisms underlying other inherited disorders associated with defects in cardiolipin, such as Sengers syndrome and dilated cardiomyopathy with ataxia (DCMA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Bertero
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Clinic Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ilona Kutschka
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Clinic Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Maack
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Clinic Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan Dudek
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Clinic Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany.
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Kondadi AK, Anand R, Hänsch S, Urbach J, Zobel T, Wolf DM, Segawa M, Liesa M, Shirihai OS, Weidtkamp-Peters S, Reichert AS. Cristae undergo continuous cycles of membrane remodelling in a MICOS-dependent manner. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49776. [PMID: 32067344 PMCID: PMC7054676 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial inner membrane can reshape under different physiological conditions. How, at which frequency this occurs in living cells, and the molecular players involved are unknown. Here, we show using state-of-the-art live-cell stimulated emission depletion (STED) super-resolution nanoscopy that neighbouring crista junctions (CJs) dynamically appose and separate from each other in a reversible and balanced manner in human cells. Staining of cristae membranes (CM), using various protein markers or two lipophilic inner membrane-specific dyes, further revealed that cristae undergo continuous cycles of membrane remodelling. These events are accompanied by fluctuations of the membrane potential within distinct cristae over time. Both CJ and CM dynamics depended on MIC13 and occurred at similar timescales in the range of seconds. Our data further suggest that MIC60 acts as a docking platform promoting CJ and contact site formation. Overall, by employing advanced imaging techniques including fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), single-particle tracking (SPT), live-cell STED and high-resolution Airyscan microscopy, we propose a model of CJ dynamics being mechanistically linked to CM remodelling representing cristae membrane fission and fusion events occurring within individual mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar Kondadi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ruchika Anand
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hänsch
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Center for Advanced Imaging, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Urbach
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Zobel
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Center for Advanced Imaging, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dane M Wolf
- Department of Medicine, Nutrition and Metabolism Section, Evans Biomedical Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mayuko Segawa
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marc Liesa
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Orian S Shirihai
- Department of Medicine, Nutrition and Metabolism Section, Evans Biomedical Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stefanie Weidtkamp-Peters
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Center for Advanced Imaging, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas S Reichert
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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40
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Shilovsky GA, Putyatina TS, Ashapkin VV, Yamskova OV, Lyubetsky VA, Sorokina EV, Shram SI, Markov AV, Vyssokikh MY. Biological Diversity and Remodeling of Cardiolipin in Oxidative Stress and Age-Related Pathologies. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 84:1469-1483. [PMID: 31870251 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791912006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Age-related dysfunctions are accompanied by impairments in the mitochondrial morphology, activity of signaling pathway, and protein interactions. Cardiolipin is one of the most important phospholipids that maintains the curvature of the cristae and facilitates assembly and interaction of complexes and supercomplexes of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The fatty acid composition of cardiolipin influences the biophysical properties of the membrane and, therefore, is crucial for the mitochondrial bioenergetics. The presence of unsaturated fatty acids in cardiolipin is the reason of its susceptibility to oxidative damage. Damaged cardiolipin undergoes remodeling by phospholipases, acyltransferases, and transacylases, creating a highly specific fatty acyl profile for each tissue. In this review, we discuss the variability of cardiolipin fatty acid composition in various species and different tissues of the same species, both in the norm and at various pathologies (e.g., age-related diseases, oxidative and traumatic stresses, knockouts/knockdowns of enzymes of the cardiolipin synthesis pathway). Progressive pathologies, including age-related ones, are accompanied by cardiolipin depletion and decrease in the efficiency of its remodeling, as well as the activation of an alternative way of pathological remodeling, which causes replacement of cardiolipin fatty acids with polyunsaturated ones (e.g., arachidonic or docosahexaenoic acids). Drugs or special diet can contribute to the partial restoration of the cardiolipin acyl profile to the one rich in fatty acids characteristic of an intact organ or tissue, thereby correcting the consequences of pathological or insufficient cardiolipin remodeling. In this regard, an urgent task of biomedicine is to study the mechanism of action of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants effective in the treatment of age-related pathologies and capable of accumulating not only in vitro, but also in vivo in the cardiolipin-enriched membrane fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Shilovsky
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119234, Russia.,Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 127051, Russia
| | - T S Putyatina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - V V Ashapkin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - O V Yamskova
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - V A Lyubetsky
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 127051, Russia
| | - E V Sorokina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - S I Shram
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - A V Markov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - M Y Vyssokikh
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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41
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Proliferation of C6 glioma cells requires the phospholipid remodeling enzyme tafazzin independent of cardiolipin composition. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1865:158596. [PMID: 31884050 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial phospholipid (CL) has been linked to mitochondrial and cellular functions. It has been postulated that the composition of CL is of impact for mitochondrial energy metabolism and cell proliferation. Although a correlation between CL composition and proliferation could be demonstrated for several cell types, evidence for a causal relationship remains obscure. Here, we applied two independent approaches, i) supplementation of fatty acids and ii) knock-out of the phospholipid remodeling enzyme tafazzin, to manipulate CL composition and analyzed the response on proliferation of C6 glioma cells. Both strategies caused substantial changes in the distribution of cellular fatty acids as well as in the distribution of fatty acids incorporated in CL that were accompanied by changes of the composition of molecular CL species. These changes did not correlate with cell proliferation. However, knock-out of tafazzin caused dramatic reduction in proliferation of C6 glioma cells independent of CL composition. The mechanism of tafazzin-dependent restriction of proliferation remains unclear. Among the various fatty acids administered only palmitic acid restricted cell proliferation by induction of cell death.
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42
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Fatica EM, DeLeonibus GA, House A, Kodger JV, Pearce RW, Shah RR, Levi L, Sandlers Y. Barth Syndrome: Exploring Cardiac Metabolism with Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Metabolites 2019; 9:E306. [PMID: 31861102 PMCID: PMC6950123 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9120306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Barth syndrome (BTHS) is an X-linked recessive multisystem disorder caused by mutations in the TAZ gene (TAZ, G 4.5, OMIM 300394) that encodes for the acyltransferase tafazzin. This protein is highly expressed in the heart and plays a significant role in cardiolipin biosynthesis. Heart disease is the major clinical manifestation of BTHS with a high incidence in early life. Although the genetic basis of BTHS and tetralinoleoyl cardiolipin deficiency in BTHS-affected individuals are well-established, downstream metabolic changes in cardiac metabolism are still uncovered. Our study aimed to characterize TAZ-induced metabolic perturbations in the heart. Control (PGP1-TAZWT) and TAZ mutant (PGP1-TAZ517delG) iPS-CM were incubated with 13C6-glucose and 13C5-glutamine and incorporation of 13C into downstream Krebs cycle intermediates was traced. Our data reveal that TAZ517delG induces accumulation of cellular long chain acylcarnitines and overexpression of fatty acid binding protein (FABP4). We also demonstrate that TAZ517delG induces metabolic alterations in pathways related to energy production as reflected by high glucose uptake, an increase in glycolytic lactate production and a decrease in palmitate uptake. Moreover, despite mitochondrial dysfunction, in the absence of glucose and fatty acids, TAZ517delG-iPS-CM can use glutamine as a carbon source to replenish the Krebs cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M. Fatica
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA; (E.M.F.); (G.A.D.); (A.H.); (J.V.K.); (R.W.P.); (R.R.S.)
| | - Gina A. DeLeonibus
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA; (E.M.F.); (G.A.D.); (A.H.); (J.V.K.); (R.W.P.); (R.R.S.)
| | - Alisha House
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA; (E.M.F.); (G.A.D.); (A.H.); (J.V.K.); (R.W.P.); (R.R.S.)
| | - Jillian V. Kodger
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA; (E.M.F.); (G.A.D.); (A.H.); (J.V.K.); (R.W.P.); (R.R.S.)
| | - Ryan W. Pearce
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA; (E.M.F.); (G.A.D.); (A.H.); (J.V.K.); (R.W.P.); (R.R.S.)
| | - Rohan R. Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA; (E.M.F.); (G.A.D.); (A.H.); (J.V.K.); (R.W.P.); (R.R.S.)
| | - Liraz Levi
- Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Yana Sandlers
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA; (E.M.F.); (G.A.D.); (A.H.); (J.V.K.); (R.W.P.); (R.R.S.)
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43
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Kasahara T, Kubota-Sakashita M, Nagatsuka Y, Hirabayashi Y, Hanasaka T, Tohyama K, Kato T. Cardiolipin is essential for early embryonic viability and mitochondrial integrity of neurons in mammals. FASEB J 2019; 34:1465-1480. [PMID: 31914590 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901598r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a hallmark phospholipid of mitochondria and plays a significant role in maintaining the mitochondrial structure and functions. Despite the physiological importance of CL, mutant organisms, yeast, Arabidopsis, C elegans, and Drosophila, which lack CL synthase (Crls1) gene and consequently are deprived of CL, are viable. Here we report conditional Crls1-deficient mice using targeted insertion of loxP sequences flanking the functional domain of CRLS1 enzyme. Homozygous null mutant mice exhibited early embryonic lethality at the peri-implantation stage. We generated neuron-specific Crls1 knockout (cKO) mice by crossing with Camk2α-Cre mice. Neuronal loss and gliosis were gradually manifested in the forebrains, where CL levels were significantly decreased. In the surviving neurons, malformed mitochondria with bubble-like or onion-like inner membrane structures were observed. We showed decreased supercomplex assembly and reduced enzymatic activities of electron transport chain complexes in the forebrain of cKO mice, resulting in affected mitochondrial calcium dynamics, a slower rate of Ca2+ uptake and a smaller calcium retention capacity. These observations clearly demonstrate indispensable roles of CL as well as of Crls1 gene in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaoki Kasahara
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako-shi, Japan
| | - Mie Kubota-Sakashita
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako-shi, Japan
| | - Yasuko Nagatsuka
- Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hirabayashi
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako-shi, Japan.,Institute for Environmental and Gender Specific Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu-shi, Japan
| | - Tomohito Hanasaka
- Department of Physiology School of Dentistry, The Center for Electron Microscopy and Bio-Imaging Research, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba-cho, Japan
| | - Koujiro Tohyama
- Department of Physiology School of Dentistry, The Center for Electron Microscopy and Bio-Imaging Research, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba-cho, Japan
| | - Tadafumi Kato
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako-shi, Japan
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44
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Wolke C, Gürtler S, Peter D, Weingärtner J, Domanska G, Lendeckel U, Schild L. Vitamin B6 deficiency in new born rats affects hepatic cardiolipin composition and oxidative phosphorylation. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:1619-1628. [PMID: 31752529 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219889880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B6 deficiency during pregnancy translates into a severe vitamin B6 deficiency (plasma levels decreased by 97%) in new-born rats. Further, hallmarks are increased (+89%) concentrations of homocysteine, gross changes in gene methylation and expression, and metabolic alterations including lipid metabolism. This study focuses on determining the effects of vitamin B6-deficiency on cardiolipin composition and oxidative phosphorylation in liver. For this purpose, hepatic cardiolipin composition was analyzed by means of LC/MS/MS, and mitochondrial oxygen consumption was determined by using a Clark-type electrode in a rat model of vitamin B6 deficiency. Liver mitochondria from new-born rats with pre-term vitamin B6 deficiency responded with substantial alterations in cardiolipin composition that include the following changes in the amounts of cardiolipin incorporated fatty acids: increase in C16, decrease in C18, decrease in saturated fatty acid, as well as increase in amount of oxidized cardiolipin species. These changes were accompanied by significantly decreased capacity of oxidative phosphorylation. In conclusion, vitamin B6 deficiency in new born rats induces massive alterations of cardiolipin composition and function of liver mitochondria. These findings support the importance of sufficient periconceptional supply of vitamin B6 to prevent vitamin B6 deficiency.Impact statementVitamin B6 (VitB6) is an active co-enzyme for more than 150 enzymes and is required for a great diversity of biosynthesis and metabolic reactions. There is an increased need for VitB6 during pregnancy and sufficient supply of VitB6 is crucial for the prevention of cleft palate and neural tube defects. We show that liver mitochondria from new-born rats with pre-term VitB6 deficiency respond with substantial alterations in cardiolipin (CL) composition and in the amount of oxidized CL species. These changes are associated with a decrease in the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation. The results of this study support the significance of sufficient supply of VitB6 during pregnancy (and periconceptional) for diminishing the number of early abortions and minimizing malformation. The established link between VitB6 deficiency, CL composition, and mitochondrial respiration/energy production provides mechanistic insight as to how the VitB6 deficiency translates into the known pathophysiological and clinically relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Wolke
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald D-17475, Germany
| | - Sarah Gürtler
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald D-17475, Germany
| | - Daniela Peter
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg D-39120, Germany
| | - Jens Weingärtner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald D-17489, Germany
| | - Grazyna Domanska
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald D-17475, Germany
| | - Uwe Lendeckel
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald D-17475, Germany
| | - Lorenz Schild
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg D-39120, Germany
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45
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Machiraju P, Wang X, Sabouny R, Huang J, Zhao T, Iqbal F, King M, Prasher D, Lodha A, Jimenez-Tellez N, Ravandi A, Argiropoulos B, Sinasac D, Khan A, Shutt TE, Greenway SC. SS-31 Peptide Reverses the Mitochondrial Fragmentation Present in Fibroblasts From Patients With DCMA, a Mitochondrial Cardiomyopathy. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:167. [PMID: 31803760 PMCID: PMC6873783 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We used patient dermal fibroblasts to characterize the mitochondrial abnormalities associated with the dilated cardiomyopathy with ataxia syndrome (DCMA) and to study the effect of the mitochondrially-targeted peptide SS-31 as a potential novel therapeutic. DCMA is a rare and understudied autosomal recessive disorder thought to be related to Barth syndrome but caused by mutations in DNAJC19, a protein of unknown function localized to the mitochondria. The clinical disease is characterized by 3-methylglutaconic aciduria, dilated cardiomyopathy, abnormal neurological development, and other heterogeneous features. Until recently no effective therapies had been identified and affected patients frequently died in early childhood from intractable heart failure. Skin fibroblasts from four pediatric patients with DCMA were used to establish parameters of mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial structure, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cardiolipin composition, and gene expression were evaluated. Immunocytochemistry with semi-automated quantification of mitochondrial structural metrics and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated mitochondria to be highly fragmented in DCMA fibroblasts compared to healthy control cells. Live-cell imaging demonstrated significantly increased ROS production in patient cells. These abnormalities were reversed by treating DCMA fibroblasts with SS-31, a synthetic peptide that localizes to the inner mitochondrial membrane. Levels of cardiolipin were not significantly different between control and DCMA cells and were unaffected by SS-31 treatment. Our results demonstrate the abnormal mitochondria in fibroblasts from patients with DCMA and suggest that SS-31 may represent a potential therapy for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Machiraju
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Rasha Sabouny
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Joshua Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Tian Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Fatima Iqbal
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Melissa King
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Dimple Prasher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Arijit Lodha
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nerea Jimenez-Tellez
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Amir Ravandi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Bob Argiropoulos
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - David Sinasac
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Aneal Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Timothy E Shutt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Steven C Greenway
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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46
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Garlid AO, Schaffer CT, Kim J, Bhatt H, Guevara-Gonzalez V, Ping P. TAZ encodes tafazzin, a transacylase essential for cardiolipin formation and central to the etiology of Barth syndrome. Gene 2019; 726:144148. [PMID: 31647997 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tafazzin, which is encoded by the TAZ gene, catalyzes transacylation to form mature cardiolipin and shows preference for the transfer of a linoleic acid (LA) group from phosphatidylcholine (PC) to monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) with influence from mitochondrial membrane curvature. The protein contains domains and motifs involved in targeting, anchoring, and an active site for transacylase activity. Tafazzin activity affects many aspects of mitochondrial structure and function, including that of the electron transport chain, fission-fusion, as well as apoptotic signaling. TAZ mutations are implicated in Barth syndrome, an underdiagnosed and devastating disease that primarily affects male pediatric patients with a broad spectrum of disease pathologies that impact the cardiovascular, neuromuscular, metabolic, and hematologic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders O Garlid
- Cardiovascular Data Science Training Program at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Calvin T Schaffer
- Cardiovascular Data Science Training Program at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jaewoo Kim
- Cardiovascular Data Science Training Program at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hirsh Bhatt
- Cardiovascular Data Science Training Program at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Vladimir Guevara-Gonzalez
- Cardiovascular Data Science Training Program at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peipei Ping
- Cardiovascular Data Science Training Program at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Medicine/Cardiology, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioinformatics, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Scalable Analytics Institute (ScAi), University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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47
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Ren M, Miller PC, Schlame M, Phoon CKL. A critical appraisal of the tafazzin knockdown mouse model of Barth syndrome: what have we learned about pathogenesis and potential treatments? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H1183-H1193. [PMID: 31603701 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00504.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric heart failure remains poorly understood, distinct in many aspects from adult heart failure. Limited data point to roles of altered mitochondrial functioning and, in particular, changes in mitochondrial lipids, especially cardiolipin. Barth syndrome is a mitochondrial disorder caused by tafazzin mutations that lead to abnormal cardiolipin profiles. Patients are afflicted by cardiomyopathy, skeletal myopathy, neutropenia, and growth delay. A mouse model of Barth syndrome was developed a decade ago, which relies on a doxycycline-inducible short hairpin RNA to knock down expression of tafazzin mRNA (TAZKD). Our objective was to review published data from the TAZKD mouse to determine its contributions to our pathogenetic understanding of, and potential treatment strategies for, Barth syndrome. In regard to the clinical syndrome, the reported physiological, biochemical, and ultrastructural abnormalities of the mouse model mirror those in Barth patients. Using this model, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor pan-agonist bezafibrate has been suggested as potential therapy because it ameliorated the cardiomyopathy in TAZKD mice, while increasing mitochondrial biogenesis. A clinical trial is now underway to test bezafibrate in Barth syndrome patients. Thus the TAZKD mouse model of Barth syndrome has led to important insights into disease pathogenesis and therapeutic targets, which can potentially translate to pediatric heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindong Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Paighton C Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Michael Schlame
- Department of Anesthesiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Colin K L Phoon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
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48
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Paradies G, Paradies V, Ruggiero FM, Petrosillo G. Role of Cardiolipin in Mitochondrial Function and Dynamics in Health and Disease: Molecular and Pharmacological Aspects. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070728. [PMID: 31315173 PMCID: PMC6678812 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, mitochondria are involved in a large array of metabolic and bioenergetic processes that are vital for cell survival. Phospholipids are the main building blocks of mitochondrial membranes. Cardiolipin (CL) is a unique phospholipid which is localized and synthesized in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). It is now widely accepted that CL plays a central role in many reactions and processes involved in mitochondrial function and dynamics. Cardiolipin interacts with and is required for optimal activity of several IMM proteins, including the enzyme complexes of the electron transport chain (ETC) and ATP production and for their organization into supercomplexes. Moreover, CL plays an important role in mitochondrial membrane morphology, stability and dynamics, in mitochondrial biogenesis and protein import, in mitophagy, and in different mitochondrial steps of the apoptotic process. It is conceivable that abnormalities in CL content, composition and level of oxidation may negatively impact mitochondrial function and dynamics, with important implications in a variety of pathophysiological situations and diseases. In this review, we focus on the role played by CL in mitochondrial function and dynamics in health and diseases and on the potential of pharmacological modulation of CL through several agents in attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Paradies
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | | | - Francesca M Ruggiero
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Petrosillo
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy.
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49
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Wilson BA, Ramanathan A, Lopez CF. Cardiolipin-Dependent Properties of Model Mitochondrial Membranes from Molecular Simulations. Biophys J 2019; 117:429-444. [PMID: 31349988 PMCID: PMC6697365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin is an anionic lipid found in the mitochondrial membranes of eukaryotes ranging from unicellular microorganisms to metazoans. This unique lipid contributes to various mitochondrial functions, including metabolism, mitochondrial membrane fusion and/or fission dynamics, and apoptosis. However, differences in cardiolipin content between the two mitochondrial membranes, as well as dynamic fluctuations in cardiolipin content in response to stimuli and cellular signaling events, raise questions about how cardiolipin concentration affects mitochondrial membrane structure and dynamics. Although cardiolipin’s structural and dynamic roles have been extensively studied in binary mixtures with other phospholipids, the biophysical properties of cardiolipin in higher number lipid mixtures are still not well resolved. Here, we used molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the cardiolipin-dependent properties of ternary lipid bilayer systems that mimic the major components of mitochondrial membranes. We found that changes to cardiolipin concentration only resulted in minor changes to bilayer structural features but that the lipid diffusion was significantly affected by those alterations. We also found that cardiolipin position along the bilayer surfaces correlated to negative curvature deflections, consistent with the induction of negative curvature stress in the membrane monolayers. This work contributes to a foundational understanding of the role of cardiolipin in altering the properties in ternary lipid mixtures composed of the major mitochondrial phospholipids, providing much-needed insights to help understand how cardiolipin concentration modulates the biophysical properties of mitochondrial membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake A Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Arvind Ramanathan
- Computational Science and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee; Health Data Sciences Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Carlos F Lopez
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.
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50
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Cardiac mitochondrial structure and function in tafazzin-knockdown mice. Mitochondrion 2018; 43:53-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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