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Ramdas B, Dayal N, Pandey R, Larocque E, Kanumuri R, Pasupuleti SK, Liu S, Kanellopoulou C, Chu EFY, Mohallem R, Virani S, Chopra G, Aryal UK, Lapidus R, Wan J, Emadi A, Haneline LS, Holtsberg FW, Aman MJ, Sintim HO, Kapur R. Alkynyl nicotinamides show antileukemic activity in drug-resistant acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e169245. [PMID: 38950330 PMCID: PMC11178545 DOI: 10.1172/jci169245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations of FLT3 contribute to deregulated hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSC/Ps) growth and survival in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), leading to poor overall survival. AML patients treated with investigational drugs targeting mutant FLT3, including Quizartinib and Crenolanib, develop resistance to these drugs. Development of resistance is largely due to acquisition of cooccurring mutations and activation of additional survival pathways, as well as emergence of additional FLT3 mutations. Despite the high prevalence of FLT3 mutations and their clinical significance in AML, there are few targeted therapeutic options available. We have identified 2 novel nicotinamide-based FLT3 inhibitors (HSN608 and HSN748) that target FLT3 mutations at subnanomolar concentrations and are potently effective against drug-resistant secondary mutations of FLT3. These compounds show antileukemic activity against FLT3ITD in drug-resistant AML, relapsed/refractory AML, and in AML bearing a combination of epigenetic mutations of TET2 along with FLT3ITD. We demonstrate that HSN748 outperformed the FDA-approved FLT3 inhibitor Gilteritinib in terms of inhibitory activity against FLT3ITD in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/genetics
- fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/antagonists & inhibitors
- fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/metabolism
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Animals
- Mice
- Niacinamide/analogs & derivatives
- Niacinamide/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Female
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry
- Mutation
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Inbred NOD
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Affiliation(s)
- Baskar Ramdas
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Neetu Dayal
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Ruchi Pandey
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Elizabeth Larocque
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Rahul Kanumuri
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Santhosh Kumar Pasupuleti
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | | | | | - Saniya Virani
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Gaurav Chopra
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Tyler Trent Pediatric Cancer Research Center, Purdue University Institute for Cancer Research
- Department of Computer Science (by courtesy)
- Regenstrief Center for Healthcare Engineering
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, and
| | - Uma K. Aryal
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology
- Purdue Proteomics Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Rena Lapidus
- KinaRx, Inc, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Ashkan Emadi
- KinaRx, Inc, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura S. Haneline
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | | | - Herman O. Sintim
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- KinaRx, Inc, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Tyler Trent Pediatric Cancer Research Center, Purdue University Institute for Cancer Research
| | - Reuben Kapur
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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2
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Kumar D, Jain S, Coulter DW, Joshi SS, Chaturvedi NK. PRMT5 as a Potential Therapeutic Target in MYC-Amplified Medulloblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5855. [PMID: 38136401 PMCID: PMC10741595 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
MYC amplification or overexpression is most common in Group 3 medulloblastomas and is positively associated with poor clinical outcomes. Recently, protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) overexpression has been shown to be associated with tumorigenic MYC functions in cancers, particularly in brain cancers such as glioblastoma and medulloblastoma. PRMT5 regulates oncogenes, including MYC, that are often deregulated in medulloblastomas. However, the role of PRMT5-mediated post-translational modification in the stabilization of these oncoproteins remains poorly understood. The potential impact of PRMT5 inhibition on MYC makes it an attractive target in various cancers. PRMT5 inhibitors are a promising class of anti-cancer drugs demonstrating preclinical and preliminary clinical efficacies. Here, we review the publicly available preclinical and clinical studies on PRMT5 targeting using small molecule inhibitors and discuss the prospects of using them in medulloblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 69198, USA; (D.K.); (S.J.); (D.W.C.)
| | - Stuti Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 69198, USA; (D.K.); (S.J.); (D.W.C.)
| | - Don W. Coulter
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 69198, USA; (D.K.); (S.J.); (D.W.C.)
- Child Health Research Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 69198, USA
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 69198, USA
| | - Shantaram S. Joshi
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 69198, USA;
| | - Nagendra K. Chaturvedi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 69198, USA; (D.K.); (S.J.); (D.W.C.)
- Child Health Research Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 69198, USA
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 69198, USA
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3
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Rausch J, Ullrich E, Kühn MW. Epigenetic targeting to enhance acute myeloid leukemia-directed immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1269012. [PMID: 37809078 PMCID: PMC10556528 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1269012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
AML is a malignant disease of hematopoietic progenitor cells with unsatisfactory treatment outcome, especially in patients that are ineligible for intensive chemotherapy. Immunotherapy, comprising checkpoint inhibition, T-cell engaging antibody constructs, and cellular therapies, has dramatically improved the outcome of patients with solid tumors and lymphatic neoplasms. In AML, these approaches have been far less successful. Discussed reasons are the relatively low mutational burden of AML blasts and the difficulty in defining AML-specific antigens not expressed on hematopoietic progenitor cells. On the other hand, epigenetic dysregulation is an essential driver of leukemogenesis, and non-selective hypomethylating agents (HMAs) are the current backbone of non-intensive treatment. The first clinical trials that evaluated whether HMAs may improve immune checkpoint inhibitors' efficacy showed modest efficacy except for the anti-CD47 antibody that was substantially more efficient against AML when combined with azacitidine. Combining bispecific antibodies or cellular treatments with HMAs is subject to ongoing clinical investigation, and efficacy data are awaited shortly. More selective second-generation inhibitors targeting specific chromatin regulators have demonstrated promising preclinical activity against AML and are currently evaluated in clinical trials. These drugs that commonly cause leukemia cell differentiation potentially sensitize AML to immune-based treatments by co-regulating immune checkpoints, providing a pro-inflammatory environment, and inducing (neo)-antigen expression. Combining selective targeted epigenetic drugs with (cellular) immunotherapy is, therefore, a promising approach to avoid unintended effects and augment efficacy. Future studies will provide detailed information on how these compounds influence specific immune functions that may enable translation into clinical assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Rausch
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Evelyn Ullrich
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Children’s Hospital, Experimental Immunology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- University Cancer Center (UCT), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael W.M. Kühn
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Fitzel R, Secker-Grob KA, Keppeler H, Korkmaz F, Schairer R, Erkner E, Schneidawind D, Lengerke C, Hentrich T, Schulze-Hentrich JM, Schneidawind C. Targeting MYC in combination with epigenetic regulators induces synergistic anti-leukemic effects in MLLr leukemia and simultaneously improves immunity. Neoplasia 2023; 41:100902. [PMID: 37148657 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2023.100902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
MLL rearranged (MLLr) leukemias are associated with a poor prognosis and a limited response to conventional therapies. Moreover, chemotherapies result in severe side effects with significant impairment of the immune system. Therefore, the identification of novel treatment strategies is mandatory. Recently, we developed a human MLLr leukemia model by inducing chromosomal rearrangements in CD34+ cells using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9. This MLLr model authentically mimics patient leukemic cells and can be used as a platform for novel treatment strategies. RNA sequencing of our model revealed MYC as one of the most important key drivers to promote oncogenesis. However, in clinical trials the BRD4 inhibitor JQ-1 leading to indirect blocking of the MYC pathway shows only modest activity. We and others previously reported that epigenetic drugs targeting MAT2A or PRMT5 promote cell death in MLLr cells. Therefore, we use these drugs in combination with JQ-1 leading to augmented anti-leukemic effects. Moreover, we found activation of T, NK and iNKT cells, release of immunomodulatory cytokines and downregulation of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis upon inhibitor treatment leading to improved cytotoxicity. In summary, the inhibition of MYC and MAT2A or PRMT5 drives robust synergistic anti-leukemic activity in MLLr leukemia. Moreover, the immune system is concomitantly activated upon combinatorial inhibitor treatment, hereby further augmenting the therapeutic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Fitzel
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kathy-Ann Secker-Grob
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hildegard Keppeler
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Fulya Korkmaz
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Rebekka Schairer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Estelle Erkner
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Dominik Schneidawind
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Lengerke
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Hentrich
- Department of Genetics/Epigenetics, Faculty NT, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Corina Schneidawind
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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5
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Szewczyk MM, Luciani GM, Vu V, Murison A, Dilworth D, Barghout SH, Lupien M, Arrowsmith CH, Minden MD, Barsyte-Lovejoy D. PRMT5 regulates ATF4 transcript splicing and oxidative stress response. Redox Biol 2022; 51:102282. [PMID: 35305370 PMCID: PMC8933703 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) symmetrically dimethylates arginine residues leading to regulation of transcription and splicing programs. Although PRMT5 has emerged as an attractive oncology target, the molecular determinants of PRMT5 dependency in cancer remain incompletely understood. Our transcriptomic analysis identified PRMT5 regulation of the activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) pathway in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). PRMT5 inhibition resulted in the expression of unstable, intron-retaining ATF4 mRNA that is detained in the nucleus. Concurrently, the decrease in the spliced cytoplasmic transcript of ATF4 led to lower levels of ATF4 protein and downregulation of ATF4 target genes. Upon loss of functional PRMT5, cells with low ATF4 displayed increased oxidative stress, growth arrest, and cellular senescence. Interestingly, leukemia cells with EVI1 oncogene overexpression demonstrated dependence on PRMT5 function. EVI1 and ATF4 regulated gene signatures were inversely correlated. We show that EVI1-high AML cells have reduced ATF4 levels, elevated baseline reactive oxygen species and increased sensitivity to PRMT5 inhibition. Thus, EVI1-high cells demonstrate dependence on PRMT5 function and regulation of oxidative stress response. Overall, our findings identify the PRMT5-ATF4 axis to be safeguarding the cellular redox balance that is especially important in high oxidative stress states, such as those that occur with EVI1 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Genna M Luciani
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victoria Vu
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alex Murison
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Dilworth
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samir H Barghout
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mathieu Lupien
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cheryl H Arrowsmith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark D Minden
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Dalia Barsyte-Lovejoy
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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6
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Srour N, Khan S, Richard S. The Influence of Arginine Methylation in Immunity and Inflammation. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:2939-2958. [PMID: 35602664 PMCID: PMC9114649 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s364190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploration in the field of epigenetics has revealed that protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) contribute to disease, and this has given way to the development of specific small molecule compounds that inhibit arginine methylation. Protein arginine methylation is known to regulate fundamental cellular processes, such as transcription; pre-mRNA splicing and other RNA processing mechanisms; signal transduction, including the anti-viral response; and cellular metabolism. PRMTs are also implicated in the regulation of physiological processes, including embryonic development, myogenesis, and the immune system. Finally, the dysregulation of PRMTs is apparent in cancer, neurodegeneration, muscular disorders, and during inflammation. Herein, we review the functions of PRMTs in immunity and inflammation. We also discuss recent progress with PRMTs regarding the modulation of gene expression related to T and B lymphocyte differentiation, germinal center dynamics, and anti-viral signaling responses, as well as the clinical relevance of using PRMT inhibitors alone or in combination with other drugs to treat cancer, immune, and inflammatory-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivine Srour
- Segal Cancer Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, and Departments of Biochemistry, Human Genetics, and Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Sarah Khan
- Segal Cancer Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, and Departments of Biochemistry, Human Genetics, and Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Stephane Richard
- Segal Cancer Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, and Departments of Biochemistry, Human Genetics, and Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Correspondence: Stephane Richard, Email
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7
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Brehmer D, Beke L, Wu T, Millar HJ, Moy C, Sun W, Mannens G, Pande V, Boeckx A, van Heerde E, Nys T, Gustin EM, Verbist B, Zhou L, Fan Y, Bhargava V, Safabakhsh P, Vinken P, Verhulst T, Gilbert A, Rai S, Graubert TA, Pastore F, Fiore D, Gu J, Johnson A, Philippar U, Morschhäuser B, Walker D, De Lange D, Keersmaekers V, Viellevoye M, Diels G, Schepens W, Thuring JW, Meerpoel L, Packman K, Lorenzi MV, Laquerre S. Discovery and Pharmacological Characterization of JNJ-64619178, a Novel Small-Molecule Inhibitor of PRMT5 with Potent Antitumor Activity. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:2317-2328. [PMID: 34583982 PMCID: PMC9398174 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) methylates a variety of proteins involved in splicing, multiple signal transduction pathways, epigenetic control of gene expression, and mechanisms leading to protein expression required for cellular proliferation. Dysregulation of PRMT5 is associated with clinical features of several cancers, including lymphomas, lung cancer, and breast cancer. Here, we describe the characterization of JNJ-64619178, a novel, selective, and potent PRMT5 inhibitor, currently in clinical trials for patients with advanced solid tumors, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and lower-risk myelodysplastic syndrome. JNJ-64619178 demonstrated a prolonged inhibition of PRMT5 and potent antiproliferative activity in subsets of cancer cell lines derived from various histologies, including lung, breast, pancreatic, and hematological malignancies. In primary acute myelogenous leukemia samples, the presence of splicing factor mutations correlated with a higher ex vivo sensitivity to JNJ-64619178. Furthermore, the potent and unique mechanism of inhibition of JNJ-64619178, combined with highly optimized pharmacological properties, led to efficient tumor growth inhibition and regression in several xenograft models in vivo, with once-daily or intermittent oral-dosing schedules. An increase in splicing burden was observed upon JNJ-64619178 treatment. Overall, these observations support the continued clinical evaluation of JNJ-64619178 in patients with aberrant PRMT5 activity-driven tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Brehmer
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lijs Beke
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tongfei Wu
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Christopher Moy
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Weimei Sun
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Geert Mannens
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vineet Pande
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - An Boeckx
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Thomas Nys
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Bie Verbist
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Longen Zhou
- Janssen Research and Development, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Fan
- Janssen Research and Development, Shanghai, China
| | - Vipul Bhargava
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Petra Vinken
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tinne Verhulst
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Angelique Gilbert
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Sumit Rai
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy A. Graubert
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | | | - Danilo Fiore
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Junchen Gu
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Amy Johnson
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - David Walker
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | - Gaston Diels
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Schepens
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | - Kathryn Packman
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Sylvie Laquerre
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania.,Corresponding Author: Sylvie Laquerre, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477. Phone: 215-628-5840; E-mail:
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8
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Xu J, Richard S. Cellular pathways influenced by protein arginine methylation: Implications for cancer. Mol Cell 2021; 81:4357-4368. [PMID: 34619091 PMCID: PMC8571027 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Arginine methylation is an influential post-translational modification occurring on histones, RNA binding proteins, and many other cellular proteins, affecting their function by altering their protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions. Recently, a wealth of information has been gathered, implicating protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs), enzymes that deposit arginine methylation, in transcription, pre-mRNA splicing, DNA damage signaling, and immune signaling with major implications for cancer therapy, especially immunotherapy. This review summarizes this recent progress and the current state of PRMT inhibitors, some in clinical trials, as promising drug targets for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Stéphane Richard
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, and Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, and Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
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Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 5 Promotes the Migration of AML Cells by Regulating the Expression of Leukocyte Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor B4. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:7329072. [PMID: 34712735 PMCID: PMC8548104 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7329072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common type of acute leukemia in adults with poor prognosis. Especially for AML-M5 type, due to the strong cell migration ability, the possibility of extramedullary invasion is large and widespread, which leads to poor therapeutic effect. Previous studies have found that protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) could promote the proliferation and differentiation of leukemic cells in AML, but its regulation on the invasive ability of AML cells remains unclear. This study was designed to explore the role of PRMT5 in regulating the invasion of AML cells and to investigate the mechanisms. Patient samples were collected for detection of PRMT5 expression level. AML cells were used for exploring the function of PRMT5. The results of clinical samples showed that the expression of PRMT5 was significantly increased in newly diagnosed and recurrent AML patients, and the expression of leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B4 (LILRB4) was positively correlated with the level of PRMT5. In the cell experiment in vitro, we found that when PRMT5 was knocked down, the invasion, migration, and adhesion capacities of MV-4-11 cells and THP-1 cells were decreased, and the mRNA and protein levels of LILRB4 were also decreased. Moreover, we screened related signaling pathways and found that PRMT5 affected the expression of downstream LILRB4 by activating mTOR pathway, which in turn enhanced the invasive ability of AML cells. Taken together, PRMT5 plays an important role in the invasion of AML, which acts via regulating the expression of LILRB4. PRMT5 could act as a potential therapeutic candidate for AML.
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10
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Sasca D, Guezguez B, Kühn MWM. Next generation epigenetic modulators to target myeloid neoplasms. Curr Opin Hematol 2021; 28:356-363. [PMID: 34267079 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Comprehensive sequencing studies aimed at determining the genetic landscape of myeloid neoplasms have identified epigenetic regulators to be among the most commonly mutated genes. Detailed studies have also revealed a number of epigenetic vulnerabilities. The purpose of this review is to outline these vulnerabilities and to discuss the new generation of drugs that exploit them. RECENT FINDINGS In addition to deoxyribonucleic acid-methylation, novel epigenetic dependencies have recently been discovered in various myeloid neoplasms and many of them can be targeted pharmacologically. These include not only chromatin writers, readers, and erasers but also chromatin movers that shift nucleosomes to allow access for transcription. Inhibitors of protein-protein interactions represent a novel promising class of drugs that allow disassembly of oncogenic multiprotein complexes. SUMMARY An improved understanding of disease-specific epigenetic vulnerabilities has led to the development of second-generation mechanism-based epigenetic drugs against myeloid neoplasms. Many of these drugs have been introduced into clinical trials and synergistic drug combination regimens have been shown to enhance efficacy and potentially prevent drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sasca
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Pulmonary Medicine, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz
| | - Borhane Guezguez
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Pulmonary Medicine, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael W M Kühn
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Pulmonary Medicine, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz
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11
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Gene Transcription as a Therapeutic Target in Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147340. [PMID: 34298959 PMCID: PMC8304797 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood malignancies often arise from undifferentiated hematopoietic stem cells or partially differentiated stem-like cells. A tight balance of multipotency and differentiation, cell division, and quiescence underlying normal hematopoiesis requires a special program governed by the transcriptional machinery. Acquisition of drug resistance by tumor cells also involves reprogramming of their transcriptional landscape. Limiting tumor cell plasticity by disabling reprogramming of the gene transcription is a promising strategy for improvement of treatment outcomes. Herein, we review the molecular mechanisms of action of transcription-targeted drugs in hematological malignancies (largely in leukemia) with particular respect to the results of clinical trials.
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12
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Protein arginine methylation: from enigmatic functions to therapeutic targeting. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:509-530. [PMID: 33742187 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00159-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) are emerging as attractive therapeutic targets. PRMTs regulate transcription, splicing, RNA biology, the DNA damage response and cell metabolism; these fundamental processes are altered in many diseases. Mechanistically understanding how these enzymes fuel and sustain cancer cells, especially in specific metabolic contexts or in the presence of certain mutations, has provided the rationale for targeting them in oncology. Ongoing inhibitor development, facilitated by structural biology, has generated tool compounds for the majority of PRMTs and enabled clinical programmes for the most advanced oncology targets, PRMT1 and PRMT5. In-depth mechanistic investigations using genetic and chemical tools continue to delineate the roles of PRMTs in regulating immune cells and cancer cells, and cardiovascular and neuronal function, and determine which pathways involving PRMTs could be synergistically targeted in combination therapies for cancer. This research is enhancing our knowledge of the complex functions of arginine methylation, will guide future clinical development and could identify new clinical indications.
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Abstract
Arginine methylation is an essential post-translational modification (PTM) deposited by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) and recognized by Tudor domain-containing proteins. Of the nine mammalian PRMTs, PRMT5 is the primary enzyme responsible for the deposition of symmetric arginine methylation marks in cells. The staphylococcal nuclease and Tudor domain-containing 1 (SND1) effector protein is a key reader of the marks deposited by PRMT5. Both PRMT5 and SND1 are broadly expressed and their deregulation is reported to be associated with a range of disease phenotypes, including cancer. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an example of a cancer type that often displays elevated PRMT5 and SND1 levels, and there is evidence that hyperactivation of this axis is oncogenic. Importantly, this pathway can be tempered with small-molecule inhibitors that target PRMT5, offering a therapeutic node for cancer, such as HCC, that display high PRMT5–SND1 axis activity. Here we summarize the known activities of this writer–reader pair, with a focus on their biological roles in HCC. This will help establish a foundation for treating HCC with PRMT5 inhibitors and also identify potential biomarkers that could predict sensitivity to this type of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner Wright
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA; (T.W.); (Y.W.)
- Graduate Program in Genetics & Epigenetics, UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yalong Wang
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA; (T.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Mark T. Bedford
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA; (T.W.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Sapir T, Shifteh D, Pahmer M, Goel S, Maitra R. Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) and the ERK1/2 & PI3K Pathways: A Case for PRMT5 Inhibition and Combination Therapies in Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 19:388-394. [PMID: 33288733 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ERK1/2 (RAS, RAF, MEK, ERK) and PI3K (PI3K, AKT, mTOR, PTEN) pathways are the chief signaling pathways for cellular proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Overactivation and hyperphosphorylation of the ERK1/2 & PI3K pathways is frequently observed in cancer and is associated with poor patient prognosis. While it is well known that genetic alterations lead to the dysregulation of the ERK1/2 & PI3K pathways, increasing evidence showcase that epigenetic alterations also play a major role in the regulation of the ERK1/2 & PI3K pathways. Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is a posttranslational modifier for multiple cellular processes, which is currently being tested as a therapeutic target for cancer. PRMT5 has been shown to be overexpressed in many types of cancers, as well as negatively correlated with patient survival. Numerous studies are indicating that as a posttranslational modifier, PRMT5 is extensively involved in regulating the ERK1/2 & PI3K pathways. In addition, a large number of in vitro and in vivo studies are demonstrating that PRMT5 inhibition, as well as PRMT5 and ERK1/2 & PI3K combination therapies, show significant therapeutic effects in many cancer types. In this review, we explore the vast interactions that PRMT5 has with the ERK1/2 & PI3K pathways, and we make the case for further testing of PRMT5 inhibition, as well as PRMT5 and ERK1/2 & PI3K combination therapies, for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzuriel Sapir
- Department of Biology, Yeshiva College, Yeshiva University, New York, New York
| | - David Shifteh
- Department of Biology, Yeshiva College, Yeshiva University, New York, New York
| | - Moshe Pahmer
- Department of Biology, Yeshiva College, Yeshiva University, New York, New York
| | - Sanjay Goel
- Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Radhashree Maitra
- Department of Biology, Yeshiva College, Yeshiva University, New York, New York.
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15
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Wang N, Wu D, Long Q, Yan Y, Chen X, Zhao Z, Yan H, Zhang X, Xu M, Deng W, Liu X. Dysregulated YY1/PRMT5 axis promotes the progression and metastasis of laryngeal cancer by targeting Hippo pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2020. [PMCID: PMC7812261 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastases lead to high mortality in laryngeal cancer, but the regulation of its underlying mechanisms remains elusive. We identified Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) was significantly up‐regulated in laryngeal cancer tissues, which predicts poor patient prognosis. Functional assays demonstrated that PRMT5 overexpression promoted the invasive capacity and lymph node metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic experiments suggested that LATS2 was a downstream target of PRMT5. PRMT5 inhibition increased the expression of LATS2 and YAP phosphorylation in laryngeal cancer cells, thereby promoting laryngeal cancer metastasis. Furthermore, informatics and experimental data confirmed that PRMT5 gene was transcriptionally activated by YY1. Collectively, our results unravelled the important role of PRMT5 in laryngeal cancer tumorigenesis and metastasis. The dysregulation YY1/PRMT5/LATS2/YAP axis may contribute to laryngeal cancer progression; thus, PRMT5 may be a potential therapeutic strategy for patients with laryngeal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- School of Life Sciences Jiaying University Meizhou China
| | - Di Wu
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Qian Long
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Yue Yan
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Xiaoqi Chen
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Honghong Yan
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Xinrui Zhang
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Meilan Xu
- School of Life Sciences Jiaying University Meizhou China
| | - Wuguo Deng
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Xuekui Liu
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine Guangzhou China
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16
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Jia Z, Yue F, Chen X, Narayanan N, Qiu J, Syed SA, Imbalzano AN, Deng M, Yu P, Hu C, Kuang S. Protein Arginine Methyltransferase PRMT5 Regulates Fatty Acid Metabolism and Lipid Droplet Biogenesis in White Adipose Tissues. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2002602. [PMID: 33304767 PMCID: PMC7709973 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is an emerging regulator of cancer and stem cells including adipogenic progenitors. Here, a new physiological role of PRMT5 in adipocytes and systemic metabolism is reported. Conditional knockout mice were generated to ablate the Prmt5 gene specifically in adipocytes (Prmt5AKO). The Prmt5AKO mice exhibit sex- and depot-dependent progressive lipodystrophy that is more pronounced in females and in visceral (than subcutaneous) white fat. The lipodystrophy and associated energy imbalance, hyperlipidemia, hepatic steatosis, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance are exacerbated by high-fat-diet. Mechanistically, Prmt5 methylates and releases the transcription elongation factor SPT5 from Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy 2 (Bscl2, encoding Seipin) promoter, and Prmt5AKO disrupts Seipin-mediated lipid droplet biogenesis. Prmt5 also methylates Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Transcription Factor 1a (SREBP1a) and promotes lipogenic gene expression, and Prmt5AKO suppresses SREBP1a-dependent fatty acid metabolic pathways in adipocytes. Thus, PRMT5 plays a critical role in regulating lipid metabolism and lipid droplet biogenesis in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Jia
- Department of Animal SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
| | - Feng Yue
- Department of Animal SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
| | - Xiyue Chen
- Department of Animal SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
| | - Naagarajan Narayanan
- Department of Agricultural and Biological EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
- Bindley Bioscience CenterPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
| | - Jiamin Qiu
- Department of Animal SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
| | - Sabriya A. Syed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMA01605USA
| | - Anthony N. Imbalzano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMA01605USA
| | - Meng Deng
- Department of Agricultural and Biological EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
- Bindley Bioscience CenterPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
| | - Peng Yu
- West China Biomedical Big Data CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041China
- Medical Big Data CenterSichuan UniversityChengdu610041China
| | - Changdeng Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular PharmacologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana47907USA
- Purdue University Center for Cancer ResearchWest LafayetteIndiana47907USA
| | - Shihuan Kuang
- Department of Animal SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
- Purdue University Center for Cancer ResearchWest LafayetteIndiana47907USA
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17
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Pande V, Sun W, Beke L, Berthelot D, Brehmer D, Brown D, Corbera J, Irving S, Meerpoel L, Nys T, Parade M, Robinson C, Sommen C, Viellevoye M, Wu T, Thuring JW. A Chemical Probe for the Methyl Transferase PRMT5 with a Novel Binding Mode. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:2227-2231. [PMID: 33214833 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is an enzyme that can symmetrically dimethylate arginine residues in histones and nonhistone proteins by using S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) as the methyl donating cofactor. We have designed a library of SAM analogues and discovered potent, cell-active, and selective spiro diamines as inhibitors of the enzymatic function of PRMT5. Crystallographic studies confirmed a very interesting binding mode, involving protein flexibility, where both the cofactor pocket and part of substrate binding site are occupied by these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Pande
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Weimei Sun
- Janssen Research and Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19002, United States
| | - Lijs Beke
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Didier Berthelot
- Janssen Research and Development, Campus de Maigremont CS 10615, Val de Reuil 27106, France
| | - Dirk Brehmer
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - David Brown
- Charles River Laboratories, Structural Biology Group, Sandwich Site,, Building 500 Lab G5, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Jordi Corbera
- Eurofins-Villapharma Research, Parque Tecnoloǵico de Fuente Alamo, Carretera El Estrecho-Lobosillo, Km. 2.5, E-30320 Fuente Alamo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Steve Irving
- Charles River Laboratories, Structural Biology Group, Sandwich Site,, Building 500 Lab G5, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Lieven Meerpoel
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Thomas Nys
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marc Parade
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Colin Robinson
- Charles River Laboratories, Structural Biology Group, Sandwich Site,, Building 500 Lab G5, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Cois Sommen
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Tongfei Wu
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
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18
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Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a clinically, morphologically, and genetically heterogeneous disorder. Like many malignancies, the genomic landscape of pediatric AML has been mapped recently through sequencing of large cohorts of patients. Much has been learned about the biology of AML through studies of specific recurrent genetic lesions. Further, genetic lesions have been linked to specific clinical features, response to therapy, and outcome, leading to improvements in risk stratification. Lastly, targeted therapeutic approaches have been developed for the treatment of specific genetic lesions, some of which are already having a positive impact on outcomes. While the advances made based on the discoveries of sequencing studies are significant, much work is left. The biologic, clinical, and prognostic impact of a number of genetic lesions, including several seemingly unique to pediatric patients, remains undefined. While targeted approaches are being explored, for most, the efficacy and tolerability when incorporated into standard therapy is yet to be determined. Furthermore, the challenge of how to study small subpopulations with rare genetic lesions in an already rare disease will have to be considered. In all, while questions and challenges remain, precisely defining the genomic landscape of AML, holds great promise for ultimately leading to improved outcomes for affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Conneely
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Avenue, Feigin Tower, Suite 1025, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Rachel E Rau
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Avenue, Feigin Tower, Suite 1025, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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19
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Liu X, He J, Mao L, Zhang Y, Cui W, Duan S, Jiang A, Gao Y, Sang Y, Huang G. EPZ015666, a selective protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) inhibitor with an antitumour effect in retinoblastoma. Exp Eye Res 2020; 202:108286. [PMID: 33035554 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common intraocular malignant tumour in infants, and chemotherapy has been the primary therapy method in recent years. PRMT5 is an important member of the protein arginine methyltransferase family, which plays an important role in various tumours. Our study showed that PRMT5 was overexpressed in retinoblastoma and played an important role in retinoblastoma cell growth. EPZ015666 is a novel PRMT5 inhibitor, and we found that it inhibited retinoblastoma cell proliferation and led to cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. At the same time, EPZ015666 regulated cell cycle related protein (P53, P21, P27, CDK2) expression. In brief, our study showed that PRMT5 promoted retinoblastoma growth, the PRMT5 inhibitor EPZ015666 inhibited retinoblastoma in vitro by regulating P53-P21/P27-CDK2 signaling pathways and slowed retinoblastoma growth in a xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 128 Xiangshan Northern Road, Nanchang City, 330008 Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - JianZhong He
- Department of Ophthalmology, The People's Hospital of Pingxiang City, Pingxiang City, 337055, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Longbing Mao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 128 Xiangshan Northern Road, Nanchang City, 330008 Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 128 Xiangshan Northern Road, Nanchang City, 330008 Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - WenWen Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 128 Xiangshan Northern Road, Nanchang City, 330008 Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Sujuan Duan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 128 Xiangshan Northern Road, Nanchang City, 330008 Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Alan Jiang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis and Precision Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 128 Xiangshan Northern Road, Nanchang City, 330008, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 128 Xiangshan Northern Road, Nanchang City, 330008 Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Sang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis and Precision Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 128 Xiangshan Northern Road, Nanchang City, 330008, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guofu Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 128 Xiangshan Northern Road, Nanchang City, 330008 Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis and Precision Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 128 Xiangshan Northern Road, Nanchang City, 330008, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Palte RL, Schneider SE, Altman MD, Hayes RP, Kawamura S, Lacey BM, Mansueto MS, Reutershan M, Siliphaivanh P, Sondey C, Xu H, Xu Z, Ye Y, Machacek MR. Allosteric Modulation of Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5). ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1688-1693. [PMID: 32944135 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) belongs to a family of enzymes that regulate the posttranslational modification of histones and other proteins via methylation of arginine. Methylation of histones is linked to an increase in transcription and regulates a manifold of functions such as signal transduction and transcriptional regulation. PRMT5 has been shown to be upregulated in the tumor environment of several cancer types, and the inhibition of PRMT5 activity was identified as a potential way to reduce tumor growth. Previously, four different modes of PRMT5 inhibition were known-competing (covalently or non-covalently) with the essential cofactor S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), blocking the substrate binding pocket, or blocking both simultaneously. Herein we describe an unprecedented conformation of PRMT5 in which the formation of an allosteric binding pocket abrogates the enzyme's canonical binding site and present the discovery of potent small molecule allosteric PRMT5 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Robert P. Hayes
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
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21
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Wong NHM, So CWE. Novel therapeutic strategies for MLL-rearranged leukemias. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2020; 1863:194584. [PMID: 32534041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2020.194584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
MLL rearrangement is one of the key drivers and generally regarded as an independent poor prognostic marker in acute leukemias. The standard of care for MLL-rearranged (MLL-r) leukemias has remained largely unchanged for the past 50 years despite unsatisfying clinical outcomes, so there is an urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies. An increasing body of evidence demonstrates that a vast number of epigenetic regulators are directly or indirectly involved in MLL-r leukemia, and they are responsible for supporting the aberrant gene expression program mediated by MLL-fusions. Unlike genetic mutations, epigenetic modifications can be reversed by pharmacologic targeting of the responsible epigenetic regulators. This leads to significant interest in developing epigenetic therapies for MLL-r leukemia. Intriguingly, many of the epigenetic enzymes also involve in DNA damage response (DDR), which can be potential targets for synthetic lethality-induced therapies. In this review, we will summarize some of the recent advances in the development of epigenetic and DDR therapeutics by targeting epigenetic regulators or protein complexes that mediate MLL-r leukemia gene expression program and key players in DDR that safeguard essential genome integrity. The rationale and molecular mechanisms underpinning the therapeutic effects will also be discussed with a focus on how these treatments can disrupt MLL-fusion mediated transcriptional programs and impair DDR, which may help overcome treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nok-Hei Mickey Wong
- Department of Haematological Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies, Leukemia and Stem Cell Biology Team, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Chi Wai Eric So
- Department of Haematological Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies, Leukemia and Stem Cell Biology Team, King's College London, London, UK.
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22
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Abe Y, Tanaka N. Fine-Tuning of GLI Activity through Arginine Methylation: Its Mechanisms and Function. Cells 2020; 9:cells9091973. [PMID: 32859041 PMCID: PMC7565022 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The glioma-associated oncogene (GLI) family consists of GLI1, GLI2, and GLI3 in mammals. This family has important roles in development and homeostasis. To achieve these roles, the GLI family has widespread outputs. GLI activity is therefore strictly regulated at multiple levels, including via post-translational modifications for context-dependent GLI target gene expression. The protein arginine methyl transferase (PRMT) family is also associated with embryogenesis, homeostasis, and cancer mainly via epigenetic modifications. In the PRMT family, PRMT1, PRMT5, and PRMT7 reportedly regulate GLI1 and GLI2 activity. PRMT1 methylates GLI1 to upregulate its activity and target gene expression. Cytoplasmic PRMT5 methylates GLI1 and promotes GLI1 protein stabilization. Conversely, nucleic PRMT5 interacts with MENIN to suppress growth arrest-specific protein 1 expression, which assists Hedgehog ligand binding to Patched, indirectly resulting in downregulated GLI1 activity. PRMT7-mediated GLI2 methylation upregulates its activity through the dissociation of GLI2 and Suppressor of Fused. Together, PRMT1, PRMT5, and PRMT7 regulate GLI activity at multiple revels. Furthermore, the GLI and PRMT families have strong links with various cancers through cancer stem cell maintenance. Therefore, PRMT-mediated regulation of GLI activity would have important roles in cancer stem cell maintenance.
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23
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Liu X, Ducasa GM, Mallela SK, Kim JJ, Molina J, Mitrofanova A, Wilbon SS, Ge M, Fontanella A, Pedigo C, Santos JV, Nelson RG, Drexler Y, Contreras G, Al-Ali H, Merscher S, Fornoni A. Sterol-O-acyltransferase-1 has a role in kidney disease associated with diabetes and Alport syndrome. Kidney Int 2020; 98:1275-1285. [PMID: 32739420 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Defective cholesterol metabolism primarily linked to reduced ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) expression is closely associated with the pathogenesis and progression of kidney diseases, including diabetic kidney disease and Alport Syndrome. However, whether the accumulation of free or esterified cholesterol contributes to progression in kidney disease remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that inhibition of sterol-O-acyltransferase-1 (SOAT1), the enzyme at the endoplasmic reticulum that converts free cholesterol to cholesterol esters, which are then stored in lipid droplets, effectively reduced cholesterol ester and lipid droplet formation in human podocytes. Furthermore, we found that inhibition of SOAT1 in podocytes reduced lipotoxicity-mediated podocyte injury in diabetic kidney disease and Alport Syndrome in association with increased ABCA1 expression and ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux. In vivo, Soat1 deficient mice did not develop albuminuria or mesangial expansion at 10-12 months of age. However, Soat1 deficiency/inhibition in experimental models of diabetic kidney disease and Alport Syndrome reduced cholesterol ester content in kidney cortices and protected from disease progression. Thus, targeting SOAT1-mediated cholesterol metabolism may represent a new therapeutic strategy to treat kidney disease in patients with diabetic kidney disease and Alport Syndrome, like that suggested for Alzheimer's disease and cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Liu
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Gloria Michelle Ducasa
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Shamroop Kumar Mallela
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jin-Ju Kim
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Judith Molina
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Alla Mitrofanova
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sydney Symone Wilbon
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Mengyuan Ge
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Antonio Fontanella
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Christopher Pedigo
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Javier Varona Santos
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Robert G Nelson
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Yelena Drexler
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Gabriel Contreras
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Hassan Al-Ali
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sandra Merscher
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
| | - Alessia Fornoni
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
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24
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CARM1 inhibition reduces histone acetyltransferase activity causing synthetic lethality in CREBBP/EP300-mutated lymphomas. Leukemia 2020; 34:3269-3285. [PMID: 32576962 PMCID: PMC7688486 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-0908-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Somatic mutations affecting CREBBP and
EP300 are a hallmark of Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma
(DLBCL). These mutations are frequently monoallelic, within the histone
acetyltransferase (HAT) domain and usually mutually exclusive, suggesting that
they might affect a common pathway and their residual WT expression is required
for cell survival. Using in vitro and in vivo
models, we found that inhibition of CARM1 activity (CARM1i) slows DLBCL growth
and that the levels of sensitivity are positively correlated with the
CREBBP/EP300 mutation load. Conversely, treatment of DLBCLs
that do not have CREBBP/EP300 mutations with CARM1i and a
CBP/p300 inhibitor revealed a strong synergistic effect. Our mechanistic data
show that CARM1i further reduces the HAT activity of CBP genome wide and
downregulates CBP target genes in DLBCL cells, resulting in a synthetic
lethality that leverages the mutational status of CREBBP/EP300
as a biomarker for the use of small molecule inhibitors of CARM1 in DLBCL and
other cancers.
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25
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Schnormeier AK, Pommerenke C, Kaufmann M, Drexler HG, Koeppel M. Genomic deregulation of PRMT5 supports growth and stress tolerance in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9775. [PMID: 32555249 PMCID: PMC7299935 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66224-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients suffering from chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) display highly diverse clinical courses ranging from indolent cases to aggressive disease, with genetic and epigenetic features resembling this diversity. Here, we developed a comprehensive approach combining a variety of molecular and clinical data to pinpoint translocation events disrupting long-range chromatin interactions and causing cancer-relevant transcriptional deregulation. Thereby, we discovered a B cell specific cis-regulatory element restricting the expression of genes in the associated locus, including PRMT5 and DAD1, two factors with oncogenic potential. Experimental PRMT5 inhibition identified transcriptional programs similar to those in patients with differences in PRMT5 abundance, especially MYC-driven and stress response pathways. In turn, such inhibition impairs factors involved in DNA repair, sensitizing cells for apoptosis. Moreover, we show that artificial deletion of the regulatory element from its endogenous context resulted in upregulation of corresponding genes, including PRMT5. Furthermore, such disruption renders PRMT5 transcription vulnerable to additional stimuli and subsequently alters the expression of downstream PRMT5 targets. These studies provide a mechanism of PRMT5 deregulation in CLL and the molecular dependencies identified might have therapeutic implementations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Schnormeier
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute for Cell Biology (Tumor Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical School, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Pommerenke
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maren Kaufmann
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hans G Drexler
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Max Koeppel
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, Braunschweig, Germany.
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26
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MAT2A as Key Regulator and Therapeutic Target in MLLr Leukemogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051342. [PMID: 32456310 PMCID: PMC7281730 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic dysregulation plays a pivotal role in mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) pathogenesis, therefore serving as a suitable therapeutic target. S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) is the universal methyl donor in human cells and is synthesized by methionine adenosyltransferase 2A (MAT2A), which is deregulated in different cancer types. Here, we used our human CRISPR/Cas9-MLL-rearranged (CRISPR/Cas9-MLLr) leukemia model, faithfully mimicking MLLr patients’ pathology with indefinite growth potential in vitro, to evaluate the unknown role of MAT2A. Comparable to publicly available patient data, we detected MAT2A to be significantly overexpressed in our CRISPR/Cas9-MLLr model compared to healthy controls. By using non-MLLr and MLLr cell lines and our model, we detected an MLLr-specific enhanced response to PF-9366, a new MAT2A inhibitor, and small interfering (si) RNA-mediated knockdown of MAT2A, by alteration of the proliferation, viability, differentiation, apoptosis, cell cycling, and histone methylation. Moreover, the combinational treatment of PF-9366 with chemotherapy or targeted therapies against the SAM-dependent methyltransferases, disruptor of telomeric silencing 1 like (DOT1L) and protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5), revealed even more pronounced effects. In summary, we uncovered MAT2A as a key regulator in MLL leukemogenesis and its inhibition led to significant anti-leukemic effects. Therefore, our study paves the avenue for clinical application of PF-9366 to improve the treatment of poor prognosis MLLr leukemia.
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27
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Schwaller J. Learning from mouse models of MLL fusion gene-driven acute leukemia. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2020; 1863:194550. [PMID: 32320749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2020.194550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
5-10% of human acute leukemias carry chromosomal translocations involving the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene that result in the expression of chimeric protein fusing MLL to >80 different partners of which AF4, ENL and AF9 are the most prevalent. In contrast to many other leukemia-associated mutations, several MLL-fusions are powerful oncogenes that transform hematopoietic stem cells but also more committed progenitor cells. Here, I review different approaches that were used to express MLL fusions in the murine hematopoietic system which often, but not always, resulted in highly penetrant and transplantable leukemias that closely phenocopied the human disease. Due to its simple and reliable nature, reconstitution of irradiated mice with bone marrow cells retrovirally expressing the MLL-AF9 fusion became the most frequently in vivo model to study the biology of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). I review some of the most influential studies that used this model to dissect critical protein interactions, the impact of epigenetic regulators, microRNAs and microenvironment-dependent signals for MLL fusion-driven leukemia. In addition, I highlight studies that used this model for shRNA- or genome editing-based screens for cellular vulnerabilities that allowed to identify novel therapeutic targets of which some entered clinical trials. Finally, I discuss some inherent characteristics of the widely used mouse model based on retroviral expression of the MLL-AF9 fusion that can limit general conclusions for the biology of AML. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The MLL family of proteins in normal development and disease edited by Thomas A Milne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juerg Schwaller
- University Children's Hospital Beider Basel (UKBB), Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland.
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28
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Tan DQ, Li Y, Yang C, Li J, Tan SH, Chin DWL, Nakamura-Ishizu A, Yang H, Suda T. PRMT5 Modulates Splicing for Genome Integrity and Preserves Proteostasis of Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 26:2316-2328.e6. [PMID: 30811983 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is essential for hematopoiesis, while PRMT5 inhibition remains a promising therapeutic strategy against various cancers. Here, we demonstrate that hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) quiescence and viability are severely perturbed upon PRMT5 depletion, which also increases HSC size, PI3K/AKT/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway activity, and protein synthesis rate. We uncover a critical role for PRMT5 in maintaining HSC genomic integrity by modulating splicing of genes involved in DNA repair. We found that reducing PRMT5 activity upregulates exon skipping and intron retention events that impair gene expression. Genes across multiple DNA repair pathways are affected, several of which mediate interstrand crosslink repair and homologous recombination. Consequently, loss of PRMT5 activity leads to endogenous DNA damage that triggers p53 activation, induces apoptosis, and culminates in rapid HSC exhaustion, which is significantly delayed by p53 depletion. Collectively, these findings establish the importance of cell-intrinsic PRMT5 activity in HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Qiancheng Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ying Li
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chong Yang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jia Li
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shi Hao Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Desmond Wai Loon Chin
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ayako Nakamura-Ishizu
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Henry Yang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Toshio Suda
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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29
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PRMT5 Regulates DNA Repair by Controlling the Alternative Splicing of Histone-Modifying Enzymes. Cell Rep 2019; 24:2643-2657. [PMID: 30184499 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is overexpressed in many cancer types and is a promising therapeutic target for several of them, including leukemia and lymphoma. However, we and others have reported that PRMT5 is essential for normal physiology. This dependence may become dose limiting in a therapeutic setting, warranting the search for combinatorial approaches. Here, we report that PRMT5 depletion or inhibition impairs homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair, leading to DNA-damage accumulation, p53 activation, cell-cycle arrest, and cell death. PRMT5 symmetrically dimethylates histone and non-histone substrates, including several components of the RNA splicing machinery. We find that PRMT5 depletion or inhibition induces aberrant splicing of the multifunctional histone-modifying and DNA-repair factor TIP60/KAT5, which selectively affects its lysine acetyltransferase activity and leads to impaired HR. As HR deficiency sensitizes cells to PARP inhibitors, we demonstrate here that PRMT5 and PARP inhibitors have synergistic effects on acute myeloid leukemia cells.
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30
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PRMT5 methylome profiling uncovers a direct link to splicing regulation in acute myeloid leukemia. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2019; 26:999-1012. [PMID: 31611688 PMCID: PMC6858565 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-019-0313-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) has emerged as a promising cancer drug target, and three PRMT5 inhibitors are currently in clinical trials for multiple malignancies. In this study, we investigated the role of PRMT5 in human acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Using an enzymatic dead version of PRMT5 and a PRMT5-specific inhibitor, we demonstrated the requirement of the catalytic activity of PRMT5 for the survival of AML cells. We then identified PRMT5 substrates using multiplexed quantitative proteomics and investigated their role in the survival of AML cells. We found that the function of the splicing regulator SRSF1 relies on its methylation by PRMT5 and that loss of PRMT5 leads to changes in alternative splicing of multiple essential genes. This explains the requirement of PRMT5 for leukemia cell survival. We show that PRMT5 regulates binding of SRSF1 to mRNAs and proteins and provide potential biomarkers for the treatment response to PRMT5 inhibitors.
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31
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Gambacorta V, Gnani D, Vago L, Di Micco R. Epigenetic Therapies for Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Their Immune-Related Effects. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:207. [PMID: 31681756 PMCID: PMC6797914 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, our molecular understanding of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) pathogenesis dramatically increased, thanks also to the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies. Many of these findings, however, have not yet translated into new prognostic markers or rationales for treatments. We now know that AML is a highly heterogeneous disease characterized by a very low mutational burden. Interestingly, the few mutations identified mainly reside in epigenetic regulators, which shape and define leukemic cell identity. In the light of these discoveries and given the increasing number of drugs targeting epigenetic regulators in clinical development and testing, great interest is emerging for the use of small molecules targeting leukemia epigenome. Together with their effects on leukemia cell-intrinsic properties, such as proliferation and survival, epigenetic drugs may affect the way leukemic cells communicate with the surrounding components of the tumor and immune microenvironment. Here, we review current knowledge on alterations in the AML epigenetic landscape and discuss the promises of epigenetic therapies for AML treatment. Finally, we summarize emerging molecular studies elucidating how epigenetic rewiring in cancer cells may as well exert immune-modulatory functions, boost the immune system, and potentially contribute to better patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gambacorta
- Unit of Senescence in Stem Cell Aging, Differentiation and Cancer, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Unit of Immunogenetics, Leukemia Genomics and Immunobiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Milano-Bicocca University, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Gnani
- Unit of Senescence in Stem Cell Aging, Differentiation and Cancer, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Vago
- Unit of Immunogenetics, Leukemia Genomics and Immunobiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Unit of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Di Micco
- Unit of Senescence in Stem Cell Aging, Differentiation and Cancer, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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32
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Wingelhofer B, Somervaille TCP. Emerging Epigenetic Therapeutic Targets in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Front Oncol 2019; 9:850. [PMID: 31552175 PMCID: PMC6743337 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a genetically heterogeneous malignancy for which treatment options have been largely limited to cytotoxic chemotherapy for the past four decades. Next-generation sequencing and other approaches have identified a spectrum of genomic and epigenomic alterations that contribute to AML initiation and maintenance. The key role of epigenetic modifiers and the reversibility of epigenetic changes have paved the way for evaluation of a new set of drug targets, and facilitated the design of novel candidate treatment strategies. More recently, seven new targeted therapies have been FDA-approved demonstrating successful implementation of the past decades' research. In this review, we will summarize the most recent advances in targeted therapeutics designed for a focused group of key epigenetic regulators in AML, outline their mechanism of action and their current status in clinical development. Furthermore, we will discuss promising new approaches for epigenetic targeted treatment in AML which are currently being tested in pre-clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim C. P. Somervaille
- Leukaemia Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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33
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Inhibition of DOT1L and PRMT5 promote synergistic anti-tumor activity in a human MLL leukemia model induced by CRISPR/Cas9. Oncogene 2019; 38:7181-7195. [PMID: 31417187 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0937-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MLL rearrangements play a crucial role in leukemogenesis and comprise a poor prognosis. Therefore, new treatment strategies are urgently needed. We used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate an innovative leukemia model based on 100% pure MLL-AF4 or -AF9 rearranged cells derived from umbilical cord blood with indefinite growth in cell culture systems. Our model shared phenotypical, morphological and molecular features of patient cells faithfully mimicking the nature of the disease. Thus, it serves as a fundamental basis for pharmacological studies: inhibition of histone methyltransferase disruptor of telomeric silencing 1-like (DOT1L) is one specific therapeutic approach currently tested in clinical trials. However, success was limited by restricted response warranting further investigation of drug combinations. Recently, it has been shown that the inhibition of protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) exhibits anti-tumoral activity against human cell lines and in MLL mouse models. Here, we used DOT1L and PRMT5 inhibitors in our human MLL-rearranged model demonstrating dose-dependent reduced proliferation, impairment of cell cycle, increasing differentiation, apoptosis, downregulation of target genes and sensitization to chemotherapy. Strikingly, the combination of both compounds led to synergistic anti-tumoral effects. Our study provides a strong rationale for novel targeted combination therapies to improve the outcome of MLL-rearranged leukemias.
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34
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Dilworth D, Barsyte-Lovejoy D. Targeting protein methylation: from chemical tools to precision medicines. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2967-2985. [PMID: 31104094 PMCID: PMC11105543 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03147-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The methylation of proteins is integral to the execution of many important biological functions, including cell signalling and transcriptional regulation. Protein methyltransferases (PMTs) are a large class of enzymes that carry out the addition of methyl marks to a broad range of substrates. PMTs are critical for normal cellular physiology and their dysregulation is frequently observed in human disease. As such, PMTs have emerged as promising therapeutic targets with several inhibitors now in clinical trials for oncology indications. The discovery of chemical inhibitors and antagonists of protein methylation signalling has also profoundly impacted our general understanding of PMT biology and pharmacology. In this review, we present general principles for drugging protein methyltransferases or their downstream effectors containing methyl-binding modules, as well as best-in-class examples of the compounds discovered and their impact both at the bench and in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dilworth
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Dalia Barsyte-Lovejoy
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.
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35
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Mersaoui SY, Yu Z, Coulombe Y, Karam M, Busatto FF, Masson J, Richard S. Arginine methylation of the DDX5 helicase RGG/RG motif by PRMT5 regulates resolution of RNA:DNA hybrids. EMBO J 2019; 38:e100986. [PMID: 31267554 PMCID: PMC6669924 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant transcription-associated RNA:DNA hybrid (R-loop) formation often causes catastrophic conflicts during replication, resulting in DNA double-strand breaks and genomic instability. Preventing such conflicts requires hybrid dissolution by helicases and/or RNase H. Little is known about how such helicases are regulated. Herein, we identify DDX5, an RGG/RG motif-containing DEAD-box family RNA helicase, as crucial player in R-loop resolution. In vitro, recombinant DDX5 resolves R-loops in an ATP-dependent manner, leading to R-loop degradation by the XRN2 exoribonuclease. DDX5-deficient cells accumulate R-loops at loci with propensity to form such structures based on RNA:DNA immunoprecipitation (DRIP)-qPCR, causing spontaneous DNA double-strand breaks and hypersensitivity to replication stress. DDX5 associates with XRN2 and resolves R-loops at transcriptional termination regions downstream of poly(A) sites, to facilitate RNA polymerase II release associated with transcriptional termination. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) binds and methylates DDX5 at its RGG/RG motif. This motif is required for DDX5 interaction with XRN2 and repression of cellular R-loops, but not essential for DDX5 helicase enzymatic activity. PRMT5-deficient cells accumulate R-loops, resulting in increased formation of γH2AX foci. Our findings exemplify a mechanism by which an RNA helicase is modulated by arginine methylation to resolve R-loops, and its potential role in regulating transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiane Y Mersaoui
- Departments of Oncology and MedicineSegal Cancer CenterLady Davis Institute for Medical ResearchMcGill UniversityMontréalQCCanada
| | - Zhenbao Yu
- Departments of Oncology and MedicineSegal Cancer CenterLady Davis Institute for Medical ResearchMcGill UniversityMontréalQCCanada
| | - Yan Coulombe
- Genome Stability LaboratoryOncology DivisionCHU de Québec‐Université LavalQuébecQCCanada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and PathologyLaval University Cancer Research CenterQuébecQCCanada
| | - Martin Karam
- Departments of Oncology and MedicineSegal Cancer CenterLady Davis Institute for Medical ResearchMcGill UniversityMontréalQCCanada
| | - Franciele F Busatto
- Genome Stability LaboratoryOncology DivisionCHU de Québec‐Université LavalQuébecQCCanada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and PathologyLaval University Cancer Research CenterQuébecQCCanada
| | - Jean‐Yves Masson
- Genome Stability LaboratoryOncology DivisionCHU de Québec‐Université LavalQuébecQCCanada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and PathologyLaval University Cancer Research CenterQuébecQCCanada
| | - Stéphane Richard
- Departments of Oncology and MedicineSegal Cancer CenterLady Davis Institute for Medical ResearchMcGill UniversityMontréalQCCanada
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36
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The regulation, functions and clinical relevance of arginine methylation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2019; 20:642-657. [PMID: 31350521 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-019-0155-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Methylation of arginine residues by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) is involved in the regulation of fundamental cellular processes, including transcription, RNA processing, signal transduction cascades, the DNA damage response and liquid-liquid phase separation. Recent studies have provided considerable advances in the development of experimental tools and the identification of clinically relevant PRMT inhibitors. In this review, we discuss the regulation of PRMTs, their various cellular roles and the clinical relevance of PRMT inhibitors for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases and cancer.
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37
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Rational Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel triazole derivatives as potent and selective PRMT5 inhibitors with antitumor activity. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2019; 33:775-785. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-019-00214-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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38
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Di Pietro A, Good-Jacobson KL. Disrupting the Code: Epigenetic Dysregulation of Lymphocyte Function during Infectious Disease and Lymphoma Development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 201:1109-1118. [PMID: 30082273 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte differentiation and identity are controlled by signals in the microenvironment that ultimately mediate gene expression in the nucleus. Although much focus has centered on the strategic and often unique roles transcription factors play within lymphocyte subsets, it is increasingly clear that another level of molecular regulation is crucial for regulating gene expression programs. In particular, epigenetic regulation is critical for appropriately regulated temporal and cell-type-specific gene expression during immune responses. As such, mutations in epigenetic modifiers are linked with lymphomagenesis. Furthermore, certain infections can remodel the epigenome in host cells, either through the microenvironment or by directly co-opting host epigenetic mechanisms, leading to inappropriate gene expression and/or ineffective cellular behavior. This review will focus on how histone modifications and DNA methylation, and the enzymes that regulate the epigenome, underpin lymphocyte differentiation and function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Di Pietro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; and Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Kim L Good-Jacobson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; and Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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39
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Dhall A, Zee BM, Yan F, Blanco MA. Intersection of Epigenetic and Metabolic Regulation of Histone Modifications in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Front Oncol 2019; 9:432. [PMID: 31192132 PMCID: PMC6540842 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is one of the most lethal blood cancers, accounting for close to a quarter of a million annual deaths worldwide. Even though genetically heterogeneous, all AMLs are characterized by two interrelated features—blocked differentiation and high proliferative capacity. Despite significant progress in our understanding of the molecular and genetic basis of AML, the treatment of AMLs with chemotherapeutic regimens has remained largely unchanged in the past 30 years. In this review, we will consider the role of two cellular processes, metabolism and epigenetics, in the development and progression of AML and highlight the studies that suggest an interconnection of therapeutic importance between the two. Large-scale whole-exome sequencing of AML patients has revealed the presence of mutations, translocations or duplications in several epigenetic effectors such as DNMT3, MLL, ASXL1, and TET2, often times co-occuring with mutations in metabolic enzymes such as IDH1 and IDH2. These mutations often result in impaired enzymatic activity which leads to an altered epigenetic landscape through dysregulation of chromatin modifications such as DNA methylation, histone acetylation and methylation. We will discuss the role of enzymes that are responsible for establishing these modifications, namely histone acetyl transferases (HAT), histone methyl transferases (HMT), demethylases (KDMs), and deacetylases (HDAC), and also highlight the merits and demerits of using inhibitors that target these enzymes. Furthermore, we will tie in the metabolic regulation of co-factors such as acetyl-CoA, SAM, and α-ketoglutarate that are utilized by these enzymes and examine the role of metabolic inhibitors as a treatment option for AML. In doing so, we hope to stimulate interest in this topic and help generate a rationale for the consideration of the combinatorial use of metabolic and epigenetic inhibitors for the treatment of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Dhall
- Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Barry M Zee
- Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Fangxue Yan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - M Andres Blanco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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40
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Tao H, Yan X, Zhu K, Zhang H. Discovery of Novel PRMT5 Inhibitors by Virtual Screening and Biological Evaluations. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2019; 67:382-388. [PMID: 30930442 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As an important epigenetics related enzyme, protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) has been confirmed as an anticancer therapeutic target in recent years. Among all the reported PRMT5 inhibitors, two small molecules (GSK-3326595 and JNJ-64619178) are currently being assessed in clinical trial. In this study, 40 PRMT5 inhibitor candidates were purchased from SPECS database supplier according to the pharmacophore and molecular docking based virtual screening results. Alpha linked immunosorbent assay (LISA) methylation assay was performed to test their inhibitory activity against PRMT5. The in vitro enzymatic assay results indicated that four compounds (2, 4, 10 and 37) showed PRMT5 inhibitory activity, while 4 and 10 displayed the most potent activity with IC50 values of 8.1 ± 1.1 and 6.5 ± 0.6 µM, respectively. The inhibitory activity results of 20 extra analogs of 4 further confirmed the potency of this scaffold. As expected, compounds 4 and 10 exhibited moderate anti-proliferative activity against mantle cell lymphoma Jeko-1 and leukemia cell MV4-11. Besides, Western blot assay results showed that 4 could reduce the H4R3me2s level in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that it could inhibit the activity of PRMT5 in cellular context. Detailed interactions between 4 and PRMT5 were characterized by binding mode analysis through molecular docking. The compounds discovered in this study will inspire medicinal chemists to further explore this series of PRMT5 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Tao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan.,Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xue Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan
| | - Kongkai Zhu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan
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41
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Role of protein arginine methyltransferase 5 in human cancers. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 114:108790. [PMID: 30903920 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) play important roles in protein methylation. PRMT5 is the major type II arginine methyltransferase that catalyzes the transfer of two methyl groups symmetrically to the arginine residues of either histone or non-histone proteins. In recent years, increasing evidence has shown that PRMT5, as an oncogene, plays an indispensable regulatory role in the pathological progression of several human cancers by promoting the proliferation, invasion, and migration of cancer cells. PRMT5 is overexpressed in many malignant tumors and plays an important role in the occurrence and development of cancer, which suggests that PRMT5 may become a potential biomarker or therapeutic target of cancer. This article reviews the biological function, mechanism, and clinical significance of PRMT5 in tumorigenesis.
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42
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Demetriadou C, Pavlou D, Mpekris F, Achilleos C, Stylianopoulos T, Zaravinos A, Papageorgis P, Kirmizis A. NAA40 contributes to colorectal cancer growth by controlling PRMT5 expression. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:236. [PMID: 30858358 PMCID: PMC6411749 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1487-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
N-alpha-acetyltransferase 40 (NAA40) catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl moiety to the alpha-amino group of serine 1 (S1) on histones H4 and H2A. Our previous studies linked NAA40 and its corresponding N-terminal acetylation of histone H4 (N-acH4) to colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the role of NAA40 in CRC development was not investigated. Here, we show that NAA40 protein and mRNA levels are commonly increased in CRC primary tissues compared to non-malignant specimens. Importantly, depletion of NAA40 inhibits cell proliferation and survival of CRC cell lines and increases their sensitivity to 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) treatment. Moreover, the absence of NAA40 significantly delays the growth of human CRC xenograft tumors. Intriguingly, we found that NAA40 knockdown and loss of N-acH4 reduce the levels of symmetric dimethylation of histone H4 (H4R3me2s) through transcriptional downregulation of protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5). NAA40 depletion and subsequent repression of PRMT5 results in altered expression of key oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes leading to inhibition of CRC cell growth. Consistent with this, NAA40 mRNA levels correlate with those of PRMT5 in CRC patient tissues. Taken together, our results establish the oncogenic function of the epigenetic enzyme NAA40 in colon cancer and support its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Demetriadou
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Demetria Pavlou
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Fotios Mpekris
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Charis Achilleos
- Tumor Viruses and Cancer Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Triantafyllos Stylianopoulos
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Apostolos Zaravinos
- Department of Life Sciences, European University Cyprus, 1516, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Antonis Kirmizis
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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43
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Goldman SL, Hassan C, Khunte M, Soldatenko A, Jong Y, Afshinnekoo E, Mason CE. Epigenetic Modifications in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Prognosis, Treatment, and Heterogeneity. Front Genet 2019; 10:133. [PMID: 30881380 PMCID: PMC6405641 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemia, specifically acute myeloid leukemia (AML), is a common malignancy that can be differentiated into multiple subtypes based on leukemogenic history and etiology. Although genetic aberrations, particularly cytogenetic abnormalities and mutations in known oncogenes, play an integral role in AML development, epigenetic processes have been shown as a significant and sometimes independent dynamic in AML pathophysiology. Here, we summarize how tumors evolve and describe AML through an epigenetic lens, including discussions on recent discoveries that include prognostics from epialleles, changes in RNA function for hematopoietic stem cells and the epitranscriptome, and novel epigenetic treatment options. We further describe the limitations of treatment in the context of the high degree of heterogeneity that characterizes acute myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Goldman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Ciaran Hassan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Yale College, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Mihir Khunte
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Yale College, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Arielle Soldatenko
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Yale College, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Yunji Jong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Yale College, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ebrahim Afshinnekoo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,The WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Christopher E Mason
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,The WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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44
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Jing P, Xie N, Zhu X, Dang H, Gu Z. The methylation induced by protein arginine methyltransferase 5 promotes tumorigenesis and progression of lung cancer. J Thorac Dis 2019; 10:7014-7019. [PMID: 30746248 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.10.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Arginine methylation as a common pattern of post-translational modification is involved in many cellular biological processes. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is a primary enzyme in charge of symmetric dimethylation (me2s) of arginine residues. Increasing literatures lead to the belief that PRMT5, as a potential oncogene, plays crucial roles in the tumorigenesis and progression of cancers. First of all, PRMT5 is overexpressed in several cancer cells, with various sub-cellular localization in different type of cells and different phases. Besides, PRMT5 participates in controlling cellular proliferation, differentiation, invasion, migration as well apoptosis through histone and other protein methylation. Moreover, PRMT5 is essential for growth and metastasis of lung cancer cells, and its overexpression indicates a poor clinical outcome of lung cancer. Therefore, in this review, we reviewed the substantial new literatures on PRMT5 and its functions, in order to highlight the significance of understanding this essential enzyme in lung cancer tumorigenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Jing
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of AFMU, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Nianlin Xie
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of AFMU, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Ximing Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of AFMU, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Haizhou Dang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of AFMU, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Zhongping Gu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of AFMU, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
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45
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PRMT5 is essential for B cell development and germinal center dynamics. Nat Commun 2019; 10:22. [PMID: 30604754 PMCID: PMC6318318 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07884-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms regulating B cell development, activation, education in the germinal center (GC) and differentiation, underpin the humoral immune response. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (Prmt5), which catalyzes most symmetric dimethyl arginine protein modifications, is overexpressed in B cell lymphomas but its function in normal B cells is poorly defined. Here we show that Prmt5 is necessary for antibody responses and has essential but distinct functions in all proliferative B cell stages in mice. Prmt5 is necessary for B cell development by preventing p53-dependent and p53-independent blocks in Pro-B and Pre-B cells, respectively. By contrast, Prmt5 protects, via p53-independent pathways, mature B cells from apoptosis during activation, promotes GC expansion, and counters plasma cell differentiation. Phenotypic and RNA-seq data indicate that Prmt5 regulates GC light zone B cell fate by regulating transcriptional programs, achieved in part by ensuring RNA splicing fidelity. Our results establish Prmt5 as an essential regulator of B cell biology. Protective antibody responses depend critically on proper B cell development and differentiation at multiple stages. Here the authors show that a protein arginine methyltransferase, Prmt5 uses multiples pathways to prevent death of immature B cells, yet modulates, in p53-independent manners, the survival and differentiation of mature B cells.
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46
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De Smedt E, Lui H, Maes K, De Veirman K, Menu E, Vanderkerken K, De Bruyne E. The Epigenome in Multiple Myeloma: Impact on Tumor Cell Plasticity and Drug Response. Front Oncol 2018; 8:566. [PMID: 30619733 PMCID: PMC6297718 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal plasma cell malignancy that develops primarily in the bone marrow (BM), where reciprocal interactions with the BM niche foster MM cell survival, growth, and drug resistance. MM cells furthermore reshape the BM to their own needs by affecting the different BM stromal cell types resulting in angiogenesis, bone destruction, and immune suppression. Despite recent advances in treatment modalities, MM remains most often incurable due to the development of drug resistance to all standard of care agents. This underscores the unmet need for these heavily treated relapsed/refractory patients. Disruptions in epigenetic regulation are a well-known hallmark of cancer cells, contributing to both cancer onset and progression. In MM, sequencing and gene expression profiling studies have also identified numerous epigenetic defects, including locus-specific DNA hypermethylation of cancer-related and B cell specific genes, genome-wide DNA hypomethylation and genetic defects, copy number variations and/or abnormal expression patterns of various chromatin modifying enzymes. Importantly, these so-called epimutations contribute to genomic instability, disease progression, and a worse outcome. Moreover, the frequency of mutations observed in genes encoding for histone methyltransferases and DNA methylation modifiers increases following treatment, indicating a role in the emergence of drug resistance. In support of this, accumulating evidence also suggest a role for the epigenetic machinery in MM cell plasticity, driving the differentiation of the malignant cells to a less mature and drug resistant state. This review discusses the current state of knowledge on the role of epigenetics in MM, with a focus on deregulated histone methylation modifiers and the impact on MM cell plasticity and drug resistance. We also provide insight into the potential of epigenetic modulating agents to enhance clinical drug responses and avoid disease relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva De Smedt
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hui Lui
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ken Maes
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kim De Veirman
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eline Menu
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karin Vanderkerken
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elke De Bruyne
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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47
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Rau RE, Loh ML. Using genomics to define pediatric blood cancers and inform practice. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2018; 2018:286-300. [PMID: 30504323 PMCID: PMC6245969 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2018.1.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been exponential growth in the number of genome sequencing studies performed across a spectrum of human diseases as sequencing technologies and analytic pipelines improve and costs decline. Pediatric hematologic malignancies have been no exception, with a multitude of next generation sequencing studies conducted on large cohorts of patients in recent years. These efforts have defined the mutational landscape of a number of leukemia subtypes and also identified germ-line genetic variants biologically and clinically relevant to pediatric leukemias. The findings have deepened our understanding of the biology of many childhood leukemias. Additionally, a number of recent discoveries may positively impact the care of pediatric leukemia patients through refinement of risk stratification, identification of targetable genetic lesions, and determination of risk for therapy-related toxicity. Although incredibly promising, many questions remain, including the biologic significance of identified genetic lesions and their clinical implications in the context of contemporary therapy. Importantly, the identification of germ-line mutations and variants with possible implications for members of the patient's family raises challenging ethical questions. Here, we review emerging genomic data germane to pediatric hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Rau
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and
| | - Mignon L. Loh
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children’s Hospital and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA
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48
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Xu X, Schneider B. Therapeutic targeting potential of chromatin-associated proteins in MLL-rearranged acute leukemia. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2018; 42:117-130. [DOI: 10.1007/s13402-018-0414-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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49
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Discovery of new potent protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) inhibitors by assembly of key pharmacophores from known inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:3693-3699. [PMID: 30366617 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is an epigenetics related enzyme that has been validated as a promising therapeutic target for human cancer. Up to now, two small molecule PRMT5 inhibitors has been put into phase I clinical trial. In the present study, a series of candidate molecules were designed by combining key pharmacophores of formerly reported PRMT5 inhibitors. The in vitro PRMT5 inhibitory testing of compound 4b14 revealed an IC50 of 2.71 μM, exhibiting high selectivity over PRMT1 and PRMT4 (>70-fold selective). As expected, 4b14 exhibited potent anti-proliferative activity against a panel of leukemia and lymphoma cells, including MV4-11, Pfeiffer, SU-DHL-4 and KARPAS-422. Besides, 4b14 showed significant cell cycle arrest and apoptosis-inducing effects, as well as reduced the cellular symmetric arginine dimethylation level of SmD3 protein. Finally, affinity profiling analysis indicated that hydrophobic interactions, π-π stacking and cation-π actions made the major contributions to the overall binding affinity. This scaffold provides a new chemical template for further development of better lead compounds targeting PRMT5.
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50
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Bradley TJ, Watts JM, Swords RT. Leveraging Hypomethylating Agents for Better MDS Therapy. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2018; 13:507-515. [PMID: 30267380 DOI: 10.1007/s11899-018-0477-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a clinically and molecularly heterogeneous disease, which primarily occurs in older adults. Although hypomethylating agents have survival benefit and are the current standard of care, many MDS patients will not garner a response from therapy. For those who do respond, most responses are not durable, and the only hope for a cure is allogeneic stem cell transplant. New therapies to improve outcomes are urgently needed. RECENT FINDINGS Clinical trials combining standard hypomethylating agents with novel experimental agents are underway in an effort to improve clinical outcomes in MDS patients. Several of these small molecules have demonstrated the ability to augment the response rates of hypomethylating agents alone, including complete remission rates, in both the front line and refractory settings. Combination approaches utilizing hypomethylating agents and novel-targeted therapies have demonstrated the ability to improve response rates in MDS patients in both the front line and salvage settings, and thus may change the standard of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence J Bradley
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 90 SW 3rd Street #2210, Miami, FL, 33130, USA.
| | - Justin M Watts
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 90 SW 3rd Street #2210, Miami, FL, 33130, USA
| | - Ronan T Swords
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 90 SW 3rd Street #2210, Miami, FL, 33130, USA
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