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Sharme RK, Quijada M, Terrones M, Rana MM. Thin Conducting Films: Preparation Methods, Optical and Electrical Properties, and Emerging Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:4559. [PMID: 39336302 DOI: 10.3390/ma17184559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
Thin conducting films are distinct from bulk materials and have become prevalent over the past decades as they possess unique physical, electrical, optical, and mechanical characteristics. Comprehending these essential properties for developing novel materials with tailored features for various applications is very important. Research on these conductive thin films provides us insights into the fundamental principles, behavior at different dimensions, interface phenomena, etc. This study comprehensively analyzes the intricacies of numerous commonly used thin conducting films, covering from the fundamentals to their advanced preparation methods. Moreover, the article discusses the impact of different parameters on those thin conducting films' electronic and optical properties. Finally, the recent future trends along with challenges are also highlighted to address the direction the field is heading towards. It is imperative to review the study to gain insight into the future development and advancing materials science, thus extending innovation and addressing vital challenges in diverse technological domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razia Khan Sharme
- Division of Physics, Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Sciences, and Research on Nanomaterial-Based Integrated Circuits and Electronics (NICE), Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901, USA
| | - Manuel Quijada
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Mauricio Terrones
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Davey Lab, PMB 196, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Mukti M Rana
- Division of Physics, Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Sciences, and Research on Nanomaterial-Based Integrated Circuits and Electronics (NICE), Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901, USA
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2
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Sansone L, Loffredo F, Cilento F, Miscioscia R, Martone A, Barrella N, Paulillo B, Bassano A, Villani F, Giordano M. Recent Advances in Graphene Adaptive Thermal Camouflage Devices. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1394. [PMID: 39269056 PMCID: PMC11397510 DOI: 10.3390/nano14171394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Thermal camouflage is a highly coveted technology aimed at enhancing the survivability of military equipment against infrared (IR) detectors. Recently, two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have shown low IR emissivity, widely tunable opto-electronic properties, and compatibility with stealth applications. Among these, graphene and graphene-like materials are the most appealing 2D materials for thermal camouflage applications. In multilayer graphene (MLG), charge density can be effectively tuned through sufficiently intense electric fields or through electrolytic gating. Therefore, MLG's optical properties, like infrared emissivity and absorbance, can be controlled in a wide range by voltage bias. The large emissivity modulation achievable with this material makes it suitable in the design of thermal dynamic camouflage devices. Generally, the emissivity modulation in the multilayered graphene medium is governed by an intercalation process of non-volatile ionic liquids under a voltage bias. The electrically driven reduction of emissivity lowers the apparent temperature of a surface, aligning it with the background temperature to achieve thermal camouflage. This characteristic is shared by other graphene-based materials. In this review, we focus on recent advancements in the thermal camouflage properties of graphene in composite films and aerogel structures. We provide a summary of the current understanding of how thermal camouflage materials work, their present limitations, and future opportunities for development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Sansone
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Fausta Loffredo
- Nanomaterials and Devices Laboratory, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Cilento
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Riccardo Miscioscia
- Nanomaterials and Devices Laboratory, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Alfonso Martone
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Nicola Barrella
- Nanomaterials and Devices Laboratory, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Bruno Paulillo
- Leonardo Innovation Labs, Quantum Technologies, Optronics and Materials Lab, Via Albert Einstein 35, 50013 Campi Bisenzio, Italy
| | - Alessio Bassano
- Leonardo Electronics, Defence Business Area, Via Valdilocchi 15, 19136 La Spezia, Italy
| | - Fulvia Villani
- Nanomaterials and Devices Laboratory, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Michele Giordano
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 80055 Portici, Italy
- CRdC Tecnologie Scarl, Via Nuova Agnano 11, 80125 Napoli, Italy
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3
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Ahmadi H, Ahmadi Z, Razmjooei N, Pasdari-Kia M, Bagheri A, Saghaei H, Arik K, Oraizi H. Line-wave waveguide engineering using Hermitian and non-Hermitian metasurfaces. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5704. [PMID: 38459080 PMCID: PMC10923917 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Line waves (LWs) refer to confined edge modes that propagate along the interface of dual electromagnetic metasurfaces while maintaining mirror reflection symmetries. Previous research has both theoretically and experimentally investigated these waves, revealing their presence in the microwave and terahertz frequency ranges. In addition, a comprehensive exploration has been conducted on the implementation of non-Hermitian LWs by establishing the parity-time symmetry. This study introduces a cutting-edge dual-band line-wave waveguide, enabling the realization of LWs within the terahertz and infrared spectrums. Our work is centered around analyzing the functionalities of existing applications of LWs within a specific field. In addition, a novel non-Hermitian platform is proposed. We address feasible practical implementations of non-Hermitian LWs by placing a graphene-based metasurface on an epsilon-near-zero material. This study delves into the advantages of the proposed framework compared to previously examined structures, involving both analytical and numerical examinations of how these waves propagate and the underlying physical mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haddi Ahmadi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 11155-4365, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ahmadi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, 197-14115, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Razmjooei
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, 76019, USA
| | - Mohammad Pasdari-Kia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 11155-4365, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirmasood Bagheri
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 11155-4365, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamed Saghaei
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, 8813733395, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Kamalodin Arik
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 11155-4365, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homayoon Oraizi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, 1684613114, Tehran, Iran
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Izquierdo-López R, Fandan R, Boscá A, Calle F, Pedrós J. Surface-acoustic-wave-driven graphene plasmonic sensor for fingerprinting ultrathin biolayers down to the monolayer limit. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 237:115498. [PMID: 37423065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface plasmon polaritons in graphene can enhance the performance of mid-infrared spectroscopy, which is key for the study of both the composition and the conformation of organic molecules via their vibrational resonances. In this paper, a plasmonic biosensor using a graphene-based van der Waals heterostructure on a piezoelectric substrate is theoretically demonstrated, where far-field light is coupled to surface plasmon-phonon polaritons (SPPPs) through a surface acoustic wave (SAW). The SAW creates an electrically-controlled virtual diffraction grating, suppressing the need for patterning the 2D materials, that limits the polariton lifetime, and enabling differential measurement schemes, which increase the signal-to-noise ratio and allow a quick commutation between reference and sample signals. A transfer matrix method has been used for simulating the SPPPs propagating in the system, which are electrically tuned to interact with the vibrational resonances of the analytes. Furthermore, the analysis of the sensor response with a coupled oscillators model has proven its capability of fingerprinting ultrathin biolayers, even when the interaction is too weak to induce a Fano interference pattern, with a sensitivity down to the monolayer limit, as tested with a protein bilayer or a peptide monolayer. The proposed device paves the way for the development of advanced SAW-assisted lab-on-chip systems combining the existing SAW-mediated physical sensing and microfluidic functionalities with the chemical fingerprinting capability of this novel SAW-driven plasmonic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Izquierdo-López
- Instituto de Sistemas Optoelectrónicos y Microtecnología, Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica, E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - Rajveer Fandan
- Instituto de Sistemas Optoelectrónicos y Microtecnología, Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica, E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Alberto Boscá
- Instituto de Sistemas Optoelectrónicos y Microtecnología, Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica, E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Fernando Calle
- Instituto de Sistemas Optoelectrónicos y Microtecnología, Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica, E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Jorge Pedrós
- Instituto de Sistemas Optoelectrónicos y Microtecnología, Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica, E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
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5
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Li D, Xu C, Xie J, Lee C. Research Progress in Surface-Enhanced Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy: From Performance Optimization, Sensing Applications, to System Integration. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2377. [PMID: 37630962 PMCID: PMC10458771 DOI: 10.3390/nano13162377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Infrared absorption spectroscopy is an effective tool for the detection and identification of molecules. However, its application is limited by the low infrared absorption cross-section of the molecule, resulting in low sensitivity and a poor signal-to-noise ratio. Surface-Enhanced Infrared Absorption (SEIRA) spectroscopy is a breakthrough technique that exploits the field-enhancing properties of periodic nanostructures to amplify the vibrational signals of trace molecules. The fascinating properties of SEIRA technology have aroused great interest, driving diverse sensing applications. In this review, we first discuss three ways for SEIRA performance optimization, including material selection, sensitivity enhancement, and bandwidth improvement. Subsequently, we discuss the potential applications of SEIRA technology in fields such as biomedicine and environmental monitoring. In recent years, we have ushered in a new era characterized by the Internet of Things, sensor networks, and wearable devices. These new demands spurred the pursuit of miniaturized and consolidated infrared spectroscopy systems and chips. In addition, the rise of machine learning has injected new vitality into SEIRA, bringing smart device design and data analysis to the foreground. The final section of this review explores the anticipated trajectory that SEIRA technology might take, highlighting future trends and possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxiao Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore; (D.L.); (C.X.); (J.X.)
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
| | - Cheng Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore; (D.L.); (C.X.); (J.X.)
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
| | - Junsheng Xie
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore; (D.L.); (C.X.); (J.X.)
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore; (D.L.); (C.X.); (J.X.)
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
- NUS Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou 215123, China
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6
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Yager T, Chikvaidze G, Wang Q, Fu Y. Graphene Hybrid Metasurfaces for Mid-Infrared Molecular Sensors. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2113. [PMID: 37513124 PMCID: PMC10385330 DOI: 10.3390/nano13142113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
We integrated graphene with asymmetric metal metasurfaces and optimised the geometry dependent photoresponse towards optoelectronic molecular sensor devices. Through careful tuning and characterisation, combining finite-difference time-domain simulations, electron-beam lithography-based nanofabrication, and micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, we achieved precise control over the mid-infrared peak response wavelengths, transmittance, and reflectance. Our methods enabled simple, reproducible and targeted mid-infrared molecular sensing over a wide range of geometrical parameters. With ultimate minimization potential down to atomic thicknesses and a diverse range of complimentary nanomaterial combinations, we anticipate a high impact potential of these technologies for environmental monitoring, threat detection, and point of care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Yager
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia
| | - George Chikvaidze
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia
| | - Qin Wang
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden AB, Box 1070, SE-164 25 Kista, Sweden
| | - Ying Fu
- School of Information Technology, Halmstad University, SE-301 18 Halmstad, Sweden
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7
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Rasmussen TP, Rodríguez Echarri A, García de Abajo FJ, Cox JD. Nonlocal and cascaded effects in nonlinear graphene nanoplasmonics. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:3150-3158. [PMID: 36648761 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06286k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The ability of plasmons to focus light on nanometer length scales opens a wide range of enticing applications in optics and photonics, among which the enhancement of nonlinear light-matter interactions for all-optical modulation and spectral diversification emerges as a prominent theme. However, the subwavelength plasmonic near-field enhancement in good plasmonic materials such as noble metals is hindered by large ohmic losses, while conventional phase-matching of fields in bulk nonlinear crystals is not suitable for realizing nonlinear optical phenomena on the nanoscale. In contrast, anharmonic electron motion of free charge carriers in highly-doped graphene, which supports long-lived, highly-confined, and actively-tunable plasmons, renders the carbon monolayer an excellent platform for both plasmonics and nonlinear optics. Here we theoretically explore the enhancement in nonlinear response that can be achieved by interfacing multiple graphene nanostructures in close proximity to trigger nonlocal effects associated with large gradients in the electromagnetic near field. Focusing on second- and third-harmonic generation, we introduce a semianalytical formalism to describe interacting graphene nanoribbons with independent width, location, and electrical doping, so as to realize configurations in which plasmonic resonances may simultaneously enhance both the fundamental optical excitation frequency and harmonic intermediary and/or output frequencies. Our findings reveal the importance of both passive and active tuning in the design of atomically-thin nanostructures for nonlinear optical applications, and in particular emphasize the role played by nonlocal effects in generating an even-ordered nonlinear response that may contribute to other nonlinear optical processes through a cascaded interaction. We anticipate that our findings can aid in the design of actively-tunable nonlinear plasmonic resonators and metasurfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theis P Rasmussen
- POLIMA-Center for Polariton-driven Light-Matter Interactions, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| | - A Rodríguez Echarri
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joel D Cox
- POLIMA-Center for Polariton-driven Light-Matter Interactions, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
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8
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Deng K, Zeng X. Nonlocal effects investigation via the coupling between localized and acoustic plasmons. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:731-734. [PMID: 36723575 DOI: 10.1364/ol.475168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A scheme to investigate nonlocal effects in metal using the coupling between localized graphene plasmons (GPs) and acoustic plasmons (APs) is proposed. Because of the extremely strong field confinement property, the APs on a configuration consisting of monolayer graphene and a metal film have different dispersions when the nonlocal response is considered or not. A graphene nanoribbon array can efficiently couple incident light to the localized GPs on the ribbons and subsequently the APs. The strong coupling between the two kinds of plasmon, equivalent to electric field dipole interaction, is highly related to the acoustic plasmonic dispersion and induces different absorption spectra, depending on the dispersion. Using a very simple model, nonlocal effects can be extracted from the spectra. The investigation provides a promising platform to manipulate nanophotonics and study nonlocal effects.
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9
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Wu PJ, Tsai WC, Yang CS. Electrically tunable graphene-based multi-band terahertz metamaterial filters. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:469-478. [PMID: 36606981 DOI: 10.1364/oe.477525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have designed an electrically tunable multi-band terahertz (THz) metamaterial filter based on graphene and multiple-square-loop structures. The structure contains multiple metal square loops, and these loops with different sizes correspond to different THz frequencies, achieving our expected efficacy of a multiband wave filter. Furthermore, by sweeping external voltages, we could change graphene's Fermi levels, and thus the high-sensitivity THz filter's capability from single-band to multi-band filtering can be modulated. We expect that this study of a hybrid THz wave filter would be promising for the development of selecting channels in THz and 6 G communications.
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10
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In C, Kim UJ, Choi H. Two-dimensional Dirac plasmon-polaritons in graphene, 3D topological insulator and hybrid systems. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:313. [PMID: 36302746 PMCID: PMC9613982 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-01012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Collective oscillations of massless particles in two-dimensional (2D) Dirac materials offer an innovative route toward implementing atomically thin devices based on low-energy quasiparticle interactions. Strong confinement of near-field distribution on the 2D surface is essential to demonstrate extraordinary optoelectronic functions, providing means to shape the spectral response at the mid-infrared (IR) wavelength. Although the dynamic polarization from the linear response theory has successfully accounted for a range of experimental observations, a unified perspective was still elusive, connecting the state-of-the-art developments based on the 2D Dirac plasmon-polaritons. Here, we review recent works on graphene and three-dimensional (3D) topological insulator (TI) plasmon-polariton, where the mid-IR and terahertz (THz) radiation experiences prominent confinement into a deep-subwavelength scale in a novel optoelectronic structure. After presenting general light-matter interactions between 2D Dirac plasmon and subwavelength quasiparticle excitations, we introduce various experimental techniques to couple the plasmon-polaritons with electromagnetic radiations. Electrical and optical controls over the plasmonic excitations reveal the hybridized plasmon modes in graphene and 3D TI, demonstrating an intense near-field interaction of 2D Dirac plasmon within the highly-compressed volume. These findings can further be applied to invent optoelectronic bio-molecular sensors, atomically thin photodetectors, and laser-driven light sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihun In
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, 14195, Germany
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck-Society, Berlin, 14195, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Jeong Kim
- Advanced Sensor Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyunyong Choi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Negm A, Howlader MMR, Belyakov I, Bakr M, Ali S, Irannejad M, Yavuz M. Materials Perspectives of Integrated Plasmonic Biosensors. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7289. [PMID: 36295354 PMCID: PMC9611134 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With the growing need for portable, compact, low-cost, and efficient biosensors, plasmonic materials hold the promise to meet this need owing to their label-free sensitivity and deep light-matter interaction that can go beyond the diffraction limit of light. In this review, we shed light on the main physical aspects of plasmonic interactions, highlight mainstream and future plasmonic materials including their merits and shortcomings, describe the backbone substrates for building plasmonic biosensors, and conclude with a brief discussion of the factors affecting plasmonic biosensing mechanisms. To do so, we first observe that 2D materials such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides play a major role in enhancing the sensitivity of nanoparticle-based plasmonic biosensors. Then, we identify that titanium nitride is a promising candidate for integrated applications with performance comparable to that of gold. Our study highlights the emerging role of polymer substrates in the design of future wearable and point-of-care devices. Finally, we summarize some technical and economic challenges that should be addressed for the mass adoption of plasmonic biosensors. We believe this review will be a guide in advancing the implementation of plasmonics-based integrated biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Negm
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Matiar M. R. Howlader
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Ilya Belyakov
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Mohamed Bakr
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Shirook Ali
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Technology, Sheridan College, Brampton, ON L6Y 5H9, Canada
| | | | - Mustafa Yavuz
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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12
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Occhicone A, Polito R, Michelotti F, Ortolani M, Baldassarre L, Pea M, Sinibaldi A, Notargiacomo A, Cibella S, Mattioli F, Roy P, Brubach JB, Calvani P, Nucara A. Low-Temperature Stability and Sensing Performance of Mid-Infrared Bloch Surface Waves on a One-Dimensional Photonic Crystal. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:43853-43860. [PMID: 36106792 PMCID: PMC9523610 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The growing need for new and reliable surface sensing methods is arousing interest in the electromagnetic excitations of ultrathin films, i.e., to generate electromagnetic field distributions that resonantly interact with the most significant quasi-particles of condensed matter. In such a context, Bloch surface waves turned out to be a valid alternative to surface plasmon polaritons to implement high-sensitivity sensors in the visible spectral range. Only in the last few years, however, has their use been extended to infrared wavelengths, which represent a powerful tool for detecting and recognizing molecular species and crystalline structures. In this work, we demonstrate, by means of high-resolution reflectivity measurements, that a one-dimensional photonic crystal can sustain Bloch surface waves in the infrared spectral range from room temperature down to 10 K. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of infrared Bloch surface waves at cryogenic temperatures. Furthermore, by exploiting the enhancement of the surface state and the high brilliance of infrared synchrotron radiation, we demonstrate that the proposed BSW-based sensor has a sensitivity on the order of 2.9 cm-1 for each nanometer-thick ice layer grown on its surface below 150 K. In conclusion, we believe that Bloch surface wave-based sensors are a valid new class of surface mode-based sensors for applications in materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Occhicone
- Department
of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, via A. Scarpa, 16, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Raffaella Polito
- Department
of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Michelotti
- Department
of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, via A. Scarpa, 16, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Michele Ortolani
- Department
of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Leonetta Baldassarre
- Department
of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Marialilia Pea
- CNR-IFN, Via del Fosso
del Cavaliere, 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Alberto Sinibaldi
- Department
of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, via A. Scarpa, 16, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Sara Cibella
- CNR-IFN, Via del Fosso
del Cavaliere, 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Pascale Roy
- Synchrotron
SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers,
Saint-Aubin, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex F-91192, France
| | - Jean-Blaise Brubach
- Synchrotron
SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers,
Saint-Aubin, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex F-91192, France
| | - Paolo Calvani
- Department
of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Nucara
- CNR-SPIN
and Department of Physics, Sapienza University
of Rome, Piazzale A.
Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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13
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Wu C, Guo X, Duan Y, Lyu W, Hu H, Hu D, Chen K, Sun Z, Gao T, Yang X, Dai Q. Ultrasensitive Mid-Infrared Biosensing in Aqueous Solutions with Graphene Plasmons. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110525. [PMID: 35460109 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Identifying nanoscale biomolecules in aqueous solutions by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) provides an in situ and noninvasive method for exploring the structure, reactions, and transport of biologically active molecules. However, this remains a challenge due to the strong and broad IR absorption of water which overwhelms the respective vibrational fingerprints of the biomolecules. In this work, a tunable IR transparent microfluidic system with graphene plasmons is exploited to identify ≈2 nm-thick proteins in physiological conditions. The acquired in situ tunability makes it possible to eliminate the IR absorption of water outside the graphene plasmonic hotspots by background subtraction. Most importantly, the ultrahigh confinement of graphene plasmons (confined to ≈15 nm) permits the implementation of nanoscale sensitivity. Then, the deuterium effects on monolayer proteins are characterized within an aqueous solution. The tunable graphene-plasmon-enhanced FTIR technology provides a novel platform for studying biological processes in an aqueous solution at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiangdong Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yu Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Wei Lyu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Hai Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Debo Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ke Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhipei Sun
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering and QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Teng Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qing Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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14
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Lei Z, Guo B. 2D Material-Based Optical Biosensor: Status and Prospect. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2102924. [PMID: 34898053 PMCID: PMC8811838 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The combination of 2D materials and optical biosensors has become a hot research topic in recent years. Graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, black phosphorus, MXenes, and other 2D materials (metal oxides and degenerate semiconductors) have unique optical properties and play a unique role in the detection of different biomolecules. Through the modification of 2D materials, optical biosensor has the advantages that traditional sensors (such as electrical sensing) do not have, and the sensitivity and detection limit are greatly improved. Here, optical biosensors based on different 2D materials are reviewed. First, various detection methods of biomolecules, including surface plasmon resonance (SPR), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), and evanescent wave and properties, preparation and integration strategies of 2D material, are introduced in detail. Second, various biosensors based on 2D materials are summarized. Furthermore, the applications of these optical biosensors in biological imaging, food safety, pollution prevention/control, and biological medicine are discussed. Finally, the future development of optical biosensors is prospected. It is believed that with their in-depth research in the laboratory, optical biosensors will gradually become commercialized and improve people's quality of life in many aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong‐Lin Lei
- Key Lab of In‐Fiber Integrated Optics of Ministry of Education of ChinaHarbin Engineering UniversityHarbin150001China
| | - Bo Guo
- Key Lab of In‐Fiber Integrated Optics of Ministry of Education of ChinaHarbin Engineering UniversityHarbin150001China
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15
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Li Y, Paiella R. Tunable terahertz metasurface platform based on CVD graphene plasmonics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:40594-40605. [PMID: 34809395 DOI: 10.1364/oe.444573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Graphene plasmonics provides a powerful means to extend the reach of metasurface technology to the terahertz spectral region, with the distinct advantage of active tunability. Here we introduce a comprehensive design platform for the development of THz metasurfaces capable of complex wavefront manipulation functionalities, based on ribbon-shaped graphene plasmonic resonators combined with metallic antennas on a vertical cavity. Importantly, this approach is compatible with the electrical characteristics of graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), which can provide the required mm-scale dimensions unlike higher-mobility exfoliated samples. We present a single device structure that can be electrically reconfigured to enable multiple functionalities with practical performance metrics, including tunable beam steering and focusing with variable numerical aperture. These capabilities are promising for a significant impact in a wide range of THz technologies for sensing, imaging, and future wireless communications.
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16
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Wen C, Luo J, Xu W, Zhu Z, Qin S, Zhang J. Enhanced Molecular Infrared Spectroscopy Employing Bilayer Graphene Acoustic Plasmon Resonator. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:431. [PMID: 34821647 PMCID: PMC8615808 DOI: 10.3390/bios11110431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Graphene plasmon resonators with the ability to support plasmonic resonances in the infrared region make them a promising platform for plasmon-enhanced spectroscopy techniques. Here we propose a resonant graphene plasmonic system for infrared spectroscopy sensing that consists of continuous graphene and graphene ribbons separated by a nanometric gap. Such a bilayer graphene resonator can support acoustic graphene plasmons (AGPs) that provide ultraconfined electromagnetic fields and strong field enhancement inside the nano-gap. This allows us to selectively enhance the infrared absorption of protein molecules and precisely resolve the molecular structural information by sweeping graphene Fermi energy. Compared to the conventional graphene plasmonic sensors, the proposed bilayer AGP sensor provides better sensitivity and improvement of molecular vibrational fingerprints of nanoscale analyte samples. Our work provides a novel avenue for enhanced infrared spectroscopy sensing with ultrasmall volumes of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunchao Wen
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (C.W.); (J.L.); (W.X.); (Z.Z.); (S.Q.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (C.W.); (J.L.); (W.X.); (Z.Z.); (S.Q.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (C.W.); (J.L.); (W.X.); (Z.Z.); (S.Q.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Zhihong Zhu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (C.W.); (J.L.); (W.X.); (Z.Z.); (S.Q.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Shiqiao Qin
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (C.W.); (J.L.); (W.X.); (Z.Z.); (S.Q.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Jianfa Zhang
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (C.W.); (J.L.); (W.X.); (Z.Z.); (S.Q.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, Changsha 410073, China
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17
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Du G, Bao X, Lin S, Pang H, Bannur Nanjunda S, Bao Q. Infrared Polaritonic Biosensors Based on Two-Dimensional Materials. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154651. [PMID: 34361804 PMCID: PMC8347072 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, polaritons in two-dimensional (2D) materials have gained intensive research interests and significant progress due to their extraordinary properties of light-confinement, tunable carrier concentrations by gating and low loss absorption that leads to long polariton lifetimes. With additional advantages of biocompatibility, label-free, chemical identification of biomolecules through their vibrational fingerprints, graphene and related 2D materials can be adapted as excellent platforms for future polaritonic biosensor applications. Extreme spatial light confinement in 2D materials based polaritons supports atto-molar concentration or single molecule detection. In this article, we will review the state-of-the-art infrared polaritonic-based biosensors. We first discuss the concept of polaritons, then the biosensing properties of polaritons on various 2D materials, then lastly the impending applications and future opportunities of infrared polaritonic biosensors for medical and healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (G.D.); (H.P.)
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China;
| | - Xiaozhi Bao
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Macau, China;
| | - Shenghuang Lin
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China;
| | - Huan Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (G.D.); (H.P.)
| | - Shivananju Bannur Nanjunda
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Centre of Excellence in Biochemical Sensing and Imaging Technologies (Cen-Bio-SIM), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
- Correspondence: (S.B.N.); (Q.B.)
| | - Qiaoliang Bao
- Shenzhen Exciton Science and Technology Ltd., Shenzhen 518052, China
- Correspondence: (S.B.N.); (Q.B.)
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18
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Paulillo B, Bareza NJ, Pruneri V. Controlling mid-infrared plasmons in graphene nanostructures through post-fabrication chemical doping. JPHYS PHOTONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/abf943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Engineering the doping level in graphene nanostructures to yield controlled and intense localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) is fundamental for their practical use in applications such as molecular sensing for point of care or environmental monitoring. In this work, we experimentally study how chemical doping of graphene nanostructures using ethylene amines affects their mid-infrared plasmonic response following the induced change in electrical transport properties. Combining post-fabrication silanization and amine doping allows to prepare the surface to support a strong LSPR response at zero bias. These findings pave the way to design highly doped graphene LSPR surfaces for infrared sensors operating in real environments.
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19
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Nanophotonic biosensors harnessing van der Waals materials. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3824. [PMID: 34158483 PMCID: PMC8219843 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23564-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) materials can harness tightly confined polaritonic waves to deliver unique advantages for nanophotonic biosensing. The reduced dimensionality of vdW materials, as in the case of two-dimensional graphene, can greatly enhance plasmonic field confinement, boosting sensitivity and efficiency compared to conventional nanophotonic devices that rely on surface plasmon resonance in metallic films. Furthermore, the reduction of dielectric screening in vdW materials enables electrostatic tunability of different polariton modes, including plasmons, excitons, and phonons. One-dimensional vdW materials, particularly single-walled carbon nanotubes, possess unique form factors with confined excitons to enable single-molecule detection as well as in vivo biosensing. We discuss basic sensing principles based on vdW materials, followed by technological challenges such as surface chemistry, integration, and toxicity. Finally, we highlight progress in harnessing vdW materials to demonstrate new sensing functionalities that are difficult to perform with conventional metal/dielectric sensors. This review presents an overview of scenarios where van der Waals (vdW) materials provide unique advantages for nanophotonic biosensing applications. The authors discuss basic sensing principles based on vdW materials, advantages of the reduced dimensionality as well as technological challenges.
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20
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Han J, Shao Y, Chen C, Wang J, Gao Y, Gao Y. Tunable dual-band mid-infrared absorber based on the coupling of a graphene surface plasmon polariton and Tamm phonon-polariton. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:15228-15238. [PMID: 33985226 DOI: 10.1364/oe.424101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate a tunable dual-band mid-infrared absorber structure based on the coupling effect of a surface plasmon polariton (SPP) and Tamm phonon-polariton (TPhP). The structure is composed of the distributed Bragg reflector (DBR), air layer, SiC and graphene ribbons. In the air layer, the graphene ribbons are embedded to realize the localized SPP (LSPP), which makes the structure support both the graphene LSPP (GLSPP) and TPhP. The absorption properties of the structure are investigated theoretically and numerically. It is found that strong coupling of the GLSPP and TPhP can be realized by choosing reasonable parameters, which causes a dual-frequency perfect absorption and makes the maximum Rabi splitting of the coupled mode reach 5.76 meV. Furthermore, the mode coupling and absorption intensity can be tuned by adjusting the thickness of the air layer and the Fermi level of the graphene ribbons. This work might provide new possibilities for the development of mid-infrared band sensors, filters and emitters based on the coupling of multiple modes.
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21
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Bhaskar S, Visweswar Kambhampati NS, Ganesh KM, P MS, Srinivasan V, Ramamurthy SS. Metal-Free, Graphene Oxide-Based Tunable Soliton and Plasmon Engineering for Biosensing Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:17046-17061. [PMID: 33788532 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The quest for auxiliary plasmonic materials with lossless properties began in the past decade. In the current study, a unique plasmonic response is demonstrated from a stratified high refractive index (HRI)-graphene oxide (GO) and low refractive index (LRI)-polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) multistack. Graphene oxide plasmon-coupled emission (GraPE) reveals the existence of strong surface states on the terminating layer of the photonic crystal (PC) framework. The chemical defects in GO thin film are conducive for unraveling plasmon hybridization within and across the multistack. We have achieved a unique assortment of metal-dielectric-metal (MDM) ensuing a zero-normal steering emission on account of solitons as well as directional GraPE. This has been theoretically established and experimentally demonstrated with a metal-free design. The angle-dependent reflectivity plots, electric field energy (EFI) profiles, and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) analysis from the simulations strongly support plasmonic modes with giant Purcell factors (PFs). The architecture presented prospects for the replacement of metal-dependent MDM and surface plasmon-coupled emission (SPCE) technology with low cost, easy to fabricate, tunable soliton [graphene oxide plasmon-coupled soliton emission (GraSE)], and plasmon [GraPE] engineering for diverse biosensing applications. The superiority of the GraPE platform for achieving 1.95 pg mL-1 limit of detection of human IFN-γ is validated experimentally. A variety of nanoparticles encompassing metals, intermetallics, rare-earth, and low-dimensional carbon-plasmonic hybrids were used to comprehend PF and cavity hot-spot contribution resulting in 900-fold fluorescence emission enhancements on a lossless substrate, thereby opening the door to unique light-matter interactions for next-gen plasmonic and biomedical technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seemesh Bhaskar
- STAR Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Puttaparthi, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134, India
| | - Naga Sai Visweswar Kambhampati
- STAR Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Puttaparthi, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134, India
| | - K M Ganesh
- STAR Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Puttaparthi, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134, India
| | - Mahesh Sharma P
- STAR Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Puttaparthi, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134, India
| | - Venkatesh Srinivasan
- STAR Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Puttaparthi, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134, India
| | - Sai Sathish Ramamurthy
- STAR Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Puttaparthi, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134, India
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22
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Xing Q, Song C, Wang C, Xie Y, Huang S, Wang F, Lei Y, Yuan X, Zhang C, Mu L, Huang Y, Xiu F, Yan H. Tunable Terahertz Plasmons in Graphite Thin Films. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:147401. [PMID: 33891459 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.147401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tunable terahertz plasmons are essential for reconfigurable photonics, which have been demonstrated in graphene through gating, though with relatively weak responses. Here we demonstrate strong terahertz plasmons in graphite thin films via infrared spectroscopy, with dramatic tunability by even a moderate temperature change or an in situ bias voltage. Meanwhile, through magnetoplasmon studies, we reveal that massive electrons and massless Dirac holes make comparable contributions to the plasmon response. Our study not only sets up a platform for further exploration of two-component plasmas, but also opens an avenue for terahertz modulation through electrical bias or all-optical means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoxia Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano-Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chaoyu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano-Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano-Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuangang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano-Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shenyang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano-Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fanjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano-Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuchen Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano-Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lei Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano-Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Faxian Xiu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Hugen Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano-Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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23
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Dai C, Agarwal K, Bechtel HA, Liu C, Joung D, Nemilentsau A, Su Q, Low T, Koester SJ, Cho JH. Hybridized Radial and Edge Coupled 3D Plasmon Modes in Self-Assembled Graphene Nanocylinders. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100079. [PMID: 33710768 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Current graphene-based plasmonic devices are restricted to 2D patterns defined on planar substrates; thus, they suffer from spatially limited 2D plasmon fields. Here, 3D graphene forming freestanding nanocylinders realized by a plasma-triggered self-assembly process are introduced. The graphene-based nanocylinders induce hybridized edge (in-plane) and radial (out-of-plane) coupled 3D plasmon modes stemming from their curvature, resulting in a four orders of magnitude stronger field at the openings of the cylinders than in rectangular 2D graphene ribbons. For the characterization of the 3D plasmon modes, synchrotron nanospectroscopy measurements are performed, which provides the evidence of preservation of the hybridized 3D graphene plasmons in the high precision curved nanocylinders. The distinct 3D modes introduced in this paper, provide an insight into geometry-dependent 3D coupled plasmon modes and their ability to achieve non-surface-limited (volumetric) field enhancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Dai
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Kriti Agarwal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Hans A Bechtel
- Advanced Light Source Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Daeha Joung
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Andrei Nemilentsau
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Qun Su
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Tony Low
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Steven J Koester
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jeong-Hyun Cho
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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24
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Yao W, Tang L, Nong J, Wang J, Yang J, Jiang Y, Shi H, Wei X. Electrically tunable graphene metamaterial with strong broadband absorption. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:075703. [PMID: 33096539 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abc44f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The coupling system with dynamic manipulation characteristics is of great importance for the field of active plasmonics and tunable metamaterials. However, the traditional metal-based architectures suffer from a lack of electrical tunability. In this study, a metamaterial composed of perpendicular or parallel graphene-Al2O3-graphene stacks is proposed and demonstrated, which allows for the electric modulation of both graphene layers simultaneously. The resultant absorption of hybridized modes can be modulated to more than 50% by applying an external voltage, and the absorption bandwidth can reach 3.55 μm, which is 1.7 times enhanced than the counterpart of single-layer graphene. The modeling results demonstrate that the small relaxation time of graphene is of great importance to realize the broadband absorption. Moreover, the optical behaviors of the tunable metamaterial can be influenced by the incident polarization, the dielectric thickness, and especially by the Fermi energy of graphene. This work is of a crucial role in the design and fabrication of graphene-based broadband optical and optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yao
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, People's Republic of China
| | - Linlong Tang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinpeng Nong
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, People's Republic of China
| | - Yadong Jiang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Haofei Shi
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingzhan Wei
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, People's Republic of China
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Occhicone A, Pea M, Polito R, Giliberti V, Sinibaldi A, Mattioli F, Cibella S, Notargiacomo A, Nucara A, Biagioni P, Michelotti F, Ortolani M, Baldassarre L. Spectral Characterization of Mid-Infrared Bloch Surface Waves Excited on a Truncated 1D Photonic Crystal. ACS PHOTONICS 2021; 8:350-359. [PMID: 33585665 PMCID: PMC7871362 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.0c01657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The many fundamental roto-vibrational resonances of chemical compounds result in strong absorption lines in the mid-infrared region (λ ∼ 2-20 μm). For this reason, mid-infrared spectroscopy plays a key role in label-free sensing, in particular, for chemical recognition, but often lacks the required sensitivity to probe small numbers of molecules. In this work, we propose a vibrational sensing scheme based on Bloch surface waves (BSWs) on 1D photonic crystals to increase the sensitivity of mid-infrared sensors. We report on the design and deposition of CaF2/ZnS 1D photonic crystals. Moreover, we theoretically and experimentally demonstrate the possibility to sustain narrow σ-polarized BSW modes together with broader π-polarized modes in the range of 3-8 μm by means of a customized Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy setup. The multilayer stacks are deposited directly on CaF2 prisms, reducing the number of unnecessary interfaces when exciting in the Kretschmann-Raether configuration. Finally, we compare the performance of mid-IR sensors based on surface plasmon polaritons with the BSW-based sensor. The figures of merit found for BSWs in terms of confinement of the electromagnetic field and propagation length puts them as forefrontrunners for label-free and polarization-dependent sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Occhicone
- SAPIENZA
University of Rome, Department of Basic
and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Via A. Scarpa, 16, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Marialilia Pea
- CNR
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, Via Cineto Romano, 42, 00156 Roma, Italy
| | - Raffaella Polito
- SAPIENZA
University of Rome, Department of Physics, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Valeria Giliberti
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Life
Nanosciences, Viale Regina
Elena, 291, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Alberto Sinibaldi
- SAPIENZA
University of Rome, Department of Basic
and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Via A. Scarpa, 16, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Mattioli
- CNR
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, Via Cineto Romano, 42, 00156 Roma, Italy
| | - Sara Cibella
- CNR
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, Via Cineto Romano, 42, 00156 Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Notargiacomo
- CNR
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, Via Cineto Romano, 42, 00156 Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Nucara
- SAPIENZA
University of Rome, Department of Physics, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Paolo Biagioni
- Politecnico
di Milano, Department of Physics, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Michelotti
- SAPIENZA
University of Rome, Department of Basic
and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Via A. Scarpa, 16, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Michele Ortolani
- SAPIENZA
University of Rome, Department of Physics, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Life
Nanosciences, Viale Regina
Elena, 291, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Leonetta Baldassarre
- SAPIENZA
University of Rome, Department of Physics, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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26
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Wang L, Liu J, Ren B, Song J, Jiang Y. Tuning of mid-infrared absorption through phonon-plasmon-polariton hybridization in a graphene/hBN/graphene nanodisk array. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:2288-2298. [PMID: 33726427 DOI: 10.1364/oe.415337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we utilize a heterostructured graphene/hBN/graphene nanodisk array to implement an electrically tunable absorber in and out of the Reststrahlen band (RSB) region of hBN. Tuning of phonon-type resonance absorption in the RSB region is achieved through phonon-plasmon-polariton hybridization. The hybrid phonon mode enabled a 290 nm shift of the resonant wavelength, and the sensitivity of absorption peak to the electrical control is 362.5 nm/eV. Simultaneously, the nearly perfect absorption is obtained in the condition of high chemical potential of graphene. Moreover, the plasmon polaritons are strongly modified by phonon polaritons of hBN, so the FWHM of absorption peaks out of the RSB region reduce to 45-49 nm, and the maximum Q of absorption reaches 220.44 at EF=0.65 eV, which is paving a way toward coherent emission at the atmospheric transparent band. Importantly, graphene-assisted hyperbolic phonon polaritons of hBN will enable future phonon devices with high optical performance and wide tunability.
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27
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Multipolar Plasmonic Resonances of Aluminum Nanoantenna Tuned by Graphene. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11010185. [PMID: 33451028 PMCID: PMC7828546 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We numerically investigate the multipolar plasmonic resonances of Aluminum nanoantenna tuned by a monolayer graphene from ultraviolet (UV) to visible regime. It is shown that the absorbance of the plasmonic odd modes (l = 1 and l = 3) of graphene-Al nanoribbon structure is enhanced while the absorption at the plasmonic even modes (l = 2) is suppressed, compared to the pure Al nanoribbon structure. With the presence of the monolayer graphene, a change in the resonance strength of the multipolar plasmonic modes results from the near field interactions of the monolayer graphene with the electric fields of the multipolar plasmonic resonances of the Al resonator. In particular, a clear absorption peak with a high quality (Q)-factor of 27 of the plasmonic third-order mode (l = 3) is realized in the graphene-Al nanoribbon structure. The sensitivity and figure of merit of the plasmonic third-order mode of the proposed Graphene-Al nanoribbon structure can reach 25 nm/RIU and 3, respectively, providing potential applications in optical refractive-index sensing.
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Yao W, Tang L, Wang J, Jiang Y, Wei X. Anomalous redshift of graphene absorption induced by plasmon-cavity competition. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:38410-38418. [PMID: 33379653 DOI: 10.1364/oe.411453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Anomalous redshift of the absorption peak of graphene in the cavity system is numerically and experimentally demonstrated. It is observed that the absorption peak exhibits a redshift as the Fermi level of graphene increases, which is contrary to the ordinary trend of graphene plasmons. The influencing factors, including the electron mobility of graphene, the cavity length, and the ribbon width, are comprehensively analyzed. Such anomalous redshift can be explained by the competition between the graphene plasmon mode and the optical cavity mode. The study herein could be beneficial for the design of graphene-based plasmonic devices.
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29
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Nong J, Wei W, Lan G, Luo P, Guo C, Yi J, Tang L. Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy of Aqueous Molecules Employing Tunable Graphene Plasmons in an Otto Prism. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15370-15378. [PMID: 32957772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Real-time and in situ detection of aqueous solution is essential for bioanalysis and chemical reactions. However, it is extremely challenging for infrared microscopic measurement because of the large background of water absorption. Here, we proposed a wideband-tunable graphene plasmonic infrared biosensor to detect biomolecules in an aqueous environment, employing attenuated total reflection in an Otto prism configuration and tightly confined plasmons in graphene nanoribbons. Benefiting from the graphene plasmonic electric field enhancement, such a biosensor is able to identify the molecular chemical fingerprints without the interference of water absorption. As a proof of concept, the recombinant protein AG and goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG) are used as the sensing analytes, of which the vibrational modes (1669 and 1532 cm-1) are very close to the OH-bending mode of water (1640 cm-1). Simulation results show that the fingerprints of protein molecules in the water environment can be selectively enhanced. Therefore, the water absorption is successfully suppressed so that two protein modes can be resolved by sweeping graphene Fermi energy in a wide waveband. By further optimizing the incident angle and graphene mobility to improve the mode energy of graphene plasmons, maximum enhancement factors of 112 and 130 can be achieved for amide I and II bands. Our work provides an effective approach for the highly sensitive and selective in situ identification of aqueous-phase molecular fingerprints in fields of healthcare, food safety, and biochemical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Nong
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems, Ministry of Education of China, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, 400044 Chongqing, P. R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 400714 Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems, Ministry of Education of China, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, 400044 Chongqing, P. R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 400714 Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Guilian Lan
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems, Ministry of Education of China, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, 400044 Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Peng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems, Ministry of Education of China, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, 400044 Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Caicheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems, Ministry of Education of China, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, 400044 Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Juemin Yi
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Linlong Tang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 400714 Chongqing, P. R. China
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30
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Zinenko TL, Matsushima A, Nosich AI. Terahertz range resonances of metasurface formed by double-layer grating of microsize graphene strips inside dielectric slab. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2020.0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyse, using integral equations and a previously developed in-house numerical algorithm, the scattering and absorption of the
H
-polarized plane wave by a metasurface consisting of a double-layer grating of flat graphene strips placed into a lossless dielectric slab. The algorithm is meshless and its convergence is guaranteed mathematically. It is a version of the method of analytical preconditioning; namely, it uses the set of weighted Chebyshev polynomials as expansion functions in the discretization of a hypersingular electric field integral equation for the on-strip current. Then the computational error is controlled by the matrix size and can be reduced to machine precision. Using this advanced tool, we plot the frequency dependences, in a huge range from 1 GHz to 10 THz, of the transmittance, reflectance and absorbance of such a metasurface. This accurate analysis reveals resonances on several types of natural modes, best understood via visualization of in-resonance near-fields. In addition to plasmon-mode resonances, special attention is paid to the ultra-high-
Q
resonances on the lattice modes, which are absent on the free-standing graphene strip gratings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana L. Zinenko
- Department of Quasi-Optics, Institute of Radio-Physics and Electronics NASU, Kharkiv 61085, Ukraine
- Laboratory of Micro and Nano Optics, Institute of Radio-Physics and Electronics NASU, Kharkiv 61085, Ukraine
| | - Akira Matsushima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Alexander I. Nosich
- Laboratory of Micro and Nano Optics, Institute of Radio-Physics and Electronics NASU, Kharkiv 61085, Ukraine
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31
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Park S, Lee G, Park B, Seo Y, bin Park C, Chun YT, Joo C, Rho J, Kim JM, Hone J, Jun SC. Electrically focus-tuneable ultrathin lens for high-resolution square subpixels. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:98. [PMID: 32549978 PMCID: PMC7275053 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-0329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the tremendous demands for high-resolution pixel-scale thin lenses in displays, we developed a graphene-based ultrathin square subpixel lens (USSL) capable of electrically tuneable focusing (ETF) with a performance competitive with that of a typical mechanical refractive lens. The fringe field due to a voltage bias in the graphene proves that our ETF-USSL can focus light onto a single point regardless of the wavelength of the visible light-by controlling the carriers at the Dirac point using radially patterned graphene layers, the focal length of the planar structure can be adjusted without changing the curvature or position of the lens. A high focusing efficiency of over 60% at a visible wavelength of 405 nm was achieved with a lens thickness of <13 nm, and a change of 19.42% in the focal length with a 9% increase in transmission was exhibited under a driving voltage. This design is first presented as an ETF-USSL that can be controlled in pixel units of flat panel displays for visible light. It can be easily applied as an add-on to high resolution, slim displays and provides a new direction for the application of multifunctional autostereoscopic displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehong Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Gilho Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Byeongho Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Youngho Seo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Chae bin Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Tea Chun
- Electrical Engineering Division, Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 OFA UK
- Department of Electronic Material Engineering, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112 Republic of Korea
| | - Chulmin Joo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Kim
- Electrical Engineering Division, Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 OFA UK
| | - James Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, Mudd 220, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - Seong Chan Jun
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
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32
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Tan T, Jiang X, Wang C, Yao B, Zhang H. 2D Material Optoelectronics for Information Functional Device Applications: Status and Challenges. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2000058. [PMID: 32537415 PMCID: PMC7284198 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Graphene and the following derivative 2D materials have been demonstrated to exhibit rich distinct optoelectronic properties, such as broadband optical response, strong and tunable light-mater interactions, and fast relaxations in the flexible nanoscale. Combining with optical platforms like fibers, waveguides, grating, and resonators, these materials has spurred a variety of active and passive applications recently. Herein, the optical and electrical properties of graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, black phosphorus, MXene, and their derivative van der Waals heterostructures are comprehensively reviewed, followed by the design and fabrication of these 2D material-based optical structures in implementation. Next, distinct devices, ranging from lasers to light emitters, frequency convertors, modulators, detectors, plasmonic generators, and sensors, are introduced. Finally, the state-of-art investigation progress of 2D material-based optoelectronics offers a promising way to realize new conceptual and high-performance applications for information science and nanotechnology. The outlook on the development trends and important research directions are also put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications (Education Ministry of China)School of Information and Communication EngineeringUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu611731China
| | - Xiantao Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro‐Nano Photonic Information TechnologyGuangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ)International Collaboration Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science and TechnologyCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Cong Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro‐Nano Photonic Information TechnologyGuangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ)International Collaboration Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science and TechnologyCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Baicheng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications (Education Ministry of China)School of Information and Communication EngineeringUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu611731China
| | - Han Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro‐Nano Photonic Information TechnologyGuangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ)International Collaboration Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science and TechnologyCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
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33
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Fano-Resonance in Hybrid Metal-Graphene Metamaterial and Its Application as Mid-Infrared Plasmonic Sensor. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11030268. [PMID: 32143457 PMCID: PMC7143786 DOI: 10.3390/mi11030268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fano resonances in nanostructures have attracted widespread research interests in the past few years for their potential applications in sensing, switching and nonlinear optics. In this paper, a mid-infrared Fano resonance in a hybrid metal-graphene metamaterial is studied. The hybrid metamaterial consists of a metallic grid enclosing with graphene nanodisks. The Fano resonance arises from the coupling of graphene and metallic plasmonic resonances and it is sharper than plasmonic resonances in pure graphene nanostructures. The resonance strength can be enhanced by increasing the number of graphene layers. The proposed metamaterial can be employed as a high-performance mid-infrared plasmonic sensor with an unprecedented sensitivity of about 7.93 μ m/RIU and figure of merit (FOM) of about 158 . 7 .
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34
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Chi J, Liu H, Wang Z, Huang N. Giant optical activity in plasmonic chiral structure via double-layer graphene moiré stacking in mid-infrared region. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:4529-4540. [PMID: 32121687 DOI: 10.1364/oe.385450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The plasmonic metamaterials and metasurfaces play a critical role in manipulating lights in the mid-infrared spectral region. Here, we first propose a novel plasmonic chiral structure with the giant optical activity in the mid-infrared spectral region. The chiral structure consists of the moiré patterns, which are formed by stacking double-layer graphene nanoribbons with a relative in-plane rotation angle. It is demonstrated that the graphene-based plasmonic structure with moiré patterns exhibits the strong circular dichroism. The giant chiroptical response can be precisely controlled by changing the rotation angle and Fermi level of graphene. Furthermore, a dielectric interlayer is inserted between two layers of graphene to obtain the stronger circular dichroism. Impressively, the strongest circular dichroism can reach 5.94 deg at 13.6 µm when the thickness of dielectric interlayer is 20 nm. The proposed structure with graphene-based moiré patterns can be superior to conventional graphene chiral metamaterials due to some advantage of rotation-dependent chirality, flexible tunability and cost-effective fabrication. It will advance many essential mid-infrared applications, such as chiral sensors, thermal imaging and chiroptical detectors.
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36
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Jiang HB, Liu Y, Liu J, Li SY, Song YY, Han DD, Ren LQ. Moisture-Responsive Graphene Actuators Prepared by Two-Beam Laser Interference of Graphene Oxide Paper. Front Chem 2019; 7:464. [PMID: 31316973 PMCID: PMC6610323 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we reported an ingenious fabrication of moisture responsive graphene-based actuator via unilateral two-beam laser interference (TBLI) treatment of graphene oxide (GO) papers. TBLI technique has been recognized as a representative photoreduction and patterning strategy for hierarchical structuring of GO. The GO paper can be reduced and cut into grating-like periodic reduced graphene oxide (RGO) microstructures due to laser ablation effect. However, the lower light transmittance of the thick GO paper and the corresponding thermal relaxation phenomenon make it impossible to trigger complete reduction, leading to the formation of the anisotropic GO/reduced GO (RGO) bilayer structure. Interestingly, the RGO side that feature lower OCGs and higher roughness shows strong water adsorption due to the formation of micronanostructures. Due to the different water adsorption capacities of the two sides, a flower moisture-responsive actuator has been fabricated, which exhibits “opening” and “closing” behavior under different humidity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Bo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shu-Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yun-Yun Song
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dong-Dong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lu-Quan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, China
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37
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Agarwal K, Dai C, Joung D, Cho JH. Nano-Architecture Driven Plasmonic Field Enhancement in 3D Graphene Structures. ACS NANO 2019; 13:1050-1059. [PMID: 30588797 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The limited spatial coverage of the plasmon enhanced near-field in 2D graphene ribbons presents a major hurdle in practical applications. In this study, diverse self-assembled 3D graphene architectures are explored that induce hybridized plasmon modes by simultaneous in-plane and out-of-plane coupling to overcome the limited coverage in 2D ribbons. While 2D graphene can only demonstrate in-plane, bidirectional coupling through the edges, 3D architectures benefit from fully symmetric 360° coupling at the apex of pyramidal graphene, orthogonal four-directional coupling in cubic graphene, and uniform cross-sectional radial coupling in tubular graphene. The 3D coupled vertices, edges, surfaces, and volume induce corresponding enhancement modes that are highly dependent on the shape and dimensions comprising the 3D geometries. The hybridized modes introduced through the 3D coupling amplify the limited plasmon response in 2D ribbons to deliver nondiffusion limited sensors, high efficiency fuel cells, and extreme propagation length optical interconnects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Agarwal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Chunhui Dai
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Daeha Joung
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Jeong-Hyun Cho
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
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38
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Soleymani S, Güngördü MZ, Kung P, Kim SM. Ultra-High Efficiency and Broad Band Operation of Infrared Metasurface Anomalous Reflector based on Graphene Plasmonics. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1249. [PMID: 30718638 PMCID: PMC6362233 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37562-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Infrared metasurface anomalous reflector with ultra-high efficiency and broad band operation is designed via multi-sheet graphene layer with triangular holes. The anomalous reflection angle covers the range of 10° to 90° with the efficiency higher than 80%, over a broad spectral range from 7 μm-40 μm of infrared spectrum. It reaches above 92% at the center wavelength in the spectral response. By increasing the periodicity of phase gradient, we can expand this frequency band even further without losing efficiency. The compact design of metasurface affords the adjustability of the electrochemical potential level of graphene by means of gating. Additionally, the impact of the number of graphene sheets for the optimum efficiency of the proposed structure is investigated. By adding the secondary graphene metasurface with opposite direction of phase gradient, we demonstrated the tunability of the reflection angle from θr to -θr with bias voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Soleymani
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, 35487, USA
| | - M Zeki Güngördü
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, 35487, USA
| | - Patrick Kung
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, 35487, USA
| | - Seongsin M Kim
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, 35487, USA.
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39
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Wallace GQ, Lagugné-Labarthet F. Advancements in fractal plasmonics: structures, optical properties, and applications. Analyst 2019; 144:13-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an01667d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fractal nanostructures exhibit optical properties that span the visible to far-infrared and are emerging as exciting structures for plasmon-mediated applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Q. Wallace
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research
- University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | - François Lagugné-Labarthet
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research
- University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
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40
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Guo Q, Yu R, Li C, Yuan S, Deng B, García de Abajo FJ, Xia F. Efficient electrical detection of mid-infrared graphene plasmons at room temperature. NATURE MATERIALS 2018; 17:986-992. [PMID: 30150622 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Optical excitation and subsequent decay of graphene plasmons can produce a significant increase in charge-carrier temperature. An efficient method to convert this temperature elevation into electrical signals can enable important mid-infrared applications. However, the modest thermoelectric coefficient and weak temperature dependence of carrier transport in graphene hinder this goal. Here, we demonstrate mid-infrared graphene detectors consisting of arrays of plasmonic resonators interconnected by quasi-one-dimensional nanoribbons. Localized barriers associated with disorder in the nanoribbons produce a dramatic temperature dependence of carrier transport, thus enabling the electrical detection of plasmon decay in the nearby graphene resonators. Our device has a subwavelength footprint of 5 × 5 μm2 and operates at 12.2 μm with an external responsivity of 16 mA W-1 and a low noise-equivalent power of 1.3 nW Hz-1/2 at room temperature. It is fabricated using large-scale graphene and possesses a simple two-terminal geometry, representing an essential step towards the realization of an on-chip graphene mid-infrared detector array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushi Guo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Renwen Yu
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shaofan Yuan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Bingchen Deng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Fengnian Xia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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41
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Ren XY, Xia S, Li XB, Chen NK, Wang XP, Wang D, Chen ZG, Zhang S, Sun HB. Non-phase-separated 2D B-C-N alloys via molecule-like carbon doping in 2D BN: atomic structures and optoelectronic properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:23106-23111. [PMID: 30168546 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03028f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) B-C-N alloys have recently attracted much attention but unfortunately, Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) B-C-N alloys typically phase separate. In spite of that, our analysis of the B-C-N alloy fabricated by electron-beam irradiation suggests that non-phase-separated B-C-N may in fact exist with a carbon concentration up to 14 at%. While this analysis points to a new way to overcome the phase-separation in 2D B-C-N, by first-principles calculations, we show that these B-C-N alloys are made of motifs with even numbers of carbon atoms, in particular, dimers or six-fold rings (in a molecule-like form), embedded in a 2D BN network. Moreover, by tuning the carbon concentration, the band gap of the B-C-N alloys can be reduced by 35% from that of BN. Due to a strong overlap of the wavefunctions at the conduction band and valance band edges, the non-phase-separated B-C-N alloys maintain the strong optical absorption of BN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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42
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Hu H, Guo X, Hu D, Sun Z, Yang X, Dai Q. Flexible and Electrically Tunable Plasmons in Graphene-Mica Heterostructures. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1800175. [PMID: 30128236 PMCID: PMC6096988 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flexible plasmonic devices with electrical tunability are of great interest for diverse applications, such as flexible metamaterials, waveguide transformation optics, and wearable sensors. However, the traditional flexible metal-polymer plasmonic structures suffer from a lack of electrical tunability. Here the first flexible, electrically tunable, and strain-independent plasmons based on graphene-mica heterostructures are experimentally demonstrated. The resonance frequency, strength, quality factor, electrical tunability, and lifetime of graphene plasmons exhibit no visible change at bending radius down to 1 mm and after 1000 bending cycles at a radius of 3 mm. The plasmon-enhanced infrared spectroscopy detection of chemicals is also demonstrated to be unaffected in the flexible graphene-mica heterostructures. The results provide the basis for the design of flexible active nanophotonic devices such as plasmonic waveguides, resonators, sensors, and modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Hu
- Division of NanophotonicsCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyBeijing100190P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Xiangdong Guo
- Division of NanophotonicsCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyBeijing100190P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Debo Hu
- Division of NanophotonicsCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyBeijing100190P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Zhipei Sun
- Department of Electronics and NanoengineeringAalto UniversityFI‐00076AaltoFinland
- QTF Centre of ExcellenceDepartment of Applied PhysicsAalto UniversityFI‐00076AaltoFinland
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- Division of NanophotonicsCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyBeijing100190P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Qing Dai
- Division of NanophotonicsCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyBeijing100190P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
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43
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Jiang HB, Liu YQ, Zhang YL, Liu Y, Fu XY, Han DD, Song YY, Ren L, Sun HB. Reed Leaf-Inspired Graphene Films with Anisotropic Superhydrophobicity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:18416-18425. [PMID: 29722522 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b03738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the wettability of graphene and its derivatives is critical for broader applications. However, the dynamic dewetting performance of graphene is usually overlooked. Currently, superhydrophobic graphene with an anisotropic wettability is rare. Inspired by natural reed leaves, we report an ingenious fabrication process combining photolithography and laser holography technologies to create biomimetic graphene surfaces that demonstrate anisotropic wettability along two directions of grooved hierarchical structures, which are similar to reed leaf veins. Microgrooved structures with a period of 200 μm were fabricated via photolithography to endow the substrate with an obvious anisotropic wettability. Two-beam laser interference treatments of the graphene oxide (GO) film on the grooved substrate removed most of the hydrophilic oxygen-containing groups on the GO sheets and increased the surface roughness by introducing additional hierarchical micro-nanostructures. The combined effects endowed the resultant graphene films with a unique anisotropic superhydrophobicity similar to that of reed leaves. Superhydrophobic graphene surfaces with anisotropic antiwetting behavior might allow further innovations based on graphene in the fields of bionics and electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Bo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street , Changchun 130012 , China
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education) , Jilin University , Changchun 130022 , China
| | - Yu-Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street , Changchun 130012 , China
| | - Yong-Lai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street , Changchun 130012 , China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education) , Jilin University , Changchun 130022 , China
| | - Xiu-Yan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street , Changchun 130012 , China
| | - Dong-Dong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street , Changchun 130012 , China
| | - Yun-Yun Song
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education) , Jilin University , Changchun 130022 , China
| | - Luquan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education) , Jilin University , Changchun 130022 , China
| | - Hong-Bo Sun
- State Key Lab of Precision Measurement and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
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44
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Guo X, Hu H, Liao B, Zhu X, Yang X, Dai Q. Perfect-absorption graphene metamaterials for surface-enhanced molecular fingerprint spectroscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:184004. [PMID: 29457777 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aab077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Graphene plasmon with extremely strong light confinement and tunable resonance frequency represents a promising surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) sensing platform. However, plasmonic absorption is relatively weak (approximately 1%-9%) in monolayer graphene nanostructures, which would limit its sensitivity. Here, we theoretically propose a hybrid plasmon-metamaterial structure that can realize perfect absorption in graphene with a low carrier mobility of 1000 cm2 V-1 s-1. This structure combines a gold reflector and a gold grating to the graphene plasmon structures, which introduce interference effect and the lightning-rod effect, respectively, and largely enhance the coupling of light to graphene. The vibration signal of trace molecules can be enhanced up to 2000-fold at the hotspot of the perfect-absorption structure, enabling the SEIRA sensing to reach the molecular level. This hybrid metal-graphene structure provides a novel path to generate high sensitivity in nanoscale molecular recognition for numerous applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Guo
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China. Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China. State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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45
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Li H, Yu G, Zhang Z, Ma Y, Huang X, Chen W. Adsorbing the magnetic superhalogen MnCl 3 to realize intriguing half-metallic and spin-gapless-semiconducting behavior in zigzag or armchair SiC nanoribbon. RSC Adv 2018; 8:13167-13177. [PMID: 35542555 PMCID: PMC9079843 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01632a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
By means of first-principles computations, we first propose a new and effective strategy through adsorbing the magnetic superhalogen MnCl3 to modulate the electronic and magnetic properties of zigzag- and armchair-edged SiC nanoribbons (zSiCNR and aSiCNR, respectively). In view of its large intrinsic magnetic moment and strong electron-withdrawing ability, the adsorption of magnetic superhalogen MnCl3 can introduce magnetism in the substrate SiCNR, and simultaneously induce the electron transfer process from SiCNR to MnCl3, resulting in the evident increase of electrostatic potential in the ribbon plane, like applying an electric field. As a result, the magnetic degeneracy of pristine zSiCNR can be broken and a robust ferromagnetic half-metallicity or metallicity can be observed in the modified zSiCNR systems, while a robust ferromagnetic half-metallic or spin-gapless-semiconducting behavior can be obtained in the modified aSiCNR systems. Note that both the appealing half-metallicity and spin-gapless-semiconductor behavior are key features which hold promise for future spintronic applications. Moreover, all of these new superhalogen-SiC nanosystems can possess considerably high structural stabilities. These intriguing findings will be advantageous for promoting excellent SiC-based nanomaterials in the applications of spintronics and multifunctional nanodevices in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun 130023 People's Republic of China
| | - Guangtao Yu
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun 130023 People's Republic of China
| | - Zengsong Zhang
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun 130023 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Ma
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun 130023 People's Republic of China
| | - Xuri Huang
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun 130023 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun 130023 People's Republic of China
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46
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Bloch Surface Waves Using Graphene Layers: An Approach toward In-Plane Photodetectors. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8030390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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47
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Shu H, Su Z, Huang L, Wu Z, Wang X, Zhang Z, Zhou Z. Significantly High Modulation Efficiency of Compact Graphene Modulator Based on Silicon Waveguide. Sci Rep 2018; 8:991. [PMID: 29343755 PMCID: PMC5772525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19171-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We theoretically and experimentally demonstrate a significantly large modulation efficiency of a compact graphene modulator based on a silicon waveguide using the electro refractive effect of graphene. The modulation modes of electro-absorption and electro-refractive can be switched with different applied voltages. A high extinction ratio of 25 dB is achieved in the electro-absorption modulation mode with a driving voltage range of 0 V to 1 V. For electro-refractive modulation, the driving voltage ranges from 1 V to 3 V with a 185-pm spectrum shift. The modulation efficiency of 1.29 V · mm with a 40-μm interaction length is two orders of magnitude higher than that of the first reported graphene phase modulator. The realisation of phase and intensity modulation with graphene based on a silicon waveguide heralds its potential application in optical communication and optical interconnection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communications System and Networks, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhaotang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communications System and Networks, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Le Huang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhennan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communications System and Networks, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xingjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communications System and Networks, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Zhiping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communications System and Networks, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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48
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Hu H, Liao B, Guo X, Hu D, Qiao X, Liu N, Liu R, Chen K, Bai B, Yang X, Dai Q. Large-Scale Suspended Graphene Used as a Transparent Substrate for Infrared Spectroscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1603812. [PMID: 28508534 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201603812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to weak interactions between micrometer-wavelength infrared (IR) light and nanosized samples, a high signal to noise ratio is a prerequisite in order to precisely characterize nanosized samples using IR spectroscopy. Traditional micrometer-thick window substrates, however, have considerable IR absorption which may introduce unavoidable deformations and interruptions to IR spectra of nanoscale samples. A promising alternative is the use of a suspended graphene substrate which has ultrahigh IR transmittance (>97.5%) as well as unique mechanical properties. Here, an effective method is presented for fabrication of suspended graphene over circular holes up to 150 µm in diameter to be utilized as a transparent substrate for IR spectroscopy. It is demonstrated that the suspended graphene has little impact on the measured IR spectra, an advantage which has led to the discovery of several missing vibrational modes of a 20 nm thick PEO film measured on a traditional CaF2 substrate. This can provide a better understanding of molecules' fine structures and status of hanging bands. The unique optical properties of suspended graphene are determined to be superior to those of conventional IR window materials, giving this new substrate great potential as part of a new generation of IR transparent substrates, especially for use in examining nanoscale samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Hu
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Baoxing Liao
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiangdong Guo
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Debo Hu
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofen Qiao
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ning Liu
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ruina Liu
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ke Chen
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Bing Bai
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Qing Dai
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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