1
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Royfman A, Khanal S, Avidor-Reiss T. Structural Analysis of Sperm Centrioles Using N-STORM. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2725:103-119. [PMID: 37856020 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3507-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
A prominent technical barrier when imaging swimming sperm is capturing a singular sperm cell's head and tail position simultaneously at a high resolution to understand their relationship in different stages of the sperm tail beating cycle. This is due to the sperm's high beating frequency, rotational movement, and the large difference in diameter between the head and tail. These intricacies increase the complexity of determining the position of a dynamic subcellular structure in the sperm neck, such as the centriole. We have developed a way to obtain this information by snap freezing mobile sperm at different stages of the sperm tail beating cycle and then analyzing them with super-resolution microscopy. This method captures the position of both the sperm head and tail at the microscale and centriolar substructure details at the nanoscale. This chapter describes the detailed procedures for the selection, preparation, antibody staining, 3D N-STORM imaging, and image quantification of bovine spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Royfman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Sushil Khanal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Tomer Avidor-Reiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
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2
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Hong L, Chamorro LP. On the synergy of biomicrofluidic technologies and real-time 3D tracking: A perspective. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:061302. [PMID: 38058463 PMCID: PMC10697720 DOI: 10.1063/5.0174269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Particle image velocimetry and particle tracking velocimetry have played pivotal roles in flow and particle characterization, owing to their non-invasive and accurate data collection methods. However, their broader application in the biomicrofluidics field is constrained by challenges, such as intensive calibration, high post-processing costs, and optical compatibility issues, especially in settings where space is a bottleneck. This article describes recent advancements in non-iterative ray tracing that promise more streamlined post-capture calibration and highlights examples of applications and areas that merit further technological investigation. The development and adoption of these techniques may pave the way for new innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Hong
- Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Leonardo P. Chamorro
- Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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3
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Zhang G, Li X, Zhang Y, Han X, Li X, Yu J, Liu B, Wu J, Yu L, Dai Q. Bio-friendly long-term subcellular dynamic recording by self-supervised image enhancement microscopy. Nat Methods 2023; 20:1957-1970. [PMID: 37957429 PMCID: PMC10703694 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-023-02058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy has become an indispensable tool for revealing the dynamic regulation of cells and organelles. However, stochastic noise inherently restricts optical interrogation quality and exacerbates observation fidelity when balancing the joint demands of high frame rate, long-term recording and low phototoxicity. Here we propose DeepSeMi, a self-supervised-learning-based denoising framework capable of increasing signal-to-noise ratio by over 12 dB across various conditions. With the introduction of newly designed eccentric blind-spot convolution filters, DeepSeMi effectively denoises images with no loss of spatiotemporal resolution. In combination with confocal microscopy, DeepSeMi allows for recording organelle interactions in four colors at high frame rates across tens of thousands of frames, monitoring migrasomes and retractosomes over a half day, and imaging ultra-phototoxicity-sensitive Dictyostelium cells over thousands of frames. Through comprehensive validations across various samples and instruments, we prove DeepSeMi to be a versatile and biocompatible tool for breaking the shot-noise limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxun Zhang
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanlong Zhang
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofei Han
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyang Li
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Boqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiamin Wu
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Shanghai AI Laboratory, Shanghai, China.
| | - Li Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Qionghai Dai
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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4
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Corkidi G, Montoya F, González-Cota AL, Hernández-Herrera P, Bruce NC, Bloomfield-Gadêlha H, Darszon A. Human sperm rotate with a conserved direction during free swimming in four dimensions. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs261306. [PMID: 37902031 PMCID: PMC10729817 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Head rotation in human spermatozoa is essential for different swimming modes and fertilisation, as it links the molecular workings of the flagellar beat with sperm motion in three-dimensional (3D) space over time. Determining the direction of head rotation has been hindered by the symmetry and translucent nature of the sperm head, and by the fast 3D motion driven by the helical flagellar beat. Analysis has been mostly restricted to two-dimensional (2D) single focal plane image analysis, which enables tracking of head centre position but not tracking of head rotation. Despite the conserved helical beating of the human sperm flagellum, human sperm head rotation has been reported to be uni- or bi-directional, and even to intermittently change direction in a given cell. Here, we directly measure the head rotation of freely swimming human sperm using multi-plane 4D (3D+t) microscopy and show that: (1) 2D microscopy is unable to distinguish head rotation direction in human spermatozoa; (2) head rotation direction in non-capacitating and capacitating solutions, for both aqueous and viscous media, is counterclockwise (CCW), as seen from head to tail, in all rotating spermatozoa, regardless of the experimental conditions; and (3) head rotation is suppressed in 36% of spermatozoa swimming in non-capacitating viscous medium, although CCW rotation is recovered after incubation in capacitating conditions within the same viscous medium, possibly unveiling an unexplored aspect of the essential need of capacitation for fertilisation. Our observations show that the CCW head rotation in human sperm is conserved. It constitutes a robust and persistent helical driving mechanism that influences sperm navigation in 3D space over time, and thus is of critical importance in cell motility, propulsion of flagellated microorganisms, sperm motility assessments, human reproduction research, and self-organisation of flagellar beating patterns and swimming in 3D space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Corkidi
- Laboratorio de Imágenes y Visión por Computadora, Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, México
| | - Fernando Montoya
- Laboratorio de Imágenes y Visión por Computadora, Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, México
| | - Ana L. González-Cota
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular and Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, México
| | - Paul Hernández-Herrera
- Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía Avanzada, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, México
| | - Neil C. Bruce
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Hermes Bloomfield-Gadêlha
- School of Engineering Mathematics and Technology & Bristol Robotics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TW, UK
| | - Alberto Darszon
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular and Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, México
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5
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Cass JF, Bloomfield-Gadêlha H. The reaction-diffusion basis of animated patterns in eukaryotic flagella. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5638. [PMID: 37758714 PMCID: PMC10533521 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40338-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The flagellar beat of bull spermatozoa and C. Reinhardtii are modelled by a minimal, geometrically exact, reaction-diffusion system. Spatio-temporal animated patterns describe flagellar waves, analogous to chemical-patterns from classical reaction-diffusion systems, with sliding-controlled molecular motor reaction-kinetics. The reaction-diffusion system is derived from first principles as a consequence of the high-internal dissipation by the flagellum relative to the external hydrodynamic dissipation. Quantitative comparison with nonlinear, large-amplitude simulations shows that animated reaction-diffusion patterns account for the experimental beating of both bull sperm and C. Reinhardtii. Our results suggest that a unified mechanism may exist for motors controlled by sliding, without requiring curvature-sensing, and uninfluenced by hydrodynamics. High-internal dissipation instigates autonomous travelling waves independently of the external fluid, enabling progressive swimming, otherwise not possible, in low viscosity environments, potentially critical for external fertilizers and aquatic microorganisms. The reaction-diffusion system may prove a powerful tool for studying pattern formation of movement on animated structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Cass
- School of Engineering Mathematics and Technology, and Bristol Robotics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Hermes Bloomfield-Gadêlha
- School of Engineering Mathematics and Technology, and Bristol Robotics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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6
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Nixon B, Schjenken JE, Burke ND, Skerrett-Byrne DA, Hart HM, De Iuliis GN, Martin JH, Lord T, Bromfield EG. New horizons in human sperm selection for assisted reproduction. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1145533. [PMID: 36909306 PMCID: PMC9992892 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1145533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Male infertility is a commonly encountered pathology that is estimated to be a contributory factor in approximately 50% of couples seeking recourse to assisted reproductive technologies. Upon clinical presentation, such males are commonly subjected to conventional diagnostic andrological practices that rely on descriptive criteria to define their fertility based on the number of morphologically normal, motile spermatozoa encountered within their ejaculate. Despite the virtual ubiquitous adoption of such diagnostic practices, they are not without their limitations and accordingly, there is now increasing awareness of the importance of assessing sperm quality in order to more accurately predict a male's fertility status. This realization raises the important question of which characteristics signify a high-quality, fertilization competent sperm cell. In this review, we reflect on recent advances in our mechanistic understanding of sperm biology and function, which are contributing to a growing armory of innovative approaches to diagnose and treat male infertility. In particular we review progress toward the implementation of precision medicine; the robust clinical adoption of which in the setting of fertility, currently lags well behind that of other fields of medicine. Despite this, research shows that the application of advanced technology platforms such as whole exome sequencing and proteomic analyses hold considerable promise in optimizing outcomes for the management of male infertility by uncovering and expanding our inventory of candidate infertility biomarkers, as well as those associated with recurrent pregnancy loss. Similarly, the development of advanced imaging technologies in tandem with machine learning artificial intelligence are poised to disrupt the fertility care paradigm by advancing our understanding of the molecular and biological causes of infertility to provide novel avenues for future diagnostics and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Nixon
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Infertility and Reproduction Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Brett Nixon,
| | - John E. Schjenken
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Infertility and Reproduction Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Nathan D. Burke
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Infertility and Reproduction Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - David A. Skerrett-Byrne
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Infertility and Reproduction Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Hanah M. Hart
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Infertility and Reproduction Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Geoffry N. De Iuliis
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Infertility and Reproduction Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacinta H. Martin
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Infertility and Reproduction Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Tessa Lord
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Infertility and Reproduction Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Elizabeth G. Bromfield
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Infertility and Reproduction Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
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7
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Wiesehöfer C, Wiesehöfer M, Dankert JT, Chung JJ, von Ostau NE, Singer BB, Wennemuth G. CatSper and its CaM-like Ca 2+ sensor EFCAB9 are necessary for the path chirality of sperm. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22288. [PMID: 35438819 PMCID: PMC9835897 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101656rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Successful fertilization depends on sperm motility adaptation. Ejaculated and activated sperm beat symmetrically in high frequency, move linearly, and swim with clockwise chirality. After capacitation, sperm beat asymmetrically with lower amplitude and a high lateral head excursion. This motility change called hyperactivation requires CatSper activation and an increase in intracellular Ca2+ . However, whether CatSper-mediated Ca2+ influx participates in controlling the swim path chirality is unknown. In this study, we show that the clockwise path chirality is preserved in mouse sperm regardless of capacitation state but is lost in the sperm either lacking the entire CatSper channel or its Ca2+ sensor EFCAB9. Pharmacological inhibition of CatSper with either mibefradil or NNC 55-0396 leads to the same loss in swim path chirality. Exposure of sperm to the recombinant N-terminal part of the zona pellucida protein 2 randomizes chirality in capacitated cells, but not in non-capacitated ones. We conclude that Ca2+ sensitive regulation of CatSper activity orchestrates clockwise swim path chirality of sperm and any substantial change, such as the physiological stimulus of zona pellucida glycoproteins, results in a loss of chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Wiesehöfer
- Department of Anatomy, University Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany
| | | | - Jean-Ju Chung
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Nicola Edith von Ostau
- Department of Anatomy, University Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany,Department of Urology, University Hospital Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany
| | | | - Gunther Wennemuth
- Department of Anatomy, University Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany,Correspondence to
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8
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Nassir M, Levi M, Dardikman-Yoffe G, Mirsky SK, Shaked NT. Prediction of Sperm Progression in Three Dimensions Using Rapid Optical Imaging and Dynamic Mechanical Modeling. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081319. [PMID: 35455999 PMCID: PMC9030059 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a multidisciplinary approach for predicting how sperm cells with various morphologies swim in three-dimensions (3D), from milliseconds to much longer time scales at spatial resolutions of less than half a micron. We created the sperm 3D geometry and built a numerical mechanical model using the experimentally acquired dynamic 3D refractive-index profiles of sperm cells swimming in vitro as imaged by high-resolution optical diffraction tomography. By controlling parameters in the model, such as the size and shape of the sperm head and tail, we can then predict how different sperm cells, normal or abnormal, would swim in 3D, in the short or long term. We quantified various 3D structural factor effects on the sperm long-term motility. We found that some abnormal sperm cells swim faster than normal sperm cells, in contrast to the commonly used sperm selection assumption during in vitro fertilization (IVF), according to which sperm cells should mainly be chosen based on their progressive motion. We thus establish a new tool for sperm analysis and male-infertility diagnosis, as well as sperm selection criteria for fertility treatments.
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9
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Hong L, Chamorro LP. A fast, non-iterative ray-intersection approach for three-dimensional microscale particle tracking. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:964-971. [PMID: 35107105 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc01042e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We propose a non-iterative ray tracing method with robust post-capture microlens array sensor alignment to reconstruct sparse particle concentration in light field particle image velocimetry and particle tracking velocimetry nearly instantaneously. Voxels traversed by various rays are stored by a kd-tree to reduce memory load and computational time. A cloud point classification algorithm is employed for particle identification and spatial reconstruction. The approach is tested with a physically-based realistic model of a light field camera. Also, an optical system is assembled in a microscope to directly obtain the 3D laminar velocity field in the fully-developed region, which exhibits good agreement with the theoretical solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Hong
- Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Leonardo P Chamorro
- Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Geology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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10
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Powar S, Parast FY, Nandagiri A, Gaikwad AS, Potter DL, O'Bryan MK, Prabhakar R, Soria J, Nosrati R. Unraveling the Kinematics of Sperm Motion by Reconstructing the Flagellar Wave Motion in 3D. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2101089. [PMID: 35138044 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202101089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sperm swim through the female reproductive tract by propagating a 3D flagellar wave that is self-regulatory in nature and driven by dynein motors. Traditional microscopy methods fail to capture the full dynamics of sperm flagellar activity as they only image and analyze sperm motility in 2D. Here, an automated platform to analyze sperm swimming behavior in 3D by using thin-lens approximation and high-speed dark field microscopy to reconstruct the flagellar waveform in 3D is presented. It is found that head-tethered mouse sperm exhibit a rolling beating behavior in 3D with the beating frequency of 6.2 Hz using spectral analysis. The flagellar waveform bends in 3D, particularly in the distal regions, but is only weakly nonplanar and ambidextrous in nature, with the local helicity along the flagellum fluctuating between clockwise and counterclockwise handedness. These findings suggest a nonpersistent flagellar helicity. This method provides new opportunities for the accurate measurement of the full motion of eukaryotic flagella and cilia which is essential for a biophysical understanding of their activation by dynein motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushant Powar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Farin Yazdan Parast
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Ashwin Nandagiri
- IITB-Monash Research Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Avinash S Gaikwad
- School of BioSciences, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - David L Potter
- Monash Micro-Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Moira K O'Bryan
- School of BioSciences, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Ranganathan Prabhakar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Julio Soria
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
- Laboratory for Turbulence Research in Aerospace & Combustion (LTRAC), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Reza Nosrati
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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11
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Dai C, Zhang Z, Shan G, Chu LT, Huang Z, Moskovtsev S, Librach C, Jarvi K, Sun Y. Advances in sperm analysis: techniques, discoveries and applications. Nat Rev Urol 2021; 18:447-467. [PMID: 34075227 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-021-00472-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Infertility affects one in six couples worldwide, and fertility continues to deteriorate globally, partly owing to a decline in semen quality. Sperm analysis has a central role in diagnosing and treating male factor infertility. Many emerging techniques, such as digital holography, super-resolution microscopy and next-generation sequencing, have been developed that enable improved analysis of sperm motility, morphology and genetics to help overcome limitations in accuracy and consistency, and improve sperm selection for infertility treatment. These techniques have also improved our understanding of fundamental sperm physiology by enabling discoveries in sperm behaviour and molecular structures. Further progress in sperm analysis and integrating these techniques into laboratories and clinics requires multidisciplinary collaboration, which will increase discovery and improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsheng Dai
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zhuoran Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Guanqiao Shan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lap-Tak Chu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zongjie Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Keith Jarvi
- Division of Urology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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12
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Hansen JN, Gong A, Wachten D, Pascal R, Turpin A, Jikeli JF, Kaupp UB, Alvarez L. Multifocal imaging for precise, label-free tracking of fast biological processes in 3D. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4574. [PMID: 34321468 PMCID: PMC8319204 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24768-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many biological processes happen on a nano- to millimeter scale and within milliseconds. Established methods such as confocal microscopy are suitable for precise 3D recordings but lack the temporal or spatial resolution to resolve fast 3D processes and require labeled samples. Multifocal imaging (MFI) allows high-speed 3D imaging but is limited by the compromise between high spatial resolution and large field-of-view (FOV), and the requirement for bright fluorescent labels. Here, we provide an open-source 3D reconstruction algorithm for multi-focal images that allows using MFI for fast, precise, label-free tracking spherical and filamentous structures in a large FOV and across a high depth. We characterize fluid flow and flagellar beating of human and sea urchin sperm with a z-precision of 0.15 µm, in a volume of 240 × 260 × 21 µm, and at high speed (500 Hz). The sampling volume allowed to follow sperm trajectories while simultaneously recording their flagellar beat. Our MFI concept is cost-effective, can be easily implemented, and does not rely on object labeling, which renders it broadly applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan N Hansen
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Biophysical Imaging, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - An Gong
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar), Molecular Sensory Systems, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dagmar Wachten
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Biophysical Imaging, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - René Pascal
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar), Molecular Sensory Systems, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alex Turpin
- School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jan F Jikeli
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Biophysical Imaging, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - U Benjamin Kaupp
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar), Molecular Sensory Systems, Bonn, Germany
- Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Luis Alvarez
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar), Molecular Sensory Systems, Bonn, Germany.
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13
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Gaffney EA, Ishimoto K, Walker BJ. Modelling Motility: The Mathematics of Spermatozoa. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:710825. [PMID: 34354994 PMCID: PMC8329702 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.710825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In one of the first examples of how mechanics can inform axonemal mechanism, Machin's study in the 1950s highlighted that observations of sperm motility cannot be explained by molecular motors in the cell membrane, but would instead require motors distributed along the flagellum. Ever since, mechanics and hydrodynamics have been recognised as important in explaining the dynamics, regulation, and guidance of sperm. More recently, the digitisation of sperm videomicroscopy, coupled with numerous modelling and methodological advances, has been bringing forth a new era of scientific discovery in this field. In this review, we survey these advances before highlighting the opportunities that have been generated for both recent research and the development of further open questions, in terms of the detailed characterisation of the sperm flagellum beat and its mechanics, together with the associated impact on cell behaviour. In particular, diverse examples are explored within this theme, ranging from how collective behaviours emerge from individual cell responses, including how these responses are impacted by the local microenvironment, to the integration of separate advances in the fields of flagellar analysis and flagellar mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn A. Gaffney
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kenta Ishimoto
- Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Benjamin J. Walker
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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14
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Gong A, Rode S, Gompper G, Kaupp UB, Elgeti J, Friedrich BM, Alvarez L. Reconstruction of the three-dimensional beat pattern underlying swimming behaviors of sperm. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2021; 44:87. [PMID: 34196906 PMCID: PMC8249298 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-021-00076-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The eukaryotic flagellum propels sperm cells and simultaneously detects physical and chemical cues that modulate the waveform of the flagellar beat. Most previous studies have characterized the flagellar beat and swimming trajectories in two space dimensions (2D) at a water/glass interface. Here, using refined holographic imaging methods, we report high-quality recordings of three-dimensional (3D) flagellar bending waves. As predicted by theory, we observed that an asymmetric and planar flagellar beat results in a circular swimming path, whereas a symmetric and non-planar flagellar beat results in a twisted-ribbon swimming path. During swimming in 3D, human sperm flagella exhibit torsion waves characterized by maxima at the low curvature regions of the flagellar wave. We suggest that these torsion waves are common in nature and that they are an intrinsic property of beating axonemes. We discuss how 3D beat patterns result in twisted-ribbon swimming paths. This study provides new insight into the axoneme dynamics, the 3D flagellar beat, and the resulting swimming behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gong
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar), Molecular Sensory Systems, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175, Bonn, Germany
| | - S Rode
- Theoretical Physics of Living Matter, Institute of Biological Information Processing and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - G Gompper
- Theoretical Physics of Living Matter, Institute of Biological Information Processing and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - U B Kaupp
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar), Molecular Sensory Systems, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175, Bonn, Germany.
| | - J Elgeti
- Theoretical Physics of Living Matter, Institute of Biological Information Processing and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - B M Friedrich
- Biological Algorithms Group, TU Dresden, Cluster of Excellence 'Physics of Life' and Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Helmholtzstr. 18, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - L Alvarez
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar), Molecular Sensory Systems, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175, Bonn, Germany.
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15
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You JB, McCallum C, Wang Y, Riordon J, Nosrati R, Sinton D. Machine learning for sperm selection. Nat Rev Urol 2021; 18:387-403. [PMID: 34002070 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-021-00465-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Infertility rates and the number of couples seeking fertility care have increased worldwide over the past few decades. Over 2.5 million cycles of assisted reproductive technologies are being performed globally every year, but the success rate has remained at ~33%. Machine learning, an automated method of data analysis based on patterns and inference, is increasingly being deployed within the health-care sector to improve diagnostics and therapeutics. This technique is already aiding embryo selection in some fertility clinics, and has also been applied in research laboratories to improve sperm analysis and selection. Tremendous opportunities exist for machine learning to advance male fertility treatments. The fundamental challenge of sperm selection - selecting the most promising candidate from 108 gametes - presents a challenge that is uniquely well-suited to the high-throughput capabilities of machine learning algorithms paired with modern data processing capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Bem You
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher McCallum
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yihe Wang
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason Riordon
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Reza Nosrati
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - David Sinton
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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16
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Go T, Kim J, Lee SJ. Three-dimensional volumetric monitoring of settling particulate matters on a leaf using digital in-line holographic microscopy. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 404:124116. [PMID: 33049638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants are considered as a possible modality to reduce particulate matter (PM) particles from ambient air in an ecofriendly manner. A new precise monitoring technique that can explore interactions between individual PM particles and a leaf surface is necessary to understand the underlying mechanisms of PM removal of plant leaves. In this study, a digital in-line holographic microscopy (DIHM) was employed to experimentally investigate the settling motions of PM particles over the leaf surface. The in-plane positions and sizes of opaque PMs with irregular shapes were obtained from the projection images of numerically reconstructed holographic images. The depth positions of PMs were determined by using proper selection of an autofocusing criterion with automatic segmentation method. The edge of a hairy Perilla frutescens leaf was detected by adopting several digital imaging processing techniques. The DIHM technique was applied in this study to accurately detect 3D settling trajectories of PMs with velocity information of PMs in the midair and near leaf surface, simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taesik Go
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihwan Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Joon Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Butola A, Popova D, Prasad DK, Ahmad A, Habib A, Tinguely JC, Basnet P, Acharya G, Senthilkumaran P, Mehta DS, Ahluwalia BS. High spatially sensitive quantitative phase imaging assisted with deep neural network for classification of human spermatozoa under stressed condition. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13118. [PMID: 32753627 PMCID: PMC7403412 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69857-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sperm cell motility and morphology observed under the bright field microscopy are the only criteria for selecting a particular sperm cell during Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) procedure of Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART). Several factors such as oxidative stress, cryopreservation, heat, smoking and alcohol consumption, are negatively associated with the quality of sperm cell and fertilization potential due to the changing of subcellular structures and functions which are overlooked. However, bright field imaging contrast is insufficient to distinguish tiniest morphological cell features that might influence the fertilizing ability of sperm cell. We developed a partially spatially coherent digital holographic microscope (PSC-DHM) for quantitative phase imaging (QPI) in order to distinguish normal sperm cells from sperm cells under different stress conditions such as cryopreservation, exposure to hydrogen peroxide and ethanol. Phase maps of total 10,163 sperm cells (2,400 control cells, 2,750 spermatozoa after cryopreservation, 2,515 and 2,498 cells under hydrogen peroxide and ethanol respectively) are reconstructed using the data acquired from the PSC-DHM system. Total of seven feedforward deep neural networks (DNN) are employed for the classification of the phase maps for normal and stress affected sperm cells. When validated against the test dataset, the DNN provided an average sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 85.5%, 94.7% and 85.6%, respectively. The current QPI + DNN framework is applicable for further improving ICSI procedure and the diagnostic efficiency for the classification of semen quality in regard to their fertilization potential and other biomedical applications in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Butola
- Bio-photonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz-Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Daria Popova
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Women's Health and Perinatology Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Dilip K Prasad
- Department of Computer Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Azeem Ahmad
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anowarul Habib
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jean Claude Tinguely
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Purusotam Basnet
- Women's Health and Perinatology Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ganesh Acharya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Dalip Singh Mehta
- Bio-photonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz-Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz-Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Balpreet Singh Ahluwalia
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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18
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Gadêlha H, Hernández-Herrera P, Montoya F, Darszon A, Corkidi G. Human sperm uses asymmetric and anisotropic flagellar controls to regulate swimming symmetry and cell steering. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba5168. [PMID: 32789171 PMCID: PMC7399739 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba5168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Flagellar beating drives sperm through the female reproductive tract and is vital for reproduction. Flagellar waves are generated by thousands of asymmetric molecular components; yet, paradoxically, forward swimming arises via symmetric side-to-side flagellar movement. This led to the preponderance of symmetric flagellar control hypotheses. However, molecular asymmetries must still dictate the flagellum and be manifested in the beat. Here, we reconcile molecular and microscopic observations, reconnecting structure to function, by showing that human sperm uses asymmetric and anisotropic controls to swim. High-speed three-dimensional (3D) microscopy revealed two coactive transversal controls: An asymmetric traveling wave creates a one-sided stroke, and a pulsating standing wave rotates the sperm to move equally on all sides. Symmetry is thus achieved through asymmetry, creating the optical illusion of bilateral symmetry in 2D microscopy. This shows that the sperm flagellum is asymmetrically controlled and anisotropically regularized by fast-signal transduction. This enables the sperm to swim forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermes Gadêlha
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, BS8 1UB Bristol, UK
| | - Paul Hernández-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Imágenes y Visión por Computadora, Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Fernando Montoya
- Laboratorio de Imágenes y Visión por Computadora, Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Alberto Darszon
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Corkidi
- Laboratorio de Imágenes y Visión por Computadora, Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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19
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Tang J, Rogowski LW, Zhang X, Kim MJ. Flagellar nanorobot with kinetic behavior investigation and 3D motion. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:12154-12164. [PMID: 32490471 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02496a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wirelessly controlled nanorobots have the potential to perform highly precise maneuvers within complex in vitro and in vivo environments. Flagellar nanorobots will be useful in a variety of biomedical applications, however, to date there has been little effort to investigate essential kinetic behavior changes related to the geometric properties of the nanorobot and effects imparted to it by nearby boundaries. Flagellar nanorobots are composed of an avidin-coated magnetic nanoparticle head (MH) and a single biotin-tipped repolymerized flagellum that are driven by a wirelessly generated rotating magnetic field. Nanorobots with different MHs and flagellar lengths were manually guided to perform complex swimming trajectories under both bright-field and fluorescence microscopy visualizations. The experimental results show that rotational frequency, handedness of rotation direction, MH size, flagellar length, and distance to the bottom boundary significantly affect the kinematics of the nanorobot. The results reported herein summarize fundamental research that will be used for the design specifications necessary for optimizing the application of helical nanorobotic devices for use in delivery of therapeutic and imaging agents. Additionally, robotic nanoswimmers were successfully navigated and tracked in 3D using quantitative defocusing, which will significantly improve the efficiency, function, and application of the flagellar nanorobot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiannan Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lyle School of Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA.
| | - Louis William Rogowski
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lyle School of Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA.
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lyle School of Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA.
| | - Min Jun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lyle School of Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA.
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20
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Deep learning-based hologram generation using a white light source. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8977. [PMID: 32488035 PMCID: PMC7265409 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65716-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Digital holographic microscopy enables the recording of sample holograms which contain 3D volumetric information. However, additional optical elements, such as partially or fully coherent light source and a pinhole, are required to induce diffraction and interference. Here, we present a deep neural network based on generative adversarial network (GAN) to perform image transformation from a defocused bright-field (BF) image acquired from a general white light source to a holographic image. Training image pairs of 11,050 for image conversion were gathered by using a hybrid BF and hologram imaging technique. The performance of the trained network was evaluated by comparing generated and ground truth holograms of microspheres and erythrocytes distributed in 3D. Holograms generated from BF images through the trained GAN showed enhanced image contrast with 3-5 times increased signal-to-noise ratio compared to ground truth holograms and provided 3D positional information and light scattering patterns of the samples. The developed GAN-based method is a promising mean for dynamic analysis of microscale objects with providing detailed 3D positional information and monitoring biological samples precisely even though conventional BF microscopic setting is utilized.
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21
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Walker BJ, Phuyal S, Ishimoto K, Tung CK, Gaffney EA. Computer-assisted beat-pattern analysis and the flagellar waveforms of bovine spermatozoa. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:200769. [PMID: 32742702 PMCID: PMC7353979 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Obstructed by hurdles in information extraction, handling and processing, computer-assisted sperm analysis systems have typically not considered in detail the complex flagellar waveforms of spermatozoa, despite their defining role in cell motility. Recent developments in imaging techniques and data processing have produced significantly improved methods of waveform digitization. Here, we use these improvements to demonstrate that near-complete flagellar capture is realizable on the scale of hundreds of cells, and, further, that meaningful statistical comparisons of flagellar waveforms may be readily performed with widely available tools. Representing the advent of high-fidelity computer-assisted beat-pattern analysis, we show how such a statistical approach can distinguish between samples using complex flagellar beating patterns rather than crude summary statistics. Dimensionality-reduction techniques applied to entire samples also reveal qualitatively distinct components of the beat, and a novel data-driven methodology for the generation of representative synthetic waveform data is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Walker
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Shiva Phuyal
- Department of Physics, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Kenta Ishimoto
- Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Chih-Kuan Tung
- Department of Physics, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Eamonn A. Gaffney
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
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22
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Dardikman-Yoffe G, Mirsky SK, Barnea I, Shaked NT. High-resolution 4-D acquisition of freely swimming human sperm cells without staining. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay7619. [PMID: 32300651 PMCID: PMC7148098 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay7619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We present a new acquisition method that enables high-resolution, fine-detail full reconstruction of the three-dimensional movement and structure of individual human sperm cells swimming freely. We achieve both retrieval of the three-dimensional refractive-index profile of the sperm head, revealing its fine internal organelles and time-varying orientation, and the detailed four-dimensional localization of the thin, highly-dynamic flagellum of the sperm cell. Live human sperm cells were acquired during free swim using a high-speed off-axis holographic system that does not require any moving elements or cell staining. The reconstruction is based solely on the natural movement of the sperm cell and a novel set of algorithms, enabling the detailed four-dimensional recovery. Using this refractive-index imaging approach, we believe that we have detected an area in the cell that is attributed to the centriole. This method has great potential for both biological assays and clinical use of intact sperm cells.
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23
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Rubessa M, Wheeler MB. Label-free microscopy: A non-invasive new tool to assess gametes and embryo quality. Theriogenology 2020; 150:241-246. [PMID: 32088035 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In PubMed, it is possible to find more than 40,000 papers on embryo evaluation in various species. However, there is no consensus or gold standard method on how to assess their developmental potential. In assisted reproduction the evaluation "problem" is not only limited to embryos but involves the gametes as well. This manuscript provides an overview of some possible applications of label-free microscopy, in particular we describe the potential of the holographic microscopy in the IVF lab. We describe the positive aspects of several currently available microscopy label-free systems. In conclusion, we believe that a next generation of microscopy able to give objective markers for gamete and embryo quality is around the corner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew B Wheeler
- Dept. Animal Sciences, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, USA; Dept. Bioengineering, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
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24
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Abstract
Motility analysis of microswimmers has long been limited to a few model cell types and broadly restricted by technical challenges of high-resolution in vivo microscopy. Recently, interdisciplinary interest in detailed analysis of the motile behavior of various species has gained momentum. Here we describe a basic protocol for motility analysis of an important, highly diverse group of eukaryotic flagellate microswimmers, using high spatiotemporal resolution videomicroscopy. Further, we provide a special, time-dependent tomographic approach for the proof of rotational locomotion of periodically oscillating microswimmers, using the same data. Taken together, the methods describe part of an integrative approach to generate decisive information on three-dimensional in vivo motility from standard two-dimensional videomicroscopy data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Krüger
- Lehrstuhl für Zell- und Entwicklungsbiologie, Theodor-Boveri-Institut, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Engstler
- Lehrstuhl für Zell- und Entwicklungsbiologie, Theodor-Boveri-Institut, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany.
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25
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Ugur MR, Saber Abdelrahman A, Evans HC, Gilmore AA, Hitit M, Arifiantini RI, Purwantara B, Kaya A, Memili E. Advances in Cryopreservation of Bull Sperm. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:268. [PMID: 31552277 PMCID: PMC6736622 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation of semen and artificial insemination have an important, positive impact on cattle production, and product quality. Through the use of cryopreserved semen and artificial insemination, sperm from the best breeding bulls can be used to inseminate thousands of cows around the world. Although cryopreservation of bull sperm has advanced beyond that of other species, there are still major gaps in the knowledge and technology bases. Post-thaw viability of sperm is still low and differs significantly among the breeding bulls. These weaknesses are important because they are preventing advances both in fundamental science of mammalian gametes and reproductive biotechnology. Various extenders have been developed and supplemented with chemicals to reduce cryodamage or oxidative stress with varying levels of success. More detailed insights on sperm morphology and function have been uncovered through application of advanced tools in modern molecular and cell biology. This article provides a concise review of progress in the cryopreservation of bull sperm, advances in extender development, and frontiers using diverse techniques of the study of sperm viability. This scientific resource is important in animal biotechnology because with the advances in discovery of sperm fertility markers, there is an urgent need to improve post-thaw viability and fertility of sperm through enhanced cryopreservation for precision agriculture to produce food animals to ensure food security on the global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Rasit Ugur
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Amal Saber Abdelrahman
- Department of Clinic, Reproduction and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Holly C. Evans
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Alicia A. Gilmore
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Mustafa Hitit
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Raden Iis Arifiantini
- Department of Clinic, Reproduction and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Bambang Purwantara
- Department of Clinic, Reproduction and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Abdullah Kaya
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Erdogan Memili
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
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26
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Walker BJ, Wheeler RJ. High-speed multifocal plane fluorescence microscopy for three-dimensional visualisation of beating flagella. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs231795. [PMID: 31371486 PMCID: PMC6737910 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.231795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of flagellum and cilium beating in three dimensions (3D) is important for understanding cell motility, and using fluorescence microscopy to do so would be extremely powerful. Here, high-speed multifocal plane fluorescence microscopy, where the light path is split to visualise multiple focal planes simultaneously, was used to reconstruct Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania mexicana movement in 3D. These species are uniflagellate unicellular parasites for which motility is vital. It was possible to use either a fluorescent stain or a genetically-encoded fluorescent protein to visualise flagellum and cell movement at 200 Hz frame rates. This addressed two open questions regarding Trypanosoma and Leishmania flagellum beating, which contributes to their swimming behaviours: 1) how planar is the L. mexicana flagellum beat, and 2) what is the nature of flagellum beating during T. brucei 'tumbling'? We showed that L. mexicana has notable deviations from a planar flagellum beat, and that during tumbling the T. brucei flagellum bends the cell and beats only in the distal portion to achieve cell reorientation. This demonstrates high-speed multifocal plane fluorescence microscopy as a powerful tool for the analysis of beating flagella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Walker
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Richard J Wheeler
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
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Kuniyoshi F, Funatomi T, Kubo H, Sawada Y, Kato YO, Mukaigawa Y. Visibility Enhancement by Integrating Refocusing and Direct-Global Separation with Contact Imaging. Int J Comput Vis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11263-019-01173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Chen Z, Xing F, You Z, Wei M, Zhan H. Multimorphological top-hat-based multiscale target classification algorithm for real-time image processing. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:6045-6056. [PMID: 31503925 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.006045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The traditional top-hat method is a commonly used method that quickly separates targets from a background. It is used for its fast processing speed and wide range of applications on programmable hardware. However, in some important fields such as microfluidic control, medicine, aerospace, and optical measurement, the observed targets are often spotted with different sizes. The formation mechanism of multiscale spots varies from each other so that they can not be successfully extracted and classified by the traditional top-hat method. To ensure the integrity of targets with a specific size and suppressed noise, the imaging mechanism of different types of spots are studied, and an improved top-hat method with a gray-scale value-based transform is proposed. Compared with the traditional top-hat method, the proposed algorithm is more effective in completely removing unwanted spots. The calculated results of the simulated and real images verify the effectiveness of the double top-hat method in extracting targets with a specific size. Additionally, the resolution of this method is up to the parameter k, which has been discussed in this paper. Furthermore, a multi-top-hat algorithm is presented to distinguish spots of different sizes, and it could be used for real-time multiscale target detection and tracking, as well as real-time multiscale target detection and tracking.
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29
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Reconstruction of bovine spermatozoa substances distribution and morphological differences between Holstein and Korean native cattle using three-dimensional refractive index tomography. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8774. [PMID: 31217533 PMCID: PMC6584538 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Measurements of the three-dimensional (3D) structure of spermatozoon are crucial for the study of developmental biology and for the evaluation of in vitro fertilization. Here, we present 3D label-free imaging of individual spermatozoon and perform quantitative analysis of bovine, porcine, and mouse spermatozoa morphologies using refractive index tomography. Various morphological and biophysical properties were determined, including the internal structure, volume, surface area, concentration, and dry matter mass of individual spermatozoon. Furthermore, Holstein cows and Korean native cattle spermatozoa were systematically analyzed and revealed significant differences in spermatozoa head length, head width, midpiece length, and tail length between the two breeds. This label-free imaging approach provides a new technique for understanding the physiology of spermatozoa.
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De Angelis A, Ferrara MA, Coppola G, Di Matteo L, Siani L, Dale B, Coppola G, De Luca AC. Combined Raman and polarization sensitive holographic imaging for a multimodal label-free assessment of human sperm function. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4823. [PMID: 30886325 PMCID: PMC6423271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Raman microspectroscopy (RM) and polarization sensitive digital holographic imaging (PSDHI) are valuable analytical tools in biological and medical research, allowing the detection of both biochemical and morphological variations of the sample without labels or long sample preparation. Here, using this multi-modal approach we analyze in vitro human sperm capacitation and the acrosome reaction induced by heparin. The multimodal microscopy provides morphofunctional information that can assess the sperms ability to respond to capacitation stimuli (sperm function). More precisely, the birefringence analysis in sperm cells can be used as an indicator of its structural normality. Indeed, digital holography applied for polarization imaging allows for revelation of the polarization state of the sample, showing a total birefringence of the sperm head in non-reacted spermatozoa, and a birefringence localized in the post-acrosomal region in reacted spermatozoa. Additionally, RM allows the detection and spectroscopic characterization of protein/lipid delocalization in the plasma and acrosomal membranes that can be used as valuable Raman biomarkers of sperm function. Interestingly, these spectral variations can be correlated with different time phases of the cell capacitation response. Although further experimentation is required, the proposed multimodal approach could represent a potential label-free diagnostic tool for use in reproductive medicine and the diagnosis of infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa De Angelis
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Via P Castellino 111, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Ferrara
- Institute for Microelectronic and Microsystems, Unit of Naples, National Research Council of Italy, Via P Castellino 111, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Coppola
- Centro Fecondazione Assistita (CFA-Italia), Via Manzoni 15, Naples, 80123, Italy
| | - Loredana Di Matteo
- Centro Fecondazione Assistita (CFA-Italia), Via Manzoni 15, Naples, 80123, Italy
| | - Laura Siani
- Centro Fecondazione Assistita (CFA-Italia), Via Manzoni 15, Naples, 80123, Italy
| | - Brian Dale
- Centro Fecondazione Assistita (CFA-Italia), Via Manzoni 15, Naples, 80123, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Coppola
- Institute for Microelectronic and Microsystems, Unit of Naples, National Research Council of Italy, Via P Castellino 111, Naples, 80131, Italy.
| | - Anna Chiara De Luca
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Via P Castellino 111, Naples, 80131, Italy.
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Dzyuba V, Sampels S, Ninhaus-Silveira A, Kahanec M, Veríssimo-Silveira R, Rodina M, Cosson J, Boryshpolets S, Selinger M, Sterba J, Dzyuba B. Sperm motility and lipid composition in internally fertilizing ocellate river stingray Potamotrygon motoro. Theriogenology 2019; 130:26-35. [PMID: 30856412 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
All extant groups of Elasmobranches have internal fertilization and the structure of the male reproductive organs is very specific: sperm passes from the internal organs via the cloaca, but the male copulating organ (clasper) is distant from the cloaca. This suggests that sperm can contact the surrounding medium before fertilization. Because of this involvement with the environment, external signaling in sperm motility activation could occur in these species even though their fertilization mode is internal. In this case, spermatozoa of Elasmobranches should hypothetically possess a specific structure and membrane lipid composition which supports physiological functions of the sperm associated with environmental tonicity changes occurring at fertilization. Additionally, sperm motility properties in these taxa are poorly understood. The current study examined sperm lipid composition and motility under different environmental conditions for the ocellate river stingray, Potamotrygon motoro, an endemic South America freshwater species. Sperm samples were collected from six mature males during the natural spawning period. Sperm motility was examined in seminal fluid and fresh water by light video microscopy. Helical flagellar motion was observed in seminal fluid and resulted in spermatozoon progression; however, when diluted in fresh water, spermatozoa were immotile and had compromised structure. Lipid class and fatty acid (FA) composition of spermatozoa was analyzed by thin layer and gas chromatography. Spermatozoa FAs consisted of 33 ± 1% saturated FAs, 28 ± 1% monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs), and 41 ± 1% polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), and a high content of n-6 FAs (32 ± 2%) was measured. These results allowed us to conclude that sperm transfer from P. motoro male into female should occur without coming into contact with the hypotonic environment so as to preserve potent motility. In addition, this unusual reproductive strategy is associated with specific spermatozoa structure and lipid composition. Low level of docosahexaenoic acid and relatively low PUFA/MUFA ratio probably account for the relatively low fluidity of freshwater stingray membrane and can be the main reason for its low tolerance to hypotonicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya Dzyuba
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Sabine Sampels
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Molecular Sciences, PO Box 7015, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexandre Ninhaus-Silveira
- São Paulo State University, Ilha Solteira, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Biology and Zootechny, Neotropical Ichthyology Laboratory - LINEO, Monção Street, 226, 15385-000, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil
| | - Martin Kahanec
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Rosicleire Veríssimo-Silveira
- São Paulo State University, Ilha Solteira, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Biology and Zootechny, Neotropical Ichthyology Laboratory - LINEO, Monção Street, 226, 15385-000, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil
| | - Marek Rodina
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Jacky Cosson
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Sergii Boryshpolets
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Selinger
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry, Branišovská 1760, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Sterba
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry, Branišovská 1760, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Borys Dzyuba
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic.
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32
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Shevkunov I, Katkovnik V, Petrov NV, Egiazarian K. Super-resolution microscopy for biological specimens: lensless phase retrieval in noisy conditions. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:5511-5523. [PMID: 30460144 PMCID: PMC6238936 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.005511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The paper is devoted to a computational super-resolution microscopy. A complex-valued wavefront of a transparent biological cellular specimen is restored from multiple intensity diffraction patterns registered with noise. For this problem, the recently developed lensless super-resolution phase retrieval algorithm [Optica, 4(7), 786 (2017)] is modified and tuned. This algorithm is based on a random phase coding of the wavefront and on a sparse complex-domain approximation of the specimen. It is demonstrated in experiments, that the reliable phase and amplitude imaging of the specimen is achieved for the low signal-to-noise ratio provided a low dynamic range of observations. The filterings in the observation domain and specimen variables are specific features of the applied algorithm. If these filterings are omitted the algorithm becomes a super-resolution version of the standard iterative phase retrieval algorithms. In comparison with this simplified algorithm with no filterings, our algorithm shows a valuable improvement in imaging with much smaller number of observations and shorter exposure time. In this way, presented algorithm demonstrates ability to work in a low radiation photon-limited mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Shevkunov
- Department of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology,
Finland
- Department of Photonics and Optical Information Technology, ITMO University, St. Petersburg,
Russia
| | - Vladimir Katkovnik
- Department of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology,
Finland
| | - Nikolay V. Petrov
- Department of Photonics and Optical Information Technology, ITMO University, St. Petersburg,
Russia
| | - Karen Egiazarian
- Department of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology,
Finland
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Daloglu MU, Lin F, Chong B, Chien D, Veli M, Luo W, Ozcan A. 3D imaging of sex-sorted bovine spermatozoon locomotion, head spin and flagellum beating. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15650. [PMID: 30353033 PMCID: PMC6199306 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of sperm sex sorting methods and computer-aided sperm analysis platforms, comparative 2D motility studies showed that there is no significant difference in the swimming speeds of X-sorted and Y-sorted sperm cells, clarifying earlier misconceptions. However, other differences in their swimming dynamics might have been undetectable as conventional optical microscopes are limited in revealing the complete 3D motion of free-swimming sperm cells, due to poor depth resolution and the trade-off between field-of-view and spatial resolution. Using a dual-view on-chip holographic microscope, we acquired the full 3D locomotion of 235X-sorted and 289 Y-sorted bovine sperms, precisely revealing their 3D translational head motion and the angular velocity of their head spin as well as the 3D flagellar motion. Our results confirmed that various motility parameters remain similar between X- and Y-sorted sperm populations; however, we found out that there is a statistically significant difference in Y-sorted bovine sperms' preference for helix-shaped 3D swimming trajectories, also exhibiting an increased linearity compared to X-sorted sperms. Further research on e.g., the differences in the kinematic response of X-sorted and Y-sorted sperm cells to the surrounding chemicals and ions might shed more light on the origins of these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Ugur Daloglu
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Francis Lin
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Bryan Chong
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Daniel Chien
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Muhammed Veli
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Wei Luo
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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