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Liu S, Imad S, Hussain S, Xiao S, Yu X, Cao H. Sex, health status and habitat alter the community composition and assembly processes of symbiotic bacteria in captive frogs. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:34. [PMID: 38262927 PMCID: PMC10804495 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03150-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frogs are critical economic animals essential to agricultural ecosystem equilibrium. However, Meningitis-like Infectious Disease (MID) often affects them in agricultural settings. While frog-associated microbiota contribute to elemental cycling and immunity, the effects of frog sex and health on gut bacteria remain understudied, and the relationship between frog habitat and soil microbes is unclear. We aimed to determine how frog sex, health status and habitat influence symbiotic bacteria and community assembly mechanism to provide guidance for sustainable frog farming and conservation. RESULTS We employed 16S rRNA sequencing to investigate gut microbiota differences in relation to frog sex and health status. We also compared symbiotic communities in frog-aggregation, native and soybean soil on the farm. Results showed that gut bacterial β-diversity and taxonomy were markedly influenced by frog sex and health. Healthy frogs had more robust gut bacterial metabolism than frogs infected with MID. Cooccurrence network analysis revealed that healthy female frogs had more complex microbial network structure than males; however, diseased males showed the greatest network complexity. The assembly mechanism of gut bacteria in male frogs was dominated by deterministic processes, whereas in female frogs it was dominated by stochastic processes. Among symbiotic bacteria in frog habitat soils, deterministic processes predominantly shaped the community assembly of soybean soil. In particular, soybean soil was enriched in pathogens and nitrogen functions, whereas frog-aggregation soil was markedly increased in sulphur respiration and hydrocarbon degradation. CONCLUSION Our study reveals that sex mainly alters the interaction network and assembly mechanism of frog intestinal bacteria; MID infection significantly inhibits the metabolic functions of intestinal bacteria. Furthermore, diverse frog habitat soils could shape more symbiotic bacteria to benefit frog farming. Our findings provide new horizons for symbiotic bacteria among frogs, which could contribute to sustainable agriculture and ecological balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senlin Liu
- College of Life Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, Nanjing Agricultural University, 6 Tongwei Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, UK
| | - Sewar Imad
- College of Life Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, Nanjing Agricultural University, 6 Tongwei Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Sarfraz Hussain
- College of Life Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, Nanjing Agricultural University, 6 Tongwei Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Xiaowei Yu
- College of Life Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, Nanjing Agricultural University, 6 Tongwei Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Cao
- College of Life Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, Nanjing Agricultural University, 6 Tongwei Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Hissen KL, He W, Wu G, Criscitiello MF. Immunonutrition: facilitating mucosal immune response in teleost intestine with amino acids through oxidant-antioxidant balance. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1241615. [PMID: 37841275 PMCID: PMC10570457 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1241615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative animal models generate fundamental scientific knowledge of immune responses. However, these studies typically are conducted in mammals because of their biochemical and physiological similarity to humans. Presently, there has been an interest in using teleost fish models to study intestinal immunology, particularly intestinal mucosa immune response. Instead of targeting the pathogen itself, a preferred approach for managing fish health is through nutrient supplementation, as it is noninvasive and less labor intensive than vaccine administrations while still modulating immune properties. Amino acids (AAs) regulate metabolic processes, oxidant-antioxidant balance, and physiological requirements to improve immune response. Thus, nutritionists can develop sustainable aquafeeds through AA supplementation to promote specific immune responses, including the intestinal mucosa immune system. We propose the use of dietary supplementation with functional AAs to improve immune response by discussing teleost fish immunology within the intestine and explore how oxidative burst is used as an immune defense mechanism. We evaluate immune components and immune responses in the intestine that use oxidant-antioxidant balance through potential selection of AAs and their metabolites to improve mucosal immune capacity and gut integrity. AAs are effective modulators of teleost gut immunity through oxidant-antioxidant balance. To incorporate nutrition as an immunoregulatory means in teleost, we must obtain more tools including genomic, proteomic, nutrition, immunology, and macrobiotic and metabonomic analyses, so that future studies can provide a more holistic understanding of the mucosal immune system in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina L. Hissen
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Wenliang He
- Amino Acid Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Amino Acid Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Michael F. Criscitiello
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, United States
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3
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Woodhams DC, McCartney J, Walke JB, Whetstone R. The adaptive microbiome hypothesis and immune interactions in amphibian mucus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 145:104690. [PMID: 37001710 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The microbiome is known to provide benefits to hosts, including extension of immune function. Amphibians are a powerful immunological model for examining mucosal defenses because of an accessible epithelial mucosome throughout their developmental trajectory, their responsiveness to experimental treatments, and direct interactions with emerging infectious pathogens. We review amphibian skin mucus components and describe the adaptive microbiome as a novel process of disease resilience where competitive microbial interactions couple with host immune responses to select for functions beneficial to the host. We demonstrate microbiome diversity, specificity of function, and mechanisms for memory characteristic of an adaptive immune response. At a time when industrialization has been linked to losses in microbiota important for host health, applications of microbial therapies such as probiotics may contribute to immunotherapeutics and to conservation efforts for species currently threatened by emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C Woodhams
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA.
| | - Julia McCartney
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Jenifer B Walke
- Department of Biology, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA, 99004-2440, USA
| | - Ross Whetstone
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
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4
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Neves F, de Sousa-Pereira P, Melo-Ferreira J, Esteves PJ, Pinheiro A. Evolutionary analyses of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) in the mammals reveals an outstanding mutation rate in the lagomorphs. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1009387. [PMID: 36466819 PMCID: PMC9716071 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1009387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transcytosis of polymeric immunoglobulins, IgA and IgM, across the epithelial barrier to the luminal side of mucosal tissues is mediated by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR). At the luminal side the extracellular ligand binding region of pIgR, the secretory component (SC), is cleaved and released bound to dimeric IgA (dIgA), protecting it from proteolytic degradation, or in free form, protecting the mucosa form pathogens attacks. The pIgR was first cloned for rabbit in early 1980's and since then has been described for all vertebrates, from fish to mammals. The existence of more than one functional pIgR alternative-spliced variant in the European rabbit, the complete pIgR as other mammals and a shorter pIgR lacking two SC exons, raised the question whether other lagomorphs share the same characteristics and how has the PIGR gene evolved in these mammals. RESULTS To investigate these questions, we sequenced expressed pIgR genes for other leporid genus, Lepus spp., and obtained and aligned pIgR sequences from representative species of all mammalian orders. The obtained mammalian phylogeny, as well as the Bayesian inference of evolutionary rates and genetic distances, show that Lagomorpha pIgR is evolving at a higher substitution rate. Codon-based analyses of positive selection show that mammalian pIgR is evolving under strong positive selection, with strong incidence in the domains excised from the rabbit short pIgR isoform. We further confirmed that the hares also express the two rabbit pIgR isoforms. CONCLUSIONS The Lagomorpha pIgR unique evolutionary pattern may reflect a group specific adaptation. The pIgR evolution may be linked to the unusual expansion of IgA genes observed in lagomorphs, or to neofunctionalization in this group. Further studies are necessary to clarify the driving forces behind the unique lagomorph pIgR evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Neves
- CIBIO-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, InBIO, Laboratório Associado, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Patrícia de Sousa-Pereira
- CIBIO-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, InBIO, Laboratório Associado, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - José Melo-Ferreira
- CIBIO-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, InBIO, Laboratório Associado, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro J. Esteves
- CIBIO-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, InBIO, Laboratório Associado, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CITS - Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias de Saúde, CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Ana Pinheiro
- CIBIO-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, InBIO, Laboratório Associado, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
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5
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Li M, Lv M, Liu T, Du G, Wang Q. Lipid Metabolic Disorder Induced by Pyrethroids in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease of Xenopus laevis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:8463-8474. [PMID: 35545903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids, an effective and widely used class of pesticides, have attracted considerable concerns considering their frequent detection in environmental matrices. However, their potential health risks to amphibians remain unclear. In our study, female Xenopus laevis were exposed to 0, 0.06, and 0.3 μg/L typical pyrethroid, cis-bifenthrin (cis-BF), for 3 months. Elevated activities of both aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were observed, indicating an ongoing liver injury. Furthermore, exposure to cis-BF led to hyperlipidemia and lipid accumulation in the liver of Xenopus. The targeted lipidomic analysis further revealed that treatment with cis-BF perturbed liver steroid homeostasis, as evidenced by the enriched lipids in the steroid biosynthesis pathway. Consistent with the targeted lipidomic result, treatment with cis-BF changed the liver transcriptome profile with induction of 808 and 1230 differentially expressed genes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis underlined the adverse effects of cis-BF exposure on steroid biosynthesis, primary bile acid biosynthesis, and the PPAR signaling pathway in the Xenopus liver. Taken together, our study revealed that exposure to cis-BF at environmentally relevant concentrations resulted in lipid metabolic disorder associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease of X. laevis, and our results provided new insight into the potential long-term hazards of pyrethroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Meile Lv
- Lishui Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Gaoyi Du
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiangwei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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6
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Liberti A, Natarajan O, Atkinson CGF, Dishaw LJ. Secreted immunoglobulin domain effector molecules of invertebrates and management of gut microbial ecology. Immunogenetics 2022; 74:99-109. [PMID: 34988622 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-021-01237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The origins of a "pass-through" gut in early bilaterians facilitated the exploration of new habitats, motivated the innovation of feeding styles and behaviors, and helped drive the evolution of more complex organisms. The gastrointestinal tract has evolved to consist of a series of interwoven exchanges between nutrients, host immunity, and an often microbe-rich environmental interface. Not surprisingly, animals have expanded their immune repertoires to include soluble effectors that can be secreted into luminal spaces, e.g., in the gut, facilitating interactions with microbes in ways that influence their settlement dynamics, virulence, and their interaction with other microbes. The immunoglobulin (Ig) domain, which is also found in some non-immune molecules, is recognized as one of the most versatile recognition domains lying at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity; among vertebrates, secreted Igs are known to play crucial roles in the management of gut microbial communities. In this mini-review, we will focus on secreted immune effectors possessing Ig-like domains in invertebrates, such as the fibrinogen-related effector proteins first described in the gastropod Biomphalaria glabrata, the Down syndrome cellular adhesion molecule first described in the arthropod, Drosophila melanogaster, and the variable region-containing chitin-binding proteins of the protochordates. We will highlight our current understanding of their function and their potential role, if not yet recognized, in the establishment and maintenance of host-microbial interfaces and argue that these Igs are likely also essential to microbiome management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Liberti
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Ojas Natarajan
- Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Division of Molecular Genetics, Children's Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Celine Grace F Atkinson
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Division of Molecular Genetics, Children's Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Larry J Dishaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA. .,Division of Molecular Genetics, Children's Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL, USA.
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7
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Flowers EM, Neely HR, Guo J, Almeida T, Ohta Y, Castro CD, Flajnik MF. Identification of the Fc-alpha/mu receptor in Xenopus provides insight into the emergence of the poly-Ig receptor (pIgR) and mucosal Ig transport. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:2590-2606. [PMID: 34411303 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The polyimmunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) transcytoses J chain-containing antibodies through mucosal epithelia. In mammals, two cis-duplicates of PIGR, FCMR, and FCAMR, flank the PIGR gene. A PIGR duplication is first found in amphibians, previously annotated as PIGR2 (herein xlFCAMR), and is expressed by APCs. We demonstrate that xlFcamR is the equivalent of mammalian FcamR. It has been assumed that pIgR is the oldest member of this family, yet our data could not distinguish whether PIGR or FCAMR emerged first; however, FCMR was the last family member to emerge. Interestingly, bony fish "pIgR" is not an orthologue of tetrapod pIgR, and possibly acquired its function via convergent evolution. PIGR/FCAMR/FCMR are members of a larger superfamily, including TREM, CD300, and NKp44, which we name the "double-disulfide Ig superfamily" (ddIgSF). Domains related to each ddIgSF family were identified in cartilaginous fish (sharks, chimeras) and encoded in a single gene cluster syntenic to the human pIgR locus. Thus, the ddIgSF families date back to the earliest antibody-based adaptive immunity, but apparently not before. Finally, our data strongly suggest that the J chain arose in evolution only for Ig multimerization. This study provides a framework for further studies of pIgR and the ddIgSF in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Flowers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Harold R Neely
- Department of Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tereza Almeida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yuko Ohta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Caitlin D Castro
- Committee on Immunology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Martin F Flajnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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8
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Grogan LF, Humphries JE, Robert J, Lanctôt CM, Nock CJ, Newell DA, McCallum HI. Immunological Aspects of Chytridiomycosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040234. [PMID: 33086692 PMCID: PMC7712659 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphibians are currently the most threatened vertebrate class, with the disease chytridiomycosis being a major contributor to their global declines. Chytridiomycosis is a frequently fatal skin disease caused by the fungal pathogens Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal). The severity and extent of the impact of the infection caused by these pathogens across modern Amphibia are unprecedented in the history of vertebrate infectious diseases. The immune system of amphibians is thought to be largely similar to that of other jawed vertebrates, such as mammals. However, amphibian hosts are both ectothermic and water-dependent, which are characteristics favouring fungal proliferation. Although amphibians possess robust constitutive host defences, Bd/Bsal replicate within host cells once these defences have been breached. Intracellular fungal localisation may contribute to evasion of the induced innate immune response. Increasing evidence suggests that once the innate defences are surpassed, fungal virulence factors suppress the targeted adaptive immune responses whilst promoting an ineffectual inflammatory cascade, resulting in immunopathology and systemic metabolic disruption. Thus, although infections are contained within the integument, crucial homeostatic processes become compromised, leading to mortality. In this paper, we present an integrated synthesis of amphibian post-metamorphic immunological responses and the corresponding outcomes of infection with Bd, focusing on recent developments within the field and highlighting future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura F. Grogan
- Environmental Futures Research Institute and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia;
- Forest Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia; (J.E.H.); (D.A.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Josephine E. Humphries
- Forest Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia; (J.E.H.); (D.A.N.)
| | - Jacques Robert
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;
| | - Chantal M. Lanctôt
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia;
| | - Catherine J. Nock
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia;
| | - David A. Newell
- Forest Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia; (J.E.H.); (D.A.N.)
| | - Hamish I. McCallum
- Environmental Futures Research Institute and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia;
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Brenes-Soto A, Tye M, Esmail MY. The Role of Feed in Aquatic Laboratory Animal Nutrition and the Potential Impact on Animal Models and Study Reproducibility. ILAR J 2020; 60:197-215. [PMID: 33094819 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed plays a central role in the physiological development of terrestrial and aquatic animals. Historically, the feeding practice of aquatic research species derived from aquaculture, farmed, or ornamental trades. These diets are highly variable, with limited quality control, and have been typically selected to provide the fastest growth or highest fecundity. These variations of quality and composition of diets may affect animal/colony health and can introduce confounding experimental variables into animal-based studies that impact research reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Brenes-Soto
- Department of Animal Science, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Marc Tye
- Zebrafish Core Facility, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Michael Y Esmail
- Tufts Comparative Medicine Services, Tufts University Health Science Campus, Boston, Massachusetts
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10
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Sun Y, Huang T, Hammarström L, Zhao Y. The Immunoglobulins: New Insights, Implications, and Applications. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2019; 8:145-169. [PMID: 31846352 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins (Igs), as one of the hallmarks of adaptive immunity, first arose approximately 500 million years ago with the emergence of jawed vertebrates. Two events stand out in the evolutionary history of Igs from cartilaginous fish to mammals: (a) the diversification of Ig heavy chain (IgH) genes, resulting in Ig isotypes or subclasses associated with novel functions, and (b) the diversification of genetic and structural strategies, leading to the creation of the antibody repertoire we know today. This review first gives an overview of the IgH isotypes identified in jawed vertebrates to date and then highlights the implications or applications of five new recent discoveries arising from comparative studies of Igs derived from different vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China;
| | - Tian Huang
- Henan Engineering Laboratory for Mammary Bioreactor, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, People's Republic of China;
| | - Lennart Hammarström
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China;
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11
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Foulkrod AM, Appasamy PM. Expression of TCR genes in adult and larval Xenopus laevis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 96:78-82. [PMID: 30738793 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to better understand the development and function of γδ T cells in Xenopus frogs, it is necessary to determine where and when γδ T cells are found in Xenopus tissues. This study examined the expression of TCR genes, focused primarily on TCR γ, in tissues of adult and larval Xenopus laevis and provide new data about the expression pattern of these different TCR genes in this anuran amphibian. TCR gene expression was detected by RT-PCR in adult frog tissues including the thymus, spleen, skin, intestine, lung, and liver, but not the testes. TCR γ and β genes were detected in the larval (tadpole) tail and intestine. The absence of RAG-1 expression in these larval tissues is consistent with differentiation of the T cells in the thymus. Together, these data provide evidence that migration of these cells from the thymus likely occurs relatively early in larval development. These studies provide a necessary foundation for future studies of the functions of γδ T cells in amphibians, which are placed at an intermediate position flanked by fishes on one end and mammals and chickens on the other.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor delta
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor gamma
- Homeodomain Proteins/immunology
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Larva/genetics
- Larva/immunology
- Larva/metabolism
- Metamorphosis, Biological
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Xenopus laevis/genetics
- Xenopus laevis/immunology
- Xenopus laevis/metabolism
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12
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Wiebler JM, Kohl KD, Lee RE, Costanzo JP. Urea hydrolysis by gut bacteria in a hibernating frog: evidence for urea-nitrogen recycling in Amphibia. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2018.0241. [PMID: 29720413 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut bacteria that produce urease, the enzyme hydrolysing urea, contribute to nitrogen balance in diverse vertebrates, although the presence of this system of urea-nitrogen recycling in Amphibia is as yet unknown. Our studies of the wood frog (Rana sylvatica), a terrestrial species that accrues urea in winter, documented robust urease activity by enteric symbionts and hence potential to recoup nitrogen from the urea it produces. Ureolytic capacity in hibernating (non-feeding) frogs, whose guts hosted an approximately 33% smaller bacterial population, exceeded that of active (feeding) frogs, possibly due to an inductive effect of high urea on urease expression and/or remodelling of the microbial community. Furthermore, experimentally augmenting the host's plasma urea increased bacterial urease activity. Bacterial inventories constructed using 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that the assemblages hosted by hibernating and active frogs were equally diverse but markedly differed in community membership and structure. Hibernating frogs hosted a greater relative abundance and richer diversity of genera that possess urease-encoding genes and/or have member taxa that reportedly hydrolyse urea. Bacterial hydrolysis of host-synthesized urea probably permits conservation and repurposing of valuable nitrogen not only in hibernating R. sylvatica but, given urea's universal role in amphibian osmoregulation, also in virtually all Amphibia.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Wiebler
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Kevin D Kohl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Richard E Lee
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Jon P Costanzo
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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13
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Shu Y, Hong P, Tang D, Qing H, Omondi Donde O, Wang H, Xiao B, Wu H. Comparison of intestinal microbes in female and male Chinese concave-eared frogs (Odorrana tormota) and effect of nematode infection on gut bacterial communities. Microbiologyopen 2018; 8:e00749. [PMID: 30311422 PMCID: PMC6562124 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chinese concave‐eared frog (Odorrana tormota) is a rare and threatened species with remarkable sexual dimorphism. Intestinal microbes are understood to play important roles in animal physiology, growth, ecology, and evolution. However, little is known about the intestinal microbes in female and male frogs, as well as the contributing effect by gut infesting nematodes to the co‐habiting bacteria and their function in degradation food rich in chitin. Here, this study analyzed the microbiota of the intestinal tract of both female and male, healthy as well as nematode‐infested concave‐eared frogs using high throughput 16S rRNA sequencing and metagenomic techniques. The results showed that the bacterial composition of the microbiota at the phylum level was dominated by Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria. The study also revealed that the community composition below the class level could be represent sex differences, particularly with regard to Enterobacteriales, Enterobacteriaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, and Rikenellaceae, among others. Carbohydrate‐active enzyme‐encoding genes and modules were identified in related gut bacteria by metagenomic analysis, with Bacteroidia, Clostridia, and gammaproteobacteria predicted to be the main classes of chitin‐decomposing bacteria in the frog intestine. In addition, the abundance of some bacteria significantly increased or decreased in nematode‐infected hosts compared with healthy individuals, including Verrucomicrobia, Verrucomicrobiae, Negativicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacilli, among others. This indicates that nematode infection may affect the richness and composition of some gut bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Shu
- Key Laboratory for the Conservation and Utilization of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Wuhu, China.,College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Pei Hong
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Tang
- Key Laboratory for the Conservation and Utilization of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Wuhu, China.,College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Hui Qing
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Oscar Omondi Donde
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Department of Environmental Science, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya
| | - Huan Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Conservation and Utilization of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Wuhu, China.,College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Bangding Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hailong Wu
- Key Laboratory for the Conservation and Utilization of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Wuhu, China.,College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
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14
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Abstract
In jawed vertebrates from sharks to mammals, the thymus is the primary (or central) lymphoid tissue where T cells develop and mature. The particular stromal cell types, cytokine environment, and tissue organization in the thymus are essential for V(D)J recombination, positive selection for major histocompatibility complex recognition, and negative selection against self-peptide recognition of most αβ T cells. The thymectomy operation on Xenopus tadpole larva described here creates a T-cell-deficient model suitable for many immunology studies.
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15
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Abstract
The adaptive immune system arose 500 million years ago in ectothermic (cold-blooded) vertebrates. Classically, the adaptive immune system has been defined by the presence of lymphocytes expressing recombination-activating gene (RAG)-dependent antigen receptors and the MHC. These features are found in all jawed vertebrates, including cartilaginous and bony fish, amphibians and reptiles and are most likely also found in the oldest class of jawed vertebrates, the extinct placoderms. However, with the discovery of an adaptive immune system in jawless fish based on an entirely different set of antigen receptors - the variable lymphocyte receptors - the divergence of T and B cells, and perhaps innate-like lymphocytes, goes back to the origin of all vertebrates. This Review explores how recent developments in comparative immunology have furthered our understanding of the origins and function of the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Flajnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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16
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Neely HR, Guo J, Flowers EM, Criscitiello MF, Flajnik MF. "Double-duty" conventional dendritic cells in the amphibian Xenopus as the prototype for antigen presentation to B cells. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:430-440. [PMID: 29235109 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Two populations of dendritic cells (DCs) are found in mammals, one derived from hematopoietic precursors (conventional/cDC), and another derived from mesenchymal precursors, the follicular DC (FDC); the latter is specialized for antigen presentation to B cells, and has only been definitively demonstrated in mammals. Both cDC and FDC are necessary for induction of germinal centers (GC) and GC-dependent class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM). We demonstrate that in Xenopus, an amphibian in which immunoglobulin CSR and SHM occur without GC formation, a single type of DC has properties of both cDC and FDC, including high expression of MHC class II for the former and display of native antigen at the cell surface for the latter. Our data confirm that the advent of FDC functionality preceded emergence of bona fide FDC, which was in turn crucial for the development of GC formation and efficient affinity maturation in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold R Neely
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emily M Flowers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Martin F Flajnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
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17
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Functional characterization of a short peptidoglycan recognition protein from Chinese giant salamander ( Andrias davidianus). Oncotarget 2017; 8:99323-99335. [PMID: 29245904 PMCID: PMC5725095 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PGN) recognition proteins (PGRPs) are important pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) involved in immune defense against bacterial infections. In this study, a short PGRP (termed AdPGRP-S1) was cloned and functionally characterized from Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus), the largest extant urodela amphibian species. AdPGRP-S1 was 184 aa in length and shared 38.7%-54.9% sequence identities with other vertebrates’ short PGRPs. It contained one typical PGRP domain at the C-terminal region and several conserved amino acid (aa) residues involved in amidase and PGN binding. AdPGRP-S1 was constitutively expressed in all tissues examined, with the highest expression level seen in spleen and intestine. It has been shown that AdPGRP-S1 could bind and degrade Lys-PGN and Dap-PGN. Further, AdPGRP-S1 had antibacterial activity against the Gram-negative bacteria, Edwardsiella tarda, and was able to trigger the activation of NF-κB signaling. These results demonstrated that AdPGRP-S1 possesses multiple functions in pathogen recognition, mediating ceullular signaling, and initiating antibacterial response. This is the first functional study of a salamander PGRP, providing insight to further understand the functional evolution of verterbates’ PGRPs.
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18
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Zhang X, Calvert RA, Sutton BJ, Doré KA. IgY: a key isotype in antibody evolution. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 92:2144-2156. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine; Northwest A&F University; Yangling 712100 China
| | - Rosaleen A. Calvert
- The Randall Division of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King's College London; London SE1 1UL U.K
| | - Brian J. Sutton
- The Randall Division of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King's College London; London SE1 1UL U.K
| | - Katy A. Doré
- The Randall Division of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King's College London; London SE1 1UL U.K
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19
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Weng FCH, Yang YJ, Wang D. Functional analysis for gut microbes of the brown tree frog (Polypedates megacephalus) in artificial hibernation. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:1024. [PMID: 28155661 PMCID: PMC5260014 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Annual hibernation is an adaptation that helps many animals conserve energy during food shortage in winter. This natural cycle is also accompanied by a remodeling of the intestinal immune system, which is an aspect of host biology that is both influenced by, and can itself influence, the microbiota. In amphibians, the bacteria in the intestinal tract show a drop in bacterial counts. The proportion of pathogenic bacteria is greater in hibernating frogs than that found in nonhibernating frogs. This suggests that some intestinal gut microbes in amphibians can be maintained and may contribute to the functions in this closed ecosystem during hibernation. However, these results were derived from culture-based approaches that only covered a small portion of bacteria in the intestinal tract. METHODS In this study, we use a more comprehensive analysis, including bacterial appearance and functional prediction, to reveal the global changes in gut microbiota during artificial hibernation via high-throughput sequencing technology. RESULTS Our results suggest that artificial hibernation in the brown tree frog (Polypedates megacephalus) could reduce microbial diversity, and artificially hibernating frogs tend to harbor core operational taxonomic units that are rarely distributed among nonhibernating frogs. In addition, artificial hibernation increased significantly the relative abundance of the red-leg syndrome-related pathogenic genus Citrobacter. Furthermore, functional predictions via PICRUSt and Tax4Fun suggested that artificial hibernation has effects on metabolism, disease, signal transduction, bacterial infection, and primary immunodeficiency. CONCLUSIONS We infer that artificial hibernation may impose potential effects on primary immunodeficiency and increase the risk of bacterial infections in the brown tree frog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Cheng-Hsuan Weng
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
- Biodiversity Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, and National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Yang
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, College of Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 97401 Taiwan
| | - Daryi Wang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
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20
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Mashoof S, Criscitiello MF. Fish Immunoglobulins. BIOLOGY 2016; 5:E45. [PMID: 27879632 PMCID: PMC5192425 DOI: 10.3390/biology5040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The B cell receptor and secreted antibody are at the nexus of humoral adaptive immunity. In this review, we summarize what is known of the immunoglobulin genes of jawed cartilaginous and bony fishes. We focus on what has been learned from genomic or cDNA sequence data, but where appropriate draw upon protein, immunization, affinity and structural studies. Work from major aquatic model organisms and less studied comparative species are both included to define what is the rule for an immunoglobulin isotype or taxonomic group and what exemplifies an exception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mashoof
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Michael F Criscitiello
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77807, USA.
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21
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Parra D, Korytář T, Takizawa F, Sunyer JO. B cells and their role in the teleost gut. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 64:150-66. [PMID: 26995768 PMCID: PMC5125549 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are the main route of entry for pathogens in all living organisms. In the case of teleost fish, mucosal surfaces cover the vast majority of the animal. As these surfaces are in constant contact with the environment, fish are perpetually exposed to a vast number of pathogens. Despite the potential prevalence and variety of pathogens, mucosal surfaces are primarily populated by commensal non-pathogenic bacteria. Indeed, a fine balance between these two populations of microorganisms is crucial for animal survival. This equilibrium, controlled by the mucosal immune system, maintains homeostasis at mucosal tissues. Teleost fish possess a diffuse mucosa-associated immune system in the intestine, with B cells being one of the main responders. Immunoglobulins produced by these lymphocytes are a critical line of defense against pathogens and also prevent the entrance of commensal bacteria into the epithelium. In this review we will summarize recent literature regarding the role of B-lymphocytes and immunoglobulins in gut immunity in teleost fish, with specific focus on immunoglobulin isotypes and the microorganisms, pathogenic and non-pathogenic that interact with the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Parra
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Tomáš Korytář
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Fumio Takizawa
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - J Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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22
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Estevez O, Garet E, Olivieri D, Gambón-Deza F. Amphibians have immunoglobulins similar to ancestral IgD and IgA from Amniotes. Mol Immunol 2016; 69:52-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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23
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Weir H, Chen PL, Deiss TC, Jacobs N, Nabity MB, Young M, Criscitiello MF. DNP-KLH Yields Changes in Leukocyte Populations and Immunoglobulin Isotype Use with Different Immunization Routes in Zebrafish. Front Immunol 2015; 6:606. [PMID: 26648935 PMCID: PMC4664633 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Distinct methods are required for inducing mucosal versus systemic immunity in mammals for vaccine protection at the tissues most commonly breached by pathogens. Understanding of mucosal immunization in teleost fish is needed to combat aquaculture disease, understand emerging ecological threats, and know how vertebrate adaptive immunity evolved. Here, we quantitatively measured expression levels of IgM as well as the teleost mucosal immunoglobulin, IgZ/IgT, in zebrafish given an antigen systemically via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection or mucosally via bath immersion. Both immunoglobulin isotypes and the B cell activating factor gene transcription was induced in fish injected with antigen as compared to saline injected or antigen immersed fish, though these failed to reach statistical significance. Here we provide additional reference hematology for this model species. Differential blood counts revealed a greater lymphocyte percentage in both i.p. and immersed fish, with increase in large lymphocyte counts and decrease in neutrophils. These humoral adaptive gene transcription and cytological data should provide a foundation for more studies connecting immunology in this dominant developmental and genetic fish model to other species where mucosal immunization is of greater commercial importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Weir
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX , USA ; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX , USA ; Department of Science, A&M Consolidated High School , College Station, TX , USA
| | - Patricia L Chen
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX , USA ; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX , USA
| | - Thaddeus C Deiss
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX , USA ; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX , USA
| | - Natalie Jacobs
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX , USA ; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX , USA
| | - Mary B Nabity
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX , USA
| | - Matt Young
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX , USA ; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX , USA ; Department of Science, A&M Consolidated High School , College Station, TX , USA
| | - Michael F Criscitiello
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX , USA ; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX , USA
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24
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Zhang ZZ, Pannunzio NR, Lu Z, Hsu E, Yu K, Lieber MR. The repetitive portion of the Xenopus IgH Mu switch region mediates orientation-dependent class switch recombination. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:524-31. [PMID: 26277278 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrates developed immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) class switch recombination (CSR) to express different IgH constant regions. Most double-strand breaks for Ig CSR occur within the repetitive portion of the switch regions located upstream of each set of constant domain exons for the Igγ, Igα or Igϵ heavy chain. Unlike mammalian switch regions, Xenopus switch regions do not have a high G-density on the non-template DNA strand. In previous studies, when Xenopus Sμ DNA was moved to the genome of mice, it is able to support substantial CSR when it is used to replace the murine Sγ1 region. Here, we tested both the 2kb repetitive portion and the 4.6 kb full-length portions of the Xenopus Sμ in both their natural (forward) orientation relative to the constant domain exons, as well as the opposite (reverse) orientation. Consistent with previous work, we find that the 4.6 kb full-length Sμ mediates similar levels of CSR in both the forward and reverse orientations. Whereas, the forward orientation of the 2kb portion can restore the majority of the CSR level of the 4.6 kb full-length Sμ, the reverse orientation poorly supports R-looping and no CSR. The forward orientation of the 2kb repetitive portion has more GG dinucleotides on the non-template strand than the reverse orientation. The correlation of R-loop formation with CSR efficiency, as demonstrated in the 2kb repetitive fragment of the Xenopus switch region, confirms a role played by R-looping in CSR that appears to be conserved through evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Z Zhang
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Ctr. Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Departments of Pathology, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Urology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 1441 Eastlake Ave., Rm, 5428, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9176, United States
| | - Nicholas R Pannunzio
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Ctr. Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Departments of Pathology, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Urology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 1441 Eastlake Ave., Rm, 5428, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9176, United States
| | - Zhengfei Lu
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Ctr. Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Departments of Pathology, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Urology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 1441 Eastlake Ave., Rm, 5428, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9176, United States
| | - Ellen Hsu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY 11203, United States
| | - Kefei Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, 5175 Biomedical Physical Sciences, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Michael R Lieber
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Ctr. Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Departments of Pathology, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Urology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 1441 Eastlake Ave., Rm, 5428, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9176, United States
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25
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Colombo BM, Scalvenzi T, Benlamara S, Pollet N. Microbiota and mucosal immunity in amphibians. Front Immunol 2015; 6:111. [PMID: 25821449 PMCID: PMC4358222 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We know that animals live in a world dominated by bacteria. In the last 20 years, we have learned that microbes are essential regulators of mucosal immunity. Bacteria, archeas, and viruses influence different aspects of mucosal development and function. Yet, the literature mainly covers findings obtained in mammals. In this review, we focus on two major themes that emerge from the comparative analysis of mammals and amphibians. These themes concern: (i) the structure and functions of lymphoid organs and immune cells in amphibians, with a focus on the gut mucosal immune system; and (ii) the characteristics of the amphibian microbiota and its influence on mucosal immunity. Lastly, we propose to use Xenopus tadpoles as an alternative small-animal model to improve the fundamental knowledge on immunological functions of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno M Colombo
- Institute of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne , Evry , France
| | - Thibault Scalvenzi
- Institute of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne , Evry , France
| | - Sarah Benlamara
- Institute of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne , Evry , France
| | - Nicolas Pollet
- Institute of Systems and Synthetic Biology, CNRS , Evry , France ; Evolution, Genome, Comportement et Ecologie, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, IRD , Gif-sur-Yvette , France
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26
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27
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Senger K, Hackney J, Payandeh J, Zarrin AA. Antibody Isotype Switching in Vertebrates. Results Probl Cell Differ 2015; 57:295-324. [PMID: 26537387 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20819-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The humoral or antibody-mediated immune response in vertebrates has evolved to respond to diverse antigenic challenges in various anatomical locations. Diversification of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) constant region via isotype switching allows for remarkable plasticity in the immune response, including versatile tissue distribution, Fc receptor binding, and complement fixation. This enables antibody molecules to exert various biological functions while maintaining antigen-binding specificity. Different immunoglobulin (Ig) classes include IgM, IgD, IgG, IgE, and IgA, which exist as surface-bound and secreted forms. High-affinity autoantibodies are associated with various autoimmune diseases such as lupus and arthritis, while defects in components of isotype switching are associated with infections. A major route of infection used by a large number of pathogens is invasion of mucosal surfaces within the respiratory, digestive, or urinary tract. Most infections of this nature are initially limited by effector mechanisms such as secretory IgA antibodies. Mucosal surfaces have been proposed as a major site for the genesis of adaptive immune responses, not just in fighting infections but also in tolerating commensals and constant dietary antigens. We will discuss the evolution of isotype switching in various species and provide an overview of the function of various isotypes with a focus on IgA, which is universally important in gut homeostasis as well as pathogen clearance. Finally, we will discuss the utility of antibodies as therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Senger
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Jason Hackney
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Jian Payandeh
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Ali A Zarrin
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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Comparative Phylogeny of the Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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Brugman S, Schneeberger K, Witte M, Klein MR, van den Bogert B, Boekhorst J, Timmerman HM, Boes ML, Kleerebezem M, Nieuwenhuis EES. T lymphocytes control microbial composition by regulating the abundance of Vibrio in the zebrafish gut. Gut Microbes 2014; 5:737-47. [PMID: 25536157 PMCID: PMC4615293 DOI: 10.4161/19490976.2014.972228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysbiosis of the intestinal microbial community is considered a risk factor for development of chronic intestinal inflammation as well as other diseases such as diabetes, obesity and even cancer. Study of the innate and adaptive immune pathways controlling bacterial colonization has however proven difficult in rodents, considering the extensive cross-talk between bacteria and innate and adaptive immunity. Here, we used the zebrafish to study innate and adaptive immune processes controlling the microbial community. Zebrafish lack a functional adaptive immune system in the first weeks of life, enabling study of the innate immune system in the absence of adaptive immunity. We show that in wild type zebrafish, the initial lack of adaptive immunity associates with overgrowth of Vibrio species (a group encompassing fish and human pathogens), which is overcome upon adaptive immune development. In Rag1-deficient zebrafish (lacking adaptive immunity) Vibrio abundance remains high, suggesting that adaptive immune processes indeed control Vibrio species. Using cell transfer experiments, we confirm that adoptive transfer of T lymphocytes, but not B lymphocytes into Rag1-deficient recipients suppresses outgrowth of Vibrio. In addition, ex vivo exposure of intestinal T lymphocytes to Rag1-deficient microbiota results in increased interferon-gamma expression by these T lymphocytes, compared to exposure to wild type microbiota. In conclusion, we show that T lymphocytes control microbial composition by effectively suppressing the outgrowth of Vibrio species in the zebrafish intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Brugman
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Animal Sciences Group, Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands,Correspondence to: Sylvia Brugman;
| | - Kerstin Schneeberger
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Merlijn Witte
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Hubrecht Institute-Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark R Klein
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bartholomeus van den Bogert
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands,Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN) Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Boekhorst
- NIZO food research, Ede, The Netherlands,Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (CMBI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marianne L Boes
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Kleerebezem
- Host Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands,NIZO food research, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Edward ES Nieuwenhuis
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Pettinello R, Dooley H. The immunoglobulins of cold-blooded vertebrates. Biomolecules 2014; 4:1045-69. [PMID: 25427250 PMCID: PMC4279169 DOI: 10.3390/biom4041045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although lymphocyte-like cells secreting somatically-recombining receptors have been identified in the jawless fishes (hagfish and lamprey), the cartilaginous fishes (sharks, skates, rays and chimaera) are the most phylogenetically distant group relative to mammals in which bona fide immunoglobulins (Igs) have been found. Studies of the antibodies and humoral immune responses of cartilaginous fishes and other cold-blooded vertebrates (bony fishes, amphibians and reptiles) are not only revealing information about the emergence and roles of the different Ig heavy and light chain isotypes, but also the evolution of specialised adaptive features such as isotype switching, somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation. It is becoming increasingly apparent that while the adaptive immune response in these vertebrate lineages arose a long time ago, it is most definitely not primitive and has evolved to become complex and sophisticated. This review will summarise what is currently known about the immunoglobulins of cold-blooded vertebrates and highlight the differences, and commonalities, between these and more “conventional” mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Pettinello
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
| | - Helen Dooley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
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Castro CD, Flajnik MF. Putting J chain back on the map: how might its expression define plasma cell development? THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3248-55. [PMID: 25240020 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Joining chain (J chain) is a small polypeptide that regulates multimerization of secretory IgM and IgA, the only two mammalian Igs capable of forming multimers. J chain also is required for poly-Ig receptor-mediated transport of these Ig classes across the mucosal epithelium. It is generally assumed that all plasma cells express J chain regardless of expressed isotype, despite the documented presence of J chain(-) plasma cells in mammals, specifically in all monomeric IgA-secreting cells and some IgG-secreting cells. Compared with most other immune molecules, J chain has not been studied extensively, in part because of technical limitations. Even the reported phenotype of the J chain-knockout mouse is often misunderstood or underappreciated. In this short review, we discuss J chain in light of the various proposed models of its expression and regulation, with an added focus on its evolutionary significance, as well as its expression in different B cell lineages/differentiation states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin D Castro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Martin F Flajnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
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Criscitiello MF. What the shark immune system can and cannot provide for the expanding design landscape of immunotherapy. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:725-39. [PMID: 24836096 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.920818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sharks have successfully lived in marine ecosystems, often atop food chains as apex predators, for nearly one and a half billion years. Throughout this period they have benefitted from an immune system with the same fundamental components found in terrestrial vertebrates like man. Additionally, sharks have some rather extraordinary immune mechanisms which mammals lack. AREAS COVERED In this review the author briefly orients the reader to sharks, their adaptive immunity, and their important phylogenetic position in comparative immunology. The author also differentiates some of the myths from facts concerning these animals, their cartilage, and cancer. From thereon, the author explores some of the more remarkable capabilities and products of shark lymphocytes. Sharks have an isotype of light chain-less antibodies that are useful tools in molecular biology and are moving towards translational use in the clinic. These special antibodies are just one of the several tricks of shark lymphocyte antigen receptor systems. EXPERT OPINION While shark cartilage has not helped oncology patients, shark immunoglobulins and T cell receptors do offer exciting novel possibilities for immunotherapeutics. Much of the clinical immunology developmental pipeline has turned from traditional vaccines to passively delivered monoclonal antibody-based drugs for targeted depletion, activation, blocking and immunomodulation. The immunogenetic tools of shark lymphocytes, battle-tested since the dawn of our adaptive immune system, are well poised to expand the design landscape for the next generation of immunotherapy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Criscitiello
- Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology , Mailstop 4467, College Station, TX 77843 , USA +1 979 845 4207 ; +1 979 862 1088 ;
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Liberti A, Melillo D, Zucchetti I, Natale L, Dishaw LJ, Litman GW, De Santis R, Pinto MR. Expression of Ciona intestinalis variable region-containing chitin-binding proteins during development of the gastrointestinal tract and their role in host-microbe interactions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94984. [PMID: 24788831 PMCID: PMC4008424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Variable region-containing chitin-binding proteins (VCBPs) are secreted, immune-type molecules that have been described in both amphioxus, a cephalochordate, and sea squirt, Ciona intestinalis, a urochordate. In adult Ciona, VCBP-A, -B and -C are expressed in hemocytes and the cells of the gastrointestinal tract. VCBP-C binds bacteria in the stomach lumen and functions as an opsonin in vitro. In the present paper the expression of VCBPs has been characterized during development using in situ hybridization, immunohistochemical staining and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technologies. The expression of VCBP-A and -C is detected first in discrete areas of larva endoderm and becomes progressively localized during differentiation in the stomach and intestine, marking the development of gut tracts. In “small adults” (1–2 cm juveniles) expression of VCBP-C persists and VCBP-A gradually diminishes, ultimately replaced by expression of VCBP-B. The expression of VCBP-A and -C in stage 7–8 juveniles, at which point animals have already started feeding, is influenced significantly by challenge with either Gram-positive or -negative bacteria. A potential role for VCBPs in gut-microbiota interactions and homeostasis is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Liberti
- Department of Animal Physiology and Evolution, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniela Melillo
- Department of Animal Physiology and Evolution, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Ivana Zucchetti
- Department of Animal Physiology and Evolution, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Lenina Natale
- Department of Animal Physiology and Evolution, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Larry J. Dishaw
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida College of Medicine, St Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gary W. Litman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida College of Medicine, St Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rosaria De Santis
- Department of Animal Physiology and Evolution, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Pinto
- Department of Animal Physiology and Evolution, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Zhang T, Tacchi L, Wei Z, Zhao Y, Salinas I. Intraclass diversification of immunoglobulin heavy chain genes in the African lungfish. Immunogenetics 2014; 66:335-51. [PMID: 24676685 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-014-0769-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lungfish (Dipnoi) are the closest living relatives to tetrapods, and they represent the transition from water to land during vertebrate evolution. Lungfish are armed with immunoglobulins (Igs), one of the hallmarks of the adaptive immune system of jawed vertebrates, but only three Ig forms have been characterized in Dipnoi to date. We report here a new diversity of Ig molecules in two African lungfish species (Protopterus dolloi and Protopterus annectens). The African lungfish Igs consist of three IgMs, two IgWs, three IgNs, and an IgQ, where both IgN and IgQ originated evidently from the IgW lineage. Our data also suggest that the IgH genes in the lungfish are organized in a transiting form from clusters (IgH loci in cartilaginous fish) to a translocon configuration (IgH locus in tetrapods). We propose that the intraclass diversification of the two primordial gnathostome Ig classes (IgM and IgW) as well as acquisition of new isotypes (IgN and IgQ) has allowed lungfish to acquire a complex and functionally diverse Ig repertoire to fight a variety of microorganisms. Furthermore, our results support the idea that "tetrapod-specific" Ig classes did not evolve until the vertebrate adaptation to land was completed ~360 million years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
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Coevolution of Mucosal Immunoglobulins and the Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor: Evidence That the Commensal Microbiota Provided the Driving Force. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/541537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins (Igs) in mucosal secretions contribute to immune homeostasis by limiting access of microbial and environmental antigens to the body proper, maintaining the integrity of the epithelial barrier and shaping the composition of the commensal microbiota. The emergence of IgM in cartilaginous fish represented the primordial mucosal Ig, which is expressed in all higher vertebrates. Expansion and diversification of the mucosal Ig repertoire led to the emergence of IgT in bony fishes, IgX in amphibians, and IgA in reptiles, birds, and mammals. Parallel evolution of cellular receptors for the constant (Fc) regions of Igs provided mechanisms for their transport and immune effector functions. The most ancient of these Fc receptors is the polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR), which first appeared in an ancestor of bony fishes. The pIgR transports polymeric IgM, IgT, IgX, and IgA across epithelial cells into external secretions. Diversification and refinement of the structure of mucosal Igs during tetrapod evolution were paralleled by structural changes in pIgR, culminating in the multifunctional secretory IgA complex in mammals. In this paper, evidence is presented that the mutualistic relationship between the commensal microbiota and the vertebrate host provided the driving force for coevolution of mucosal Igs and pIgR.
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Mashoof S, Pohlenz C, Chen PL, Deiss TC, Gatlin D, Buentello A, Criscitiello MF. Expressed IgH μ and τ transcripts share diversity segment in ranched Thunnus orientalis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 43:76-86. [PMID: 24231183 PMCID: PMC7039072 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
It is now appreciated that in addition to the immunoglobulin (Ig)M and D isotypes fish also make the mucosal IgT. In this study we sequenced the full length of Ig τ as well as μ in the commercially important Thunnus orientalis (Pacific bluefin tuna), the first molecular analysis of these two Ig isotypes in a member of the order Perciformes. Tuna IgM and IgT are each composed of four constant (CH) domains. We cloned and sequenced 48 different variable (VH) domain gene rearrangements of tuna immunoglobulins and grouped the VH gene sequences to four VH gene segment families based on 70% nucleotide identity. Three VH gene families were used by both IgM and IgT but one group was only found to be used by IgM. Most interestingly, both μ and τ clones appear to use the same diversity (DH) segment, unlike what has been described in other species, although they have dedicated IgT and IgM joining (JH) gene segments. We complemented this repertoire study with phylogenetic and tissue expression analysis. In addition to supporting the development of humoral vaccines in this important aquaculture species, these data suggest that the DH-JH recombination rather than the VH-DH recombination may be instructive for IgT versus IgM/D bearing lymphocyte lineages in some fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mashoof
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Camilo Pohlenz
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Patricia L Chen
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Thaddeus C Deiss
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Delbert Gatlin
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Alejandro Buentello
- Schillinger Genetics, 4401 Westown Parkway Suite 225, West Des Moines, IA 50266, USA.
| | - Michael F Criscitiello
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Bordin AI, Suchodolski JS, Markel ME, Weaver KB, Steiner JM, Dowd SE, Pillai S, Cohen ND. Effects of administration of live or inactivated virulent Rhodococccus equi and age on the fecal microbiome of neonatal foals. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66640. [PMID: 23785508 PMCID: PMC3681940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rhodococcus equi is an important pathogen of foals. Enteral administration of live, virulent R. equi during early life has been documented to protect against subsequent intrabronchial challenge with R. equi, indicating that enteral mucosal immunization may be protective. Evidence exists that mucosal immune responses develop against both live and inactivated micro-organisms. The extent to which live or inactivated R. equi might alter the intestinal microbiome of foals is unknown. This is an important question because the intestinal microbiome of neonates of other species is known to change over time and to influence host development. To our knowledge, changes in the intestinal microbiome of foals during early life have not been reported. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine whether age (during the first month of life) or administration of either live virulent R. equi (at a dose reported to protect foals against subsequent intrabronchial challenge, viz., 1×1010 colony forming units [CFU]) or inactivated virulent R. equi (at higher doses, viz., 2×1010 and 1×1011 [CFU]) altered the fecal microbiome of foals. Methodology/Principal Findings Fecal swab samples from 42 healthy foals after vaccination with low-dose inactivated R. equi (n = 9), high-dose inactivated R. equi (n = 10), live R. equi (n = 6), control with cholera toxin B (CTB, n = 9), and control without CTB (n = 8) were evaluated by 454-pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and by qPCR. No impact of treatment was observed among vaccinated foals; however, marked and significant differences in microbial communities and diversity were observed between foals at 30 days of age relative to 2 days of age. Conclusions The results suggest age-related changes in the fecal microbial population of healthy foals do occur, however, mucosal vaccination does not result in major changes of the fecal microbiome in foals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela I. Bordin
- Equine Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Melissa E. Markel
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kaytee B. Weaver
- Equine Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jörg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Scot E. Dowd
- Molecular Research DNA Laboratory, Shallowater, Texas, United States of America
| | - Suresh Pillai
- National Center for Electron Beam Research and Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Noah D. Cohen
- Equine Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Magadán-Mompó S, Sánchez-Espinel C, Gambón-Deza F. IgH loci of American alligator and saltwater crocodile shed light on IgA evolution. Immunogenetics 2013; 65:531-41. [PMID: 23558556 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-013-0692-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin loci of two representatives of the order Crocodylia were studied from full genome sequences. Both Alligator mississippiensis and Crocodylus porosus have 13 genes for the heavy chain constant regions of immunoglobulins. The IGHC locus contains genes encoding four immunoglobulins M (IgM), one immunoglobulin D (IgD), three immunoglobulins A (IgA), three immunoglobulins Y (IgY), and two immunoglobulins D2 (IgD2). IgA and IgD2 genes were found in reverse transcriptional orientation compared to the other Ig genes. The IGHD gene contains 11 exons, four of which containing stop codons or sequence alterations. As described in other reptiles, the IgD2 is a chimeric Ig with IgA- and IgD-related domains. This work clarifies the origin of bird IgA and its evolutionary relationship with amphibian immunoglobulin X (IgX) as well as their links with mammalian IgA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Magadán-Mompó
- Oceanographic Center of Vigo, Spanish Institute of Oceanography-IEO, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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