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Mathew AM, Huber A, Sous RD, Weghorn KN, Powers-Fletcher MV, Jose S, Madan R. Effect of Leptin Receptor Q223R Polymorphism on Clostridioides difficile Infection-Induced Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Production. J Infect Dis 2024; 230:816-820. [PMID: 38687212 PMCID: PMC11481448 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokine levels and host genetic makeup are key determinants of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) outcomes. We previously reported that blocking the inflammatory cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) ameliorates CDI. Here, we determined kinetics of MIF production and its association with a common genetic variant in leptin receptor (LEPR) using blood from patients with CDI. We found highest plasma MIF early after C difficile exposure and in individuals who express mutant/derived LEPR. Our data suggest that early-phase CDI provides a possible window of opportunity in which MIF targeting, potentially in combination with LEPR genotype, could have therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Mathew
- Division of Infectious Diseases
- Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Alexander Huber
- Division of Infectious Diseases
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
| | | | | | - Margaret V Powers-Fletcher
- Division of Infectious Diseases
- Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | | | - Rajat Madan
- Division of Infectious Diseases
- Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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2
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Huber A, Jose S, Kassam A, Weghorn KN, Powers-Fletcher M, Sharma D, Mukherjee A, Mathew A, Kulkarni N, Chandramouli S, Alder MN, Madan R. Olfactomedin-4 + neutrophils exacerbate intestinal epithelial damage and worsen host survival after Clostridioides difficile infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.21.553751. [PMID: 37662327 PMCID: PMC10473617 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.21.553751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are key first responders to Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). Excessive tissue and blood neutrophils are associated with worse histopathology and adverse outcomes, however their functional role during CDI remains poorly defined. Utilizing intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-neutrophil co-cultures and a pre-clinical animal model of CDI, we show that neutrophils exacerbate C. difficile -induced IEC injury. We utilized cutting-edge single-cell transcriptomics to illuminate neutrophil subtypes and biological pathways that could exacerbate CDI-associated IEC damage. As such, we have established the first transcriptomics atlas of bone marrow (BM), blood, and colonic neutrophils after CDI. We found that CDI altered the developmental trajectory of BM and blood neutrophils towards populations that exhibit gene signatures associated with pro-inflammatory responses and neutrophil-mediated tissue damage. Similarly, the transcriptomic signature of colonic neutrophils was consistent with hyper-inflammatory and highly differentiated cells that had amplified expression of cytokine-mediated signaling and degranulation priming genes. One of the top 10 variable features in colonic neutrophils was the gene for neutrophil glycoprotein, Olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4). CDI enhanced OLFM4 mRNA and protein expression in neutrophils, and OLFM4 + cells aggregated to areas of severe IEC damage. Compared to uninfected controls, both humans and mice with CDI had higher concentrations of circulating OLFM4; and in mice, OLFM4 deficiency resulted in faster recovery and better survival after infection. Collectively, these studies provide novel insights into neutrophil-mediated pathology after CDI and highlight the pathogenic role of OLFM4 + neutrophils in regulating CDI-induced IEC damage. One Sentence Summary Utilizing single-cell transcriptomics, IEC-epithelial co-cultures, and pre-clinical models of CDI, we have identified a subset of neutrophils that are marked by OLFM4 expression as pathogenic determinants of IEC barrier damage after CDI.
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Rehman S, Gora AH, Varshney S, Dias J, Olsvik PA, Fernandes JMO, Brugman S, Kiron V. Developmental defects and behavioral changes in a diet-induced inflammation model of zebrafish. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1018768. [PMID: 36389790 PMCID: PMC9643868 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1018768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean meal evokes diet-induced intestinal inflammation in certain fishes. Although the molecular aspects of soybean-induced intestinal inflammation in zebrafish are known, the impact of the inflammatory diet on fish behavior remain largely underexplored. We fed zebrafish larvae with three diets - control, soybean meal and soybean meal with β-glucan to gain deeper insight into the behavioral changes associated with the soybean meal-induced inflammation model. We assessed the effect of the diets on the locomotor behavior, morphological development, oxygen consumption and larval transcriptome. Our study revealed that dietary soybean meal can reduce the locomotor activity, induce developmental defects and increase the oxygen demand in zebrafish larvae. Transcriptomic analysis pointed to the suppression of genes linked to visual perception, organ development, phototransduction pathway and activation of genes linked to the steroid biosynthesis pathway. On the contrary, β-glucan, an anti-inflammatory feed additive, counteracted the behavioral and phenotypic changes linked to dietary soybean. Although we did not identify any differentially expressed genes from the soybean meal alone fed group vs soybean meal + β-glucan-fed group comparison, the unique genes from the comparisons of the two groups with the control likely indicate reduction in inflammatory cytokine signaling, inhibition of proteolysis and induction of epigenetic modifications by the dietary glucan. Furthermore, we found that feeding an inflammatory diet at the larval stage can lead to long-lasting developmental defects. In conclusion, our study reveals the extra-intestinal manifestations associated with soybean meal-induced inflammation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Rehman
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Adnan H. Gora
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Shubham Varshney
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | | | - Pål A. Olsvik
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | | | - Sylvia Brugman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Host Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Viswanath Kiron
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
- *Correspondence: Viswanath Kiron,
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Chandra H, Sharma KK, Tuovinen OH, Sun X, Shukla P. Pathobionts: mechanisms of survival, expansion, and interaction with host with a focus on Clostridioides difficile. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1979882. [PMID: 34724858 PMCID: PMC8565823 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1979882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathobionts are opportunistic microbes that emerge as a result of perturbations in the healthy microbiome due to complex interactions of various genetic, exposomal, microbial, and host factors that lead to their selection and expansion. Their proliferations can aggravate inflammatory manifestations, trigger autoimmune diseases, and lead to severe life-threatening conditions. Current surge in microbiome research is unwinding these complex interplays between disease development and protection against pathobionts. This review summarizes the current knowledge of pathobiont emergence with a focus on Clostridioides difficile and the recent findings on the roles of immune cells such as iTreg cells, Th17 cells, innate lymphoid cells, and cytokines in protection against pathobionts. The review calls for adoption of innovative tools and cutting-edge technologies in clinical diagnostics and therapeutics to provide insights in identification and quantification of pathobionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Chandra
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India,Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Krishna Kant Sharma
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Recombinant DNA Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Olli H. Tuovinen
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Xingmin Sun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA,Xingmin Sun Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India,Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India,CONTACT Pratyoosh Shukla School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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5
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Souza-Almeida G, Palhinha L, Liechocki S, da Silva Pereira JA, Reis PA, Dib PRB, Hottz ED, Gameiro J, Vallochi AL, de Almeida CJ, Castro-Faria-Neto H, Bozza PT, Maya-Monteiro CM. Peripheral leptin signaling persists in innate immune cells during diet-induced obesity. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 109:1131-1138. [PMID: 33070353 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ab0820-092rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a pleiotropic adipokine that regulates immunometabolism centrally and peripherally. Obese individuals present increased levels of leptin in the blood and develop hypothalamic resistance to this adipokine. Here we investigated whether leptin effects on the periphery are maintained despite the hypothalamic resistance. We previously reported that leptin injection induces in vivo neutrophil migration and peritoneal macrophage activation in lean mice through TNF-α- and CXCL1-dependent mechanisms. However, leptin effects on leukocyte biology during obesity remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the in vivo responsiveness of leukocytes to i.p. injected leptin in mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO). After 14-16 wk, high-sucrose, high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice showed hyperglycemia, hyperleptinemia, and dyslipidemia compared to normal-sucrose, normal-fat diet (ND). Exogenous leptin did not reduce food intake in DIO mice in contrast to control mice, indicating that DIO mice were centrally resistant to leptin. Regardless of the diet, we found increased levels of TNF-α and CXCL1 in the animals injected with leptin, alongside a pronounced neutrophil migration to the peritoneal cavity and enhanced biogenesis of lipid droplets in peritoneal macrophages. Supporting our in vivo results, data from ex vivo leptin stimulation experiments confirmed hypothalamic resistance in DIO mice, whereas bone marrow cells responded to leptin stimulation through mTOR signaling despite obesity. Altogether, our results show that leukocytes responded equally to leptin in ND- or HFD-fed mice. These results support a role for leptin in the innate immune response also in obesity, contributing to the inflammatory status that leads to the development of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glaucia Souza-Almeida
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Current address: Laboratory of Immunoinflammation, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lohanna Palhinha
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sally Liechocki
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia Alves Reis
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula Ribeiro Braga Dib
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunology, Infectious Disease and Obesity, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eugenio D Hottz
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jacy Gameiro
- Laboratory of Immunology, Infectious Disease and Obesity, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adriana Lima Vallochi
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cecília Jacques de Almeida
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hugo Castro-Faria-Neto
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia T Bozza
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Menezes Maya-Monteiro
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Jose S, Mukherjee A, Horrigan O, Setchell KDR, Zhang W, Moreno-Fernandez ME, Andersen H, Sharma D, Haslam DB, Divanovic S, Madan R. Obeticholic acid ameliorates severity of Clostridioides difficile infection in high fat diet-induced obese mice. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:500-510. [PMID: 32811993 PMCID: PMC7889747 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-00338-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe Clostridiodes difficile infection (CDI) is life-threatening and responds poorly to treatment. Obesity is associated with development of severe CDI. Therefore, to define the mechanisms that exacerbate disease severity, we examined CDI pathogenesis in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed obese mice. Compared to control mice, HFD-fed mice failed to clear C. difficile bacteria which resulted in protracted diarrhea, weight loss and colonic damage. After infection, HFD-induced obese mice had an intestinal bile acid (BA) pool that was dominated by primary BAs which are known promoters of C. difficile spore germination, and lacked secondary BAs that inhibit C. difficile growth. Concurrently, synthesis of primary BAs from liver was significantly increased in C. difficile-infected HFD-fed mice. A key pathway that regulates hepatic BA synthesis is via feedback inhibition from intestinal Farnesoid X receptors (FXRs). Our data reveal that the proportion of FXR agonist BAs to FXR antagonist BAs in the intestinal lumen was significantly reduced in HFD-fed mice after CDI. Treatment of HFD-fed mice with an FXR agonist Obeticholic acid, resulted in decreased primary BA synthesis, fewer C. difficile bacteria and better CDI outcomes. Thus, OCA treatment holds promise as a therapy for severe CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsmon Jose
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
| | - Anindita Mukherjee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
| | - Olivia Horrigan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
| | - Kenneth D R Setchell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
| | - Wujuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Maria E Moreno-Fernandez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Heidi Andersen
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Divya Sharma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
| | - David B Haslam
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Rajat Madan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA.
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7
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Horrigan O, Jose S, Mukherjee A, Sharma D, Huber A, Madan R. Leptin Receptor q223r Polymorphism Influences Clostridioides difficile Infection-Induced Neutrophil CXCR2 Expression in an Interleukin-1β Dependent Manner. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:619192. [PMID: 33718269 PMCID: PMC7946998 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.619192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are key first-responders in the innate immune response to C. difficile infection (CDI) and play a central role in disease pathogenesis. Studies have clearly shown that tissue neutrophil numbers need to be tightly regulated for optimal CDI outcomes: while excessive colonic neutrophilia is associated with severe CDI, neutrophil depletion also results in worse outcomes. However, the biological mechanisms that control CDI-induced neutrophilia remain poorly defined. C-X-C chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) is a chemotactic receptor that is critical in neutrophil mobilization from bone marrow to blood and tissue sites. We have previously reported that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in leptin receptor (LEPR), present in up to 50% of people, influenced CDI-induced neutrophil CXCR2 expression and tissue neutrophilia. Homozygosity for mutant LEPR (i.e. RR genotype) was associated with higher CXCR2 expression and more tissue neutrophils. Here, we investigated the biological mechanisms that regulate neutrophil CXCR2 expression after CDI, and the influence of host genetics on this process. Our data reveal that: a) CXCR2 plays a key role in CDI-induced neutrophil extravasation from blood to colonic tissue; b) plasma from C. difficile-infected mice upregulated CXCR2 on bone marrow neutrophils; c) plasma from C. difficile-infected RR mice induced a higher magnitude of CXCR2 upregulation and had more IL-1β; and d) IL-1β neutralization reduced CXCR2 expression on bone marrow and blood neutrophils and their subsequent accrual to colonic tissue. In sum, our data indicate that IL-1β is a key molecular mediator that communicates between gastro-intestinal tract (i.e. site of CDI) and bone marrow (i.e. primary neutrophil reservoir) and regulates the intensity of CDI-induced tissue neutrophilia by modulating CXCR2 expression. Further, our studies highlight the importance of host genetics in affecting these innate immune responses and provide novel insights into the mechanisms by which a common SNP influences CDI-induced neutrophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Horrigan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Shinsmon Jose
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Anindita Mukherjee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Divya Sharma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Alexander Huber
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Rajat Madan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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8
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Czepiel J, Biesiada G, Pitera E, Wołkow PP, Michalak M, Garlicki A. Decreased Expression of the High Mobility Group Box 1 ( HMGB1) Gene in Peripheral Blood in Patients with Mild or Moderate Clostridioides difficile Infection. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081217. [PMID: 32796569 PMCID: PMC7464922 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are mediators of inflammation induced in the course of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) is a cytokine playing an important role in the pathogenesis of numerous inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The aim of the study was to assess the HMGB1 gene expression in the course of CDI. We have performed a prospective case-control study- including 55 adult patients, among them 27 with CDI, who were hospitalized from October 2018 to February 2020 and 28 healthy volunteers. We assessed: a complete blood count with differential leukocyte count, blood creatinine, albumin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Then, the expression of the HMGB1 gene was evaluated using quantitative Real-Time PCR. Patients with CDI were found to have a significant increase in white blood cells (WBC), neutrophil count, and CRP levels, they also exhibited decreased levels of albumin compared with controls. The HMGB1 gene expression was significantly lower among patients with CDI compared with the control group and significantly, inversely correlated with CRP level in blood. In conclusion, we have observed a decreased expression of the HMGB1 gene in peripheral blood of patients with mild or moderate CDI, which hypothetically could reflect their diminished capability to fight the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Czepiel
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (G.B.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +48-124-002022/17
| | - Grażyna Biesiada
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (G.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Ewelina Pitera
- Center for Medical Genomics OMICRON, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krakow, Poland; (E.P.); (P.P.W.)
| | - Paweł P. Wołkow
- Center for Medical Genomics OMICRON, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krakow, Poland; (E.P.); (P.P.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Aleksander Garlicki
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (G.B.); (A.G.)
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9
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Jose S, Mukherjee A, Abhyankar MM, Leng L, Bucala R, Sharma D, Madan R. Neutralization of macrophage migration inhibitory factor improves host survival after Clostridium difficile infection. Anaerobe 2018; 53:56-63. [PMID: 29944928 PMCID: PMC6309669 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is an important cause of nosocomial diarrhea in the western world. Toxins (A, B, and binary toxins) generated by C. difficile bacteria damage intestinal epithelial cells. Hallmarks of host response to C. difficile infection (CDI) include upregulation of inflammatory mediators and tissue infiltration by immune cells. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an inflammatory cytokine that is known to enhance the host immune response to infectious pathogens. Additionally, MIF can adversely impact host survival to numerous infections. The role of MIF in the pathogenesis of CDI remains poorly understood. Here, we show that patients with CDI had significantly higher circulating MIF compared to patients who had diarrhea but tested negative for C. difficile (non-CDI controls). Similarly, in a mouse model, C. difficile challenge significantly increased levels of plasma and tissue MIF. Antibody-mediated depletion of MIF decreased C. difficile-induced inflammatory responses, clinical disease, and mortality. Together, these results uncover a potential role for MIF in exacerbating CDI and suggest that use of anti-MIF antibodies may represent a therapeutic strategy to curb host inflammatory responses and improve disease outcomes in CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsmon Jose
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Anindita Mukherjee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mayuresh M Abhyankar
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lin Leng
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard Bucala
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Divya Sharma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Rajat Madan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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