1
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Pain E, Shinhmar S, Williams RSB. Using Dictyostelium to Advance Our Understanding of the Role of Medium Chain Fatty Acids in Health and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:722066. [PMID: 34589488 PMCID: PMC8473879 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.722066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketogenic diets have been utilized for many years to improve health, and as a dietary approach for the treatment of a range of diseases, where the mechanism of these low carbohydrate and high fat diets is widely considered to be through the production of metabolic products of fat breakdown, called ketones. One of these diets, the medium chain triglyceride ketogenic diet, involves high fat dietary intake in the form of medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs), decanoic and octanoic acid, and is commonly used in endurance and high intensity exercises but has also demonstrated beneficial effects in the treatment of numerous pathologies including drug resistant epilepsy, cancer, and diabetes. Recent advances, using Dictyostelium discoideum as a model, have controversially proposed several direct molecular mechanisms for decanoic acid in this diet, independent of ketone generation. Studies in this model have identified that decanoic acid reduces phosphoinositide turnover, diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) activity, and also inhibits the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). These discoveries could potentially impact the treatment of a range of disorders including epilepsy, cancer and bipolar disorder. In this review, we summarize the newly proposed mechanisms for decanoic acid, identified using D. discoideum, and highlight potential roles in health and disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robin S. B. Williams
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
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2
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Bozelli JC, Aulakh SS, Epand RM. Membrane shape as determinant of protein properties. Biophys Chem 2021; 273:106587. [PMID: 33865153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2021.106587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Membrane lipids play a role in the modulation of a variety of biological processes. This is often achieved through fine-tuned changes in membrane physical and chemical properties. While some membrane physical properties (e.g., curvature, lipid domains, fluidity) have received increased scientific attention over the years, only recently has membrane shape emerged as an active modulator of protein properties. Biological membranes are mostly found organized into a lipid bilayer arrangement, in which the spontaneous shape is an intrinsically flat, planar morphology (in relation to the size of proteins). However, it is known that many cells and organelles have non-planar morphologies. In addition, perturbations in membrane morphology occur in a variety of biological processes. Recent studies have shown that membrane shape can modulate a variety of biological processes by determining protein properties. While membrane shape generation modulates proteins via changes in membrane mechanical properties, membrane shape recognition regulates proteins by providing the optimal surface for interaction. Hence, membranes have evolved an elegant mechanism to couple mesoscopic perturbations to molecular properties and vice-versa. In this review, the regulation of the enzymatic properties of two isoforms of mammalian diacylglycerol kinase, which play important roles in cellular signal transductions, will be used to exemplify the recent advancements in the field of membrane shape recognition, as well as future challenges and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Bozelli
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Sukhvershjit S Aulakh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard M Epand
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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3
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New Era of Diacylglycerol Kinase, Phosphatidic Acid and Phosphatidic Acid-Binding Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186794. [PMID: 32947951 PMCID: PMC7555651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) phosphorylates diacylglycerol (DG) to generate phosphatidic acid (PA). Mammalian DGK consists of ten isozymes (α–κ) and governs a wide range of physiological and pathological events, including immune responses, neuronal networking, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, fragile X syndrome, cancer, and type 2 diabetes. DG and PA comprise diverse molecular species that have different acyl chains at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. Because the DGK activity is essential for phosphatidylinositol turnover, which exclusively produces 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-DG, it has been generally thought that all DGK isozymes utilize the DG species derived from the turnover. However, it was recently revealed that DGK isozymes, except for DGKε, phosphorylate diverse DG species, which are not derived from phosphatidylinositol turnover. In addition, various PA-binding proteins (PABPs), which have different selectivities for PA species, were recently found. These results suggest that DGK–PA–PABP axes can potentially construct a large and complex signaling network and play physiologically and pathologically important roles in addition to DGK-dependent attenuation of DG–DG-binding protein axes. For example, 1-stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-PA produced by DGKδ interacts with and activates Praja-1, the E3 ubiquitin ligase acting on the serotonin transporter, which is a target of drugs for obsessive-compulsive and major depressive disorders, in the brain. This article reviews recent research progress on PA species produced by DGK isozymes, the selective binding of PABPs to PA species and a phosphatidylinositol turnover-independent DG supply pathway.
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Sakai H, Murakami C, Usuki T, Lu Q, Matsumoto KI, Urano T, Sakane F. Diacylglycerol kinase η regulates C2C12 myoblast proliferation through the mTOR signaling pathway. Biochimie 2020; 177:13-24. [PMID: 32791090 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) phosphorylates diacylglycerol to produce phosphatidic acid (PA). The η isozyme of DGK is abundantly expressed in C2C12 myoblasts. However, the role of DGKη in skeletal muscle cells remains unknown. In the present study, we showed that DGKη was downregulated at an early stage of myogenic differentiation. The knockdown of DGKη by siRNAs significantly inhibited C2C12 myoblast proliferation but did not inhibit differentiation. Moreover, the suppression of DGKη expression decreased the expression levels of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which is a key regulator of cell proliferation, and fatty acid synthase (FASN), which catalyzes the de novo synthesis of fatty acids for cell proliferation and is transcriptionally regulated via mTOR signaling. Furthermore, the knockdown of mTOR or raptor, which is a component of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), decreased the amount of FASN. These results indicate that DGKη regulates myoblast proliferation through the mTOR (mTORC1)-FASN pathway. Interestingly, the knockdown of mTOR reduced the expression levels of DGKη, implying mutual regulation between DGKη and mTOR. In DGKη-knockdown myoblasts, C30-C36-PA species, mTOR activators, were decreased, suggesting that the modulation of mTOR activity through these PA species also plays an important role in myoblast proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Sakai
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan.
| | - Chiaki Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takako Usuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Qiang Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Matsumoto
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Urano
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Fumio Sakane
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
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5
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Ware TB, Franks CE, Granade ME, Zhang M, Kim KB, Park KS, Gahlmann A, Harris TE, Hsu KL. Reprogramming fatty acyl specificity of lipid kinases via C1 domain engineering. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:170-178. [PMID: 31932721 PMCID: PMC7117826 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0445-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
C1 domains are lipid-binding modules that regulate membrane activation of kinases, nucleotide exchange factors and other C1-containing proteins to trigger signal transduction. Despite annotation of typical C1 domains as diacylglycerol (DAG) and phorbol ester sensors, the function of atypical counterparts remains ill-defined. Here, we assign a key role for atypical C1 domains in mediating DAG fatty acyl specificity of diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) in live cells. Activity-based proteomics mapped C1 probe binding as a principal differentiator of type 1 DGK active sites that combined with global metabolomics revealed a role for C1s in lipid substrate recognition. Protein engineering by C1 domain swapping demonstrated that exchange of typical and atypical C1s is functionally tolerated and can directly program DAG fatty acyl specificity of type 1 DGKs. Collectively, we describe a protein engineering strategy for studying metabolic specificity of lipid kinases to assign a role for atypical C1 domains in cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B Ware
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Caroline E Franks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Mitchell E Granade
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Mingxing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kee-Beom Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kwon-Sik Park
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Andreas Gahlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Thurl E Harris
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ku-Lung Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- University of Virginia Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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6
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Barber CN, Raben DM. Roles of DGKs in neurons: Postsynaptic functions? Adv Biol Regul 2019; 75:100688. [PMID: 31836314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2019.100688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) contribute to an important part of intracellular signaling because, in addition to reducing diacylglycerol levels, they generate phosphatidic acid (PtdOH) Recent research has led to the discovery of ten mammalian DGK isoforms, all of which are found in the mammalian brain. Many of these isoforms have studied functions within the brain, while others lack such understanding in regards to neuronal roles, regulation, and structural dynamics. However, while previously a neuronal function for DGKθ was unknown, it was recently found that DGKθ is required for the regulation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis and work is currently being conducted to elucidate the mechanism behind this regulation. Here we will review some of the roles of all mammalian DGKs and hypothesize additional roles. We will address the topic of redundancy among the ten DGK isoforms and discuss the possibility that DGKθ, among other DGKs, may have unstudied postsynaptic functions. We also hypothesize that in addition to DGKθ's presynaptic endocytic role, DGKθ might also regulate the endocytosis of AMPA receptors and other postsynaptic membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey N Barber
- The Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Daniel M Raben
- The Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Pisanu C, Heilbronner U, Squassina A. The Role of Pharmacogenomics in Bipolar Disorder: Moving Towards Precision Medicine. Mol Diagn Ther 2018; 22:409-420. [PMID: 29790107 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-018-0335-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a common and disabling psychiatric condition with a severe socioeconomic impact. BD is treated with mood stabilizers, among which lithium represents the first-line treatment. Lithium alone or in combination is effective in 60% of chronically treated patients, but response remains heterogenous and a large number of patients require a change in therapy after several weeks or months. Many studies have so far tried to identify molecular and genetic markers that could help us to predict response to mood stabilizers or the risk for adverse drug reactions. Pharmacogenetic studies in BD have been for the most part focused on lithium, but the complexity and variability of the response phenotype, together with the unclear mechanism of action of lithium, limited the power of these studies to identify robust biomarkers. Recent pharmacogenomic studies on lithium response have provided promising findings, suggesting that the integration of genome-wide investigations with deep phenotyping, in silico analyses and machine learning could lead us closer to personalized treatments for BD. Nevertheless, to date none of the genes suggested by pharmacogenetic studies on mood stabilizers have been included in any of the genetic tests approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for drug efficacy. On the other hand, genetic information has been included in drug labels to test for the safety of carbamazepine and valproate. In this review, we will outline available studies investigating the pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics of lithium and other mood stabilizers, with a specific focus on the limitations of these studies and potential strategies to overcome them. We will also discuss FDA-approved pharmacogenetic tests for treatments commonly used in the management of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pisanu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, sp 6, 09042, Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Urs Heilbronner
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alessio Squassina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, sp 6, 09042, Cagliari, Italy.
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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8
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Kelly E, Sharma D, Wilkinson CJ, Williams RSB. Diacylglycerol kinase (DGKA) regulates the effect of the epilepsy and bipolar disorder treatment valproic acid in Dictyostelium discoideum. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:11/9/dmm035600. [PMID: 30135067 PMCID: PMC6176992 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.035600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) provides a common treatment for both epilepsy and bipolar disorder; however, common cellular mechanisms relating to both disorders have yet to be proposed. Here, we explore the possibility of a diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) playing a role in regulating the effect of VPA relating to the treatment of both disorders, using the biomedical model Dictyostelium discoideum. DGK enzymes provide the first step in the phosphoinositide recycling pathway, implicated in seizure activity. They also regulate levels of diacylglycerol (DAG), thereby regulating the protein kinase C (PKC) activity that is linked to bipolar disorder-related signalling. Here, we show that ablation of the single Dictyostelium dgkA gene results in reduced sensitivity to the acute effects of VPA on cell behaviour. Loss of dgkA also provides reduced sensitivity to VPA in extended exposure during development. To differentiate a potential role for this DGKA-dependent mechanism in epilepsy and bipolar disorder treatment, we further show that the dgkA null mutant is resistant to the developmental effects of a range of structurally distinct branched medium-chain fatty acids with seizure control activity and to the bipolar disorder treatment lithium. Finally, we show that VPA, lithium and novel epilepsy treatments function through DAG regulation, and the presence of DGKA is necessary for compound-specific increases in DAG levels following treatment. Thus, these experiments suggest that, in Dictyostelium, loss of DGKA attenuates a common cellular effect of VPA relating to both epilepsy and bipolar disorder treatments, and that a range of new compounds with this effect should be investigated as alternative therapeutic agents. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Editor's choice: Here, using a tractable model system, Dictyostelium discoideum, we show that diacylglycerol kinase activity might contribute to the cellular mechanism of action of the epilepsy and bipolar disorder treatment, valproic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Kelly
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Devdutt Sharma
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Christopher J Wilkinson
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Robin S B Williams
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
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9
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Weißflog L, Becker N, Bossert N, Freudenberg F, Kittel-Schneider S, Reif A. Expressional profile of the diacylglycerol kinase eta gene DGKH. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 267:445-454. [PMID: 27085324 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-016-0695-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BPD) is a genetically complex mental disorder, which is characterized by recurrent depressive and manic episodes, occurring with a typical cyclical course. In a recent study, we were able to identify a risk haplotype for BPD, as well as for unipolar depression and adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), within the DGKH gene. DGKH codes for the eta (η) isoform of diacylglycerol kinase, which is involved in the phosphoinositol pathway. In the present study, we determined the expressional profile of Dgkh using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), in situ hybridization and immunohistological staining in the human and in the mouse brain. Expression studies showed that two different Dgkh transcripts exhibited distinct occurrence in a variety of murine tissues and also differed in their expression levels. The proteins encoded by those transcripts differ in functional protein domains suggesting distinct biochemical and cell biological properties and functions. qPCR analyses revealed an increase in Dgkh expression during mouse brain development indicating a possible role of this kinase in late developmental stages. Immunostainings revealed strong Dgkh expression in neurons of the hippocampus and the cerebellum of the murine brain, whereas highest expression levels of DGKH in the human brain were found in the striatum. Taken together, our studies revealed expressional changes during mouse brain development and occurrence of Dgkη in neurons of regions that have been linked to BPD as well as ADHD in humans providing evidence for the implication of DGKH in those disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Weißflog
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Str. 10, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Nils Becker
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, Füchsleinstr. 15, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, Theodor-Boveri-Institute of Bioscience, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nelli Bossert
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, Füchsleinstr. 15, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
- Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Florian Freudenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Str. 10, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Str. 10, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Str. 10, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany
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10
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Budde M, Degner D, Brockmöller J, Schulze TG. Pharmacogenomic aspects of bipolar disorder: An update. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 27:599-609. [PMID: 28342679 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The hopes for readily implementable precision medicine are high. For many complex disorders, such as bipolar disorder, these hopes critically hinge on tangible successes in pharmacogenetics of treatment response or susceptibility to adverse events. In this article, we review the current state of pharmacogenomics of bipolar disorder including latest results from candidate genes and genome-wide association studies. The majority of studies focus on response to lithium treatment. Although a host of genes has been studied, hardly any replicated findings have emerged so far. Very small samples sizes and heterogeneous phenotype definition may be considered the major impediments to success in this field. Drawing from current experiences and successes in studies on diagnostic psychiatric phenotypes, we suggest several approaches for our way forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Budde
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, Clinical Center of the University of Munich, Nussbaumstr. 7, 80336 Munich, Germany; University Medical Center Göttingen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - D Degner
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - J Brockmöller
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - T G Schulze
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, Clinical Center of the University of Munich, Nussbaumstr. 7, 80336 Munich, Germany; University Medical Center Göttingen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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11
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Sakane F, Mizuno S, Komenoi S. Diacylglycerol Kinases as Emerging Potential Drug Targets for a Variety of Diseases: An Update. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:82. [PMID: 27583247 PMCID: PMC4987324 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ten mammalian diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) isozymes (α–κ) have been identified to date. Our previous review noted that several DGK isozymes can serve as potential drug targets for cancer, epilepsy, autoimmunity, cardiac hypertrophy, hypertension and type II diabetes (Sakane et al., 2008). Since then, recent genome-wide association studies have implied several new possible relationships between DGK isozymes and diseases. For example, DGKθ and DGKκ have been suggested to be associated with susceptibility to Parkinson's disease and hypospadias, respectively. In addition, the DGKη gene has been repeatedly identified as a bipolar disorder (BPD) susceptibility gene. Intriguingly, we found that DGKη-knockout mice showed lithium (BPD remedy)-sensitive mania-like behaviors, suggesting that DGKη is one of key enzymes of the etiology of BPD. Because DGKs are potential drug targets for a wide variety of diseases, the development of DGK isozyme-specific inhibitors/activators has been eagerly awaited. Recently, we have identified DGKα-selective inhibitors. Because DGKα has both pro-tumoral and anti-immunogenic properties, the DGKα-selective inhibitors would simultaneously have anti-tumoral and pro-immunogenic (anti-tumor immunogenic) effects. Although the ten DGK isozymes are highly similar to each other, our current results have encouraged us to identify and develop specific inhibitors/activators against every DGK isozyme that can be effective regulators and drugs against a wide variety of physiological events and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Sakane
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoru Mizuno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University Chiba, Japan
| | - Suguru Komenoi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University Chiba, Japan
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12
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Rittiner JE, Brings VE, Zylka MJ. Overexpression of diacylglycerol kinase η enhances Gαq-coupled G protein-coupled receptor signaling. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 85:800-10. [PMID: 24608858 DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.091280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple genome-wide association studies have linked diacylglycerol kinase η (DGKη) to bipolar disorder (BPD). Moreover, DGKη expression is increased in tissue from patients with BPD. How increased levels of this lipid kinase might affect cellular functions is currently unclear. Here, we overexpressed mouse DGKη in human embryonic kidney 293 cells to examine substrate specificity and signaling downstream of endogenous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). We found that DGKη can phosphorylate diacylglycerol (DAG) with different acyl side chains (8:0, 12:0, 18:1). In addition, overexpression of DGKη enhanced calcium mobilization after stimulating muscarinic receptors with carbachol and after stimulating purinergic receptors with ATP. This effect required DGKη catalytic activity, as assessed using a kinase-dead (G389D) mutant and multiple truncation constructs. DGKη was localized throughout the cytosol and did not translocate to the plasma membrane after stimulation with carbachol. Since protein kinase C (PKC) can be activated by DAG and promotes receptor desensitization, we also examined functional interactions between PKC and DGKη. We found that acute activation of PKC with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate shortened carbachol-evoked calcium responses and occluded the effect of overexpressed DGKη. Moreover, inhibition of PKC activity with bisindolylmaleimide I (BIM I) produced the same enhancing effect on carbachol-evoked calcium mobilization as overexpressed DGKη, and overexpression of DGKη produced no additional effect on calcium mobilization in the presence of BIM I. Taken together, our data suggest that DGKη enhances GPCR signaling by reducing PKC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Rittiner
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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13
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Can A, Schulze TG, Gould TD. Molecular actions and clinical pharmacogenetics of lithium therapy. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 123:3-16. [PMID: 24534415 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mood disorders, including bipolar disorder and depression, are relatively common human diseases for which pharmacological treatment options are often not optimal. Among existing pharmacological agents and mood stabilizers used for the treatment of mood disorders, lithium has a unique clinical profile. Lithium has efficacy in the treatment of bipolar disorder generally, and in particular mania, while also being useful in the adjunct treatment of refractory depression. In addition to antimanic and adjunct antidepressant efficacy, lithium is also proven effective in the reduction of suicide and suicidal behaviors. However, only a subset of patients manifests beneficial responses to lithium therapy and the underlying genetic factors of response are not exactly known. Here we discuss preclinical research suggesting mechanisms likely to underlie lithium's therapeutic actions including direct targets inositol monophosphatase and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) among others, as well as indirect actions including modulation of neurotrophic and neurotransmitter systems and circadian function. We follow with a discussion of current knowledge related to the pharmacogenetic underpinnings of effective lithium therapy in patients within this context. Progress in elucidation of genetic factors that may be involved in human response to lithium pharmacology has been slow, and there is still limited conclusive evidence for the role of a particular genetic factor. However, the development of new approaches such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and increased use of genetic testing and improved identification of mood disorder patients sub-groups will lead to improved elucidation of relevant genetic factors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adem Can
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Thomas G Schulze
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Todd D Gould
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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Severino G, Squassina A, Costa M, Pisanu C, Calza S, Alda M, Del Zompo M, Manchia M. Pharmacogenomics of bipolar disorder. Pharmacogenomics 2014; 14:655-74. [PMID: 23570469 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.13.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a lifelong severe psychiatric condition with high morbidity, disability and excess mortality. The longitudinal clinical trajectory of BD is significantly modified by pharmacological treatment(s), both in acute and in long-term stages. However, a large proportion of BD patients have inadequate response to pharmacological treatments. Pharmacogenomic research may lead to the identification of molecular predictors of treatment response. When integrated with clinical information, pharmacogenomic findings may be used in the future to determine the probability of response/nonresponse to treatment on an individual basis. Here we present a selective review of pharmacogenomic findings in BD. In light of the evidence suggesting a genetic effect of lithium reponse in BD, we focused particularly on the pharmacogenomic literature relevant to this trait. The article contributes a detailed overview of the current status of pharmacogenomics in BD and offers a perspective on the challenges that can hinder its transition to personalized healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Severino
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sp 8, Sestu-Monserrato, Km 0.700 CA, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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15
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Manchia M, Adli M, Akula N, Ardau R, Aubry JM, Backlund L, Banzato CEM, Baune BT, Bellivier F, Bengesser S, Biernacka JM, Brichant-Petitjean C, Bui E, Calkin CV, Cheng ATA, Chillotti C, Cichon S, Clark S, Czerski PM, Dantas C, Zompo MD, DePaulo JR, Detera-Wadleigh SD, Etain B, Falkai P, Frisén L, Frye MA, Fullerton J, Gard S, Garnham J, Goes FS, Grof P, Gruber O, Hashimoto R, Hauser J, Heilbronner U, Hoban R, Hou L, Jamain S, Kahn JP, Kassem L, Kato T, Kelsoe JR, Kittel-Schneider S, Kliwicki S, Kuo PH, Kusumi I, Laje G, Lavebratt C, Leboyer M, Leckband SG, López Jaramillo CA, Maj M, Malafosse A, Martinsson L, Masui T, Mitchell PB, Mondimore F, Monteleone P, Nallet A, Neuner M, Novák T, O’Donovan C, Ösby U, Ozaki N, Perlis RH, Pfennig A, Potash JB, Reich-Erkelenz D, Reif A, Reininghaus E, Richardson S, Rouleau GA, Rybakowski JK, Schalling M, Schofield PR, Schubert OK, Schweizer B, Seemüller F, Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M, Severino G, Seymour LR, Slaney C, Smoller JW, Squassina A, Stamm T, Steele J, Stopkova P, Tighe SK, Tortorella A, Turecki G, Wray NR, Wright A, Zandi PP, Zilles D, Bauer M, Rietschel M, McMahon FJ, Schulze TG, Alda M. Assessment of Response to Lithium Maintenance Treatment in Bipolar Disorder: A Consortium on Lithium Genetics (ConLiGen) Report. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65636. [PMID: 23840348 PMCID: PMC3686769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The assessment of response to lithium maintenance treatment in bipolar disorder (BD) is complicated by variable length of treatment, unpredictable clinical course, and often inconsistent compliance. Prospective and retrospective methods of assessment of lithium response have been proposed in the literature. In this study we report the key phenotypic measures of the "Retrospective Criteria of Long-Term Treatment Response in Research Subjects with Bipolar Disorder" scale currently used in the Consortium on Lithium Genetics (ConLiGen) study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-nine ConLiGen sites took part in a two-stage case-vignette rating procedure to examine inter-rater agreement [Kappa (κ)] and reliability [intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC)] of lithium response. Annotated first-round vignettes and rating guidelines were circulated to expert research clinicians for training purposes between the two stages. Further, we analyzed the distributional properties of the treatment response scores available for 1,308 patients using mixture modeling. RESULTS Substantial and moderate agreement was shown across sites in the first and second sets of vignettes (κ = 0.66 and κ = 0.54, respectively), without significant improvement from training. However, definition of response using the A score as a quantitative trait and selecting cases with B criteria of 4 or less showed an improvement between the two stages (ICC1 = 0.71 and ICC2 = 0.75, respectively). Mixture modeling of score distribution indicated three subpopulations (full responders, partial responders, non responders). CONCLUSIONS We identified two definitions of lithium response, one dichotomous and the other continuous, with moderate to substantial inter-rater agreement and reliability. Accurate phenotypic measurement of lithium response is crucial for the ongoing ConLiGen pharmacogenomic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Manchia
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mazda Adli
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nirmala Akula
- Human Genetics Branch, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Raffaella Ardau
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University-Hospital of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Jean-Michel Aubry
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lena Backlund
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Bernhard T. Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Frank Bellivier
- Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière-F. Widal, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Paris, France
| | | | - Joanna M. Biernacka
- Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Clara Brichant-Petitjean
- Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière-F. Widal, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Paris, France
| | - Elise Bui
- Human Genetics Branch, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cynthia V. Calkin
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Andrew Tai Ann Cheng
- Division of Epidemiology and Genetics, Academia Sinica, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Caterina Chillotti
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University-Hospital of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sven Cichon
- Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center and Institute of Human Genetics, Bonn University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Scott Clark
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Piotr M. Czerski
- Psychiatric Genetic Unit, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Clarissa Dantas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maria Del Zompo
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University-Hospital of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - J. Raymond DePaulo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sevilla D. Detera-Wadleigh
- Human Genetics Branch, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bruno Etain
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Equipe 15, Faculté de médecine, Créteil, France
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Louise Frisén
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark A. Frye
- Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jan Fullerton
- Neuroscience Research Australia - Genetics of Mental Illness and Brain Function, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sébastien Gard
- Service de psychiatrie, Hôpital Charles Perrens, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julie Garnham
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Fernando S. Goes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul Grof
- Mood Disorders Center of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Oliver Gruber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Joanna Hauser
- Psychiatric Genetic Unit, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Urs Heilbronner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rebecca Hoban
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Liping Hou
- Human Genetics Branch, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stéphane Jamain
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Equipe 15, Faculté de médecine, Créteil, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Kahn
- Service de Psychiatrie et Psychologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Layla Kassem
- Human Genetics Branch, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tadafumi Kato
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - John R. Kelsoe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kliwicki
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Po-Hsiu Kuo
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ichiro Kusumi
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Gonzalo Laje
- Human Genetics Branch, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Catharina Lavebratt
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Equipe 15, Faculté de médecine, Créteil, France
| | - Susan G. Leckband
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacy, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | | | - Mario Maj
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alain Malafosse
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lina Martinsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Takuya Masui
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Philip B. Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, and Black Dog Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Frank Mondimore
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Audrey Nallet
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria Neuner
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tomás Novák
- Prague Psychiatric Center, University of Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Claire O’Donovan
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Urban Ösby
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Roy H. Perlis
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrea Pfennig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - James B. Potash
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Daniela Reich-Erkelenz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eva Reininghaus
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sara Richardson
- Human Genetics Branch, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Guy A. Rouleau
- Centre of Excellence in Neuroscience of Université de Montréal, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Janusz K. Rybakowski
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Martin Schalling
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter R. Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia - Genetics of Mental Illness and Brain Function, Sydney, Australia
| | - Oliver K. Schubert
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Barbara Schweizer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Florian Seemüller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu
- Alexandru Obregia Psychiatric Hospital, Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Giovanni Severino
- Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Lisa R. Seymour
- Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Claire Slaney
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jordan W. Smoller
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alessio Squassina
- Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Thomas Stamm
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jo Steele
- Human Genetics Branch, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Pavla Stopkova
- Prague Psychiatric Center, University of Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sarah K. Tighe
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Gustavo Turecki
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Canada
| | - Naomi R. Wray
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Adam Wright
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, and Black Dog Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter P. Zandi
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Mental Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Zilles
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Francis J. McMahon
- Human Genetics Branch, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas G. Schulze
- Human Genetics Branch, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- * E-mail: (TS); (M. Alda)
| | - Martin Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- * E-mail: (TS); (M. Alda)
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Matsutomo D, Isozaki T, Sakai H, Sakane F. Osmotic shock-dependent redistribution of diacylglycerol kinase η1 to non-ionic detergent-resistant membrane via pleckstrin homology and C1 domains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 153:179-90. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvs130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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17
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Sakai H, Sakane F. Recent progress on type II diacylglycerol kinases: the physiological functions of diacylglycerol kinase , and and their involvement in disease. J Biochem 2012; 152:397-406. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvs104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Effect of variation in diacylglycerol kinase η (DGKH) gene on brain function in a cohort at familial risk of bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:919-28. [PMID: 22048461 PMCID: PMC3280657 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that the diacylglycerol kinase eta (DGKH) gene is implicated in the etiology of bipolar disorder (BD). However, the functional neural mechanisms of DGKH's risk association remain unknown. Therefore, we examined the effects of three haplotype-tagging risk variants in DGKH (single nucleotide polymorphisms rs9315885, rs1012053, and rs1170191) on brain activation using a verbal fluency functional magnetic resonance imaging task. The subject groups consisted of young individuals at high familial risk of BD (n=81) and a comparison group of healthy controls (n=75). Individuals were grouped based on risk haplotypes described in previous studies. There was a significant risk haplotype*group interaction in the left medial frontal gyrus (BA10, involving anterior cingulate BA32), left precuneus, and right parahippocampal gyrus. All regions demonstrated greater activation during the baseline condition than sentence completion. Individuals at high familial risk for BD homozygous for the DGKH risk haplotype demonstrated relatively greater activation (poor suppression) of these regions during the task vs the low-risk haplotype subjects. The reverse pattern was seen for the control subjects. These findings suggest that there are differential effects of the DGKH gene in healthy controls vs the bipolar high-risk group, which manifests as a failure to disengage default-mode regions in those at familial risk carrying the risk haplotype.
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Abstract
This study describes the construction and preliminary analysis of a database of summary level genetic findings for bipolar disorder from the literature. The database is available for noncommercial use at http://bioprogramming.bsd.uchicago.edu/BDStudies/. This may be the first complete collection of published gene-specific linkage and association findings on bipolar disorder, including genome-wide association studies. Both the positive and negative findings have been incorporated so that the statistical and contextual significance of each finding may be compared semi-quantitatively and qualitatively across studies of mixed technologies. The database is appropriate for searching a literature populated by mainly underpowered studies, and if 'hits' are viewed as tentative knowledge for future hypothesis generation. It can serve as the basis for a mega-analysis of candidate genes. Herein, we discuss the most robust and best replicated gene findings to date in a contextual manner.
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Abstract
As shown by clinical genetic studies, affective and anxiety disorders are complex genetic disorders with genetic and environmental factors interactively determining their respective pathomechanism. Advances in molecular genetic techniques including linkage studies, association studies, and genome-wide association studies allow for the detailed dissection of the genetic influence on the development of these disorders. Besides the molecular genetic investigation of categorical entities according to standardized diagnostic criteria, intermediate phenotypes comprising neurobiological or neuropsychological traits (e.g., neuronal correlates of emotional processing) that are linked to the disease of interest and that are heritable, have been proposed to be closer to the underlying genotype than the overall disease phenotype. These intermediate phenotypes are dimensional and more precisely defined than the categorical disease phenotype, and therefore have attracted much interest in the genetic investigation of affective and anxiety disorders. Given the complex genetic nature of affective and anxiety disorders with an interaction of multiple risk genes and environmental influences, the interplay of genetic factors with environmental factors is investigated by means of gene-environment interaction (GxE) studies. Pharmacogenetic studies aid in the dissection of the genetically influenced heterogeneity of psychotropic drug response and may contribute to the development of a more individualized treatment of affective and anxiety disorders. Finally, there is some evidence for genetic factors potentially shared between affective and anxiety disorders pointing to a possible overlapping phenotype between anxiety disorders and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Würzburg, Füchsleinstrasse 15, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany,
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Cross-disorder analysis of bipolar risk genes: further evidence of DGKH as a risk gene for bipolar disorder, but also unipolar depression and adult ADHD. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:2076-85. [PMID: 21654738 PMCID: PMC3158324 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, several genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on bipolar disorder (BPD) suggested novel risk genes. However, only few of them were followed up and further, the specificity of these genes is even more elusive. To address these issues, we genotyped SNPs in ANK3, CACNA1C, CMTM8, DGKH, EGFR, and NPAS3, which were significantly associated with BPD in previous GWAS, in a sample of 380 BPD patients. Replicated SNPs were then followed up in patients suffering from unipolar depression (UPD; n=387) or adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (aADHD; n=535). While we could not confirm an association of ANK3, CACNA1C, and EGFR with BPD, 10 SNPs in DGKH, CMTM8, and NPAS3 were nominally associated with disease, with two DGKH markers surviving correction for multiple testing. When these were followed up in UPD and aADHD, seven DGKH SNPs were also associated with UPD, while one SNP each in NPAS3 and CMTM8 and four in DGKH were linked to aADHD. Furthermore, a DGKH haplotype consisting of rs994856/rs9525580/rs9525584 GAT was associated with all disorders tested, while the complementary AGC haplotype was protective. The corresponding haploblock spans a 27-kb region covering exons coding for amino acids 65-243, and thus might include functional variants yet to be identified. We demonstrate an association of DGKH with BPD, UPD, and aADHD by applying a two-stage design. These disorders share the feature of mood instability, so that this phenotype might be associated with genetic variation in DGKH.
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Shulga YV, Topham MK, Epand RM. Regulation and functions of diacylglycerol kinases. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6186-208. [PMID: 21800853 DOI: 10.1021/cr1004106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulia V Shulga
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
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Tu-Sekine B, Raben DM. Regulation and roles of neuronal diacylglycerol kinases: a lipid perspective. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 46:353-64. [PMID: 21539478 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2011.577761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) are a class of enzymes that catalyze the ATP-dependent conversion of diacylglycerol (DAG) to phosphatidic acid (PtdOH), resulting in the coordinate regulation of these two lipid second messengers. This regulation is particularly important in the nervous system where it is now well-established that DAG and PtdOH serve very important roles in modulating a variety of neurological functions. There are currently 10 identified mammalian DGKs, organized into five classes or "Types" based upon similarities in their primary sequences. A number of studies have identified eight of these isoforms in various regions of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS): DGK-α, DGK-β, DGK-γ, DGK-η, DGK-ζ, DGK-ι, DGK-ϵ, and DGK-θ. Further studies have provided compelling evidence supporting roles for these enzymes in neuronal spine density, myelination, synaptic activity, neuronal plasticity, epileptogenesis and neurotransmitter release. The physiological regulation of these enzymes is less clear. Like all interfacial enzymes, DGKs metabolize their hydrophobic substrate (DAG) at a membrane-aqueous interface. Therefore, these enzymes can be regulated by alterations in their subcellular localization, enzymatic activity, and/or membrane association. In this review, we summarize what is currently understood about the localization and regulation of the neuronal DGKs in the mammalian CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becky Tu-Sekine
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205 MD, USA
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Common SNPs and haplotypes in DGKH are associated with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia in the Chinese Han population. Mol Psychiatry 2011; 16:473-5. [PMID: 20733578 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2010.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Takata A, Kawasaki H, Iwayama Y, Yamada K, Gotoh L, Mitsuyasu H, Miura T, Kato T, Yoshikawa T, Kanba S. Nominal association between a polymorphism in DGKH and bipolar disorder detected in a meta-analysis of East Asian case-control samples. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2011; 65:280-5. [PMID: 21507135 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2011.02193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of bipolar disorder (BD) have detected new candidate genes, including DGKH, DFNB31 and SORCS2. However, the results of these GWAS were not necessarily consistent, indicating the importance of replication studies. In this study, we tested the genetic association of DGKH, DFNB31 and SORCS2 with BD. METHODS We genotyped 18 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in DGKH, DFNB31 and SORCS2 using Japanese samples (366 cases and 370 controls). We also performed a meta-analysis of four SNP in DGKH, using the previously published allele frequency data of Han-Chinese case-control samples (1139 cases and 1138 controls). RESULTS IN the association analysis using Japanese samples, a SNP in SORCS2 (rs10937823) showed nominal genotypic association. However, we could not find any association in an additional analysis of tag SNP around rs10937823. In the meta-analysis of SNP in DGKH, rs9315897, which was not significantly associated with BD in the previous Chinese study, showed nominal association. CONCLUSION Although the association was not strong, the result of this study would support the association between DGKH and BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Takata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Bipolar disorder is a complex psychiatric condition that has been shown to carry a great degree of genetic loading. This review addresses current research in the genetics of treatment response in bipolar disorder, with a focus on findings that have shaped our understanding of the changing direction of this field in light of recent technological advancements. RECENT FINDINGS The recent publications in bipolar disorder treatment response have helped consolidate or improve upon knowledge of susceptibility loci and genes in the field. There seems to be an increasing trend toward functionally assessing the role played by putative candidate genes and molecular factors modulating expression in bipolar disorder, as well as a movement toward more global, pathway and genome-wide-oriented research. SUMMARY Genetic and molecular research to date in bipolar disorder treatment response has not completely answered all the lingering questions in the field, but has contributed to the development of a more patient-based understanding of treatment. In order to apply these findings at a clinical level, more comprehensive treatment response studies are imperative, combining recent advances in high-throughput genomics with functional molecular research.
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Squassina A, Manchia M, Del Zompo M. Pharmacogenomics of mood stabilizers in the treatment of bipolar disorder. HUMAN GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS : HGP 2010; 2010:159761. [PMID: 20981231 PMCID: PMC2958627 DOI: 10.4061/2010/159761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic and often severe psychiatric illness characterized by manic and depressive episodes. Among the most effective treatments, mood stabilizers represent the keystone in acute mania, depression, and maintenance treatment of BD. However, treatment response is a highly heterogeneous trait, thus emphasizing the need for a structured informational framework of phenotypic and genetic predictors. In this paper, we present the current state of pharmacogenomic research on long-term treatment in BD, specifically focusing on mood stabilizers. While the results provided so far support the key role of genetic factors in modulating the response phenotype, strong evidence for genetic predictors is still lacking. In order to facilitate implementation of pharmacogenomics into clinical settings (i.e., the creation of personalized therapy), further research efforts are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Squassina
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience "B.B. Brodie", University of Cagliari, sp8 Sestu-Monserrato, km. 0,700, Monserrato 09042, Cagliari, Italy
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Manchia M, Squassina A, Congiu D, Chillotti C, Ardau R, Severino G, Del Zompo M. Interacting genes in lithium prophylaxis: Preliminary results of an exploratory analysis on the role of DGKH and NR1D1 gene polymorphisms in 199 Sardinian bipolar patients. Neurosci Lett 2009; 467:67-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Abstract
Since the 1950s, lithium salts have been the main line of treatment for bipolar disorder (BD), both as a prophylactic and as an episodic treatment agent. Like many psychiatric conditions, BD is genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous, but evidence suggests that individuals who respond well to lithium treatment have more homogeneous clinical and molecular profiles. Response to lithium seems to cluster in families and can be used as a predictor for recurrence of BD symptoms. While molecular studies have provided important information about possible genes involved in BD predisposition or in lithium response, neither the mechanism of action of this drug nor the genetic profile of bipolar disorder is, as yet, completely understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Cruceanu
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Martin Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
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