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Tapella L, Dematteis G, La Vitola P, Leva S, Tonelli E, Raddi M, Delconti M, Dacomo L, La Macchia A, Murari E, Talmon M, Malecka J, Chrostek G, Grilli M, Colombo L, Salmona M, Forloni G, Genazzani AA, Balducci C, Lim D. Genetic deletion of astrocytic calcineurin B1 prevents cognitive impairment and neuropathology development in acute and chronic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Glia 2024; 72:899-915. [PMID: 38288580 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents an urgent yet unmet challenge for modern society, calling for exploration of innovative targets and therapeutic approaches. Astrocytes, main homeostatic cells in the CNS, represent promising cell-target. Our aim was to investigate if deletion of the regulatory CaNB1 subunit of calcineurin in astrocytes could mitigate AD-related memory deficits, neuropathology, and neuroinflammation. We have generated two, acute and chronic, AD mouse models with astrocytic CaNB1 ablation (ACN-KO). In the former, we evaluated the ability of β-amyloid oligomers (AβOs) to impair memory and activate glial cells once injected in the cerebral ventricle of conditional ACN-KO mice. Next, we generated a tamoxifen-inducible astrocyte-specific CaNB1 knock-out in 3xTg-AD mice (indACNKO-AD). CaNB1 was deleted, by tamoxifen injection, in 11.7-month-old 3xTg-AD mice for 4.4 months. Spatial memory was evaluated using the Barnes maze; β-amyloid plaques burden, neurofibrillary tangle deposition, reactive gliosis, and neuroinflammation were also assessed. The acute model showed that ICV injected AβOs in 2-month-old wild type mice impaired recognition memory and fostered a pro-inflammatory microglia phenotype, whereas in ACN-KO mice, AβOs were inactive. In indACNKO-AD mice, 4.4 months after CaNB1 depletion, we found preservation of spatial memory and cognitive flexibility, abolishment of amyloidosis, and reduction of neurofibrillary tangles, gliosis, and neuroinflammation. Our results suggest that ACN is crucial for the development of cognitive impairment, AD neuropathology, and neuroinflammation. Astrocyte-specific CaNB1 deletion is beneficial for both the abolishment of AβO-mediated detrimental effects and treatment of ongoing AD-related pathology, hence representing an intriguing target for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tapella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Giulia Dematteis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Pietro La Vitola
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Susanna Leva
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Tonelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Marco Raddi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Marta Delconti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Letizia Dacomo
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto La Macchia
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Murari
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Talmon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Justyna Malecka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Gabriela Chrostek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Grilli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Laura Colombo
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Salmona
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Forloni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Armando A Genazzani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Claudia Balducci
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Dmitry Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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Xu J, Fan P, Yang J, Yin M, Wu J, Chen C, Ni J. Causal relationship between circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 and Parkinson's disease: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1333289. [PMID: 38699559 PMCID: PMC11064709 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1333289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Linear associations between circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels and Parkinson's disease (PD) have been evidenced in observational studies. Yet, the causal relationship between IGF-1 levels and PD remains obscure. We conducted Mendelian randomization to examine the correlation between genetically predicted IGF-1 levels and PD. Methods By reviewing genome-wide association studies (GWAS) that are publicly accessible, we uncovered SNPs linked to both serum concentrations of IGF-1 and PD. A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was carried out to evaluate the individual effect of IGF-1 on PD. Results In a primary causal effects model in MR analysis, employing the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method, IGF-1 levels exhibited a notable association with the risk of PD (OR, 1.020, 95% CI, 1.003-1.038, p = 0.0215). Multiple evaluations revealed that horizontal pleiotropy was improbable to distort the main results (MR-Egger: P PD intercept =0.719), and no bias was detected by leave-one-out analysis. Conclusion This study unearthed evidence indicating that heightened IGF-1 levels might be causally correlated with an increased risk of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Peidong Fan
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital Affiliated of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jiacheng Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Mingjuan Yin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jindong Ni
- Maternal and Child Research Institute, Shunde Women and Children’s Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, China
- Precision Laboratory, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
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3
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Kraner SD, Sompol P, Prateeptrang S, Promkan M, Hongthong S, Thongsopha N, Nelson PT, Norris CM. Development of a monoclonal antibody specific for a calpain-generated ∆48 kDa calcineurin fragment, a marker of distressed astrocytes. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 402:110012. [PMID: 37984591 PMCID: PMC10841921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2023.110012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcineurin (CN) is a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase. In healthy tissue, CN exists mainly as a full-length (∼60 kDa) highly-regulated protein phosphatase involved in essential cellular functions. However, in diseased or injured tissue, CN is proteolytically converted to a constitutively active fragment that has been causatively-linked to numerous pathophysiologic processes. These calpain-cleaved CN fragments (∆CN) appear at high levels in human brain at early stages of cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). NEW METHOD We developed a monoclonal antibody to ∆CN, using an immunizing peptide corresponding to the C-terminal end of the ∆CN fragment. RESULTS We obtained a mouse monoclonal antibody, designated 26A6, that selectively detects ∆CN in Western analysis of calpain-cleaved recombinant human CN. Using this antibody, we screened both pathological and normal human brain sections provided by the University of Kentucky's Alzheimer's Disease Research Center. 26A6 showed low reactivity towards normal brain tissue, but detected astrocytes both surrounding AD amyloid plaques and throughout AD brain tissue. In brain tissue with infarcts, there was considerable concentration of 26A6-positive astrocytes within/around infarcts, suggesting a link with anoxic/ischemia pathways. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD The results obtained with the new monoclonal are similar to those obtained with a polyclonal we had previously developed. However, the monoclonal is an abundant tool available to the dementia research community. CONCLUSIONS The new monoclonal 26A6 antibody is highly selective for the ∆CN proteolytic fragment and labels a subset of astrocytes, and could be a useful tool for marking insidious brain pathology and identifying novel astrocyte phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pradoldej Sompol
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Siriyagon Prateeptrang
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, USA; School of Allied Health Science, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Moltira Promkan
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, USA; Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Suthida Hongthong
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, USA; School of Allied Health Science, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Napasorn Thongsopha
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, USA; School of Allied Health Science, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Peter T Nelson
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Christopher M Norris
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Zegarra-Valdivia JA, Pignatelli J, Nuñez A, Torres Aleman I. The Role of Insulin-like Growth Factor I in Mechanisms of Resilience and Vulnerability to Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16440. [PMID: 38003628 PMCID: PMC10671249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of intense research, disease-modifying therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer's disease (AD) are still very much needed. Apart from the extensively analyzed tau and amyloid pathological cascades, two promising avenues of research that may eventually identify new druggable targets for AD are based on a better understanding of the mechanisms of resilience and vulnerability to this condition. We argue that insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) activity in the brain provides a common substrate for the mechanisms of resilience and vulnerability to AD. We postulate that preserved brain IGF-I activity contributes to resilience to AD pathology as this growth factor intervenes in all the major pathological cascades considered to be involved in AD, including metabolic impairment, altered proteostasis, and inflammation, to name the three that are considered to be the most important ones. Conversely, disturbed IGF-I activity is found in many AD risk factors, such as old age, type 2 diabetes, imbalanced diet, sedentary life, sociality, stroke, stress, and low education, whereas the Apolipoprotein (Apo) E4 genotype and traumatic brain injury may also be influenced by brain IGF-I activity. Accordingly, IGF-I activity should be taken into consideration when analyzing these processes, while its preservation will predictably help prevent the progress of AD pathology. Thus, we need to define IGF-I activity in all these conditions and develop a means to preserve it. However, defining brain IGF-I activity cannot be solely based on humoral or tissue levels of this neurotrophic factor, and new functionally based assessments need to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Zegarra-Valdivia
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- School of Medicine, Universidad Señor de Sipán, Chiclayo 14000, Peru
| | - Jaime Pignatelli
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Cajal Institute (CSIC), 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Nuñez
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ignacio Torres Aleman
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
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5
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Lim D, Tapella L, Dematteis G, Talmon M, Genazzani AA. Calcineurin Signalling in Astrocytes: From Pathology to Physiology and Control of Neuronal Functions. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1077-1090. [PMID: 36083398 PMCID: PMC10030417 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03744-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Calcineurin (CaN), a Ca2+/calmodulin-activated serine/threonine phosphatase, acts as a Ca2+-sensitive switch regulating cellular functions through protein dephosphorylation and activation of gene transcription. In astrocytes, the principal homeostatic cells in the CNS, over-activation of CaN is known to drive pathological transcriptional remodelling, associated with neuroinflammation in diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy and brain trauma. Recent reports suggest that, in physiological conditions, the activity of CaN in astrocytes is transcription-independent and is required for maintenance of basal protein synthesis rate and activation of astrocytic Na+/K+ pump thereby contributing to neuronal functions such as neuronal excitability and memory formation. In this contribution we overview the role of Ca2+ and CaN signalling in astroglial pathophysiology focusing on the emerging physiological role of CaN in astrocytes. We propose a model for the context-dependent switch of CaN activity from the post-transcriptional regulation of cell proteostasis in healthy astrocytes to the CaN-dependent transcriptional activation in neuroinflammation-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Via Bovio 6, 28100, Novara, Italy.
| | - Laura Tapella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Via Bovio 6, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Giulia Dematteis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Via Bovio 6, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Maria Talmon
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Armando A Genazzani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Via Bovio 6, 28100, Novara, Italy.
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6
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Zegarra-Valdivia J, Fernandez AM, Martinez-Rachadell L, Herrero-Labrador R, Fernandes J, Torres Aleman I. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I receptors in astrocytes exert different effects on behavior and Alzheimer´s-like pathology. F1000Res 2022; 11:663. [PMID: 36636477 PMCID: PMC9823242 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.121901.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pleiotropic actions of insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in the brain are context- and cell-dependent, but whether this holds for their receptors (insulin receptor (IR) and IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR), respectively), is less clear. Methods: We compared mice lacking IR or IGF-IR in glial fibrillary astrocytic protein (GFAP)-expressing astrocytes in a tamoxifen-regulated manner, to clarify their role in this type of glial cells, as the majority of data of their actions in brain have been obtained in neurons. Results: We observed that mice lacking IR in GFAP astrocytes (GFAP IR KO mice) develop mood disturbances and maintained intact cognition, while at the same time show greater pathology when cross-bred with APP/PS1 mice, a model of familial Alzheimer´s disease (AD). Conversely, mice lacking IGF-IR in GFAP astrocytes (GFAP-IGF-IR KO mice) show cognitive disturbances, maintained mood tone, and show control-dependent changes in AD-like pathology. Conclusions: These observations confirm that the role of IR and IGF-IR in the brain is cell-specific and context-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Zegarra-Valdivia
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Bizkaia, 48940, Spain,Cajal Institute, Madrid, 28002, Spain,CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain,Universidad Señor de Sipán, Chiclayo, Peru
| | | | | | | | - Jansen Fernandes
- Cajal Institute, Madrid, 28002, Spain,Universidade Federal São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ignacio Torres Aleman
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Bizkaia, 48940, Spain,CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain,Ikerbasque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain,
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7
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Asante I, Louie S, Yassine HN. Uncovering mechanisms of brain inflammation in Alzheimer's disease with APOE4: Application of single cell-type lipidomics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1518:84-105. [PMID: 36200578 PMCID: PMC10092192 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A chronic state of unresolved inflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is intrinsically involved with the remodeling of brain lipids. This review highlights the effect of carrying the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele (APOE4) on various brain cell types in promoting an unresolved inflammatory state. Among its pleotropic effects on brain lipids, we focus on APOE4's activation of Ca2+ -dependent phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and its effects on arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid signaling cascades in the brain. During the process of neurodegeneration, various brain cell types, such as astrocytes, microglia, and neurons, together with the neurovascular unit, develop distinct inflammatory phenotypes that impact their functions and have characteristic lipidomic fingerprints. We propose that lipidomic phenotyping of single cell-types harvested from brains differing by age, sex, disease severity stage, and dietary and genetic backgrounds can be employed to probe mechanisms of neurodegeneration. A better understanding of the brain cellular inflammatory/lipidomic response promises to guide the development of nutritional and drug interventions for AD dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Asante
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Stan Louie
- School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hussein N Yassine
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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8
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Abstract
Mice with insulin receptor (IR)-deficient astrocytes (GFAP-IR knockout [KO] mice) show blunted responses to insulin and reduced brain glucose uptake, whereas IR-deficient astrocytes show disturbed mitochondrial responses to glucose. While exploring the functional impact of disturbed mitochondrial function in astrocytes, we observed that GFAP-IR KO mice show uncoupling of brain blood flow with glucose uptake. Since IR-deficient astrocytes show higher levels of reactive oxidant species (ROS), this leads to stimulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and, consequently, of the vascular endothelial growth factor angiogenic pathway. Indeed, GFAP-IR KO mice show disturbed brain vascularity and blood flow that is normalized by treatment with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC). NAC ameliorated high ROS levels, normalized angiogenic signaling and mitochondrial function in IR-deficient astrocytes, and normalized neurovascular coupling in GFAP-IR KO mice. Our results indicate that by modulating glucose uptake and angiogenesis, insulin receptors in astrocytes participate in neurovascular coupling.
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9
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Zegarra-Valdivia JA, Fernandes J, Fernandez de Sevilla ME, Trueba-Saiz A, Pignatelli J, Suda K, Martinez-Rachadell L, Fernandez AM, Esparza J, Vega M, Nuñez A, Aleman IT. Insulin-like growth factor I sensitization rejuvenates sleep patterns in old mice. GeroScience 2022; 44:2243-2257. [PMID: 35604612 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00589-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep disturbances are common during aging. Compared to young animals, old mice show altered sleep structure, with changes in both slow and fast electrocorticographic (ECoG) activity and fewer transitions between sleep and wake stages. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), which is involved in adaptive changes during aging, was previously shown to increase ECoG activity in young mice and monkeys. Furthermore, IGF-I shapes sleep architecture by modulating the activity of mouse orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus (LH). We now report that both ECoG activation and excitation of orexin neurons by systemic IGF-I are abrogated in old mice. Moreover, orthodromical responses of LH neurons are facilitated by either systemic or local IGF-I in young mice, but not in old ones. As orexin neurons of old mice show dysregulated IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) expression, suggesting disturbed IGF-I sensitivity, we treated old mice with AIK3a305, a novel IGF-IR sensitizer, and observed restored responses to IGF-I and rejuvenation of sleep patterns. Thus, disturbed sleep structure in aging mice may be related to impaired IGF-I signaling onto orexin neurons, reflecting a broader loss of IGF-I activity in the aged mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Zegarra-Valdivia
- Cajal Institute (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain.,Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Perú.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
| | - Jansen Fernandes
- Cajal Institute (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Universidade Federal São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Kentaro Suda
- Cajal Institute (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Angel Nuñez
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Torres Aleman
- CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain. .,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain. .,IKERBASQUE Basque Science Foundation, Bilbao, Spain.
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10
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Ceyzériat K, Tournier BB, Millet P, Dipasquale G, Koutsouvelis N, Frisoni GB, Garibotto V, Zilli T. Low-Dose Radiation Therapy Reduces Amyloid Load in Young 3xTg-AD Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 86:641-653. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-215510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Low-dose radiation therapy (LD-RT) has been shown to decrease amyloidosis or inflammation in systemic diseases and has recently been proposed as possible treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A positive effect of LD-RT on tauopathy, the other marker of AD, has also been suggested. These effects have been shown in preclinical studies, but their mechanisms are still not well understood. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate if anti-amyloid and anti-inflammatory effects of LD-RT can be observed at an early stage of the disease. Its impact on tauopathy and behavioral alterations was also investigated. Methods: The whole brain of 12-month-old 3xTg-AD mice was irradiated with 10 Gy in 5 daily fractions of 2 Gy. Mice underwent behavioral tests before and 8 weeks post treatment. Amyloid load, tauopathy, and neuroinflammation were measured using histology and/or ELISA. Results: Compared with wild-type animals, 3xTg-AD mice showed a moderate amyloid and tau pathology restricted to the hippocampus, a glial reactivity restricted to the proximity of amyloid plaques. LD-RT significantly reduced Aβ 42 aggregated forms (–71%) in the hippocampus and tended to reduce other forms in the hippocampus and frontal cortex but did not affect tauopathy or cognitive performance. A trend for neuroinflammation markers reduction was also observed. Conclusion: When applied at an early stage, LD-RT reduced amyloid load and possibly neuroinflammation markers, with no impact on tauopathy. The long-term persistence of these beneficial effects of LD-RT should be evaluated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Ceyzériat
- Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Diagnostic Department, Geneva University Hospitals, and NimtLab, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin B. Tournier
- Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Millet
- Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giovanna Dipasquale
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaos Koutsouvelis
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni B. Frisoni
- Memory Center, Geneva University Hospitals, and LANVIE, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Garibotto
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Diagnostic Department, Geneva University Hospitals, and NimtLab, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Zilli
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
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Andersen BM, Faust Akl C, Wheeler MA, Chiocca EA, Reardon DA, Quintana FJ. Glial and myeloid heterogeneity in the brain tumour microenvironment. Nat Rev Cancer 2021; 21:786-802. [PMID: 34584243 PMCID: PMC8616823 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-021-00397-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Brain cancers carry bleak prognoses, with therapeutic advances helping only a minority of patients over the past decade. The brain tumour microenvironment (TME) is highly immunosuppressive and differs from that of other malignancies as a result of the glial, neural and immune cell populations that constitute it. Until recently, the study of the brain TME was limited by the lack of methods to de-convolute this complex system at the single-cell level. However, novel technical approaches have begun to reveal the immunosuppressive and tumour-promoting properties of distinct glial and myeloid cell populations in the TME, identifying new therapeutic opportunities. Here, we discuss the immune modulatory functions of microglia, monocyte-derived macrophages and astrocytes in brain metastases and glioma, highlighting their disease-associated heterogeneity and drawing from the insights gained by studying these malignancies and other neurological disorders. Lastly, we consider potential approaches for the therapeutic modulation of the brain TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Andersen
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Camilo Faust Akl
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael A Wheeler
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - E Antonio Chiocca
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A Reardon
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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12
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Schultz B, Taday J, Menezes L, Cigerce A, Leite MC, Gonçalves CA. Calpain-Mediated Alterations in Astrocytes Before and During Amyloid Chaos in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 84:1415-1430. [PMID: 34719501 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the changes found in the brain in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is increased calpain, derived from calcium dysregulation, oxidative stress, and/or neuroinflammation, which are all assumed to be basic pillars in neurodegenerative diseases. The role of calpain in synaptic plasticity, neuronal death, and AD has been discussed in some reviews. However, astrocytic calpain changes sometimes appear to be secondary and consequent to neuronal damage in AD. Herein, we explore the possibility of calpain-mediated astroglial reactivity in AD, both preceding and during the amyloid phase. We discuss the types of brain calpains but focus the review on calpains 1 and 2 and some important targets in astrocytes. We address the signaling involved in controlling calpain expression, mainly involving p38/mitogen-activated protein kinase and calcineurin, as well as how calpain regulates the expression of proteins involved in astroglial reactivity through calcineurin and cyclin-dependent kinase 5. Throughout the text, we have tried to provide evidence of the connection between the alterations caused by calpain and the metabolic changes associated with AD. In addition, we discuss the possibility that calpain mediates amyloid-β clearance in astrocytes, as opposed to amyloid-β accumulation in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Schultz
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Taday
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Menezes
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Anderson Cigerce
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marina C Leite
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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13
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Tapella L, Dematteis G, Ruffinatti FA, Ponzoni L, Fiordaliso F, Corbelli A, Albanese E, Pistolato B, Pagano J, Barberis E, Marengo E, Balducci C, Forloni G, Verpelli C, Sala C, Distasi C, Sala M, Manfredi M, Genazzani AA, Lim D. Deletion of calcineurin from astrocytes reproduces proteome signature of Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy and predisposes to seizures. Cell Calcium 2021; 100:102480. [PMID: 34607180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2021.102480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Calcineurin (CaN), acting downstream of intracellular calcium signals, orchestrates cellular remodeling in many cellular types. In astrocytes, major homeostatic players in the central nervous system (CNS), CaN is involved in neuroinflammation and gliosis, while its role in healthy CNS or in early neuro-pathogenesis is poorly understood. Here we report that in mice with conditional deletion of CaN in GFAP-expressing astrocytes (astroglial calcineurin KO, ACN-KO), at 1 month of age, transcription was largely unchanged, while the proteome was deranged in the hippocampus and cerebellum. Gene ontology analysis revealed overrepresentation of annotations related to myelin sheath, mitochondria, ribosome and cytoskeleton. Over-represented pathways were related to protein synthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, mTOR and neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and seizure disorder. Comparison with published proteomic datasets showed significant overlap with the proteome of a familial AD mouse model and of human subjects with drug-resistant seizures. ACN-KO mice showed no alterations of motor activity, equilibrium, anxiety or depressive state. However, in Barnes maze ACN-KO mice learned the task but adopted serial search strategy. Strikingly, beginning from about 5 months of age ACN-KO mice developed spontaneous tonic-clonic seizures with an inflammatory signature of epileptic brains. Altogether, our data suggest that the deletion of astroglial CaN produces features of neurological disorders and predisposes mice to seizures. We suggest that calcineurin in astrocytes may serve as a novel Ca2+-sensitive switch which regulates protein expression and homeostasis in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tapella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Via Bovio 6, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Giulia Dematteis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Via Bovio 6, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Federico Alessandro Ruffinatti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Via Bovio 6, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Luisa Ponzoni
- BIOMETRA, University of Milan and Fondazione Zardi-Gori, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Fiordaliso
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Corbelli
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Albanese
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Via Bovio 6, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Beatrice Pistolato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Via Bovio 6, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | | | - Elettra Barberis
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Emilio Marengo
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Claudia Balducci
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Forloni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Sala
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Distasi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Via Bovio 6, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | | | - Marcello Manfredi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy; Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Armando A Genazzani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Via Bovio 6, 28100, Novara, Italy.
| | - Dmitry Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Via Bovio 6, 28100, Novara, Italy.
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14
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Hart CG, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Recent insights on astrocyte mechanisms in CNS homeostasis, pathology, and repair. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:2427-2462. [PMID: 34259342 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes play essential roles in development, homeostasis, injury, and repair of the central nervous system (CNS). Their development is tightly regulated by distinct spatial and temporal cues during embryogenesis and into adulthood throughout the CNS. Astrocytes have several important responsibilities such as regulating blood flow and permeability of the blood-CNS barrier, glucose metabolism and storage, synapse formation and function, and axon myelination. In CNS pathologies, astrocytes also play critical parts in both injury and repair mechanisms. Upon injury, they undergo a robust phenotypic shift known as "reactive astrogliosis," which results in both constructive and deleterious outcomes. Astrocyte activation and migration at the site of injury provides an early defense mechanism to minimize the extent of injury by enveloping the lesion area. However, astrogliosis also contributes to the inhibitory microenvironment of CNS injury and potentiate secondary injury mechanisms, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and glutamate excitotoxicity, which facilitate neurodegeneration in CNS pathologies. Intriguingly, reactive astrocytes are increasingly a focus in current therapeutic strategies as their activation can be modulated toward a neuroprotective and reparative phenotype. This review will discuss recent advancements in knowledge regarding the development and role of astrocytes in the healthy and pathological CNS. We will also review how astrocytes have been genetically modified to optimize their reparative potential after injury, and how they may be transdifferentiated into neurons and oligodendrocytes to promote repair after CNS injury and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Hart
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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15
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Price BR, Johnson LA, Norris CM. Reactive astrocytes: The nexus of pathological and clinical hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 68:101335. [PMID: 33812051 PMCID: PMC8168445 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrocyte reactivity is a hallmark of neuroinflammation that arises with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and nearly every other neurodegenerative condition. While astrocytes certainly contribute to classic inflammatory processes (e.g. cytokine release, waste clearance, and tissue repair), newly emerging technologies for measuring and targeting cell specific activities in the brain have uncovered essential roles for astrocytes in synapse function, brain metabolism, neurovascular coupling, and sleep/wake patterns. In this review, we use a holistic approach to incorporate, and expand upon, classic neuroinflammatory concepts to consider how astrocyte dysfunction/reactivity modulates multiple pathological and clinical hallmarks of AD. Our ever-evolving understanding of astrocyte signaling in neurodegeneration is not only revealing new drug targets and treatments for dementia but is suggesting we reimagine AD pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittani R Price
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Lance A Johnson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40356, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, UK Medical Center MN 150, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Christopher M Norris
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40356, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, UK Medical Center MN 150, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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16
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Lim D, Semyanov A, Genazzani A, Verkhratsky A. Calcium signaling in neuroglia. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 362:1-53. [PMID: 34253292 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glial cells exploit calcium (Ca2+) signals to perceive the information about the activity of the nervous tissue and the tissue environment to translate this information into an array of homeostatic, signaling and defensive reactions. Astrocytes, the best studied glial cells, use several Ca2+ signaling generation pathways that include Ca2+ entry through plasma membrane, release from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and from mitochondria. Activation of metabotropic receptors on the plasma membrane of glial cells is coupled to an enzymatic cascade in which a second messenger, InsP3 is generated thus activating intracellular Ca2+ release channels in the ER endomembrane. Astrocytes also possess store-operated Ca2+ entry and express several ligand-gated Ca2+ channels. In vivo astrocytes generate heterogeneous Ca2+ signals, which are short and frequent in distal processes, but large and relatively rare in soma. In response to neuronal activity intracellular and inter-cellular astrocytic Ca2+ waves can be produced. Astrocytic Ca2+ signals are involved in secretion, they regulate ion transport across cell membranes, and are contributing to cell morphological plasticity. Therefore, astrocytic Ca2+ signals are linked to fundamental functions of the central nervous system ranging from synaptic transmission to behavior. In oligodendrocytes, Ca2+ signals are generated by plasmalemmal Ca2+ influx, or by release from intracellular stores, or by combination of both. Microglial cells exploit Ca2+ permeable ionotropic purinergic receptors and transient receptor potential channels as well as ER Ca2+ release. In this contribution, basic morphology of glial cells, glial Ca2+ signaling toolkit, intracellular Ca2+ signals and Ca2+-regulated functions are discussed with focus on astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
| | - Alexey Semyanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Armando Genazzani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Achucarro Centre for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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17
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Herrero-Labrador R, Trueba-Saiz A, Martinez-Rachadell L, Fernandez de Sevilla ME, Zegarra-Valdivia JA, Pignatelli J, Diaz-Pacheco S, Fernandez AM, Torres Aleman I. Circulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor I is Involved in the Effect of High Fat Diet on Peripheral Amyloid β Clearance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249675. [PMID: 33352990 PMCID: PMC7766006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but underlying mechanisms are not clear. We analyzed peripheral clearance of amyloid β (Aβ) in overweight mice because its systemic elimination may impact brain Aβ load, a major landmark of AD pathology. We also analyzed whether circulating insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) intervenes in the effects of overweight as this growth factor modulates brain Aβ clearance and is increased in the serum of overweight mice. Overweight mice showed increased Aβ accumulation by the liver, the major site of elimination of systemic Aβ, but unaltered brain Aβ levels. We also found that Aβ accumulation by hepatocytes is stimulated by IGF-I, and that mice with low serum IGF-I levels show reduced liver Aβ accumulation—ameliorated by IGF-I administration, and unchanged brain Aβ levels. In the brain, IGF-I favored the association of its receptor (IGF-IR) with the Aβ precursor protein (APP), and at the same time, stimulated non-amyloidogenic processing of APP in astrocytes, as indicated by an increased sAPPα/sAPPβ ratio after IGF-I treatment. Since serum IGF-I enters into the brain in an activity-dependent manner, we analyzed in overweight mice the effect of brain activation by environmental enrichment (EE) on brain IGF-IR phosphorylation and its association to APP, as a readout of IGF-I activity. After EE, significantly reduced brain IGF-IR phosphorylation and APP/IGF-IR association were found in overweight mice as compared to lean controls. Collectively, these results indicate that a high-fat diet influences peripheral clearance of Aβ without affecting brain Aβ load. Increased serum IGF-I likely contributes to enhanced peripheral Aβ clearance in overweight mice, without affecting brain Aβ load probably because its brain entrance is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Herrero-Labrador
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain; (R.H.-L.); (A.T.-S.); (L.M.-R.); (M.E.F.d.S.); (J.A.Z.-V.); (J.P.); (S.D.-P.); (A.M.F.)
- Ciberned, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Trueba-Saiz
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain; (R.H.-L.); (A.T.-S.); (L.M.-R.); (M.E.F.d.S.); (J.A.Z.-V.); (J.P.); (S.D.-P.); (A.M.F.)
- Ciberned, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Martinez-Rachadell
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain; (R.H.-L.); (A.T.-S.); (L.M.-R.); (M.E.F.d.S.); (J.A.Z.-V.); (J.P.); (S.D.-P.); (A.M.F.)
- Ciberned, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mᵃ Estrella Fernandez de Sevilla
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain; (R.H.-L.); (A.T.-S.); (L.M.-R.); (M.E.F.d.S.); (J.A.Z.-V.); (J.P.); (S.D.-P.); (A.M.F.)
- Ciberned, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jonathan A. Zegarra-Valdivia
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain; (R.H.-L.); (A.T.-S.); (L.M.-R.); (M.E.F.d.S.); (J.A.Z.-V.); (J.P.); (S.D.-P.); (A.M.F.)
- Ciberned, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, 04001 Arequipa, Peru
| | - Jaime Pignatelli
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain; (R.H.-L.); (A.T.-S.); (L.M.-R.); (M.E.F.d.S.); (J.A.Z.-V.); (J.P.); (S.D.-P.); (A.M.F.)
- Ciberned, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Diaz-Pacheco
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain; (R.H.-L.); (A.T.-S.); (L.M.-R.); (M.E.F.d.S.); (J.A.Z.-V.); (J.P.); (S.D.-P.); (A.M.F.)
| | - Ana M. Fernandez
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain; (R.H.-L.); (A.T.-S.); (L.M.-R.); (M.E.F.d.S.); (J.A.Z.-V.); (J.P.); (S.D.-P.); (A.M.F.)
- Ciberned, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Torres Aleman
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain; (R.H.-L.); (A.T.-S.); (L.M.-R.); (M.E.F.d.S.); (J.A.Z.-V.); (J.P.); (S.D.-P.); (A.M.F.)
- Ciberned, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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18
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Trujillo-Estrada L, Gomez-Arboledas A, Forner S, Martini AC, Gutierrez A, Baglietto-Vargas D, LaFerla FM. Astrocytes: From the Physiology to the Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:675-698. [PMID: 31470787 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190830110152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are key cells for adequate brain formation and regulation of cerebral blood flow as well as for the maintenance of neuronal metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis and exocytosis, and synaptic transmission. Many of these functions are intrinsically related to neurodegeneration, allowing refocusing on the role of astrocytes in physiological and neurodegenerative states. Indeed, emerging evidence in the field indicates that abnormalities in the astrocytic function are involved in the pathogenesis of multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Huntington's Disease (HD) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). In the present review, we highlight the physiological role of astrocytes in the CNS, including their communication with other cells in the brain. Furthermore, we discuss exciting findings and novel experimental approaches that elucidate the role of astrocytes in multiple neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Trujillo-Estrada
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4545, United States
| | - Angela Gomez-Arboledas
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetic and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Malaga-IBIMA, Malaga, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefânia Forner
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4545, United States
| | - Alessandra Cadete Martini
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4545, United States
| | - Antonia Gutierrez
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetic and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Malaga-IBIMA, Malaga, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Baglietto-Vargas
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4545, United States.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Frank M LaFerla
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4545, United States.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
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19
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Hart CG, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Bone morphogenetic proteins: New insights into their roles and mechanisms in CNS development, pathology and repair. Exp Neurol 2020; 334:113455. [PMID: 32877654 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a highly conserved and diverse family of proteins that play essential roles in various stages of development including the formation and patterning of the central nervous system (CNS). Bioavailability and function of BMPs are regulated by input from a plethora of transcription factors and signaling pathways. Intriguingly, recent literature has uncovered novel roles for BMPs in regulating homeostatic and pathological responses in the adult CNS. Basal levels of BMP ligands and receptors are widely expressed in the adult brain and spinal cord with differential expression patterns across CNS regions, cell types and subcellular locations. Recent evidence indicates that several BMP isoforms are transiently or chronically upregulated in the aged or pathological CNS. Genetic knockout and pharmacological studies have elucidated that BMPs regulate several aspects of CNS injury and repair including cell survival and differentiation, reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation, axon regeneration, and myelin preservation and repair. Several BMP isoforms can be upregulated in the injured or diseased CNS simultaneously yet exert complementary or opposing effects on the endogenous cell responses after injury. Emerging studies also show that dysregulation of BMPs is associated with various CNS pathologies. Interestingly, modulation of BMPs can lead to beneficial or detrimental effects on CNS injury and repair mechanisms in a ligand, temporally or spatially specific manner, which reflect the complexity of BMP signaling. Given the significance of BMPs in neurodevelopment, a better understanding of their role in the context of injury may provide new therapeutic targets for the pathologic CNS. This review will provide a timely overview on the foundation and recent advancements in knowledge regarding the role and mechanisms of BMP signaling in the developing and adult CNS, and their implications in pathological responses and repair processes after injury or diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Hart
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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20
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Giovannoni F, Quintana FJ. The Role of Astrocytes in CNS Inflammation. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:805-819. [PMID: 32800705 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system (CNS), performing complex functions in health and disease. It is now clear that multiple astrocyte subsets or activation states (plastic phenotypes driven by intrinsic and extrinsic cues) can be identified, associated to specific genomic programs and functions. The characterization of these subsets and the mechanisms that control them may provide unique insights into the pathogenesis of neurologic diseases, and identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention. In this article, we provide an overview of the role of astrocytes in CNS inflammation, highlighting recent discoveries on astrocyte subsets and the mechanisms that control them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Giovannoni
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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21
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Martínez-Moreno CG, Arámburo C. Growth hormone (GH) and synaptogenesis. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2020; 114:91-123. [PMID: 32723552 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is known to exert several roles during development and function of the nervous system. Initially, GH was exclusively considered a pituitary hormone that regulates body growth and metabolism, but now its alternative extrapituitary production and pleiotropic functions are widely accepted. Through excess and deficit models, the critical role of GH in nervous system development and adult brain function has been extensively demonstrated. Moreover, neurotrophic actions of GH in neural tissues include pro-survival effects, neuroprotection, axonal growth, synaptogenesis, neurogenesis and neuroregeneration. The positive effects of GH upon memory, behavior, mood, sensorimotor function and quality of life, clearly implicate a beneficial action in synaptic physiology. Experimental and clinical evidence about GH actions in synaptic function modulation, protection and restoration are revised in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Martínez-Moreno
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Carlos Arámburo
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México.
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22
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Calcineurin Controls Expression of EAAT1/GLAST in Mouse and Human Cultured Astrocytes through Dynamic Regulation of Protein Synthesis and Degradation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062213. [PMID: 32210081 PMCID: PMC7139922 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the expression of glutamate/aspartate transporter (GLAST) have been associated with several neuropathological conditions including Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy. However, the mechanisms by which GLAST expression is altered are poorly understood. Here we used a combination of pharmacological and genetic approaches coupled with quantitative PCR and Western blot to investigate the mechanism of the regulation of GLAST expression by a Ca2+/calmodulin-activated phosphatase calcineurin (CaN). We show that treatment of cultured hippocampal mouse and fetal human astrocytes with a CaN inhibitor FK506 resulted in a dynamic modulation of GLAST protein expression, being downregulated after 24-48 h, but upregulated after 7 days of continuous FK506 (200 nM) treatment. Protein synthesis, as assessed by puromycin incorporation in neo-synthesized polypeptides, was inhibited already after 1 h of FK506 treatment, while the use of a proteasome inhibitor MG132 (1 μM) shows that GLAST protein degradation was only suppressed after 7 days of FK506 treatment. In astrocytes with constitutive genetic ablation of CaN both protein synthesis and degradation were significantly inhibited. Taken together, our data suggest that, in cultured astrocytes, CaN controls GLAST expression at a posttranscriptional level through regulation of GLAST protein synthesis and degradation.
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dos Santos JPA, Vizuete AF, Gonçalves CA. Calcineurin-Mediated Hippocampal Inflammatory Alterations in Streptozotocin-Induced Model of Dementia. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:502-512. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01718-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Okura U, Hirashima N, Tanaka M. Calcineurin B1 Deficiency in Glial Cells Reduces Gastrointestinal Motility and Results in Maldigestion and/or Malabsorption in Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:1230-1235. [PMID: 31257299 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Calcineurin is a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase abundantly expressed in the nervous system. To investigate the roles of calcineurin in glial cells, we previously generated glial calcineurin B1-conditional knockout (CKO) mice and found that these mice displayed dysfunction of enteric glial cells, mucosal degeneration and inflammation in the small intestine, and growth retardation and postweaning death, suggesting a novel role of calcineurin in enteric glial cells. Although these findings raised a possibility that abnormalities in calcineurin B1-deficient enteric glial cells may cause dysregulation of gastrointestinal motility and result in maldigestion and/or malabsorption in the CKO mice, these issues remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we showed that gastrointestinal motility was reduced in the CKO mice. Degeneration of mucosal epithelium was observed in the small intestine. Glucose levels were decreased in serum, whereas starch, glucose, and lipid levels were increased in feces. Thus, calcineurin B1 deficiency in glial cells reduces gastrointestinal motility, induces mucosal epithelium degeneration in the small intestine, and results in maldigestion and/or malabsorption in mice, further supporting the important role of calcineurin in enteric glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umi Okura
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Naohide Hirashima
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Masahiko Tanaka
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
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Lewitt MS, Boyd GW. The Role of Insulin-Like Growth Factors and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Proteins in the Nervous System. BIOCHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2019; 12:1178626419842176. [PMID: 31024217 PMCID: PMC6472167 DOI: 10.1177/1178626419842176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) and their receptors are widely expressed in nervous tissue from early embryonic life. They also cross the blood brain barriers by active transport, and their regulation as endocrine factors therefore differs from other tissues. In brain, IGFs have paracrine and autocrine actions that are modulated by IGF-binding proteins and interact with other growth factor signalling pathways. The IGF system has roles in nervous system development and maintenance. There is substantial evidence for a specific role for this system in some neurodegenerative diseases, and neuroprotective actions make this system an attractive target for new therapeutic approaches. In developing new therapies, interaction with IGF-binding proteins and other growth factor signalling pathways should be considered. This evidence is reviewed, gaps in knowledge are highlighted, and recommendations are made for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moira S Lewitt
- School of Health & Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
| | - Gary W Boyd
- School of Health & Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
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26
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Martinez-Rachadell L, Aguilera A, Perez-Domper P, Pignatelli J, Fernandez AM, Torres-Aleman I. Cell-specific expression of insulin/insulin-like growth factor-I receptor hybrids in the mouse brain. Growth Horm IGF Res 2019; 45:25-30. [PMID: 30825797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Insulin (IR) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-IR) receptors share structural homology and can form hybrid heterodimers. While different observations suggest that hybrid receptors are important in physiology and pathology, little is known about their function in the brain. To gain further insight into the role of IR/IGF-IR hybrids in this organ, we analyzed their cellular distribution in the mouse brain. We combined proximity ligation assays (PLA) for IR and IGF-IR, a technique that detects close protein-protein interactions, with immunocytochemistry for brain cell markers to identify IR/IGF-IR hybrids in the major types of brain cells. Intriguingly, while all the types of brain cells analyzed co-express both receptors, only neurons, astroglia, and microglia show readily detectable IR/IGF-IR hybrids. Hybrid PLA signal was negligible in brain endothelial cells and was absent in oligodendrocytes. Hybrids were comparatively more abundant in neurons and peaked after brain development was completed. Cell-specific expression and greater abundance in the adult brain suggests specialized actions of IR/IGF-IR hybrids in this organ, particularly in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Aguilera
- Cajal Institute and Ciberned, Madrid, Spain
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27
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Torrez VR, Zimmer ER, Kalinine E, Haas CB, Zenki KC, Muller AP, Souza DOD, Portela LV. Memantine mediates astrocytic activity in response to excitotoxicity induced by PP2A inhibition. Neurosci Lett 2019; 696:179-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Munive V, Zegarra-Valdivia JA, Herrero-Labrador R, Fernandez AM, Aleman IT. Loss of the interaction between estradiol and insulin-like growth factor I in brain endothelial cells associates to changes in mood homeostasis during peri-menopause in mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:174-184. [PMID: 30636168 PMCID: PMC6339786 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported that exercise increases resilience to stress in young female mice. Underlying mechanisms include an interaction of the ovarian hormone estradiol (E2) with insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and an increase in the hippocampal levels of the latter. Since changes in mood regulation during aging may contribute to increasing incidence of affective disorders at older age, we determined whether the protective actions of exercise are maintained at later ages. We found that during peri-menopause, exercise no longer improves resilience to stress and even becomes anxiogenic. Furthermore, the interaction seen in young females between the E2 α receptor (ERα) and the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) is lost at middle-age. In addition, E2 no longer induces IGF-I uptake by brain endothelial cells, and consequently, hippocampal IGF-I levels do not increase. Treatment of middle-aged females with an ERα agonist did not recover the positive actions of exercise. Collectively, these data indicate that the loss of action of exercise during peri-menopause may be related to a loss of the interaction of IGF-IR with ERα in brain endothelial cells that cannot be ameliorated by estrogen therapy. Changes in regulation of mood by physical activity may contribute to increased appearance of affective disorders along age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Munive
- Cajal Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Ciberned, Madrid, Spain
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29
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Fernandez A, Santi A, Torres Aleman I. Insulin Peptides as Mediators of the Impact of Life Style in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Plast 2018; 4:3-15. [PMID: 30564544 PMCID: PMC6297900 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-180071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for the cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD), that affects millions of people worldwide, is currently one of the most important scientific endeavors from a clinical perspective. There are so many mechanisms proposed, and so disparate changes observed, that it is becoming a challenging task to provide a comprehensive view of possible pathogenic processes in AD. Tauopathy (intracellular neurofibrillary tangles) and amyloidosis (extracellular amyloid plaques) are the anatomical hallmarks of the disease, and the formation of these proteinaceous aggregates in specific brain areas is widely held as the ultimate pathogenic mechanism. However, the triggers of this dysproteostasis process remain unknown. Further, neurofibrillary tangles and plaques may only constitute the last stages of a process of still uncertain origin. Thus, without an established knowledge of its etiology, and no cure in the horizon, prevention - or merely delaying its development, has become a last-resort goal in AD research. As with other success stories in preventive medicine, epidemiological studies have provided basic knowledge of risk factors in AD that may contribute to understand its etiology. Disregarding old age, gender, and ApoE4 genotype as non preventable risk factors, there are diverse life-style traits - many of them closely related to cardiovascular health, that have been associated to AD risk. Most prominent among them are diet, physical and mental activity, exposure to stress, and sleep/wake patterns. We argue that all these life-style factors engage insulinergic pathways that affect brain function, providing a potentially unifying thread for life-style and AD risk. Although further studies are needed to firmly establish a link between faulty insulinergic function and AD, we herein summarize the evidence that this link should be thoroughly considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Santi
- Cajal Institute and Ciberned, Madrid, Spain
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30
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Pardo M, Cheng Y, Sitbon YH, Lowell JA, Grieco SF, Worthen RJ, Desse S, Barreda-Diaz A. Insulin growth factor 2 (IGF2) as an emergent target in psychiatric and neurological disorders. Review. Neurosci Res 2018; 149:1-13. [PMID: 30389571 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). Recent evidence highlights the role of IGF2 in the brain, sustained by data showing its alterations as a common feature across a variety of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Previous studies emphasize the potential role of IGF2 in psychiatric and neurological conditions as well as in memory impairments, targeting IGF2 as a pro-cognitive agent. New research on animal models supports that upcoming investigations should explore IGF2's strong promising role as a memory enhancer. The lack of effective treatments for cognitive disturbances as a result of psychiatric diseases lead to further explore IGF2 as a promising target for the development of new pharmacology for the treatment of memory dysfunctions. In this review, we aim at gathering all recent relevant studies and findings on the role of IGF2 in the development of psychiatric diseases that occur with cognitive problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pardo
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Y Cheng
- University of California Los Angeles, Neurology Department, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Y H Sitbon
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - J A Lowell
- University of Miami, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - S F Grieco
- University of California, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - R J Worthen
- University of Miami, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - S Desse
- University of Miami, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - A Barreda-Diaz
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Miami, FL, USA.
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31
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Ceyzériat K, Ben Haim L, Denizot A, Pommier D, Matos M, Guillemaud O, Palomares MA, Abjean L, Petit F, Gipchtein P, Gaillard MC, Guillermier M, Bernier S, Gaudin M, Aurégan G, Joséphine C, Déchamps N, Veran J, Langlais V, Cambon K, Bemelmans AP, Baijer J, Bonvento G, Dhenain M, Deleuze JF, Oliet SHR, Brouillet E, Hantraye P, Carrillo-de Sauvage MA, Olaso R, Panatier A, Escartin C. Modulation of astrocyte reactivity improves functional deficits in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:104. [PMID: 30322407 PMCID: PMC6190663 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0606-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocyte reactivity and neuroinflammation are hallmarks of CNS pathological conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease. However, the specific role of reactive astrocytes is still debated. This controversy may stem from the fact that most strategies used to modulate astrocyte reactivity and explore its contribution to disease outcomes have only limited specificity. Moreover, reactive astrocytes are now emerging as heterogeneous cells and all types of astrocyte reactivity may not be controlled efficiently by such strategies. Here, we used cell type-specific approaches in vivo and identified the JAK2-STAT3 pathway, as necessary and sufficient for the induction and maintenance of astrocyte reactivity. Modulation of this cascade by viral gene transfer in mouse astrocytes efficiently controlled several morphological and molecular features of reactivity. Inhibition of this pathway in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease improved three key pathological hallmarks by reducing amyloid deposition, improving spatial learning and restoring synaptic deficits. In conclusion, the JAK2-STAT3 cascade operates as a master regulator of astrocyte reactivity in vivo. Its inhibition offers new therapeutic opportunities for Alzheimer’s disease.
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32
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Norris CM. Calcineurin: directing the damage in Alzheimer disease: An Editorial for 'Neuronal calcineurin transcriptional targets parallel changes observed in Alzheimer disease brain' on page 24. J Neurochem 2018; 147:8-11. [PMID: 30256415 PMCID: PMC6181764 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+ dysregulation is a hallmark of Alzheimer disease (AD) and affects numerous and diverse signaling cascades linked to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Increasing evidence suggests that the protein phosphatase calcineurin (CN) mediates or exacerbates AD pathophysiology through activation of the NFAT family of transcription factors. In this editorial, we discuss work by Hopp et al, , which uncovered a novel role of CN/NFAT signaling in controlling global gene expression in hippocampal neurons of intact mice. Interestingly, the authors showed that elevated CN expression/activity in neurons plays a major role in transcriptional suppression. Many of the genes differentially affected by CN were related to synapse function and NFAT binding, and exhibited similar patterns of downregulation in previous studies on human AD biospecimens. Results are discussed in context with emerging roles for CN/NFATs in astrocyte signaling as they pertain to Ca2+ dysregulation and the progression of neurodegeneration and cognitive loss with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Norris
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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33
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Kraner SD, Norris CM. Astrocyte Activation and the Calcineurin/NFAT Pathway in Cerebrovascular Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:287. [PMID: 30297999 PMCID: PMC6160594 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin (CN) is a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase with high abundance in nervous tissue. Though enriched in neurons, CN can become strongly induced in subsets of activated astrocytes under different pathological conditions where it interacts extensively with the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATs). Recent work has shown that regions of small vessel damage are associated with the upregulation of a proteolized, highly active form of CN in nearby astrocytes, suggesting a link between the CN/NFAT pathway and chronic cerebrovascular disease. In this Mini Review article, we discuss CN/NFAT signaling properties in the context of vascular disease and use previous cell type-specific intervention studies in Alzheimer's disease and traumatic brain injury models as a framework to understand how astrocytic CN/NFATs may couple vascular pathology to neurodegeneration and cognitive loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Kraner
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Christopher M. Norris
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
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34
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Sompol P, Norris CM. Ca 2+, Astrocyte Activation and Calcineurin/NFAT Signaling in Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:199. [PMID: 30038565 PMCID: PMC6046440 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence supports a fundamental role for Ca2+ dysregulation in astrocyte activation. Though the activated astrocyte phenotype is complex, cell-type targeting approaches have revealed a number of detrimental roles of activated astrocytes involving neuroinflammation, release of synaptotoxic factors and loss of glutamate regulation. Work from our lab and others has suggested that the Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein phosphatase, calcineurin (CN), provides a critical link between Ca2+ dysregulation and the activated astrocyte phenotype. A proteolyzed, hyperactivated form of CN appears at high levels in activated astrocytes in both human tissue and rodent tissue around regions of amyloid and vascular pathology. Similar upregulation of the CN-dependent transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT4) also appears in activated astrocytes in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (ADs) and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Major consequences of hyperactivated CN/NFAT4 signaling in astrocytes are neuroinflammation, synapse dysfunction and glutamate dysregulation/excitotoxicity, which will be covered in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradoldej Sompol
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Christopher M Norris
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
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35
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Fujita M, Yagi T, Okura U, Tanaka J, Hirashima N, Tanaka M. Calcineurin B1 Deficiency in Glial Cells Induces Mucosal Degeneration and Inflammation in Mouse Small Intestine. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 41:786-796. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Fujita
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Takaki Yagi
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Umi Okura
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Jun’ichi Tanaka
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Naohide Hirashima
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Masahiko Tanaka
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
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36
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Garwood CJ, Ratcliffe LE, Simpson JE, Heath PR, Ince PG, Wharton SB. Review: Astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease and other age-associated dementias: a supporting player with a central role. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2018; 43:281-298. [PMID: 27442752 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes have essential roles in the central nervous system and are also implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease. Forming non-overlapping domains, astrocytes are highly complex cells. Immunohistochemistry to a variety of proteins can be used to study astrocytes in tissue, labelling different cellular components and sub-populations, including glial fibrillary acidic protein, ALDH1L1, CD44, NDRG2 and amino acid transporters, but none of these labels the entire astrocyte population. Increasing heterogeneity is recognized in the astrocyte population, a complexity that is relevant both to their normal function and pathogenic roles. They are involved in neuronal support, as active components of the tripartite synapse and in cell interactions within the neurovascular unit (NVU), where they are essential for blood-brain barrier maintenance and neurovascular coupling. Astrocytes change with age, and their responses may modulate the cellular effects of neurodegenerative pathologies, which alone do not explain all of the variance in statistical models of neurodegenerative dementias. Astrocytes respond to both the neurofibrillary tangles and plaques of Alzheimer's disease, to hyperphosphorylated tau and Aβ, eliciting an effect which may be neuroprotective or deleterious. Not only astrocyte hypertrophy, in the form of gliosis, occurs, but also astrocyte injury and atrophy. Loss of normal astrocyte functions may contribute to reduced support for neurones and dysfunction of the NVU. Understanding how astrocytes contribute to dementia requires an understanding of the underlying heterogeneity of astrocyte populations, and the complexity of their responses to pathology. Enhancing the supportive and neuroprotective components of the astrocyte response has potential translational applications in therapeutic approaches to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Garwood
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - L E Ratcliffe
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - J E Simpson
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - P R Heath
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - P G Ince
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - S B Wharton
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
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37
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Pfuhlmann K, Schriever SC, Legutko B, Baumann P, Harrison L, Kabra DG, Baumgart EV, Tschöp MH, Garcia-Caceres C, Pfluger PT. Calcineurin A beta deficiency ameliorates HFD-induced hypothalamic astrocytosis in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:35. [PMID: 29422055 PMCID: PMC5806488 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytosis is a reactive process involving cellular, molecular, and functional changes to facilitate neuronal survival, myelin preservation, blood brain barrier function and protective glial scar formation upon brain insult. The overall pro- or anti-inflammatory impact of reactive astrocytes appears to be driven in a context- and disease-driven manner by modulation of astrocytic Ca2+ homeostasis and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-activated serine/threonine phosphatase calcineurin. Here, we aimed to assess whether calcineurin is dispensable for astrocytosis in the hypothalamus driven by prolonged high fat diet (HFD) feeding. Global deletion of calcineurin A beta (gene name: Ppp3cb) led to a decrease of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), and arcuate nucleus (ARC) of mice exposed chronically to HFD. The concomitant decrease in Iba1-positive microglia in the VMH further suggests a modest impact of Ppp3cb deletion on microgliosis. Pharmacological inhibition of calcineurin activity by Fk506 had no impact on IBA1-positive microglia in hypothalami of mice acutely exposed to HFD for 1 week. However, Fk506-treated mice displayed a decrease in GFAP levels in the ARC. In vivo effects could not be replicated in cell culture, where calcineurin inhibition by Fk506 had no effect on astrocytic morphology, astrocytic cell death, GFAP, and vimentin protein levels or microglia numbers in primary hypothalamic astrocytes and microglia co-cultures. Further, adenoviral overexpression of calcineurin subunit Ppp3r1 in primary glia culture did not lead to an increase in GFAP fluorescence intensity. Overall, our results point to a prominent role of calcineurin in mediating hypothalamic astrocytosis as response to acute and chronic HFD exposure. Moreover, discrepant findings in vivo and in cell culture indicate the necessity of studying astrocytes in their “natural” environment, i.e., preserving an intact hypothalamic microenvironment with neurons and non-neuronal cells in close proximity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Pfuhlmann
- Research Unit NeuroBiology of Diabetes, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, 80333, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sonja C Schriever
- Research Unit NeuroBiology of Diabetes, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Beata Legutko
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, 80333, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter Baumann
- Research Unit NeuroBiology of Diabetes, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, 80333, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Luke Harrison
- Research Unit NeuroBiology of Diabetes, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, 80333, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dhiraj G Kabra
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center. Heinrich Heine University, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Emily Violette Baumgart
- Research Unit NeuroBiology of Diabetes, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, 80333, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cristina Garcia-Caceres
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany. .,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Paul T Pfluger
- Research Unit NeuroBiology of Diabetes, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany. .,Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany. .,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
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38
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Ghazi Sherbaf F, Mohajer B, Ashraf-Ganjouei A, Mojtahed Zadeh M, Javinani A, Sanjari Moghaddam H, Shirin Shandiz M, Aarabi MH. Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 in Parkinson's Disease; Study of Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers and White Matter Microstructure. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:608. [PMID: 30450079 PMCID: PMC6224341 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Growing evidence shows that impaired signaling of Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) is associated with neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). However, there is still controversy regarding its proinflammatory or neuroprotective function. In an attempt to elucidate the contribution of IGF-1 in PD, we aimed to discover the relation between serum IGF-1 levels in drug-naïve early PD patients and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers as well as microstructural changes in brain white matter. Methods: The association between quartiles of serum IGF-1 levels and CSF biomarkers (α-synuclein, dopamine, amyloid-β1-42, total tau, and phosphorylated tau) was investigated using adjusted regression models in 404 drug-naïve early PD patients with only mild motor manifestations and 188 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) enrolled in the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI). By using region of interest analysis and connectometry approach, we tracked the white matter microstructural integrity and diffusivity patterns in a subgroup of study participants with available diffusion MRI data to investigate the association between subcomponents of neural pathways with serum IGF-1 levels. Results: PD patients had higher levels of IGF-1 compared to HC, although not statistically significant (mean difference: 3.60, P = 0.44). However, after adjustment for possible confounders and correction for False Discovery Rate (FDR), IGF-1 was negatively correlated with CSF α-synuclein, total and phosphorylated tau levels only in PD subjects. The imaging analysis proved a significant negative correlation (FDR corrected P-value = 0.013) between continuous levels of serum IGF-1 in patients with PD and the connectivity, but not integrity, in following fibers while controlling for age, sex, body mass index, depressive symptoms, education years, cognitive status and disease duration: middle cerebellar peduncle, cingulum, genu and splenium of the corpus callosum. No significant association was found between brain white matter microstructral measures or CSF markers of healthy controls and levels of IGF-1. Conclusion: Altered connectivity in specific white matter structures, mainly involved in cognitive and motor deterioration, in association with higher serum IGF-1 levels might propose IGF-1 as a potential associate of worse outcome in response to higher burden of α-synucleinopathy and tauopathy in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bahram Mohajer
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Ali Javinani
- Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Shirin Shandiz
- Department of Medical Physics, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
- *Correspondence: Mehdi Shirin Shandiz
| | - Mohammad Hadi Aarabi
- Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Mohammad Hadi Aarabi
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39
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Fernandez AM, Hervas R, Dominguez-Fraile M, Garrido VN, Gomez-Gutierrez P, Vega M, Vitorica J, Perez JJ, Torres Aleman I. Blockade of the Interaction of Calcineurin with FOXO in Astrocytes Protects Against Amyloid-β-Induced Neuronal Death. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 52:1471-8. [PMID: 27079728 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes actively participate in neuro-inflammatory processes associated to Alzheimer's disease (AD), and other brain pathologies. We recently showed that an astrocyte-specific intracellular signaling pathway involving an interaction of the phosphatase calcineurin with the transcription factor FOXO3 is a major driver in AD-associated pathological inflammation, suggesting a potential new druggable target for this devastating disease. We have now developed decoy molecules to interfere with calcineurin/FOXO3 interactions, and tested them in astrocytes and neuronal co-cultures exposed to amyloid-β (Aβ) toxicity. We observed that interference of calcineurin/FOXO3 interactions exerts a protective action against Aβ-induced neuronal death and favors the production of a set of growth factors that we hypothesize form part of a cytoprotective pathway to resolve inflammation. Furthermore, interference of the Aβ-induced interaction of calcineurin with FOXO3 by decoy compounds significantly decreased amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) synthesis, reduced the AβPP amyloidogenic pathway, resulting in lower Aβ levels, and blocked the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-6 in astrocytes. Collectively, these data indicate that interrupting pro-inflammatory calcineurin/FOXO3 interactions in astrocytes triggered by Aβ accumulation in brain may constitute an effective new therapeutic approach in AD. Future studies with intranasal delivery, or brain barrier permeable decoy compounds, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Fernandez
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Javier Vitorica
- CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain.,IBIS, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan J Perez
- GBMI, Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
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40
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López-Sánchez N, Fontán-Lozano Á, Pallé A, González-Álvarez V, Rábano A, Trejo JL, Frade JM. Neuronal tetraploidization in the cerebral cortex correlates with reduced cognition in mice and precedes and recapitulates Alzheimer's-associated neuropathology. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 56:50-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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41
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Miki Stein A, Munive V, Fernandez AM, Nuñez A, Torres Aleman I. Acute exercise does not modify brain activity and memory performance in APP/PS1 mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178247. [PMID: 28542392 PMCID: PMC5440045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Age is the main risk factor for Alzheimer´s disease (AD). With an increasingly aging population, development of affordable screening techniques to determine cognitive status will help identify population-at-risk for further follow-up. Because physical exercise is known to modulate cognitive performance, we used it as a functional test of cognitive health. Mice were submitted to treadmill running at moderate speed for 30 min, and their brain activity was monitored before and after exercise using electrocorticogram (ECG) recordings. After exercise, normal, but not APP/PS1 mice, a well established AD model, showed significantly increased ECG theta rhythm. At the same time normal, but not AD mice, showed significantly enhanced performance in a spatial memory test after exercise. Therefore, we postulate that a running bout coupled to pre- and post-exercise brain activity recordings will help identify individuals with cognitive alterations, by determining the presence or absence of exercise-specific changes in brain activity. Work in humans using a bout of moderate exercise plus electroencephalography, a clinically affordable procedure, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Miki Stein
- Cajal Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Ciberned, Madrid, Spain.,Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor Munive
- Cajal Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Ciberned, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Angel Nuñez
- School of Medicine, Autonoma University of Madrid. Madrid, Spain
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42
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The Emerging Roles of the Calcineurin-Nuclear Factor of Activated T-Lymphocytes Pathway in Nervous System Functions and Diseases. J Aging Res 2016; 2016:5081021. [PMID: 27597899 PMCID: PMC5002468 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5081021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing epidemics of metabolic diseases and increase in the older population have increased the incidences of neurodegenerative diseases. Evidence from murine and cell line models has implicated calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T-lymphocytes (NFAT) signaling pathway, a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent major proinflammatory pathway, in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Neurotoxins such as amyloid-β, tau protein, and α-synuclein trigger abnormal calcineurin/NFAT signaling activities. Additionally increased activities of endogenous regulators of calcineurin like plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA) and regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1) also cause neuronal and glial loss and related functional alterations, in neurodegenerative diseases, psychotic disorders, epilepsy, and traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries. Treatment with calcineurin/NFAT inhibitors induces some degree of neuroprotection and decreased reactive gliosis in the central and peripheral nervous system. In this paper, we summarize and discuss the current understanding of the roles of calcineurin/NFAT signaling in physiology and pathologies of the adult and developing nervous system, with an emphasis on recent reports and cutting-edge findings. Calcineurin/NFAT signaling is known for its critical roles in the developing and adult nervous system. Its role in physiological and pathological processes is still controversial. However, available data suggest that its beneficial and detrimental effects are context-dependent. In view of recent reports calcineurin/NFAT signaling is likely to serve as a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases and conditions. This review further highlights the need to characterize better all factors determining the outcome of calcineurin/NFAT signaling in diseases and the downstream targets mediating the beneficial and detrimental effects.
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43
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Pleiss MM, Sompol P, Kraner SD, Abdul HM, Furman JL, Guttmann RP, Wilcock DM, Nelson PT, Norris CM. Calcineurin proteolysis in astrocytes: Implications for impaired synaptic function. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:1521-32. [PMID: 27212416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that astrocyte activation, found in most forms of neural injury and disease, is linked to the hyperactivation of the protein phosphatase calcineurin. In many tissues and cell types, calcineurin hyperactivity is the direct result of limited proteolysis. However, little is known about the proteolytic status of calcineurin in activated astrocytes. Here, we developed a polyclonal antibody to a high activity calcineurin proteolytic fragment in the 45-48kDa range (ΔCN) for use in immunohistochemical applications. When applied to postmortem human brain sections, the ΔCN antibody intensely labeled cell clusters in close juxtaposition to amyloid deposits and microinfarcts. Many of these cells exhibited clear activated astrocyte morphology. The expression of ΔCN in astrocytes near areas of pathology was further confirmed using confocal microscopy. Multiple NeuN-positive cells, particularly those within microinfarct core regions, also labeled positively for ΔCN. This observation suggests that calcineurin proteolysis can also occur within damaged or dying neurons, as reported in other studies. When a similar ΔCN fragment was selectively expressed in hippocampal astrocytes of intact rats (using adeno-associated virus), we observed a significant reduction in the strength of CA3-CA1 excitatory synapses, indicating that the hyperactivation of astrocytic calcineurin is sufficient for disrupting synaptic function. Together, these results suggest that proteolytic activation of calcineurin in activated astrocytes may be a central mechanism for driving and/or exacerbating neural dysfunction during neurodegenerative disease and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie M Pleiss
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Pradoldej Sompol
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Susan D Kraner
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Hafiz Mohmmad Abdul
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Furman
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Rodney P Guttmann
- Department of Psychology, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, USA.
| | - Donna M Wilcock
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Peter T Nelson
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Christopher M Norris
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA; Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
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44
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Munive V, Santi A, Torres-Aleman I. A Concerted Action Of Estradiol And Insulin Like Growth Factor I Underlies Sex Differences In Mood Regulation By Exercise. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25969. [PMID: 27170462 PMCID: PMC4864325 DOI: 10.1038/srep25969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mood homeostasis present sexually dimorphic traits which may explain sex differences in the incidence of mood disorders. We explored whether diverse behavioral-setting components of mood may be differentially regulated in males and females by exercise, a known modulator of mood. We found that exercise decreases anxiety only in males. Conversely, exercise enhanced resilience to stress and physical arousal, two other important components of mood, only in females. Because exercise increases brain input of circulating insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), a potent modulator of mood, we explored whether sex-specific actions of exercise on mood homeostasis relate to changes in brain IGF-I input. We found that exercise increased hippocampal IGF-I levels only in cycling females. Underlying mechanism involved activation of estrogen (E2) receptors in brain vessels that led to increased uptake of serum IGF-I as E2 was found to stimulate IGF-I uptake in brain endothelial cells. Indeed, modulatory effects of exercise on mood were absent in female mice with low serum IGF-I levels or after either ovariectomy or administration of an E2 receptor antagonist. These results suggest that sex-specific brain IGF-I responses to physiological stimuli such as exercise contribute to dimorphic mood homeostasis that may explain sex differences in affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Munive
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain.,Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Santi
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain.,Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Torres-Aleman
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain.,Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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45
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Ben Haim L, Carrillo-de Sauvage MA, Ceyzériat K, Escartin C. Elusive roles for reactive astrocytes in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:278. [PMID: 26283915 PMCID: PMC4522610 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes play crucial roles in the brain and are involved in the neuroinflammatory response. They become reactive in response to virtually all pathological situations in the brain such as axotomy, ischemia, infection, and neurodegenerative diseases (ND). Astrocyte reactivity was originally characterized by morphological changes (hypertrophy, remodeling of processes) and the overexpression of the intermediate filament glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). However, it is unclear how the normal supportive functions of astrocytes are altered by their reactive state. In ND, in which neuronal dysfunction and astrocyte reactivity take place over several years or decades, the issue is even more complex and highly debated, with several conflicting reports published recently. In this review, we discuss studies addressing the contribution of reactive astrocytes to ND. We describe the molecular triggers leading to astrocyte reactivity during ND, examine how some key astrocyte functions may be enhanced or altered during the disease process, and discuss how astrocyte reactivity may globally affect ND progression. Finally we will consider the anticipated developments in this important field. With this review, we aim to show that the detailed study of reactive astrocytes may open new perspectives for ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Ben Haim
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Département des Sciences du Vivant, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, MIRCen Fontenay-aux-Roses, France ; Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, UMR 9199 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Maria-Angeles Carrillo-de Sauvage
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Département des Sciences du Vivant, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, MIRCen Fontenay-aux-Roses, France ; Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, UMR 9199 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Kelly Ceyzériat
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Département des Sciences du Vivant, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, MIRCen Fontenay-aux-Roses, France ; Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, UMR 9199 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Carole Escartin
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Département des Sciences du Vivant, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, MIRCen Fontenay-aux-Roses, France ; Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, UMR 9199 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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46
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Furman JL, Norris CM. Calcineurin and glial signaling: neuroinflammation and beyond. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:158. [PMID: 25199950 PMCID: PMC4172899 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0158-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to peripheral immune/inflammatory cells, neuroglial cells appear to rely on calcineurin (CN) signaling pathways to regulate cytokine production and cellular activation. Several studies suggest that harmful immune/inflammatory responses may be the most impactful consequence of aberrant CN activity in glial cells. However, newly identified roles for CN in glutamate uptake, gap junction regulation, Ca2+ dyshomeostasis, and amyloid production suggest that CN's influence in glia may extend well beyond neuroinflammation. The following review will discuss the various actions of CN in glial cells, with particular emphasis on astrocytes, and consider the implications for neurologic dysfunction arising with aging, injury, and/or neurodegenerative disease.
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47
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Sacco F, Boldt K, Calderone A, Panni S, Paoluzi S, Castagnoli L, Ueffing M, Cesareni G. Combining affinity proteomics and network context to identify new phosphatase substrates and adapters in growth pathways. Front Genet 2014; 5:115. [PMID: 24847354 PMCID: PMC4019850 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation homoeostasis is tightly controlled and pathological conditions are caused by subtle alterations of the cell phosphorylation profile. Altered levels of kinase activities have already been associated to specific diseases. Less is known about the impact of phosphatases, the enzymes that down-regulate phosphorylation by removing the phosphate groups. This is partly due to our poor understanding of the phosphatase-substrate network. Much of phosphatase substrate specificity is not based on intrinsic enzyme specificity with the catalytic pocket recognizing the sequence/structure context of the phosphorylated residue. In addition many phosphatase catalytic subunits do not form a stable complex with their substrates. This makes the inference and validation of phosphatase substrates a non-trivial task. Here, we present a novel approach that builds on the observation that much of phosphatase substrate selection is based on the network of physical interactions linking the phosphatase to the substrate. We first used affinity proteomics coupled to quantitative mass spectrometry to saturate the interactome of eight phosphatases whose down regulations was shown to affect the activation of the RAS-PI3K pathway. By integrating information from functional siRNA with protein interaction information, we develop a strategy that aims at inferring phosphatase physiological substrates. Graph analysis is used to identify protein scaffolds that may link the catalytic subunits to their substrates. By this approach we rediscover several previously described phosphatase substrate interactions and characterize two new protein scaffolds that promote the dephosphorylation of PTPN11 and ERK by DUSP18 and DUSP26, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Sacco
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata Rome, Italy
| | - Karsten Boldt
- Division of Experimental Ophthalmology, Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Simona Panni
- Department DiBEST, University of Calabria Rende, Italy
| | - Serena Paoluzi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Castagnoli
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata Rome, Italy
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Division of Experimental Ophthalmology, Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen Tuebingen, Germany ; Research Unit for Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gianni Cesareni
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata Rome, Italy ; Istituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Fondazione Santa Lucia Rome, Italy
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48
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Narayan P, Holmström KM, Kim DH, Whitcomb DJ, Wilson MR, St George-Hyslop P, Wood NW, Dobson CM, Cho K, Abramov AY, Klenerman D. Rare individual amyloid-β oligomers act on astrocytes to initiate neuronal damage. Biochemistry 2014; 53:2442-53. [PMID: 24717093 PMCID: PMC4004235 DOI: 10.1021/bi401606f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oligomers of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide have been implicated in the neurotoxicity associated with Alzheimer's disease. We have used single-molecule techniques to examine quantitatively the cellular effects of adding well characterized Aβ oligomers to primary hippocampal cells and hence determine the initial pathway of damage. We found that even picomolar concentrations of Aβ (1-40) and Aβ (1-42) oligomers can, within minutes of addition, increase the levels of intracellular calcium in astrocytes but not in neurons, and this effect is saturated at a concentration of about 10 nM of oligomers. Both Aβ (1-40) and Aβ (1-42) oligomers have comparable effects. The rise in intracellular calcium is followed by an increase in the rate of ROS production by NADPH oxidase in both neurons and astrocytes. The increase in ROS production then triggers caspase-3 activation resulting in the inhibition of long-term potentiation. Our quantitative approach also reveals that only a small fraction of the oligomers are damaging and that an individual rare oligomer binding to an astrocyte can initiate the aforementioned cascade of responses, making it unlikely to be due to any specific interaction. Preincubating the Aβ oligomers with an extracellular chaperone, clusterin, sequesters the oligomers in long-lived complexes and inhibits all of the physiological damage, even at a ratio of 100:1, total Aβ to clusterin. To explain how Aβ oligomers are so damaging but that it takes decades to develop Alzheimer's disease, we suggest a model for disease progression where small amounts of neuronal damage from individual unsequestered oligomers can accumulate over time leading to widespread tissue-level dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Narayan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge, U.K
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49
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Zaravinos A, Kanellou P, Lambrou GI, Spandidos DA. Gene set enrichment analysis of the NF-κB/Snail/YY1/RKIP circuitry in multiple myeloma. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:4987-5005. [PMID: 24481661 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1659-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of a dysregulated NF-κB/Snail/YY1/RKIP loop was recently established in metastatic prostate cancer cells and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; however, its involvement in multiple myeloma (MM) has yet to be investigated. Aim of the study was to investigate the role of the NF-κB/Snail/YY1/RKIP circuitry in MM and how each gene is correlated with the remaining genes of the loop. Using gene set enrichment analysis and gene neighbours analysis in data received from four datasets included in the Multiple Myeloma Genomics Portal of the Multiple Myeloma Research Consortium, we identified various enriched gene sets associated with each member of the NF-κB/Snail/YY1/RKIP circuitry. In each dataset, the 20 most co-expressed genes with the circuitry genes were isolated subjected to Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment. Among many, we highlighted on FNDC3B, TPD52, BBX, MBNL1 and MFAP2. Many co-expressed genes participated in the regulation of metabolic processes and nucleic acid binding, or were transcription factor binding genes and genes with metallopeptidase activity. The transcription factors FOXO4, GATA binding factor, Sp1 and AP4 most likely affect the expression of the NF-κB/Snail/YY1/RKIP circuitry genes. Computational analysis of various GEO datasets revealed elevated YY1 and RKIP levels in MM vs. the normal plasma cells, as well as elevated RKIP levels in MM vs. normal B lymphocytes. The present study highlights the relationships of the NF-κB/Snail/YY1/RKIP circuitry genes with specific cancer-related gene sets in multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Zaravinos
- Laboratory of Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110, Heraklion, Greece,
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50
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Carrasco L, Cea P, Rocco P, Peña-Oyarzún D, Rivera-Mejias P, Sotomayor-Flores C, Quiroga C, Criollo A, Ibarra C, Chiong M, Lavandero S. Role of Heterotrimeric G Protein and Calcium in Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy Induced by IGF-1. J Cell Biochem 2014; 115:712-20. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Loreto Carrasco
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
- Centro Estudios Moleculares de la Celula; Facultad de Ciencias y Farmacéuticas; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Paola Cea
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
- Centro Estudios Moleculares de la Celula; Facultad de Ciencias y Farmacéuticas; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Paola Rocco
- Centro Estudios Moleculares de la Celula; Facultad de Ciencias y Farmacéuticas; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Daniel Peña-Oyarzún
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
- Centro Estudios Moleculares de la Celula; Facultad de Ciencias y Farmacéuticas; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Pablo Rivera-Mejias
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
- Centro Estudios Moleculares de la Celula; Facultad de Ciencias y Farmacéuticas; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Cristian Sotomayor-Flores
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
- Centro Estudios Moleculares de la Celula; Facultad de Ciencias y Farmacéuticas; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Clara Quiroga
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
- Centro Estudios Moleculares de la Celula; Facultad de Ciencias y Farmacéuticas; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Alfredo Criollo
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
- Departamento Ciencias Básicas y Comunitarias; Facultad Odontología; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Cristian Ibarra
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Mario Chiong
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
- Centro Estudios Moleculares de la Celula; Facultad de Ciencias y Farmacéuticas; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
- Centro Estudios Moleculares de la Celula; Facultad de Ciencias y Farmacéuticas; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas; Facultad Medicina; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
- Cardiology Division; Department of Internal Medicine; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas Texas
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