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Zald DH. The influence of dopamine autoreceptors on temperament and addiction risk. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 155:105456. [PMID: 37926241 PMCID: PMC11330662 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
As a major regulator of dopamine (DA), DA autoreceptors (DAARs) exert substantial influence over DA-mediated behaviors. This paper reviews the physiological and behavioral impact of DAARs. Individual differences in DAAR functioning influences temperamental traits such as novelty responsivity and impulsivity, both of which are associated with vulnerability to addictive behavior in animal models and a broad array of externalizing behaviors in humans. DAARs additionally impact the response to psychostimulants and other drugs of abuse. Human PET studies of D2-like receptors in the midbrain provide evidence for parallels to the animal literature. These data lead to the proposal that weak DAAR regulation is a risk factor for addiction and externalizing problems. The review highlights the potential to build translational models of the functional role of DAARs in behavior. It also draws attention to key limitations in the current literature that would need to be addressed to further advance a weak DAAR regulation model of addiction and externalizing risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Zald
- Center for Advanced Human Brain Imaging and Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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2
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Kanarik M, Grimm O, Mota NR, Reif A, Harro J. ADHD co-morbidities: A review of implication of gene × environment effects with dopamine-related genes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 139:104757. [PMID: 35777579 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ADHD is a major burden in adulthood, where co-morbid conditions such as depression, substance use disorder and obesity often dominate the clinical picture. ADHD has substantial shared heritability with other mental disorders, contributing to comorbidity. However, environmental risk factors exist but their interaction with genetic makeup, especially in relation to comorbid disorders, remains elusive. This review for the first time summarizes present knowledge on gene x environment (GxE) interactions regarding the dopamine system. Hitherto, mainly candidate (GxE) studies were performed, focusing on the genes DRD4, DAT1 and MAOA. Some evidence suggest that the variable number tandem repeats in DRD4 and MAOA may mediate GxE interactions in ADHD generally, and comorbid conditions specifically. Nevertheless, even for these genes, common variants are bound to suggest risk only in the context of gender and specific environments. For other polymorphisms, evidence is contradictory and less convincing. Particularly lacking are longitudinal studies testing the interaction of well-defined environmental with polygenic risk scores reflecting the dopamine system in its entirety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margus Kanarik
- Chair of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A Chemicum, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nina Roth Mota
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jaanus Harro
- Chair of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A Chemicum, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Psychiatry Clinic, North Estonia Medical Centre, Paldiski Road 52, 10614 Tallinn, Estonia.
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Daurio AM, Deschaine SL, Modabbernia A, Leggio L. Parsing out the role of dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) on alcohol-related phenotypes: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12770. [PMID: 31149768 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Genetics account for moderate variation of individual differences in developing alcohol use disorder (AUD), but it is unclear which genetic variations contribute to AUD risk. One candidate gene investigated due to its association with AUD is the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4), which contains a 48-base pair variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) in exon 3 of its coding region. To date, no quantitative synthesis of the published literature on the effects of DRD4 VNTR variation on alcohol-related phenotypes has been conducted. MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and PsycInfo were searched for studies that reported on alcohol craving, alcohol consumption, severity of AUD, and case-control (AUD versus no diagnosis of AUD) studies in DRD4L (seven repeats or more) carriers compared with DRD4S (six repeats or less) homozygotes. Random-effects meta-analysis was used for all analyses. A pooled sample size of 655 to 13,360 of 28 studies were included. Compared with DRD4S homozygotes, DRD4L carriers had increased number of drinking days (SMD: 0.205; 95% CI: 0.008 to 0.402), binge drinking days (SMD: 0.217; 95% CI: 0.0532 to 0.380), and severity of AUD (SMD: 0.143; 95% CI: 0.028 to 0.259). There was no difference between DRD4 VNTR genotypes on drinks per drinking day, largest number of drinks per day/occasion, and case-control analysis. It was not possible to conduct a meta-analysis of the craving data, but a systematic review of this literature found mixed results on DRD4 VNTR genotype effect. The present meta-analysis suggests DRD4 VNTR variation may be a risk factor for problematic alcohol use. Our findings are limited, however, by the absence of ancestry data from studies included in our analysis, precluding our ability to adjust for population stratification. Due to the likelihood of type I error in candidate gene approaches, our work highlights the critical need for studies with larger and more inclusive samples that account for sex and genetic ancestry to fully understand this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M. Daurio
- Department of PsychologyFlorida State University Tallahassee FL USA
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Basic Research and National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research ProgramNational Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
| | - Sara L. Deschaine
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Basic Research and National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research ProgramNational Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
| | - Amirhossein Modabbernia
- Department of Psychiatry and Seaver Autism CenterIcahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Basic Research and National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research ProgramNational Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social SciencesBrown University Providence RI USA
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4
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Stolf AR, Cupertino RB, Müller D, Sanvicente-Vieira B, Roman T, Vitola ES, Grevet EH, von Diemen L, Kessler FHP, Grassi-Oliveira R, Bau CHD, Rovaris DL, Pechansky F, Schuch JB. Effects of DRD2 splicing-regulatory polymorphism and DRD4 48 bp VNTR on crack cocaine addiction. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 126:193-199. [PMID: 30367264 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1946-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that dopamine receptors D2 (DRD2) and D4 (DRD4) polymorphisms may influence substance use disorders (SUD) susceptibility both individually and through their influence in the formation of DRD2-DRD4 heteromers. The dopaminergic role on the vulnerability to addiction appears to be influenced by sex. A cross-sectional study with 307 crack cocaine addicts and 770 controls was conducted. The influence of DRD2 rs2283265 and DRD4 48 bp VNTR in exon 3 variants, as well as their interaction on crack cocaine addiction susceptibility and severity were evaluated in women and men separately. An association between the DRD2 T allele and crack cocaine addiction was found in women. In this same group, interaction analysis demonstrated that the presence of DRD2-T allele and concomitant absence of DRD4-7R allele were associated with risk for crack cocaine addiction. No influence of DRD2 and DRD4 variants was observed in men regarding addiction severity. This study reinforces the role of dopaminergic genes in externalizing behaviors, especially the influence of DRD2-DRD4 interaction on SUD. This is the fourth sample that independently associated the DRD2-DRD4 interaction with SUD itself or related disorders. In addition, our findings point out to a potential difference of dopaminergic neurotransmission across sex influencing addiction susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson R Stolf
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Renata B Cupertino
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diana Müller
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Breno Sanvicente-Vieira
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Roman
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo S Vitola
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eugenio H Grevet
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lisia von Diemen
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Felix H P Kessler
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Claiton H D Bau
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,ADHD Outpatient Program, Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diego L Rovaris
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Flavio Pechansky
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline B Schuch
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6681, prédio 81, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 90619-900, Brazil.
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Mota NR, Rovaris DL, Kappel DB, Picon FA, Vitola ES, Salgado CAI, Karam RG, Rohde LA, Grevet EH, Bau CHD. NCAM1-TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2 gene cluster and the clinical and genetic heterogeneity of adults with ADHD. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2015; 168:433-444. [PMID: 25989041 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctions of the dopaminergic system have been implicated on the etiology of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Meta-analyses addressing the association of the dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) gene and ADHD were inconclusive due to excessive heterogeneity across studies. Both the great phenotypic heterogeneity of ADHD and the complexity of the genomic region where DRD2 is located could contribute to the inconsistent findings. Most previous DRD2 studies focused on the well-known Taq1A (rs1800497) SNP, which is actually placed in a neighbor gene (ANKK1). These two genes, together with NCAM1 and TTC12, form the NTAD gene cluster on Chr11q22-23. In order to address the reasons for the high heterogeneity previously reported on DRD2 effects on ADHD, this study investigates the role of NTAD variants on ADHD susceptibility in adults and on the modulation of comorbidity and personality profiles in these patients. Functional polymorphisms from NTAD were analyzed, both individually and in haplotypes, on a sample of 520 adults with ADHD and 630 non-ADHD controls. No direct association of NTAD variants with ADHD susceptibility itself was observed. However, different NTAD polymorphisms and haplotypes were associated to various phenotypes relevant to the clinical heterogeneity of ADHD, including Major Depressive Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Harm Avoidance and Persistence temperament scores. Therefore, these findings represent a possible explanation for the multiple conflicting findings regarding polymorphisms in this genomic region in psychiatry. The NTAD cluster may comprise a variety of independent molecular influences on various brain and behavior characteristics eventually associated with ADHD comorbidities and personality traits. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina R Mota
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,ADHD Outpatient Program-Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas, de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diego L Rovaris
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,ADHD Outpatient Program-Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas, de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Djenifer B Kappel
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,ADHD Outpatient Program-Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas, de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Felipe A Picon
- ADHD Outpatient Program-Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas, de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo S Vitola
- ADHD Outpatient Program-Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas, de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carlos A I Salgado
- ADHD Outpatient Program-Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas, de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafael G Karam
- ADHD Outpatient Program-Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas, de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luis A Rohde
- ADHD Outpatient Program-Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas, de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eugenio H Grevet
- ADHD Outpatient Program-Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas, de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Claiton H D Bau
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,ADHD Outpatient Program-Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas, de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Rovaris DL, Mota NR, da Silva BS, Girardi P, Victor MM, Grevet EH, Bau CH, Contini V. Should we keep on? Looking into pharmacogenomics of ADHD in adulthood from a different perspective. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 15:1365-81. [PMID: 25155937 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A considerable proportion of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) do not respond to the treatment with methylphenidate. This scenario could be due to inherited interindividual differences that may alter pharmacologic treatment response. In this sense, in 2012 we conducted a systematic search on PUBMED-indexed literature for articles containing information about pharmacogenomics of ADHD in adults. Five studies were found on methylphenidate pharmacogenomics and the only significant association was reported by one particular study. However, this single association with the SLC6A3 gene was not replicated in two subsequent reports. In the present review, although we could not find additional pharmacogenomics studies, we discuss these up-to-date findings and suggest new approaches for this field. Additionally, using systeomic-oriented databases, we provide a broad picture of new possible candidate genes as well as potential gene-gene interactions to be investigated in pharmacogenomics of persistent ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego L Rovaris
- Departament of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
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Mason GM, Spanó G, Edgin J. Symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Down syndrome: effects of the dopamine receptor D4 gene. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2015; 120:58-71. [PMID: 25551267 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-120.1.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study examined individual differences in ADHD symptoms and executive function (EF) in children with Down syndrome (DS) in relation to the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene, a gene often linked to ADHD in people without DS. Participants included 68 individuals with DS (7-21 years), assessed through laboratory tasks, caregiver reports, and experimenter ratings. Saliva samples were collected from the DS group and 66 children without DS to compare DRD4 allele distribution, showing no difference between the groups. When the sample with DS was stratified for ethnicity (n = 32), the DRD4 7-repeat allele significantly related to parent and experimenter ratings, but not to laboratory assessments. These results suggest that nontrisomy genetic factors may contribute to individual differences in ADHD symptoms in persons with DS.
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Mota NR, Bau CHD, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar JK, Ebstein RP, Franke B, Gill M, Kuntsi J, Manor I, Miranda A, Mulas F, Oades RD, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Sergeant JA, Sonuga-Barke EJ, Steinhausen HC, Faraone SV, Asherson P. Association between DRD2/DRD4 interaction and conduct disorder: a potential developmental pathway to alcohol dependence. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B:546-9. [PMID: 23818181 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Claiton H. D. Bau
- Depatment of Genetics; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre; Brazil
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg; Mannheim; Germany
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen; The Netherlands
| | - Richard P. Ebstein
- Psychology Department; National University of Singapore; Singapore; Singapore
| | | | - Michael Gill
- Department of Psychiatry; Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital; Dublin; Ireland
| | - Jonna Kuntsi
- King's College London; Institute of Psychiatry, MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre; London; United Kingdom; UK
| | - Iris Manor
- ADHD Unit; Geha Mental Health Centre; Petach-Tiqva; Israel
| | - Ana Miranda
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology; University of Valencia; Valencia; Spain
| | - Fernando Mulas
- Neuropediatrics Unit; La Fé University Hospital; Valencia; Spain
| | - Robert D. Oades
- University Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Essen; Germany
| | - Herbert Roeyers
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology; Ghent University; Ghent; Belgium
| | | | - Joseph A. Sergeant
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology; Vrije Universiteit; Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Philip Asherson
- King's College London; Institute of Psychiatry, MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre; London; United Kingdom; UK
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Rovaris DL, Mota NR, Callegari-Jacques SM, Bau CHD. Approaching "phantom heritability" in psychiatry by hypothesis-driven gene-gene interactions. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:210. [PMID: 23720624 PMCID: PMC3655459 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Luiz Rovaris
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Wang F, Simen A, Arias A, Lu QW, Zhang H. A large-scale meta-analysis of the association between the ANKK1/DRD2 Taq1A polymorphism and alcohol dependence. Hum Genet 2012. [PMID: 23203481 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-012-1251-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol dependence (AD) is a common neuropsychiatric disorder with high heritability. A number of studies have analyzed the association between the Taq1A polymorphism (located in the gene cluster ANKK1/DRD2) and AD. In the present study, we conducted a large-scale meta-analysis to confirm the association between the Taq1A polymorphism and the risk for AD in over 18,000 subjects included in 61 case-control studies that were published up to August 2012. Our meta-analysis demonstrated both allelic and genotypic association between the Taq1A polymorphism and AD susceptibility [allelic: P(Z) = 1.1 × 10(-5), OR = 1.19; genotypic: P(Z) = 3.2 × 10(-5), OR = 1.24]. The association remained significant after adjustment for publication bias using the trim and fill method. Sensitivity analysis showed that the effect size of the Taq1A polymorphism on AD risk was moderate and not influenced by any individual study. The pooled odds ratio from published studies decreased with the year of publication, but stabilized after the year 2001. Subgroup analysis indicated that publication bias could be influenced by racial ancestry. In summary, this large-scale meta-analysis confirmed the association between the Taq1A polymorphism and AD. Future studies are required to investigate the functional significance of the ANKK1/DRD2 Taq1A polymorphism in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, VA Medical Center/116A2, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
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