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Alonso de Diego SA, Linares ML, García Molina A, de Lucas AI, Del Cerro A, Alonso JM, Ver Donck L, Cid JM, Trabanco AA, Van Gool M. Discovery of 6,7-Dihydropyrazolo[1,5- a]pyrazin-4(5 H)-one Derivatives as mGluR 2 Negative Allosteric Modulators with In Vivo Activity in a Rodent's Model of Cognition. J Med Chem 2024; 67:15569-15585. [PMID: 39208150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Allosteric modulators of the metabotropic group II receptors, mGluR2 and mGluR3, have been widely explored due to their ability to modulate cognitive and neurological functions in mood disorders, although none have been approved yet. In our search for new and selective mGluR2 negative allosteric modulators (NAMs), series of 6,7-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrazin-4(5H)-one derivatives were identified from our published series of 1,3,5-trisubstituted pyrazoles. SAR evolution of the initial hit resulted in 100-fold improvement in the mGluR2 NAM potency and subsequent selection of compound 11 based on its overall profile, including selectivity and ADMET properties. Further pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) relationship built showed that compound 11 occupied the mGluR2 receptor in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, the compound revealed in vivo activity in V-maze as a model of cognition from a dose of 0.32 mg/kg. Compound 11 was selected to be evaluated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Alonso de Diego
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen-Cilag, S.A., C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - María Lourdes Linares
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen-Cilag, S.A., C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Aránzazu García Molina
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen-Cilag, S.A., C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel de Lucas
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen-Cilag, S.A., C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Alcira Del Cerro
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen-Cilag, S.A., C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Alonso
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen-Cilag, S.A., C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Luc Ver Donck
- Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, a Johnson and Johnson Company, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jose María Cid
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen-Cilag, S.A., C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Andrés A Trabanco
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen-Cilag, S.A., C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Michiel Van Gool
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen-Cilag, S.A., C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
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2
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Stachowicz K. Interactions between metabotropic glutamate and CB1 receptors: implications for mood, cognition, and synaptic signaling based on data from mGluR and CB1R-targeting drugs. Pharmacol Rep 2024:10.1007/s43440-024-00612-6. [PMID: 38941064 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00612-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are part of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) family. They are coupled to Gαq (group I) or Gi/o (groups II and III) proteins, which result in the generation of diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) or the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, respectively. mGluRs have been implicated in anxiety, depression, learning, and synaptic plasticity. Similarly, CB1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1Rs), also GPCRs, play roles in cognitive function and mood regulation through Gαi/o-mediated inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. Both mGluRs and CB1Rs exhibit surface labeling and undergo endocytosis. Given the similar cellular distribution and mechanisms of action, this review complies with fundamental data on the potential interactions and mutual regulation of mGluRs and CB1Rs in the context of depression, anxiety, and cognition, providing pioneering insights into their interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Stachowicz
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, Kraków, 31-343, Poland.
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3
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Vassal M, Martins F, Monteiro B, Tambaro S, Martinez-Murillo R, Rebelo S. Emerging Pro-neurogenic Therapeutic Strategies for Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Review of Pre-clinical and Clinical Research. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04246-w. [PMID: 38816676 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04246-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The neuroscience community has largely accepted the notion that functional neurons can be generated from neural stem cells in the adult brain, especially in two brain regions: the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. However, impaired neurogenesis has been observed in some neurodegenerative diseases, particularly in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases, and also in Lewy Body dementia. Therefore, restoration of neurogenic function in neurodegenerative diseases emerges as a potential therapeutic strategy to counteract, or at least delay, disease progression. Considering this, the present study summarizes the different neuronal niches, provides a collection of the therapeutic potential of different pro-neurogenic strategies in pre-clinical and clinical research, providing details about their possible modes of action, to guide future research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Vassal
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Filipa Martins
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Monteiro
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Simone Tambaro
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ricardo Martinez-Murillo
- Neurovascular Research Group, Department of Translational Neurobiology, Cajal Institute (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Rebelo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
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4
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Perez Garcia G, Bicak M, Buros J, Haure-Mirande JV, Perez GM, Otero-Pagan A, Gama Sosa MA, De Gasperi R, Sano M, Gage FH, Barlow C, Dudley JT, Glicksberg BS, Wang Y, Readhead B, Ehrlich ME, Elder GA, Gandy S. Beneficial effects of physical exercise and an orally active mGluR2/3 antagonist pro-drug on neurogenesis and behavior in an Alzheimer's amyloidosis model. FRONTIERS IN DEMENTIA 2023; 2:1198006. [PMID: 39081972 PMCID: PMC11285632 DOI: 10.3389/frdem.2023.1198006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Background Modulation of physical activity represents an important intervention that may delay, slow, or prevent mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD). One mechanism proposed to underlie the beneficial effect of physical exercise (PE) involves the apparent stimulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN). BCI-838 is a pro-drug whose active metabolite BCI-632 is a negative allosteric modulator at group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR2/3). We previously demonstrated that administration of BCI-838 to a mouse model of brain accumulation of oligomeric AβE22Q (APP E693Q = "Dutch APP") reduced learning behavior impairment and anxiety, both of which are associated with the phenotype of Dutch APP mice. Methods 3-month-old mice were administered BCI-838 and/or physical exercise for 1 month and then tested in novel object recognition, neurogenesis, and RNAseq. Results Here we show that (i) administration of BCI-838 and a combination of BCI-838 and PE enhanced AHN in a 4-month old mouse model of AD amyloid pathology (APP KM670/671NL /PSEN1 Δexon9= APP/PS1), (ii) administration of BCI-838 alone or with PE led to stimulation of AHN and improvement in recognition memory, (iii) the hippocampal dentate gyrus transcriptome of APP/PS1 mice following BCI-838 treatment showed up-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), PIK3C2A of the PI3K-mTOR pathway, and metabotropic glutamate receptors, and down-regulation of EIF5A involved in modulation of mTOR activity by ketamine, and (iv) validation by qPCR of an association between increased BDNF levels and BCI-838 treatment. Conclusion Our study points to BCI-838 as a safe and orally active compound capable of mimicking the beneficial effect of PE on AHN and recognition memory in a mouse model of AD amyloid pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Perez Garcia
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Research and Development, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Mesude Bicak
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jacqueline Buros
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Gissel M. Perez
- Research and Development, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Alena Otero-Pagan
- Research and Development, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Miguel A. Gama Sosa
- Research and Development, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rita De Gasperi
- Research and Development, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mary Sano
- Research and Development, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Fred H. Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
- BrainCells, Inc., La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Carrolee Barlow
- BrainCells, Inc., La Jolla, CA, United States
- E-Scape Bio, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Joel T. Dudley
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Benjamin S. Glicksberg
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Benjamin Readhead
- Arizona State University-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Michelle E. Ehrlich
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gregory A. Elder
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Research and Development, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Neurology Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Sam Gandy
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Research and Development, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Mount Sinai Center for Cognitive Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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5
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Rudd MT, Manley PJ, Hanney B, Meng Z, Shu Y, de Leon P, Frie JL, Han Y, Wai JMC, Yang ZQ, Perkins JJ, Hurzy DM, Manikowski JJ, Zhu H, Bungard CJ, Converso A, Meissner RS, Cosden ML, Hayashi I, Ma L, O’Brien J, Uebele VN, Schachter JB, Bhandari N, Ward GJ, Fillgrove KL, Lu B, Liang Y, Dubost DC, Puri V, Eddins DM, Vardigan JD, Drolet RE, Kern JT, Uslaner JM. Discovery of MK-8768, a Potent and Selective mGluR2 Negative Allosteric Modulator. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:1088-1094. [PMID: 37583812 PMCID: PMC10424309 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate plays a key role in cognition and mood, and it has been shown that inhibiting ionotropic glutamate receptors disrupts cognition, while enhancing ionotropic receptor activity is pro-cognitive. One approach to elevating glutamatergic tone has been to antagonize presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2). A desire for selectivity over the largely homologous mGluR3 motivated a strategy to achieve selectivity through the identification of mGluR2 negative allosteric modulators (NAMs). Extensive screening and optimization efforts led to the identification of a novel series of 4-arylquinoline-2-carboxamides. This series was optimized for mGluR2 NAM potency, clean off-target activity, and desirable physical properties, which resulted in the identification of improved C4 and C7 substituents. The initial lead compound from this series was Ames-positive in a single strain with metabolic activation, indicating that a reactive metabolite was likely responsible for the genetic toxicity. Metabolic profiling and Ames assessment across multiple analogs identified key structure-activity relationships associated with Ames positivity. Further optimization led to the Ames-negative mGluR2 negative allosteric modulator MK-8768.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Rudd
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Neuroscience Biology Discovery, Pharmacology, Nonclinical Dug
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Peter J. Manley
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Neuroscience Biology Discovery, Pharmacology, Nonclinical Dug
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Barbara Hanney
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Neuroscience Biology Discovery, Pharmacology, Nonclinical Dug
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Zhaoyang Meng
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Neuroscience Biology Discovery, Pharmacology, Nonclinical Dug
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Youheng Shu
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Neuroscience Biology Discovery, Pharmacology, Nonclinical Dug
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Pablo de Leon
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Neuroscience Biology Discovery, Pharmacology, Nonclinical Dug
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Jessica L. Frie
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Neuroscience Biology Discovery, Pharmacology, Nonclinical Dug
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Yongxin Han
- External
Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jenny Miu-Chun Wai
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Neuroscience Biology Discovery, Pharmacology, Nonclinical Dug
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Zhi-Qiang Yang
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Neuroscience Biology Discovery, Pharmacology, Nonclinical Dug
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - James J. Perkins
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Neuroscience Biology Discovery, Pharmacology, Nonclinical Dug
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Danielle M. Hurzy
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Neuroscience Biology Discovery, Pharmacology, Nonclinical Dug
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Jesse J. Manikowski
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Neuroscience Biology Discovery, Pharmacology, Nonclinical Dug
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Hong Zhu
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Neuroscience Biology Discovery, Pharmacology, Nonclinical Dug
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Christopher J. Bungard
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Neuroscience Biology Discovery, Pharmacology, Nonclinical Dug
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Antonella Converso
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Neuroscience Biology Discovery, Pharmacology, Nonclinical Dug
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Robert S. Meissner
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Neuroscience Biology Discovery, Pharmacology, Nonclinical Dug
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Mali L. Cosden
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Neuroscience Biology Discovery, Pharmacology, Nonclinical Dug
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Ikuo Hayashi
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Neuroscience Biology Discovery, Pharmacology, Nonclinical Dug
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Lei Ma
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Neuroscience Biology Discovery, Pharmacology, Nonclinical Dug
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Julie O’Brien
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Neuroscience Biology Discovery, Pharmacology, Nonclinical Dug
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Victor N. Uebele
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Neuroscience Biology Discovery, Pharmacology, Nonclinical Dug
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Joel B. Schachter
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Neuroscience Biology Discovery, Pharmacology, Nonclinical Dug
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Neetesh Bhandari
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Neuroscience Biology Discovery, Pharmacology, Nonclinical Dug
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Gwendolyn J. Ward
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Neuroscience Biology Discovery, Pharmacology, Nonclinical Dug
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Kerry L. Fillgrove
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Neuroscience Biology Discovery, Pharmacology, Nonclinical Dug
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Bing Lu
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Neuroscience Biology Discovery, Pharmacology, Nonclinical Dug
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Yuexia Liang
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Neuroscience Biology Discovery, Pharmacology, Nonclinical Dug
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - David C. Dubost
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Neuroscience Biology Discovery, Pharmacology, Nonclinical Dug
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Vanita Puri
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Neuroscience Biology Discovery, Pharmacology, Nonclinical Dug
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Donnie M. Eddins
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Neuroscience Biology Discovery, Pharmacology, Nonclinical Dug
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Joshua D. Vardigan
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Neuroscience Biology Discovery, Pharmacology, Nonclinical Dug
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Robert E. Drolet
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Neuroscience Biology Discovery, Pharmacology, Nonclinical Dug
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Jonathan T. Kern
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Neuroscience Biology Discovery, Pharmacology, Nonclinical Dug
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Jason M. Uslaner
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Neuroscience Biology Discovery, Pharmacology, Nonclinical Dug
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
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6
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Garcia GP, Perez GM, Gasperi RD, Sosa MAG, Otero-Pagan A, Abutarboush R, Kawoos U, Statz JK, Patterson J, Zhu CW, Hof PR, Cook DG, Ahlers ST, Elder GA. (2R,6R)-Hydroxynorketamine Treatment of Rats Exposed to Repetitive Low-Level Blast Injury. Neurotrauma Rep 2023; 4:197-217. [PMID: 37020715 PMCID: PMC10068674 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2022.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Many military veterans who experienced blast-related traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) in the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan suffer from chronic cognitive and mental health problems, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Male rats subjected to repetitive low-level blast exposure develop chronic cognitive and PTSD-related traits that develop in a delayed manner. Ketamine has received attention as a treatment for refractory depression and PTSD. (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine [(2R,6R)-HNK] is a ketamine metabolite that exerts rapid antidepressant actions. (2R,6R)-HNK has become of clinical interest because of its favorable side-effect profile, low abuse potential, and oral route of administration. We treated three cohorts of blast-exposed rats with (2R,6R)-HNK, beginning 7-11 months after blast exposure, a time when the behavioral phenotype is established. Each cohort consisted of groups (n = 10-13/group) as follows: 1) Sham-exposed treated with saline, 2) blast-exposed treated with saline, and 3) blast-exposed treated with a single dose of 20 mg/kg of (2R,6R)-HNK. (2R,6R)-HNK rescued blast-induced deficits in novel object recognition (NOR) and anxiety-related features in the elevated zero maze (EZM) in all three cohorts. Exaggerated acoustic startle was reversed in cohort 1, but not in cohort 3. (2R,6R)-HNK effects were still present in the EZM 12 days after administration in cohort 1 and 27 days after administration in NOR testing of cohorts 2 and 3. (2R,6R)-HNK may be beneficial for the neurobehavioral syndromes that follow blast exposure in military veterans. Additional studies will be needed to determine whether higher doses or more extended treatment regimens may be more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Perez Garcia
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gissel M. Perez
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Rita De Gasperi
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Miguel A. Gama Sosa
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- General Medical Research Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Alena Otero-Pagan
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Rania Abutarboush
- Department of Neurotrauma, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Usmah Kawoos
- Department of Neurotrauma, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan K. Statz
- Department of Neurotrauma, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacob Patterson
- Department of Neurotrauma, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Carolyn W. Zhu
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Mount Sinai Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Care, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Care, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Mount Sinai Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - David G. Cook
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen T. Ahlers
- Department of Neurotrauma, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregory A. Elder
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Mount Sinai Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Neurology Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
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7
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Perez-Garcia G, Bicak M, Haure-Mirande JV, Perez GM, Otero-Pagan A, Gama Sosa MA, De Gasperi R, Sano M, Barlow C, Gage FH, Readhead B, Ehrlich ME, Gandy S, Elder GA. BCI-838, an orally active mGluR2/3 receptor antagonist pro-drug, rescues learning behavior deficits in the PS19 MAPT P301S mouse model of tauopathy. Neurosci Lett 2023; 797:137080. [PMID: 36657633 PMCID: PMC9974759 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tauopathies are a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders that are clinically and pathologically distinct from Alzheimer's disease (AD) having tau inclusions in neurons and/or glia as their most prominent neuropathological feature. BCI-838 (MGS00210) is a group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR2/3) antagonist pro-drug. Previously, we reported that orally administered BCI-838 improved learning behavior and reduced anxiety in Dutch (APPE693Q) transgenic mice, a model of the pathological accumulation of Aβ oligomers found in AD. Herein, we investigated effects of BCI-838 on PS19 male mice that express the tauopathy mutation MAPTP301S associated with human frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). These mice develop an aging-related tauopathy without amyloid accumulation. Mice were divided into three experimental groups: (1) non-transgenic wild type mice treated with vehicle, (2) PS19 mice treated with vehicle and (3) PS19 mice treated with 5 mg/kg BCI-838. Groups of 10-13 mice were utilized. Vehicle or BCI-838 was administered by oral gavage for 4 weeks. Behavioral testing consisting of a novel object recognition task was conducted after drug administration. Two studies were performed beginning treatment of mice at 3 or 7 months of age. One month of BCI-838 treatment rescued deficits in recognition memory in PS19 mice whether treatment was begun at 3 or 7 months of age. These studies extend the potential utility of BCI-838 to neurodegenerative conditions that have tauopathy as their underlying basis. They also suggest an mGluR2/3 dependent mechanism as a basis for the behavioral deficits in PS19 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Perez-Garcia
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Research and Development, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Mesude Bicak
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Gissel M Perez
- Research and Development, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Alena Otero-Pagan
- Research and Development, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Miguel A Gama Sosa
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; General Medical Research Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Rita De Gasperi
- Research and Development, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mary Sano
- Research and Development, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mount Sinai Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Carrolee Barlow
- BrainCells Inc., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; EScape Bio, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Fred H Gage
- BrainCells Inc., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Benjamin Readhead
- Arizona State University-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Michelle E Ehrlich
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sam Gandy
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Research and Development, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mount Sinai Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mount Sinai Center for Cognitive Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Gregory A Elder
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mount Sinai Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Neurology Service, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA.
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8
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Li SH, Abd-Elrahman KS, Ferguson SS. Targeting mGluR2/3 for treatment of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 239:108275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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9
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Witkin JM, Pandey KP, Smith JL. Clinical investigations of compounds targeting metabotropic glutamate receptors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 219:173446. [PMID: 35987339 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological modulation of glutamate has long been considered to be of immense therapeutic utility. The metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are potential targets for safely altering glutamate-driven excitation. Data support the potential therapeutic use of mGluR modulators in the treatment of anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and other psychiatric disorders, pain, epilepsy, as well as neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. For each of the three mGluR groups, compounds have been constructed that produce either potentiation or functional blockade. PET ligands for mGlu5Rs have been studied in a range of patient populations and several mGlu5R antagonists have been tested for potential efficacy in patients including mavoglurant, diploglurant, basimglurant, GET 73, and ADX10059. Efficacy with mGlu5R antagonists has been reported in trials with patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease; data from patients with Parkinson's disease or Fragile X syndrome have not been as robust as hoped. Fenobam was approved for use as an anxiolytic prior to its recognition as an mGlu5R antagonist. mGlu2/3R agonists (pomaglumated methionil) and mGlu2R agonists (JNJ-40411813, AZD 8529, and LY2979165) have been studied in patients with schizophrenia with promising but mixed results. Antagonists of mGlu2/3Rs (decoglurant and TS-161) have been studied in depression where TS-161 has advanced into a planned Phase 2 study in treatment-resistant depression. The Group III mGluRs are the least developed of the mGluR receptor targets. The mGlu4R potentiator, foliglurax, did not meet its primary endpoint in patients with Parkinson's disease. Ongoing efforts to develop mGluR-targeted compounds continue to promise these glutamate modulators as medicines for psychiatric and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Witkin
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA; RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, NJ, USA.
| | - Kamal P Pandey
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jodi L Smith
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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10
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Fan S, Li L, Liu L, Li H, Xian X, Li W. Ceftriaxone Suppresses Group II Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Expression Contributing to Reversal of Recognition Memory Deficits of Amyloid Precursor Protein/Presenilin 1 AD Mice. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:905403. [PMID: 35860293 PMCID: PMC9289516 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.905403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (Group II mGluRs) are the peri-synaptic receptor of glutamatergic neurons and negatively regulate glutamate release from presynaptic neurons. Glutamate in the synaptic cleft is mainly taken into astrocytes by glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1), which is primarily expressed in astrocytes. Increasing evidence showed that inhibiting or suppressing the activation of Group II mGluRs would contribute to the improvement of learning and memory deficits in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) animal models. Ceftriaxone (Cef) has been reported to alleviate the spatial memory deficits in AD model mice by improving GLT-1-related clearance and metabolism of glutamate. Therefore, the present study further investigates the improving effect of Cef on recognition memory deficits and the involvement of Group II mGluRs in the process using the APP/PS1 AD mouse model. Novel object recognition tests showed that the Cef treatment significantly improved the recognition memory deficits of the AD mice. The Western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis showed that the Cef treatment significantly suppressed the upregulation of Group II mGluRs expression in APP/PS1 AD mice. The above suppression effect of Cef was blocked by dihydrokainic acid, an inhibitor of GLT-1 uptake activity. Furthermore, the Cef treatment significantly restored the downregulation in the downstream molecules of Group II mGluRs activation, including the expression of PKA and phosphorylated SNAP-25 in the APP/PS1 AD mice. The Cef treatment had no effect on the content of Aβ40 and Aβ42 in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 AD mice. The above results suggested that the suppression of Group II mGluRs contributed to the Cef-induced reversal of the recognition memory deficits in APP/PS1 AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShuJuan Fan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - LiRong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - He Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - XiaoHui Xian
- Department of Pathophysiology, Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: XiaoHui Xian,
| | - WenBin Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- WenBin Li,
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11
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Silpa L, Sim R, Russell AJ. Recent Advances in Small Molecule Stimulation of Regeneration and Repair. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 61:128601. [PMID: 35123003 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic approaches to stimulate regeneration and repair have the potential to transform healthcare and improve outcomes for patients suffering from numerous chronic degenerative diseases. To date most approaches have involved the transplantation of therapeutic cells, and while there have been a small number of clinical approvals, major hurdles exist to the routine adoption of such therapies. In recent years humans and other mammals have been shown to possess a regenerative capacity across multiple tissues and organs, and an innate regenerative and repair response has been shown to be activated in these organs in response to injury. These realisations have inspired a transformative approach in regenerative medicine: the development of new agents to directly target these innate regeneration and repair pathways. In this article we will review the current state of the art in the discovery of small molecule modulators of regeneration and their translation towards therapeutic agents, focussing specifically on the areas of neuroregeneration and cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Silpa
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford OX1 3TA
| | - Rachel Sim
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford OX1 3TA
| | - Angela J Russell
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford OX1 3TA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, University of Oxford OX1 3QT.
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12
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Chaudhary S, Zhornitsky S, Chao HH, van Dyck CH, Li CSR. Emotion Processing Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease: An Overview of Behavioral Findings, Systems Neural Correlates, and Underlying Neural Biology. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2022; 37:15333175221082834. [PMID: 35357236 PMCID: PMC9212074 DOI: 10.1177/15333175221082834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We described behavioral studies to highlight emotional processing deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The findings suggest prominent deficit in recognizing negative emotions, pronounced effect of positive emotion on enhancing memory, and a critical role of cognitive deficits in manifesting emotional processing dysfunction in AD. We reviewed imaging studies to highlight morphometric and functional markers of hippocampal circuit dysfunction in emotional processing deficits. Despite amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli, hippocampal dysfunction conduces to deficits in emotional memory. Finally, the reviewed studies implicating major neurotransmitter systems in anxiety and depression in AD supported altered cholinergic and noradrenergic signaling in AD emotional disorders. Overall, the studies showed altered emotions early in the course of illness and suggest the need of multimodal imaging for further investigations. Particularly, longitudinal studies with multiple behavioral paradigms translatable between preclinical and clinical models would provide data to elucidate the time course and underlying neurobiology of emotion processing dysfunction in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Chaudhary
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Simon Zhornitsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Herta H. Chao
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christopher H. van Dyck
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chiang-Shan R. Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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13
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de la Rubia Ortí JE, Fernández D, Platero F, García-Pardo MP. Can Ketogenic Diet Improve Alzheimer's Disease? Association With Anxiety, Depression, and Glutamate System. Front Nutr 2021; 8:744398. [PMID: 34778340 PMCID: PMC8579917 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.744398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disorder in our society, mainly characterized by loss of cognitive function. However, other symptoms such as anxiety and depression have been described in patients. The process is mediated by alterations in the synaptic and extrasynaptic activity of the neurotransmitter glutamate, which are linked to a hypometabolism of glucose as the main source of brain energy. In that respect, Ketogenic diet (KD) has been proposed as a non-pharmacological treatment serving as an alternative energy source to the neurons increasing the fat percentage and reducing the carbohydrates percentage, showing promising results to improve the cognitive symptoms associated with different neurodegenerative disorders, including AD. However, the association of this type of diet with emotional symptoms and the modulation of glutamate neurotransmission systems after this dietary reduction of carbohydrates are unknown. Objective: The aim of this short review is to provide update studies and discuss about the relationship between KD, anxiety, depression, and glutamate activity in AD patients. Discussion: The main results suggest that the KD is an alternative energy source for neurons in AD with positive consequences for the brain at different levels such as epigenetic, metabolic and signaling, and that the substitution of carbohydrates for fats is also associated with emotional symptoms and glutamate activity in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Fernández
- Department of Nursing, Catholic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Félix Platero
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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14
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Watanabe M, Marcy B, Hiroki A, Watase H, Kinoshita K, Iijima M, Marumo T, Zarate CA, Chaki S. Evaluation of the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetic Profiles of TP0473292 (TS-161), A Prodrug of a Novel Orthosteric mGlu2/3 Receptor Antagonist TP0178894, in Healthy Subjects and Its Antidepressant-Like Effects in Rodents. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 25:106-117. [PMID: 34534292 PMCID: PMC8832229 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TP0473292 (the active ingredient of TS-161) is a prodrug of a novel metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) 2/3 receptor antagonist being developed for the treatment of patients with depression. This study evaluated the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of orally administered TS-161 in healthy subjects. METHODS This was a first-in-human, phase 1, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-ascending dose (15-400 mg TS-161) and 10-day multiple-ascending dose (50-150 mg TS-161) study in healthy subjects, conducted from June 2019 through February 2020. Plasma and urine concentrations of the prodrug and its metabolites, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of the active metabolite TP0178894 were measured to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profiles after oral administration of TS-161. RESULTS Following single and multiple doses, TP0473292 was extensively converted into its active metabolite TP0178894. Plasma concentrations of TP0178894 reached peak (Cmax) within 5 hours post dose and declined with a t1/2 <13 hours. Plasma exposures of TP0178894 increased with increasing dose. TP0178894 penetrated into CSF and reached a Cmax of 9.892 ng/mL at a single dose of 100 mg, which was comparable with IC50 values of antagonist activity at mGlu2/3 receptors. The most frequently observed adverse events that showed exposure-related incidence during the study were nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. CONCLUSIONS The mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist prodrug TP0473292 is safe and well-tolerated, is orally bioavailable in humans with extensive conversion into the active metabolite TP0178894 with sufficient CSF penetration to exert the anticipated pharmacological effects, and is a promising candidate for further clinical development in treatment of patients with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Watanabe
- Taisho Pharmaceutical R&D Inc., Morristown, New Jersey, USA,Correspondence: Mai Watanabe, MS, Taisho Pharmaceutical R&D Inc., 350 Mt. Kemble Avenue, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA ()
| | - Brian Marcy
- Taisho Pharmaceutical R&D Inc., Morristown, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carlos A Zarate
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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15
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Wang X, Ali N, Lin CLG. Emerging role of glutamate in the pathophysiology and therapeutics of Gulf War illness. Life Sci 2021; 280:119609. [PMID: 33991547 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gulf War illness (GWI) is a chronic and multi-symptomatic disorder affecting veterans who served in the Gulf War. The commonly reported symptoms in GWI veterans include mood problems, cognitive impairment, muscle and joint pain, migraine/headache, chronic fatigue, gastrointestinal complaints, skin rashes, and respiratory problems. Neuroimaging studies have revealed significant brain structure alterations in GWI veterans, including subcortical atrophy, decreased volume of the hippocampus, reduced total grey and white matter, and increased brain white matter axial diffusivity. These brain changes may contribute to or increase the severities of the GWI-related symptoms. Epidemiological studies have revealed that neurotoxic exposures and stress may be significant contributors to the development of GWI. However, the mechanism underlying how the exposure and stress could contribute to the multi-symptomatic disorder of GWI remains unclear. We and others have demonstrated that rodent models exposed to GW-related agents and stress exhibited higher extracellular glutamate levels, as well as impaired structure and function of glutamatergic synapses. Restoration of the glutamatergic synapses ameliorated the GWI-related pathological and behavioral deficits. Moreover, recent studies showed that a low-glutamate diet reduced multiple symptoms in GWI veterans, suggesting an important role of the glutamatergic system in GWI. Currently, growing evidence has indicated that abnormal glutamate neurotransmission may contribute to the GWI symptoms. This review summarizes the potential roles of glutamate dyshomeostasis and dysfunction of the glutamatergic system in linking the initial cause to the multi-symptomatic outcomes in GWI and suggests the glutamatergic system as a therapeutic target for GWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Noor Ali
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Chien-Liang Glenn Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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16
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Targeting the dysfunction of glutamate receptors for the development of novel antidepressants. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 226:107875. [PMID: 33901503 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that dysfunction of glutamate receptors is involved in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Although accumulating efforts have been made to elucidate the applications and mechanisms underlying antidepressant-like effects of ketamine, a non-selective antagonist of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), the role of specific glutamate receptor subunit in regulating depression is not completely clear. The current review aims to discuss the relationships between glutamate receptor subunits and depressive-like behaviors. Research literatures were searched from inception to July 2020. We summarized the alterations of glutamate receptor subunits in patients with MDD and animal models of depression. Animal behaviors in response to dysfunction of glutamate receptor subunits were also surveyed. To fully understand mechanisms underlying antidepressant-like effects of modulators targeting glutamate receptors, we discussed effects of each glutamate receptor subunit on serotonin system, synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis and neuroinflammation. Finally, we collected most recent clinical applications of glutamate receptor modulators and pointed out the limitations of these candidates in the treatment of MDD.
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17
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Qunies AM, Emmitte KA. Negative allosteric modulators of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors: A patent review (2015 - present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 31:687-708. [PMID: 33719801 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1903431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Group II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors have emerged as an attractive potential target for the development of novel CNS therapeutics in areas such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), anxiety, cognitive disorders, depression, and others. Several small molecules that act as negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) on these receptors have demonstrated efficacy and/or target engagement in animal models, and one molecule (decoglurant) has been advanced into clinical trials. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes patent applications published between January 2015 and November 2020. It is divided into three sections: (1) small molecule nonselective mGlu2/3 NAMs, (2) small molecule selective mGlu2 NAMs, and (3) small molecule selective mGlu3 NAMs. EXPERT OPINION Much progress has been made in the discovery of novel small molecule mGlu2 NAMs. Still, chemical diversity remains somewhat limited and room for expansion remains. Progress with mGlu3 NAMs has been more limited; however, some promising molecules have been disclosed. The process of elucidating the precise role of each receptor in the diseases associated with group II receptors has begun. Continued studies in animals with selective NAMs for both receptors will be critical in the coming years to inform researchers on the right compound profile and patient population for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alshaima'a M Qunies
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Kyle A Emmitte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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18
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Gregory KJ, Goudet C. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CXI. Pharmacology, Signaling, and Physiology of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 73:521-569. [PMID: 33361406 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.019133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors respond to glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, mediating a modulatory role that is critical for higher-order brain functions such as learning and memory. Since the first mGlu receptor was cloned in 1992, eight subtypes have been identified along with many isoforms and splice variants. The mGlu receptors are transmembrane-spanning proteins belonging to the class C G protein-coupled receptor family and represent attractive targets for a multitude of central nervous system disorders. Concerted drug discovery efforts over the past three decades have yielded a wealth of pharmacological tools including subtype-selective agents that competitively block or mimic the actions of glutamate or act allosterically via distinct sites to enhance or inhibit receptor activity. Herein, we review the physiologic and pathophysiological roles for individual mGlu receptor subtypes including the pleiotropic nature of intracellular signal transduction arising from each. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of prototypical and commercially available orthosteric agonists and antagonists as well as allosteric modulators, including ligands that have entered clinical trials. Finally, we highlight emerging areas of research that hold promise to facilitate rational design of highly selective mGlu receptor-targeting therapeutics in the future. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The metabotropic glutamate receptors are attractive therapeutic targets for a range of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Over the past three decades, intense discovery efforts have yielded diverse pharmacological tools acting either competitively or allosterically, which have enabled dissection of fundamental biological process modulated by metabotropic glutamate receptors and established proof of concept for many therapeutic indications. We review metabotropic glutamate receptor molecular pharmacology and highlight emerging areas that are offering new avenues to selectively modulate neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.) and Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Montpellier, France (C.G.)
| | - Cyril Goudet
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.) and Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Montpellier, France (C.G.)
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Li W, Kutas M, Gray JA, Hagerman RH, Olichney JM. The Role of Glutamate in Language and Language Disorders - Evidence from ERP and Pharmacologic Studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 119:217-241. [PMID: 33039453 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Current models of language processing do not address mechanisms at the neurotransmitter level, nor how pharmacologic agents may improve language function(s) in seemingly disparate disorders. L-Glutamate, the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the human brain, is extensively involved in various higher cortical functions. We postulate that the physiologic role of L-Glutamate neurotransmission extends to the regulation of language access, comprehension, and production, and that disorders in glutamatergic transmission and circuitry contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and sporadic-onset language disorders such as the aphasic stroke syndromes. We start with a review of basic science data pertaining to various glutamate receptors in the CNS and ways that they may influence the physiological processes of language access and comprehension. We then focus on the dysregulation of glutamate neurotransmission in three conditions in which language dysfunction is prominent: Alzheimer's Disease, Fragile X-associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome, and Aphasic Stroke Syndromes. Finally, we review the pharmacologic and electrophysiologic (event related brain potential or ERP) data pertaining to the role glutamate neurotransmission plays in language processing and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Li
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3700, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
| | - Marta Kutas
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0515, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - John A Gray
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3700, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 1544 Newton Court, Davis, CA, 95618, USA.
| | - Randi H Hagerman
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
| | - John M Olichney
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3700, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA; Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, 267 Cousteau Place, Davis, CA, 95618, USA.
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20
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Readhead B, Haure-Mirande JV, Mastroeni D, Audrain M, Fanutza T, Kim SH, Blitzer RD, Gandy S, Dudley JT, Ehrlich ME. miR155 regulation of behavior, neuropathology, and cortical transcriptomics in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 140:295-315. [PMID: 32666270 PMCID: PMC8414561 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02185-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are recognized as important regulators of many facets of physiological brain function while also being implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurological disorders. Dysregulation of miR155 is widely reported across a variety of neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and traumatic brain injury. In previous work, we observed that experimentally validated miR155 gene targets were consistently enriched among genes identified as differentially expressed across multiple brain tissue and disease contexts. In particular, we found that human herpesvirus-6A (HHV-6A) suppressed miR155, recapitulating reports of miR155 inhibition by HHV-6A in infected T-cells, thyrocytes, and natural killer cells. In earlier studies, we also reported the effects of constitutive deletion of miR155 on accelerating the accumulation of Aβ deposits in 4-month-old APP/PSEN1 mice. Herein, we complete the cumulative characterization of transcriptomic, electrophysiological, neuropathological, and learning behavior profiles from 4-, 8- and 10-month-old WT and APP/PSEN1 mice in the absence or presence of miR155. We also integrated human post-mortem brain RNA-sequences from four independent AD consortium studies, together comprising 928 samples collected from six brain regions. We report that gene expression perturbations associated with miR155 deletion in mouse cortex are in aggregate observed to be concordant with AD-associated changes across these independent human late-onset AD (LOAD) data sets, supporting the relevance of our findings to human disease. LOAD has recently been formulated as the clinicopathological manifestation of a multiplex of genetic underpinnings and pathophysiological mechanisms. Our accumulated data are consistent with such a formulation, indicating that miR155 may be uniquely positioned at the intersection of at least four components of this LOAD "multiplex": (1) innate immune response pathways; (2) viral response gene networks; (3) synaptic pathology; and (4) proamyloidogenic pathways involving the amyloid β peptide (Aβ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Readhead
- Arizona State University-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomic Sciences and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | | | - Diego Mastroeni
- Arizona State University-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Mickael Audrain
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Tomas Fanutza
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Soong H Kim
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Robert D Blitzer
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Sam Gandy
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Mount Sinai Center for Cognitive Health and NFL Neurological Care, Department of Neurology, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, New York, NY, 10468, USA
| | - Joel T Dudley
- Icahn Institute of Genomic Sciences and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Michelle E Ehrlich
- Icahn Institute of Genomic Sciences and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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21
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JBPOS0101 attenuates amyloid-β accumulation and memory loss in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neuroreport 2020; 30:741-747. [PMID: 31095107 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain. Defects in Aβ clearance or the interference of Aβ homeostasis could result in Aβ aggregation. JBPOS0101 has been studied for its antiepileptic activity. It showed a neuroprotective effect and prevented memory deficits in lithium-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus rats. In this study, we tested the effect of JBPOS0101 in an AD model. We showed that JBPOS0101 attenuated the accumulation of Aβ in 5XFAD mouse brains. Moreover, the treatment of JBPOS0101 rescued the deficits in learning and memory in 5XFAD mice. These data suggest that JBPOS0101 could be a potential therapeutic drug candidate for AD.
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22
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Srivastava A, Das B, Yao AY, Yan R. Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Alzheimer's Disease Synaptic Dysfunction: Therapeutic Opportunities and Hope for the Future. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 78:1345-1361. [PMID: 33325389 PMCID: PMC8439550 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the presence of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The impaired synaptic plasticity and dendritic loss at the synaptic level is an early event associated with the AD pathogenesis. The abnormal accumulation of soluble oligomeric amyloid-β (Aβ), the major toxic component in amyloid plaques, is viewed to trigger synaptic dysfunctions through binding to several presynaptic and postsynaptic partners and thus to disrupt synaptic transmission. Over time, the abnormalities in neural transmission will result in cognitive deficits, which are commonly manifested as memory loss in AD patients. Synaptic plasticity is regulated through glutamate transmission, which is mediated by various glutamate receptors. Here we review recent progresses in the study of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in AD cognition. We will discuss the role of mGluRs in synaptic plasticity and their modulation as a possible strategy for AD cognitive improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akriti Srivastava
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Brati Das
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Annie Y. Yao
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Riqiang Yan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
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23
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Kaur S, DasGupta G, Singh S. Altered Neurochemistry in Alzheimer’s Disease: Targeting Neurotransmitter Receptor Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategy. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-019-09823-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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24
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Mazzitelli M, Neugebauer V. Amygdala group II mGluRs mediate the inhibitory effects of systemic group II mGluR activation on behavior and spinal neurons in a rat model of arthritis pain. Neuropharmacology 2019; 158:107706. [PMID: 31306647 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The amygdala plays a critical role in emotional-affective aspects of behaviors and pain modulation. The central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) serves major output functions, and neuroplasticity in the CeA is linked to pain-related behaviors in different models. Activation of Gi/o-coupled group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), which consist of mGluR2 and mGluR3, can decrease neurotransmitter release and regulate synaptic plasticity. Group II mGluRs have emerged as targets for neuropsychiatric disorders and can inhibit pain-related processing and behaviors. Surprisingly, site and mechanism of antinociceptive actions of systemically applied group II mGluR agonists are not clear. Our previous work showed that group II mGluR activation in the amygdala inhibits pain-related CeA activity, but behavioral and spinal consequences remain to be determined. Here we studied the contribution of group II mGluRs in the amygdala to the antinociceptive effects of a systemically applied group II mGluR agonist (LY379268) on behavior and spinal dorsal horn neuronal activity, using the kaolin/carrageenan-induced knee joint arthritis pain model. Audible and ultrasonic vocalizations (emotional responses) and mechanical reflex thresholds were measured in adult rats with and without arthritis (5-6 h postinduction). Extracellular single-unit recordings were made from spinal dorsal horn wide dynamic range neurons of anesthetized (isoflurane) rats with and without arthritis (5-6 h postinduction). Systemic (intraperitoneal) application of a group II mGluR agonist (LY379268) decreased behaviors and activity of spinal neurons in the arthritis pain model but not under normal conditions. Stereotaxic administration of LY379268 into the CeA mimicked the effects of systemic application. Conversely, stereotaxic administration of a group II mGluR antagonist (LY341495) into the CeA reversed the effects of systemic application of LY379268 on behaviors and dorsal horn neuronal activity in arthritic rats. The data show for the first time that the amygdala is the critical site of action for the antinociceptive behavioral and spinal neuronal effects of systemically applied group II mGluR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariacristina Mazzitelli
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430-6592, USA
| | - Volker Neugebauer
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430-6592, USA; Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430-6592, USA; Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430-6592, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Abnormalities of glutamatergic transmission are implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders. Among the glutamate receptors, metabotropic (mGlu) 2/3 receptors have recently gained much attention as molecular targets for the treatment of several neuropsychiatric disorders including depression and anxiety. Both orthosteric and allosteric antagonists of mGlu2/3 receptors have been synthesized, and their therapeutic potential has been examined. These research activities have demonstrated the promise of mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists as potential treatment agents for the above-mentioned neuropsychiatric disorders. In particular, it has been considered that the antidepressant effects of mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists are worthy of pursuing, since the antidepressant profiles as well as synaptic/neural mechanisms involved in the actions of mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists are similar to those of ketamine, which has been demonstrated to show potent, rapid and sustained efficacy in patients with depression, even those resistant to the conventionally prescribed antidepressants. In this chapter, the general pharmacology of mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists and their therapeutic potential are reviewed. In particular, I focus on the usefulness of mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists as novel antidepressants, in comparison with ketamine.
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26
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Specific activation of mGlu2 induced IGF-1R transactivation in vitro through FAK phosphorylation. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:460-467. [PMID: 29946167 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGlu2) belongs to the group-II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors and is a neurotransmitter G protein-coupled receptor. The group-II mGlu receptors are promising antipsychotic targets, but the specific role of mGlu2 signaling remains unclear. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are also believed to participate in brain pathogenesis. To investigate whether there is any communication between mGlu2 and RTKs, we generated a CHO-mGlu2 cell line that stably expresses mGlu2 and showed that activation of mGlu2 by LY379268, a group II mGlu agonist, was able to transactivate insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R). We further determined that the Gi/o protein, Gβγ subunits, phospholipase C, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) were involved in the IGF-1R transactivation signaling axis, which further induced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) and cAMP response element-binding protein. In primary mouse cortical neurons, similar signaling pathways were observed when mGlu2 were stimulated by LY487379, an mGlu2 positive allosteric modulator. Transactivation of IGF-1R through FAK in response to mGlu2 should provide a better understanding of the association of mGlu2 with brain disease.
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27
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Bie B, Wu J, Foss JF, Naguib M. Activation of mGluR1 Mediates C1q-Dependent Microglial Phagocytosis of Glutamatergic Synapses in Alzheimer's Rodent Models. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5568-5585. [PMID: 30652266 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1467-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Microglia and complements appear to be involved in the synaptic and cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD), though the mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, utilizing two types of rodent model of AD, we reported increased complement C1q-mediated microglial phagocytosis of hippocampal glutamatergic synapses, which led to synaptic and cognitive deficits. We also found increased activity of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) in hippocampal CA1 in the modeled rodents. Artificial activation of mGluR1 signaling promoted dephosphorylation of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) and facilitated the local translation machinery of synaptic C1q mRNA, thus mimicking the C1q-mediated microglial phagocytosis of hippocampal glutamatergic synapses and synaptic and cognitive deficiency in the modeled rodents. However, suppression of mGluR1 signaling inhibited the dephosphorylation of FMRP and repressed the local translation of synaptic C1q mRNA, which consequently alleviated microglial phagocytosis of synapses and restored the synaptic and cognitive function in the rodent models. These findings illustrate a novel molecular mechanism underlying C1q-mediated microglial phagocytosis of hippocampal glutamatergic synapses in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bihua Bie
- Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Jiang Wu
- Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Joseph F Foss
- Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Mohamed Naguib
- Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. .,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 9500 Euclid Ave., Mail Code NB3-78, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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28
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Integrative approach to sporadic Alzheimer's disease: deficiency of TYROBP in cerebral Aβ amyloidosis mouse normalizes clinical phenotype and complement subnetwork molecular pathology without reducing Aβ burden. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:431-446. [PMID: 30283032 PMCID: PMC6494440 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Integrative gene network approaches enable new avenues of exploration that implicate causal genes in sporadic late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) pathogenesis, thereby offering novel insights for drug-discovery programs. We previously constructed a probabilistic causal network model of sporadic LOAD and identified TYROBP/DAP12, encoding a microglial transmembrane signaling polypeptide and direct adapter of TREM2, as the most robust key driver gene in the network. Here, we show that absence of TYROBP/DAP12 in a mouse model of AD-type cerebral Aβ amyloidosis (APPKM670/671NL/PSEN1Δexon9) recapitulates the expected network characteristics by normalizing the transcriptome of APP/PSEN1 mice and repressing the induction of genes involved in the switch from homeostatic microglia to disease-associated microglia (DAM), including Trem2, complement (C1qa, C1qb, C1qc, and Itgax), Clec7a and Cst7. Importantly, we show that constitutive absence of TYROBP/DAP12 in the amyloidosis mouse model prevented appearance of the electrophysiological and learning behavior alterations associated with the phenotype of APPKM670/671NL/PSEN1Δexon9 mice. Our results suggest that TYROBP/DAP12 could represent a novel therapeutic target to slow, arrest, or prevent the development of sporadic LOAD. These data establish that the network pathology observed in postmortem human LOAD brain can be faithfully recapitulated in the brain of a genetically manipulated mouse. These data also validate our multiscale gene networks by demonstrating how the networks intersect with the standard neuropathological features of LOAD.
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29
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Sun LL, Yang SL, Sun H, Li WD, Duan SR. Molecular differences in Alzheimer's disease between male and female patients determined by integrative network analysis. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:47-58. [PMID: 30394676 PMCID: PMC6307813 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease and the most common cause of dementia among the elderly. There has been increasing recognition of sex differences in AD prevalence, clinical manifestation, disease course and prognosis. However, there have been few studies on the molecular mechanism underlying these differences. To address this issue, we carried out global gene expression and integrative network analyses based on expression profiles (GSE84422) across 17 cortical regions of 125 individuals with AD. There were few genes that were differentially expressed across the 17 regions between the two sexes, with only four (encoding glutamate metabotropic receptor 2, oestrogen‐related receptor beta, kinesin family member 26B, and aspartoacylase) that were differentially expressed in three regions. A pan‐cortical brain region co‐expression network analysis identified pathways and genes (eg, glycogen synthase kinase 3β) that were significantly associated with clinical characteristics of AD (such as neurofibrillary score) in males only. Similarity analyses between region‐specific networks indicated that male patients exhibited greater variability, especially in the superior parietal lobule, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and occipital visual cortex. A network module analysis revealed an association between clinical traits and crosstalk of sex‐specific modules. An examination of temporal and spatial patterns of sex differences in AD showed that molecular networks were more conserved in females than in males in different cortical regions and at different AD stages. These findings provide insight into critical molecular pathways governing sex differences in AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Song-Lin Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Pharmaceutical Experiment Teaching Center, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei-Da Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shu-Rong Duan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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30
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Perez-Garcia G, Gama Sosa MA, De Gasperi R, Tschiffely AE, McCarron RM, Hof PR, Gandy S, Ahlers ST, Elder GA. Blast-induced "PTSD": Evidence from an animal model. Neuropharmacology 2018; 145:220-229. [PMID: 30227150 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A striking observation among veterans returning from the recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan has been the co-occurrence of blast-related mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD and mTBI might coexist due to additive effects of independent psychological and physical traumas experienced in a war zone. Alternatively blast injury might induce PTSD-related traits or damage brain structures that mediate responses to psychological stressors, increasing the likelihood that PTSD will develop following a subsequent psychological stressor. Rats exposed to repetitive low-level blasts consisting of three 74.5 kPa exposures delivered once daily for three consecutive days develop a variety of anxiety and PTSD-related behavioral traits that are present for at least 9 months after blast exposure. A single predator scent challenge delivered 8 months after the last blast exposure induces additional anxiety-related changes that are still present 45 days later. Because the blast injuries occur under general anesthesia, it appears that blast exposure in the absence of a psychological stressor can induce chronic PTSD-related traits. The reaction to a predator scent challenge delivered many months after blast exposure suggests that blast exposure in addition sensitizes the brain to react abnormally to subsequent psychological stressors. The development of PTSD-related behavioral traits in the absence of a psychological stressor suggests the existence of blast-induced "PTSD". Findings that PTSD-related behavioral traits can be reversed by BCI-838, a group II metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist offers insight into pathogenesis and possible treatment options for blast-related brain injury. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Novel Treatments for Traumatic Brain Injury".
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Perez-Garcia
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Miguel A Gama Sosa
- General Medical Research Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rita De Gasperi
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Anna E Tschiffely
- Department of Neurotrauma, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Richard M McCarron
- Department of Neurotrauma, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20914, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Care, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mount Sinai Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and the Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sam Gandy
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mount Sinai Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and the Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; NFL Neurological Care Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Stephen T Ahlers
- Department of Neurotrauma, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Gregory A Elder
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mount Sinai Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and the Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Neurology Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA.
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31
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Fang YY, Zeng P, Qu N, Ning LN, Chu J, Zhang T, Zhou XW, Tian Q. Evidence of altered depression and dementia-related proteins in the brains of young rats after ovariectomy. J Neurochem 2018; 146:703-721. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yan Fang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology; School of Basic Medicine; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Institute for Brain Research; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Peng Zeng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology; School of Basic Medicine; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Institute for Brain Research; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Na Qu
- Institute for Brain Research; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Affiliated Mental Health Center; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Lin-Na Ning
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology; School of Basic Medicine; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Institute for Brain Research; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Jiang Chu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology; School of Basic Medicine; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Institute for Brain Research; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology; School of Basic Medicine; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Institute for Brain Research; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Xin-Wen Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology; School of Basic Medicine; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Institute for Brain Research; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Qing Tian
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology; School of Basic Medicine; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Institute for Brain Research; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
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PTSD-Related Behavioral Traits in a Rat Model of Blast-Induced mTBI Are Reversed by the mGluR2/3 Receptor Antagonist BCI-838. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0357-17. [PMID: 29387781 PMCID: PMC5790754 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0357-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Battlefield blast exposure related to improvised explosive devices (IEDs) has become the most common cause of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. Mental health problems are common after TBI. A striking feature in the most recent veterans has been the frequency with which mild TBI (mTBI) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have appeared together, in contrast to the classical situations in which the presence of mTBI has excluded the diagnosis of PTSD. However, treatment of PTSD-related symptoms that follow blast injury has become a significant problem. BCI-838 (MGS0210) is a Group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR2/3) antagonist prodrug, and its active metabolite BCI-632 (MGS0039) has proneurogenic, procognitive, and antidepressant activities in animal models. In humans, BCI-838 is currently in clinical trials for refractory depression and suicidality. The aim of the current study was to determine whether BCI-838 could modify the anxiety response and reverse PTSD-related behaviors in rats exposed to a series of low-level blast exposures designed to mimic a human mTBI or subclinical blast exposure. BCI-838 treatment reversed PTSD-related behavioral traits improving anxiety and fear-related behaviors as well as long-term recognition memory. Treatment with BCI-838 also increased neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) of blast-exposed rats. The safety profile of BCI-838 together with the therapeutic activities reported here, make BCI-838 a promising drug for the treatment of former battlefield Warfighters suffering from PTSD-related symptoms following blast-induced mTBI.
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Caraci F, Nicoletti F, Copani A. Metabotropic glutamate receptors: the potential for therapeutic applications in Alzheimer's disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2017; 38:1-7. [PMID: 29278824 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A dysfunction of glutamate signaling is implicated at several levels in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Currently, metabotropic glutamate receptors, which have a wide distribution in the central nervous system and activate a multitude of cell signaling pathways, are pursued as targets for therapeutic intervention in Alzheimer's disease. Research is still limited, but results underscore the relevance of ongoing studies. Here we discuss the latest updates regarding metabotropic glutamate receptors and their role in Alzheimer's disease, as well as promising metabotropic glutamate receptor ligands that have been investigated in preclinical models of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Oasi Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging (IRCCS), Troina, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Neuromed (IRCCS), Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Agata Copani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Catania, Italy.
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García-Bea A, Bermudez I, Harrison PJ, Lane TA. A group II metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (mGlu3, GRM3) isoform implicated in schizophrenia interacts with canonical mGlu3 and reduces ligand binding. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:1519-1526. [PMID: 28655286 PMCID: PMC5714154 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117715597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As well as being expressed as a full-length transcript, the group II metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (GRM3, mGlu3) gene is expressed as an mRNA isoform which lacks exon 4 (GRM3Δ4) and which is predicted to encode a protein with a novel C terminus (called mGlu3Δ4). This variant may contribute to the mechanism by which GRM3 acts as a schizophrenia risk gene. However, little is known about the properties or function of mGlu3Δ4. Here, using transiently transfected HEK293T/17 cells, we confirm that GRM3Δ4 cDNA is translated, with mGlu3Δ4 existing as a homodimer as well as a monomer, and localizing primarily to cell membranes including the plasma membrane. Co-immunoprecipitation shows that mGlu3Δ4 interacts with canonical mGlu3. mGlu3Δ4 does not bind the mGlu2/3 antagonist [3H]LY341495, but the presence of mGlu3Δ4 reduces binding of [3H]LY341495 to mGlu3, paralleled by a decrease in the abundance of membrane-associated mGlu3. These experiments indicate that mGlu3Δ4 may negatively modulate mGlu3, and thereby impact on the roles of GRM3/mGlu3 in schizophrenia and as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul J Harrison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, UK,Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK,Paul J Harrison, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK.
| | - Tracy A Lane
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, UK
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35
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Amyloid-beta neurotoxicity and clearance are both regulated by glial group II metabotropic glutamate receptors. Neuropharmacology 2017; 123:274-286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kaur G, Pawlik M, Gandy SE, Ehrlich ME, Smiley JF, Levy E. Lysosomal dysfunction in the brain of a mouse model with intraneuronal accumulation of carboxyl terminal fragments of the amyloid precursor protein. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:981-989. [PMID: 27777419 PMCID: PMC5405008 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent data suggest that intraneuronal accumulation of metabolites of the amyloid-β-precursor protein (APP) is neurotoxic. We observed that transgenic mice overexpressing in neurons a human APP gene harboring the APPE693Q (Dutch) mutation have intraneuronal lysosomal accumulation of APP carboxylterminal fragments (APP-CTFs) and oligomeric amyloid β (oAβ) but no histological evidence of amyloid deposition. Morphometric quantification using the lysosomal marker protein 2 (LAMP-2) immunolabeling showed higher neuronal lysosomal counts in brain of 12-months-old APPE693Q as compared with age-matched non-transgenic littermates, and western blots showed increased lysosomal proteins including LAMP-2, cathepsin D and LC3. At 24 months of age, these mice also exhibited an accumulation of α-synuclein in the brain, along with increased conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II, an autophagosomal/autolysosomal marker. In addition to lysosomal changes at 12 months of age, these mice developed cholinergic neuronal loss in the basal forebrain, GABAergic neuronal loss in the cortex, hippocampus and basal forebrain and gliosis and microgliosis in the hippocampus. These findings suggest a role for the intraneuronal accumulation of oAβ and APP-CTFs and resultant lysosomal pathology at early stages of Alzheimer's disease-related pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sam E. Gandy
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, and James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Michelle E. Ehrlich
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - John F. Smiley
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Efrat Levy
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Chaki S. mGlu2/3 Receptor Antagonists as Novel Antidepressants. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:569-580. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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38
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Lütjens R, Rocher JP. Recent advances in drug discovery of GPCR allosteric modulators for neurodegenerative disorders. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2017; 32:91-95. [PMID: 28135635 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The activation or the inhibition of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) implicated in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders is considered as a relevant approach for the treatment of these diseases. The modulation of the relevant GPCRs targets by positive or by negative allosteric modulators appears to be promising, the major challenge remaining the discovery of these molecules. In this review, we highlight the recent development in this field and the therapeutic potential of selected GPCRs allosteric modulators.
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39
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Metabotropic glutamate receptors and neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacol Res 2017; 115:179-191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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40
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Readhead B, Haure-Mirande JV, Zhang B, Haroutunian V, Gandy S, Schadt EE, Dudley JT, Ehrlich ME. Molecular systems evaluation of oligomerogenic APP(E693Q) and fibrillogenic APP(KM670/671NL)/PSEN1(Δexon9) mouse models identifies shared features with human Alzheimer's brain molecular pathology. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:1099-111. [PMID: 26552589 PMCID: PMC4862938 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Identification and characterization of molecular mechanisms that connect genetic risk factors to initiation and evolution of disease pathophysiology represent major goals and opportunities for improving therapeutic and diagnostic outcomes in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Integrative genomic analysis of the human AD brain transcriptome holds potential for revealing novel mechanisms of dysfunction that underlie the onset and/or progression of the disease. We performed an integrative genomic analysis of brain tissue-derived transcriptomes measured from two lines of mice expressing distinct mutant AD-related proteins. The first line expresses oligomerogenic mutant APP(E693Q) inside neurons, leading to the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) oligomers and behavioral impairment, but never develops parenchymal fibrillar amyloid deposits. The second line expresses APP(KM670/671NL)/PSEN1(Δexon9) in neurons and accumulates fibrillar Aβ amyloid and amyloid plaques accompanied by neuritic dystrophy and behavioral impairment. We performed RNA sequencing analyses of the dentate gyrus and entorhinal cortex from each line and from wild-type mice. We then performed an integrative genomic analysis to identify dysregulated molecules and pathways, comparing transgenic mice with wild-type controls as well as to each other. We also compared these results with datasets derived from human AD brain. Differential gene and exon expression analysis revealed pervasive alterations in APP/Aβ metabolism, epigenetic control of neurogenesis, cytoskeletal organization and extracellular matrix (ECM) regulation. Comparative molecular analysis converged on FMR1 (Fragile X Mental Retardation 1), an important negative regulator of APP translation and oligomerogenesis in the post-synaptic space. Integration of these transcriptomic results with human postmortem AD gene networks, differential expression and differential splicing signatures identified significant similarities in pathway dysregulation, including ECM regulation and neurogenesis, as well as strong overlap with AD-associated co-expression network structures. The strong overlap in molecular systems features supports the relevance of these findings from the AD mouse models to human AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Readhead
- Department of Genetics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomic Sciences and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - J-V Haure-Mirande
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - B Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomic Sciences and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - V Haroutunian
- Department of Psychiatry, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Gandy
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Cognitive Health and NFL Neurological Care, Department of Neurology, New York, NY, USA
| | - E E Schadt
- Department of Genetics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomic Sciences and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - J T Dudley
- Department of Genetics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomic Sciences and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - M E Ehrlich
- Department of Genetics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomic Sciences and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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41
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Choi CH, Schoenfeld BP, Bell AJ, Hinchey J, Rosenfelt C, Gertner MJ, Campbell SR, Emerson D, Hinchey P, Kollaros M, Ferrick NJ, Chambers DB, Langer S, Sust S, Malik A, Terlizzi AM, Liebelt DA, Ferreiro D, Sharma A, Koenigsberg E, Choi RJ, Louneva N, Arnold SE, Featherstone RE, Siegel SJ, Zukin RS, McDonald TV, Bolduc FV, Jongens TA, McBride SMJ. Multiple Drug Treatments That Increase cAMP Signaling Restore Long-Term Memory and Aberrant Signaling in Fragile X Syndrome Models. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:136. [PMID: 27445731 PMCID: PMC4928101 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile X is the most common monogenic disorder associated with intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Additionally, many patients are afflicted with executive dysfunction, ADHD, seizure disorder and sleep disturbances. Fragile X is caused by loss of FMRP expression, which is encoded by the FMR1 gene. Both the fly and mouse models of fragile X are also based on having no functional protein expression of their respective FMR1 homologs. The fly model displays well defined cognitive impairments and structural brain defects and the mouse model, although having subtle behavioral defects, has robust electrophysiological phenotypes and provides a tool to do extensive biochemical analysis of select brain regions. Decreased cAMP signaling has been observed in samples from the fly and mouse models of fragile X as well as in samples derived from human patients. Indeed, we have previously demonstrated that strategies that increase cAMP signaling can rescue short term memory in the fly model and restore DHPG induced mGluR mediated long term depression (LTD) in the hippocampus to proper levels in the mouse model (McBride et al., 2005; Choi et al., 2011, 2015). Here, we demonstrate that the same three strategies used previously with the potential to be used clinically, lithium treatment, PDE-4 inhibitor treatment or mGluR antagonist treatment can rescue long term memory in the fly model and alter the cAMP signaling pathway in the hippocampus of the mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine H Choi
- McDonald Laboratory, Section of Molecular Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva UniversityBronx, NY, USA; Department of Dermatology, Dermatology Clinic, Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA; Jongens Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian P Schoenfeld
- McDonald Laboratory, Section of Molecular Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva UniversityBronx, NY, USA; Jongens Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aaron J Bell
- McDonald Laboratory, Section of Molecular Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva UniversityBronx, NY, USA; Jongens Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Hinchey
- McDonald Laboratory, Section of Molecular Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Cory Rosenfelt
- Bolduc Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Neuroscience, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Michael J Gertner
- Zukin Laboratory, Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Sean R Campbell
- McDonald Laboratory, Section of Molecular Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Danielle Emerson
- Jongens Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul Hinchey
- McDonald Laboratory, Section of Molecular Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Maria Kollaros
- McDonald Laboratory, Section of Molecular Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Neal J Ferrick
- McDonald Laboratory, Section of Molecular Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva UniversityBronx, NY, USA; Jongens Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel B Chambers
- Bolduc Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Neuroscience, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Steven Langer
- Bolduc Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Neuroscience, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Steven Sust
- Siegel Laboratory, Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aatika Malik
- Jongens Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Allison M Terlizzi
- McDonald Laboratory, Section of Molecular Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University Bronx, NY, USA
| | - David A Liebelt
- McDonald Laboratory, Section of Molecular Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University Bronx, NY, USA
| | - David Ferreiro
- McDonald Laboratory, Section of Molecular Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ali Sharma
- Zukin Laboratory, Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Eric Koenigsberg
- McDonald Laboratory, Section of Molecular Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Richard J Choi
- McDonald Laboratory, Section of Molecular Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Natalia Louneva
- Arnold Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Steven E Arnold
- Arnold Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert E Featherstone
- Siegel Laboratory, Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Steven J Siegel
- Siegel Laboratory, Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R Suzanne Zukin
- Zukin Laboratory, Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Thomas V McDonald
- McDonald Laboratory, Section of Molecular Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Francois V Bolduc
- Bolduc Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Neuroscience, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Thomas A Jongens
- Jongens Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sean M J McBride
- McDonald Laboratory, Section of Molecular Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva UniversityBronx, NY, USA; Jongens Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA; Siegel Laboratory, Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
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Lindsley CW, Emmitte KA, Hopkins CR, Bridges TM, Gregory KJ, Niswender CM, Conn PJ. Practical Strategies and Concepts in GPCR Allosteric Modulator Discovery: Recent Advances with Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. Chem Rev 2016; 116:6707-41. [PMID: 26882314 PMCID: PMC4988345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Allosteric modulation of GPCRs has initiated a new era of basic and translational discovery, filled with therapeutic promise yet fraught with caveats. Allosteric ligands stabilize unique conformations of the GPCR that afford fundamentally new receptors, capable of novel pharmacology, unprecedented subtype selectivity, and unique signal bias. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the basics of GPCR allosteric pharmacology, medicinal chemistry, drug metabolism, and validated approaches to address each of the major challenges and caveats. Then, the review narrows focus to highlight recent advances in the discovery of allosteric ligands for metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes 1-5 and 7 (mGlu1-5,7) highlighting key concepts ("molecular switches", signal bias, heterodimers) and practical solutions to enable the development of tool compounds and clinical candidates. The review closes with a section on late-breaking new advances with allosteric ligands for other GPCRs and emerging data for endogenous allosteric modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig W. Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kyle A. Emmitte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
| | - Corey R. Hopkins
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Thomas M. Bridges
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Karen J. Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Colleen M. Niswender
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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43
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Yan R, Fan Q, Zhou J, Vassar R. Inhibiting BACE1 to reverse synaptic dysfunctions in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 65:326-40. [PMID: 27044452 PMCID: PMC4856578 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, many studies have identified significant contributions of toxic β-amyloid peptides (Aβ) to the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is the most common age-dependent neurodegenerative disease. AD is also recognized as a disease of synaptic failure. Aβ, generated by sequential proteolytic cleavages of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by BACE1 and γ-secretase, is one of major culprits that cause this failure. In this review, we summarize current findings on how BACE1-cleaved APP products impact learning and memory through proteins localized on glutamatergic, GABAergic, and dopaminergic synapses. Considering the broad effects of Aβ on all three types of synapses, BACE1 inhibition emerges as a practical approach for ameliorating Aβ-mediated synaptic dysfunctions. Since BACE1 inhibitory drugs are currently in clinical trials, this review also discusses potential complications arising from BACE1 inhibition. We emphasize that the benefits of BACE1 inhibitory drugs will outweigh the concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riqiang Yan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Qingyuan Fan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - John Zhou
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Robert Vassar
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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44
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Knight EM, Kim SH, Kottwitz JC, Hatami A, Albay R, Suzuki A, Lublin A, Alberini CM, Klein WL, Szabo P, Relkin NR, Ehrlich M, Glabe CG, Gandy S, Steele JW. Effective anti-Alzheimer Aβ therapy involves depletion of specific Aβ oligomer subtypes. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2016; 3:e237. [PMID: 27218118 PMCID: PMC4864617 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have implicated specific assembly subtypes of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide, specifically soluble oligomers (soAβ) as disease-relevant structures that may underlie memory loss in Alzheimer disease. Removing existing soluble and insoluble Aβ assemblies is thought to be essential for any attempt at stabilizing brain function and slowing cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease. IV immunoglobulin (IVIg) therapies have been shown to contain naturally occurring polyclonal antibodies that recognize conformational neoepitopes of soluble or insoluble Aβ assemblies including soAβ. These naturally occurring polyclonal antibodies have been suggested to underlie the apparent clinical benefits of IVIg. However, direct evidence linking anti-Aβ antibodies to the clinical bioactivity of IVIg has been lacking. METHODS Five-month-old female Dutch APP E693Q mice were treated for 3 months with neat IVIg or with IVIg that had been affinity-depleted over immobilized Aβ conformers in 1 of 2 assembly states. Memory was assessed in a battery of tests followed by quantification of brain soAβ levels using standard anti-soAβ antibodies. RESULTS We provide evidence that NU4-type soAβ (NU4-soAβ) assemblies accumulate in the brains of Dutch APP E693Q mice and are associated with defects in memory, even in the absence of insoluble Aβ plaques. Memory benefits were associated with depletion from APP E693Q mouse brain of NU4-soAβ and A11-soAβ but not OC-type fibrillar Aβ oligomers. CONCLUSIONS We propose that targeting of specific soAβ assembly subtypes may be an important consideration in the therapeutic and/or prophylactic benefit of anti-Aβ antibody drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elysse M Knight
- Departments of Psychiatry (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., S.G., J.W.S.), Neurology (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., M.E., S.G., J.W.S.), and Pediatrics (M.E.), and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., M.E., S.G., J.W.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (A.H., R.A., C.G.G.), University of California at Irvine; King Fahd Medical Research Center (A.H., R.A., C.G.G.), KAU, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry (A.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan; Center for Neural Science (C.M.A.), New York University, NY; Northwestern University (W.L.K.), Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology and Brain Mind Research Institute (P.S., N.R.R.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Biochemistry Department (C.G.G.), Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; James J. Peters VA Medical Center (S.G.), Bronx, NY; and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine (J.W.S.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Soong Ho Kim
- Departments of Psychiatry (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., S.G., J.W.S.), Neurology (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., M.E., S.G., J.W.S.), and Pediatrics (M.E.), and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., M.E., S.G., J.W.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (A.H., R.A., C.G.G.), University of California at Irvine; King Fahd Medical Research Center (A.H., R.A., C.G.G.), KAU, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry (A.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan; Center for Neural Science (C.M.A.), New York University, NY; Northwestern University (W.L.K.), Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology and Brain Mind Research Institute (P.S., N.R.R.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Biochemistry Department (C.G.G.), Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; James J. Peters VA Medical Center (S.G.), Bronx, NY; and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine (J.W.S.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jessica C Kottwitz
- Departments of Psychiatry (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., S.G., J.W.S.), Neurology (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., M.E., S.G., J.W.S.), and Pediatrics (M.E.), and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., M.E., S.G., J.W.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (A.H., R.A., C.G.G.), University of California at Irvine; King Fahd Medical Research Center (A.H., R.A., C.G.G.), KAU, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry (A.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan; Center for Neural Science (C.M.A.), New York University, NY; Northwestern University (W.L.K.), Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology and Brain Mind Research Institute (P.S., N.R.R.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Biochemistry Department (C.G.G.), Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; James J. Peters VA Medical Center (S.G.), Bronx, NY; and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine (J.W.S.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Asa Hatami
- Departments of Psychiatry (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., S.G., J.W.S.), Neurology (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., M.E., S.G., J.W.S.), and Pediatrics (M.E.), and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., M.E., S.G., J.W.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (A.H., R.A., C.G.G.), University of California at Irvine; King Fahd Medical Research Center (A.H., R.A., C.G.G.), KAU, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry (A.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan; Center for Neural Science (C.M.A.), New York University, NY; Northwestern University (W.L.K.), Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology and Brain Mind Research Institute (P.S., N.R.R.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Biochemistry Department (C.G.G.), Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; James J. Peters VA Medical Center (S.G.), Bronx, NY; and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine (J.W.S.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ricardo Albay
- Departments of Psychiatry (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., S.G., J.W.S.), Neurology (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., M.E., S.G., J.W.S.), and Pediatrics (M.E.), and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., M.E., S.G., J.W.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (A.H., R.A., C.G.G.), University of California at Irvine; King Fahd Medical Research Center (A.H., R.A., C.G.G.), KAU, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry (A.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan; Center for Neural Science (C.M.A.), New York University, NY; Northwestern University (W.L.K.), Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology and Brain Mind Research Institute (P.S., N.R.R.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Biochemistry Department (C.G.G.), Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; James J. Peters VA Medical Center (S.G.), Bronx, NY; and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine (J.W.S.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Akinobu Suzuki
- Departments of Psychiatry (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., S.G., J.W.S.), Neurology (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., M.E., S.G., J.W.S.), and Pediatrics (M.E.), and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., M.E., S.G., J.W.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (A.H., R.A., C.G.G.), University of California at Irvine; King Fahd Medical Research Center (A.H., R.A., C.G.G.), KAU, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry (A.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan; Center for Neural Science (C.M.A.), New York University, NY; Northwestern University (W.L.K.), Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology and Brain Mind Research Institute (P.S., N.R.R.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Biochemistry Department (C.G.G.), Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; James J. Peters VA Medical Center (S.G.), Bronx, NY; and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine (J.W.S.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Alex Lublin
- Departments of Psychiatry (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., S.G., J.W.S.), Neurology (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., M.E., S.G., J.W.S.), and Pediatrics (M.E.), and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., M.E., S.G., J.W.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (A.H., R.A., C.G.G.), University of California at Irvine; King Fahd Medical Research Center (A.H., R.A., C.G.G.), KAU, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry (A.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan; Center for Neural Science (C.M.A.), New York University, NY; Northwestern University (W.L.K.), Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology and Brain Mind Research Institute (P.S., N.R.R.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Biochemistry Department (C.G.G.), Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; James J. Peters VA Medical Center (S.G.), Bronx, NY; and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine (J.W.S.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Cristina M Alberini
- Departments of Psychiatry (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., S.G., J.W.S.), Neurology (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., M.E., S.G., J.W.S.), and Pediatrics (M.E.), and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., M.E., S.G., J.W.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (A.H., R.A., C.G.G.), University of California at Irvine; King Fahd Medical Research Center (A.H., R.A., C.G.G.), KAU, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry (A.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan; Center for Neural Science (C.M.A.), New York University, NY; Northwestern University (W.L.K.), Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology and Brain Mind Research Institute (P.S., N.R.R.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Biochemistry Department (C.G.G.), Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; James J. Peters VA Medical Center (S.G.), Bronx, NY; and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine (J.W.S.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - William L Klein
- Departments of Psychiatry (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., S.G., J.W.S.), Neurology (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., M.E., S.G., J.W.S.), and Pediatrics (M.E.), and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., M.E., S.G., J.W.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (A.H., R.A., C.G.G.), University of California at Irvine; King Fahd Medical Research Center (A.H., R.A., C.G.G.), KAU, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry (A.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan; Center for Neural Science (C.M.A.), New York University, NY; Northwestern University (W.L.K.), Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology and Brain Mind Research Institute (P.S., N.R.R.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Biochemistry Department (C.G.G.), Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; James J. Peters VA Medical Center (S.G.), Bronx, NY; and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine (J.W.S.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Paul Szabo
- Departments of Psychiatry (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., S.G., J.W.S.), Neurology (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., M.E., S.G., J.W.S.), and Pediatrics (M.E.), and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., M.E., S.G., J.W.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (A.H., R.A., C.G.G.), University of California at Irvine; King Fahd Medical Research Center (A.H., R.A., C.G.G.), KAU, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry (A.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan; Center for Neural Science (C.M.A.), New York University, NY; Northwestern University (W.L.K.), Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology and Brain Mind Research Institute (P.S., N.R.R.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Biochemistry Department (C.G.G.), Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; James J. Peters VA Medical Center (S.G.), Bronx, NY; and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine (J.W.S.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Norman R Relkin
- Departments of Psychiatry (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., S.G., J.W.S.), Neurology (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., M.E., S.G., J.W.S.), and Pediatrics (M.E.), and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., M.E., S.G., J.W.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (A.H., R.A., C.G.G.), University of California at Irvine; King Fahd Medical Research Center (A.H., R.A., C.G.G.), KAU, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry (A.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan; Center for Neural Science (C.M.A.), New York University, NY; Northwestern University (W.L.K.), Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology and Brain Mind Research Institute (P.S., N.R.R.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Biochemistry Department (C.G.G.), Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; James J. Peters VA Medical Center (S.G.), Bronx, NY; and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine (J.W.S.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Michelle Ehrlich
- Departments of Psychiatry (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., S.G., J.W.S.), Neurology (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., M.E., S.G., J.W.S.), and Pediatrics (M.E.), and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., M.E., S.G., J.W.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (A.H., R.A., C.G.G.), University of California at Irvine; King Fahd Medical Research Center (A.H., R.A., C.G.G.), KAU, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry (A.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan; Center for Neural Science (C.M.A.), New York University, NY; Northwestern University (W.L.K.), Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology and Brain Mind Research Institute (P.S., N.R.R.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Biochemistry Department (C.G.G.), Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; James J. Peters VA Medical Center (S.G.), Bronx, NY; and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine (J.W.S.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Charles G Glabe
- Departments of Psychiatry (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., S.G., J.W.S.), Neurology (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., M.E., S.G., J.W.S.), and Pediatrics (M.E.), and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., M.E., S.G., J.W.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (A.H., R.A., C.G.G.), University of California at Irvine; King Fahd Medical Research Center (A.H., R.A., C.G.G.), KAU, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry (A.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan; Center for Neural Science (C.M.A.), New York University, NY; Northwestern University (W.L.K.), Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology and Brain Mind Research Institute (P.S., N.R.R.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Biochemistry Department (C.G.G.), Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; James J. Peters VA Medical Center (S.G.), Bronx, NY; and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine (J.W.S.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Sam Gandy
- Departments of Psychiatry (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., S.G., J.W.S.), Neurology (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., M.E., S.G., J.W.S.), and Pediatrics (M.E.), and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., M.E., S.G., J.W.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (A.H., R.A., C.G.G.), University of California at Irvine; King Fahd Medical Research Center (A.H., R.A., C.G.G.), KAU, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry (A.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan; Center for Neural Science (C.M.A.), New York University, NY; Northwestern University (W.L.K.), Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology and Brain Mind Research Institute (P.S., N.R.R.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Biochemistry Department (C.G.G.), Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; James J. Peters VA Medical Center (S.G.), Bronx, NY; and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine (J.W.S.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - John W Steele
- Departments of Psychiatry (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., S.G., J.W.S.), Neurology (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., M.E., S.G., J.W.S.), and Pediatrics (M.E.), and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (E.M.K., S.H.K., J.C.K., A.L., M.E., S.G., J.W.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (A.H., R.A., C.G.G.), University of California at Irvine; King Fahd Medical Research Center (A.H., R.A., C.G.G.), KAU, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry (A.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan; Center for Neural Science (C.M.A.), New York University, NY; Northwestern University (W.L.K.), Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology and Brain Mind Research Institute (P.S., N.R.R.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Biochemistry Department (C.G.G.), Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; James J. Peters VA Medical Center (S.G.), Bronx, NY; and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine (J.W.S.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Bruno V, Caraci F, Copani A, Matrisciano F, Nicoletti F, Battaglia G. The impact of metabotropic glutamate receptors into active neurodegenerative processes: A "dark side" in the development of new symptomatic treatments for neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Neuropharmacology 2016; 115:180-192. [PMID: 27140693 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor ligands are under clinical development for the treatment of CNS disorders with high social and economic burden, such as schizophrenia, major depressive disorder (MDD), and Parkinson's disease (PD), and are promising drug candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). So far, clinical studies have shown symptomatic effects of mGlu receptor ligands, but it is unknown whether these drugs act as disease modifiers or, at the opposite end, they accelerate disease progression by enhancing neurodegeneration. This is a fundamental issue in the treatment of PD and AD, and is also an emerging theme in the treatment of schizophrenia and MDD, in which neurodegeneration is also present and contribute to disease progression. Moving from in vitro data and preclinical studies, we discuss the potential impact of drugs targeting mGlu2, mGlu3, mGlu4 and mGlu5 receptor ligands on active neurodegeneration associated with AD, PD, schizophrenia, and MDD. We wish to highlight that our final comments on the best drug candidates are not influenced by commercial interests or by previous or ongoing collaborations with drug companies. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors, 5 years on'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Bruno
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy.
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; I.R.C.C.S. Associazione Oasi Maria S.S., Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Agata Copani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; National Research Council, Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging (IBB-CNR), 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Matrisciano
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
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Witkin JM, Ornstein PL, Mitch CH, Li R, Smith SC, Heinz BA, Wang XS, Xiang C, Carter JH, Anderson WH, Li X, Broad LM, Pasqui F, Fitzjohn SM, Sanger HE, Smith JL, Catlow J, Swanson S, Monn JA. In vitro pharmacological and rat pharmacokinetic characterization of LY3020371, a potent and selective mGlu 2/3 receptor antagonist. Neuropharmacology 2015; 115:100-114. [PMID: 26748052 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate 2/3 (mGlu2/3) receptors are of considerable interest owing to their role in modulating glutamate transmission via presynaptic, postsynaptic and glial mechanisms. As part of our ongoing efforts to identify novel ligands for these receptors, we have discovered (1S,2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-[(3,4-difluorophenyl)sulfanylmethyl]-4-hydroxy-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid; (LY3020371), a potent and selective orthosteric mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist. In this account, we characterize the effects of LY3020371 in membranes and cells expressing human recombinant mGlu receptor subtypes as well as in native rodent and human brain tissue preparations, providing important translational information for this molecule. In membranes from cells expressing recombinant human mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptor subtypes, LY3020371.HCl competitively displaced binding of the mGlu2/3 agonist ligand [3H]-459477 with high affinity (hmGlu2 Ki = 5.26 nM; hmGlu3 Ki = 2.50 nM). In cells expressing hmGlu2 receptors, LY3020371.HCl potently blocked mGlu2/3 agonist (DCG-IV)-inhibited, forskolin-stimulated cAMP formation (IC50 = 16.2 nM), an effect that was similarly observed in hmGlu3-expressing cells (IC50 = 6.21 nM). Evaluation of LY3020371 in cells expressing the other human mGlu receptor subtypes revealed high mGlu2/3 receptor selectivity. In rat native tissue assays, LY3020371 demonstrated effective displacement of [3H]-459477 from frontal cortical membranes (Ki = 33 nM), and functional antagonist activity in cortical synaptosomes measuring both the reversal of agonist-suppressed second messenger production (IC50 = 29 nM) and agonist-inhibited, K+-evoked glutamate release (IC50 = 86 nM). Antagonism was fully recapitulated in both primary cultured cortical neurons where LY3020371 blocked agonist-suppressed spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations (IC50 = 34 nM) and in an intact hippocampal slice preparation (IC50 = 46 nM). Functional antagonist activity was similarly demonstrated in synaptosomes prepared from epileptic human cortical or hippocampal tissues, suggesting a translation of the mGlu2/3 antagonist pharmacology from rat to human. Intravenous dosing of LY3020371 in rats led to cerebrospinal fluid drug levels that are expected to effectively block mGlu2/3 receptors in vivo. Taken together, these results establish LY3020371 as an important new pharmacological tool for studying mGlu2/3 receptors in vitro and in vivo. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors, 5 years on'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Witkin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Paul L Ornstein
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Charles H Mitch
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Renhua Li
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Stephon C Smith
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Beverly A Heinz
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Xu-Shan Wang
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Chuanxi Xiang
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Joan H Carter
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Wesley H Anderson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Xia Li
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John Catlow
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Steven Swanson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - James A Monn
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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47
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Hunsberger JG, Rao M, Kurtzberg J, Bulte JWM, Atala A, LaFerla FM, Greely HT, Sawa A, Gandy S, Schneider LS, Doraiswamy PM. Accelerating stem cell trials for Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol 2015; 15:219-230. [PMID: 26704439 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00332-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
At present, no effective cure or prophylaxis exists for Alzheimer's disease. Symptomatic treatments are modestly effective and offer only temporary benefit. Advances in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology have the potential to enable development of so-called disease-in-a-dish personalised models to study disease mechanisms and reveal new therapeutic approaches, and large panels of iPSCs enable rapid screening of potential drug candidates. Different cell types can also be produced for therapeutic use. In 2015, the US Food and Drug Administration granted investigational new drug approval for the first phase 2A clinical trial of ischaemia-tolerant mesenchymal stem cells to treat Alzheimer's disease in the USA. Similar trials are either underway or being planned in Europe and Asia. Although safety and ethical concerns remain, we call for the acceleration of human stem cell-based translational research into the causes and potential treatments of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G Hunsberger
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Mahendra Rao
- New York Stem Cell Foundation, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joanne Kurtzberg
- Robertson Clinical and Translational Cell Therapy Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jeff W M Bulte
- Department of Radiology and Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Frank M LaFerla
- Institute for Memory Impairment and Neurological Disorders, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Henry T Greely
- Center for Law and the Biosciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sam Gandy
- Center for Cognitive Health and National Football League Neurological Care, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Lon S Schneider
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - P Murali Doraiswamy
- Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Psychiatry Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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48
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Felts AS, Rodriguez AL, Smith KA, Engers JL, Morrison RD, Byers FW, Blobaum AL, Locuson CW, Chang S, Venable DF, Niswender CM, Daniels JS, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW, Emmitte KA. Design of 4-Oxo-1-aryl-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamides as Selective Negative Allosteric Modulators of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtype 2. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9027-40. [PMID: 26524606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Both orthosteric and allosteric antagonists of the group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlus) have been used to establish a link between mGlu2/3 inhibition and a variety of CNS diseases and disorders. Though these tools typically have good selectivity for mGlu2/3 versus the remaining six members of the mGlu family, compounds that are selective for only one of the individual group II mGlus have proved elusive. Herein we report on the discovery of a potent and highly selective mGlu2 negative allosteric modulator 58 (VU6001192) from a series of 4-oxo-1-aryl-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamides. The concept for the design of this series centered on morphing a quinoline series recently disclosed in the patent literature into a chemotype previously used for the preparation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype 1 positive allosteric modulators. Compound 58 exhibits a favorable profile and will be a useful tool for understanding the biological implications of selective inhibition of mGlu2 in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Felts
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Alice L Rodriguez
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Katrina A Smith
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Julie L Engers
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Ryan D Morrison
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Frank W Byers
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Anna L Blobaum
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Charles W Locuson
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Sichen Chang
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Daryl F Venable
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - J Scott Daniels
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kyle A Emmitte
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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49
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Engers JL, Rodriguez AL, Konkol LC, Morrison RD, Thompson AD, Byers FW, Blobaum AL, Chang S, Venable DF, Loch MT, Niswender CM, Daniels JS, Jones CK, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW, Emmitte KA. Discovery of a Selective and CNS Penetrant Negative Allosteric Modulator of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtype 3 with Antidepressant and Anxiolytic Activity in Rodents. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7485-500. [PMID: 26335039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous preclinical work has demonstrated the therapeutic potential of antagonists of the group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlus). Still, compounds that are selective for the individual group II mGlus (mGlu2 and mGlu3) have been scarce. There remains a need for such compounds with the balance of properties suitable for convenient use in a wide array of rodent behavioral studies. We describe here the discovery of a selective mGlu3 NAM 106 (VU0650786) suitable for in vivo work. Compound 106 is a member of a series of 5-aryl-6,7-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrazine-4(5H)-one compounds originally identified as a mGlu5 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) chemotype. Its suitability for use in rodent behavioral models has been established by extensive in vivo PK studies, and the behavioral experiments presented here with compound 106 represent the first examples in which an mGlu3 NAM has demonstrated efficacy in models where prior efficacy had previously been noted with nonselective group II antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L Engers
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Alice L Rodriguez
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Leah C Konkol
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Ryan D Morrison
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Analisa D Thompson
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Frank W Byers
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Anna L Blobaum
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Sichen Chang
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Daryl F Venable
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Matthew T Loch
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - J Scott Daniels
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Carrie K Jones
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kyle A Emmitte
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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50
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Kiritoshi T, Neugebauer V. Group II mGluRs modulate baseline and arthritis pain-related synaptic transmission in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Neuropharmacology 2015; 95:388-94. [PMID: 25912637 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) serves executive control functions that are impaired in neuropsychiatric disorders and pain. Therefore, restoring normal synaptic transmission and output is a desirable goal. Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR2 and mGluR3 are highly expressed in the mPFC, modulate synaptic transmission, and have been targeted for neuropsychiatric disorders. Their pain-related modulatory effects in the mPFC remain to be determined. Here we evaluated their ability to restore pyramidal output in an arthritis pain model. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of layer V mPFC pyramidal cells show that a selective group II mGluR agonist (LY379268) decreased synaptically evoked spiking in brain slices from normal and arthritic rats. Effects were concentration-dependent and reversed by a selective antagonist (LY341495). LY379268 decreased monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) and glutamate-driven inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in the pain model. Effects on EPSCs preceded those on IPSCs and could explain the overall inhibitory effect on pyramidal output. LY379268 decreased frequency, but not amplitude, of miniature EPSCs without affecting miniature IPSCs. LY341495 alone increased synaptically evoked spiking under normal conditions and in the pain model. In conclusion, group II mGluRs act on glutamatergic synapses to inhibit direct excitatory transmission and feedforward inhibition onto pyramidal cells. Their net effect is decreased pyramidal cell output. Facilitatory effects of a group II antagonist suggest the system may be tonically active to control pyramidal output. Failure to release the inhibitory tone and enhance mPFC output could be a mechanism for the development or persistence of a disease state such as pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaki Kiritoshi
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), School of Medicine, 3601 4th Street, Mail Stop 6592, Lubbock, TX 79430-6592, USA
| | - Volker Neugebauer
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), School of Medicine, 3601 4th Street, Mail Stop 6592, Lubbock, TX 79430-6592, USA; Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), School of Medicine, 3601 4th Street, Mail Stop 6592, Lubbock, TX 79430-6592, USA.
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