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Yang K, Feng S, Luo Z. Oncolytic Adenovirus, a New Treatment Strategy for Prostate Cancer. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123262. [PMID: 36552019 PMCID: PMC9775875 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer and one of the leading causes of cancer mortality in males. Androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) is an effective strategy to inhibit tumour growth at early stages. However, 10~50% of cases are estimated to progress to metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) which currently lacks effective treatments. Clinically, salvage treatment measures, such as endocrine therapy and chemotherapy, are mostly used for advanced prostate cancer, but their clinical outcomes are not ideal. When the existing clinical therapeutic methods can no longer inhibit the development of advanced prostate cancer, human adenovirus (HAdV)-based gene therapy and viral therapy present promising effects. Pre-clinical studies have shown its powerful oncolytic effect, and clinical studies are ongoing to further verify its effect and safety in prostate cancer treatment. Targeting the prostate by HAdV alone or in combination with radiotherapy and chemotherapy sheds light on patients with castration-resistant and advanced prostate cancer. This review summarizes the advantages of oncolytic virus-mediated cancer therapy, strategies of HAdV modification, and existing preclinical and clinical investigations of HAdV-mediated gene therapy to further evaluate the potential of oncolytic adenovirus in prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyi Yang
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Correspondence: (K.Y.); (Z.L.)
| | - Shenghui Feng
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Pathogens and Molecular Pathology, Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zhijun Luo
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Pathogens and Molecular Pathology, Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- Correspondence: (K.Y.); (Z.L.)
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2
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Oncolytic Adenoviruses: Strategies for Improved Targeting and Specificity. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061504. [PMID: 32526919 PMCID: PMC7352392 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major health problem. Most of the treatments exhibit systemic toxicity, as they are not targeted or specific to cancerous cells and tumors. Adenoviruses are very promising gene delivery vectors and have immense potential to deliver targeted therapy. Here, we review a wide range of strategies that have been tried, tested, and demonstrated to enhance the specificity of oncolytic viruses towards specific cancer cells. A combination of these strategies and other conventional therapies may be more effective than any of those strategies alone.
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3
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Barry MA, Rubin JD, Lu SC. Retargeting adenoviruses for therapeutic applications and vaccines. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:1918-1946. [PMID: 31944286 PMCID: PMC7311308 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviruses (Ads) are robust vectors for therapeutic applications and vaccines, but their use can be limited by differences in their in vitro and in vivo pharmacologies. This review emphasizes that there is not just one Ad, but a whole virome of diverse viruses that can be used as therapeutics. It discusses that true vector targeting involves not only retargeting viruses, but importantly also detargeting the viruses from off-target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Barry
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Immunology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Rubin
- Virology and Gene Therapy Graduate Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shao-Chia Lu
- Virology and Gene Therapy Graduate Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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4
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Rubin JD, Nguyen TV, Allen KL, Ayasoufi K, Barry MA. Comparison of Gene Delivery to the Kidney by Adenovirus, Adeno-Associated Virus, and Lentiviral Vectors After Intravenous and Direct Kidney Injections. Hum Gene Ther 2019; 30:1559-1571. [PMID: 31637925 PMCID: PMC6919283 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There are many kidney diseases that might be addressed by gene therapy. However, gene delivery to kidney cells is inefficient. This is due, in part, to the fact that the kidney excludes molecules above 50 kDa and that most gene delivery vectors are megaDaltons in mass. We compared the ability of adeno-associated virus (AAV), adenovirus (Ad), and lentiviral (LV) vectors to deliver genes to renal cells. When vectors were delivered by the intravenous (IV) route in mice, weak luciferase activity was observed in the kidney with substantially more in the liver. When gene delivery was observed in the kidney, expression was primarily in the glomerulus. To avoid these limitations, vectors were injected directly into the kidney by retrograde ureteral (RU) and subcapsular (SC) injections in mice. Small AAV vectors transduced the kidney, but also leaked from the organ and mediated higher levels of transduction in off-target tissues. Comparison of AAV2, 6.2, 8, and rh10 vectors by direct kidney injection demonstrated highest delivery by AAV6.2 and 8. Larger Ad and LV vectors transduced kidney cells and mediated less off-target tissue transduction. These data demonstrate the utility of direct kidney injections to circumvent the kidney size exclusion barrier. They also identify the effects of vector size on on-target and off-target transduction. This lays the foundation for the use of different vector platforms for gene therapy of diverse kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D. Rubin
- Virology and Gene Therapy Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Tien V. Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kari L. Allen
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Michael A. Barry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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5
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Nguyen TV, Anguiano-Zarate SS, Matchett WE, Barry ME, Barry MA. Retargeted and detargeted adenovirus for gene delivery to the muscle. Virology 2017; 514:118-123. [PMID: 29172089 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We previously selected muscle binding peptides 12.51 and 12.52 from "context-specific" phage display libraries for introduction into adenovirus (Ad) vectors. In this work, these peptides were inserted into the hypervariable region (HVR) 5 loop of the Ad5 hexon protein to display 720 peptides per virions. HVR-12.51 and 12.52 increased transduction of C2C12 cells up to 20-fold when compared to unmodified Ad5. 12.51 increased in vivo muscle transduction 2 to 7-fold over unmodified Ad after intramuscular injection in mice and hamsters. 12.52 did not increase muscle transduction. Notably, insertion of 12.51 into the hexon reduced liver transduction 80-fold when compared to unmodified Ad5 after intravenous injection. Increased muscle transduction in mice translated into increased immune responses after gene-based vaccination. These data suggest there are merits to retargeting and detargeting benefits to modifying the hexons of Ads with peptide ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien V Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - William E Matchett
- Virology and Gene Therapy Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Mary E Barry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Michael A Barry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
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Nguyen TV, Barry ME, Turner MA, Crosby CM, Trujillo MA, Morris JC, Barry MA. Comparison of Liver Detargeting Strategies for Systemic Therapy with Oncolytic Adenovirus Serotype 5. Biomedicines 2017; 5:E46. [PMID: 28796161 PMCID: PMC5618304 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses would ideally be of use for systemic therapy to treat disseminated cancer. To do this safely, this may require multiple layers of cancer specificity. The pharmacology and specificity of oncolytic adenoviruses can be modified by (1) physical retargeting, (2) physical detargeting, (3) chemical shielding, or (4) by modifying the ability of viral early gene products to selectively activate in cancer versus normal cells. We explored the utility of these approaches with oncolytic adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) in immunocompetent Syrian hamsters bearing subcutaneous HaK tumors. After a single intravenous injection to reach the distant tumors, the physically hepatocyte-detargeted virus Ad5-hexon-BAP was more effective than conditionally replicating Ad5-dl1101/07 with mutations in its E1A protein. When these control or Ad5 treated animals were treated a second time by intratumoral injection, prior exposure to Ad5 did not affect tumor growth, suggesting that anti-Ad immunity neither prevented treatment nor amplified anti-tumor immune responses. Ad5-dl1101/07 was next chemically shielded with polyethylene glycol (PEG). While 5 kDa of PEG blunted pro-inflammatory IL-6 production induced by Ad5-dl1101/07, this shielding reduced Ad oncolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien V Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
| | - Mary E Barry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
| | - Mallory A Turner
- Virology and Gene Therapy Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
| | - Catherine M Crosby
- Virology and Gene Therapy Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
| | | | - John C Morris
- Department of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
| | - Michael A Barry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
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7
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Zhang T, Suryawanshi YR, Woyczesczyk HM, Essani K. Targeting Melanoma with Cancer-Killing Viruses. Open Virol J 2017; 11:28-47. [PMID: 28567163 PMCID: PMC5420172 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901711010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest skin cancer with ever-increasing incidence. Despite the development in diagnostics and therapies, metastatic melanoma is still associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) represent a class of novel therapeutic agents for cancer by possessing two closely related properties for tumor reduction: virus-induced lysis of tumor cells and induction of host anti-tumor immune responses. A variety of viruses, either in "natural" or in genetically modified forms, have exhibited a remarkable therapeutic efficacy in regressing melanoma in experimental and/or clinical studies. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of these viruses, which involve manipulating and targeting the abnormalities of melanoma, and can be categorized as enhancing viral tropism, targeting the tumor microenvironment and increasing the innate and adaptive antitumor responses. Additionally, this review describes the "biomarkers" and deregulated pathways of melanoma that are responsible for melanoma initiation, progression and metastasis. Advances in understanding these abnormalities of melanoma have resulted in effective targeted and immuno-therapies, and could potentially be applied for engineering OVs with enhanced oncolytic activity in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Zhang
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, U.S.A
| | - Yogesh R. Suryawanshi
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, U.S.A
| | - Helene M. Woyczesczyk
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, U.S.A
| | - Karim Essani
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, U.S.A
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Evaluation of polymer shielding for adenovirus serotype 6 (Ad6) for systemic virotherapy against human prostate cancers. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2016; 3:S2372-7705(16)30029-8. [PMID: 26900598 PMCID: PMC4758940 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2015.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses hold promise as “self-amplifying” cancer therapies wherein a virally killed cell can produce thousands of new viral “drugs” that can kill more cancer cells. Adenoviruses (Ads) are one family of oncolytic viruses. Most human studies have used human Ad serotype 5 (Ad5). Unfortunately, most patients are already immune to Ad5 increasing the likelihood that the agent will be neutralized if used as a cancer therapy. In this work, lower seroprevalence Ad6 was tested as a systemic therapy for prostate cancer. Ad5 and Ad6 were injected intravenously a single time in nude mice bearing human prostate tumors, and toxicity and efficacy were assessed. Ad6 was chemically shielded with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to test if this would further improve its pharmacology. Ad6 produced 30-fold lower liver damage and less toxicity than Ad5. Ad6 significantly repressed the growth of androgen-resistant human DU145 prostate tumors and androgen-sensitive LNCaP tumors after single intravenous injection. PEGylation did not change virus distribution, but blunted liver damage and cytokine production by Ad6. PEGylated Ad6 eradicated LNCaP tumors and maintained body mass, but lost potency against the more challenging DU145 tumors. These and other data suggest that low seroprevalent Ad6 has better efficacy and safety than the benchmark oncolytic virus Ad5 for systemic therapy of prostate cancer. These data also indicate that PEGylation may improve Ad6 safety, but that this shielding may reduce oncolytic efficacy after intravenous treatment.
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Lucas T, Benihoud K, Vigant F, Schmidt CQA, Bachem MG, Simmet T, Kochanek S. Hexon modification to improve the activity of oncolytic adenovirus vectors against neoplastic and stromal cells in pancreatic cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117254. [PMID: 25692292 PMCID: PMC4332860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary pancreatic carcinoma has an unfavourable prognosis and standard treatment strategies mostly fail in advanced cases. Virotherapy might overcome this resistance to current treatment modalities. However, data from clinical studies with oncolytic viruses, including replicating adenoviral (Ad) vectors, have shown only limited activity against pancreatic cancer and other carcinomas. Since pancreatic carcinomas have a complex tumor architecture and frequently a strong stromal compartment consisting of non-neoplastic cell types (mainly pancreatic stellate cells = hPSCs) and extracellular matrix, it is not surprising that Ad vectors replicating in neoplastic cells will likely fail to eradicate this aggressive tumor type. Because the TGFβ receptor (TGFBR) is expressed on both neoplastic cells and hPSCs we inserted the TGFBR targeting peptide CKS17 into the hypervariable region 5 (HVR5) of the capsid protein hexon with the aim to generate a replicating Ad vector with improved activity in complex tumors. We demonstrated increased transduction of both pancreatic cancer cell lines and of hPSCs and enhanced cytotoxicity in co-cultures of both cell types. Surface plasmon resonance analysis demonstrated decreased binding of coagulation factor X to CKS17-modified Ad particles and in vivo biodistribution studies performed in mice indicated decreased transduction of hepatocytes. Thus, to increase activity of replicating Ad vectors we propose to relax tumor cell selectivity by genetic hexon-mediated targeting to the TGFBR (or other receptors present on both neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells within the tumor) to enable replication also in the stromal cell compartment of tumors, while abolishing hepatocyte transduction, and thereby increasing safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Lucas
- Department of Gene Therapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Karim Benihoud
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Orsay Cedex, France and CNRS UMR 8203, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Vigant
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Orsay Cedex, France and CNRS UMR 8203, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Christoph Q. Andreas Schmidt
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products & Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Tierforschungszentrum, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Max G. Bachem
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Simmet
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products & Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Kochanek
- Department of Gene Therapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Chen X, Wang T, Lin C, Chen B. Effect of adenoviral delivery of prodynorphin gene on experimental inflammatory pain induced by formalin in rats. Int J Clin Exp Med 2014; 7:4877-4886. [PMID: 25663984 PMCID: PMC4307431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Circumstantial evidences suggest that dynorphins and their common precursor prodynorphin (PDYN) are involved in antinociception and neuroendocrine signaling. DREAM knockout mice had increased levels of PDYN and dynorphin expression, and reduced sensitivity to painful stimuli. However, some data support the notion that the up-regulation of spinal dynorphin expression is a common critical feature in neuropathic pain. It is not clear whether the production of dynorphin A can be increased when more PDYN is present. In this study we investigated the changes in pain behaviors, spinal PDYN mRNA expression and dynorphin A production on formalin-induced pain in rats receiving the pretreatment of adenoviral delivery of PDYN. Our results showed that the adenoviral transfer of PDYN gene was sufficient to reduce pain behaviors resulting from formalin injection, and the antinociceptive effect after receiving the pretreatment of adenoviral delivery of PDYN was mediated at the level of the spinal cord via KOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xionggang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhou 350005, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhou 350005, P. R. China
| | - Caizhu Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhou 350005, P. R. China
| | - Baihong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhou 350005, P. R. China
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Lopez-Gordo E, Denby L, Nicklin SA, Baker AH. The importance of coagulation factors binding to adenovirus: historical perspectives and implications for gene delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:1795-813. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.938637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Estrella Lopez-Gordo
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Laura Denby
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Stuart A Nicklin
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Andrew H Baker
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK ;
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12
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José A, Rovira-Rigau M, Luna J, Giménez-Alejandre M, Vaquero E, García de la Torre B, Andreu D, Alemany R, Fillat C. A genetic fiber modification to achieve matrix-metalloprotease-activated infectivity of oncolytic adenovirus. J Control Release 2014; 192:148-56. [PMID: 25037019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Selective tumor targeting of oncolytic adenovirus at the level of cell entry remains a major challenge to improve efficacy and safety. Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) are overexpressed in a variety of tumors and in particular in pancreatic cancer. In the current work, we have exploited the expression of MMPs together with the penetration capabilities of a TAT-like peptide to engineer tumor selective adenoviruses. We have generated adenoviruses containing CAR-binding ablated fibers further modified with a C-terminus TAT-like peptide linked to a blocking domain by an MMP-cleavable sequence. This linker resulted in a MMP-dependent cell transduction of the reporter MMP-activatable virus AdTATMMP and in efficient transduction of neoplastic cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts. Intravenous and intraductal administration of AdTATMMP into mice showed very low AdTATMMP activity in the normal pancreas, whereas increased transduction was observed in pancreatic tumors of transgenic Ela-myc mice. Intraductal administration of AdTATMMP into mice bearing orthotopic tumors led to a 25-fold increase in tumor targeting compared to the wild type fiber control. A replication competent adenovirus, Ad(RC)MMP, with the MMP-activatable fiber showed oncolytic efficacy and increased antitumor activity compared to Adwt in a pancreatic orthotopic model. Reduced local and distant metastases were observed in Ad(RC)MMP treated-mice. Moreover, no signs of pancreatic toxicity were detected. We conclude that MMP-activatable adenovirus may be beneficial for pancreatic cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel José
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi iSunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Rovira-Rigau
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi iSunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jeroni Luna
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi iSunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Giménez-Alejandre
- Laboratori de Recerca Traslacional IDIBELL, Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Eva Vaquero
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi iSunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Gastroenterology, Institut de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Ramon Alemany
- Laboratori de Recerca Traslacional IDIBELL, Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Cristina Fillat
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi iSunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain.
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14
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Abstract
Adenoviral (Ad) vectors are commonly used for various gene therapy applications. Significant advances in the genetic engineering of Ad vectors in recent years has highlighted their potential for the treatment of metastatic disease. There are several methods to genetically modify the Ad genome to incorporate retargeting peptides which will redirect the natural tropism of the viruses, including homologous recombination in bacteria or yeast. However, homologous recombination in yeast is highly efficient and can be achieved without the need for extensive cloning strategies. In addition, the method does not rely on the presence of unique restriction sites within the Ad genome and the reagents required for this method are widely available and inexpensive. Large plasmids containing the entire adenoviral genome (~36 kbp) can be modified within Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast and genomes easily rescued in Escherichia coli hosts for analysis or amplification. A method for two-step homologous recombination in yeast is described in this chapter.
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Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is a new strategy to reduce tumor burden through selective virus replication in rapidly proliferating cells. Oncolytic viruses are members of at least ten virus families, each with its advantages and disadvantages. Here, I briefly review the recent advances and key challenges, as exemplified by the best-studied platforms. Recent advances include preclinical proof of feasibility, clinical evidence of tolerability and effectiveness, and the development of new strategies to improve efficacy. These include engineered tumor selectivity and expression of antitumorigenic genes that could function independently of virus replication, identification of combinatorial therapies that accelerate intratumoral virus propagation, and modification of immune responses and vascular delivery for treatment of metastatic disease. Key challenges are to select "winners" from the distinct oncolytic platforms that can stimulate anti-cancer immunity without affecting virus replication and can lyse cancer stem cells, which are most likely responsible for tumor maintenance, aggressiveness, and recurrence. Preventing the emergence of resistant tumor cells during virotherapy through the activation of multiple death pathways, the development of a better understanding of the mechanisms of cancer stem-cell lysis, and the development of more meaningful preclinical animal models are additional challenges for the next-generation of engineered viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Aurelian
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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16
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Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is an emerging treatment modality that uses replication-competent viruses to destroy cancers. Recent advances include preclinical proof of feasibility for a single-shot virotherapy cure, identification of drugs that accelerate intratumoral virus propagation, strategies to maximize the immunotherapeutic action of oncolytic viruses and clinical confirmation of a critical viremic threshold for vascular delivery and intratumoral virus replication. The primary clinical milestone has been completion of accrual in a phase 3 trial of intratumoral herpes simplex virus therapy using talimogene laherparepvec for metastatic melanoma. Key challenges for the field are to select 'winners' from a burgeoning number of oncolytic platforms and engineered derivatives, to transiently suppress but then unleash the power of the immune system to maximize both virus spread and anticancer immunity, to develop more meaningful preclinical virotherapy models and to manufacture viruses with orders-of-magnitude higher yields than is currently possible.
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17
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Duffy MR, Parker AL, Bradshaw AC, Baker AH. Manipulation of adenovirus interactions with host factors for gene therapy applications. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:271-88. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicine based on the use of adenovirus vectors for therapeutic gene delivery shows broad potential. Specific targeting for many gene therapy applications, such as metastatic cancers or cardiovascular diseases requires intravascular delivery of the vector. However, a major barrier to successful adenovirus vector targeting follows systemic delivery, as upon contact with the bloodstream the virus interacts with a variety of host proteins, in particular coagulation factor X, which mediates profound liver gene transfer. This inherent hepatic tropism combined with macrophage scavenging minimizes the efficacy of the virus at the desired sites and induces toxic side effects. Understanding the complex, multifaceted interactions of adenovirus with host factors is of vital importance to the design of safer vectors with improved efficacy and pharmacokinetic profiles. Increased knowledge of adenovirus biology provides the opportunity to develop innovative strategies to detarget the virus from the liver following intravascular delivery and redirect the vector to disease areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret R Duffy
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Alan L Parker
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Angela C Bradshaw
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Andrew H Baker
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
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18
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Abstract
Optical imaging of luciferage gene expression has become a powerful tool to track cells and viruses in vivo in small animal models. Luciferase imaging has been used to study the location of infection by replication-defective and replication-competent viruses and to track changes in the distribution of viruses in mouse models. This approach has also been used in oncolytic studies as a noninvasive means to monitor the growth and killing of tumor cells modified with luciferase genes. In this chapter, we describe the techniques used for luciferase imaging as have been applied to track replication-defective and replication-competent adenoviruses in mouse and hamster models of oncolysis and virus pharmacology. Although these methods are simple, the process of obtaining accurate luciferase imaging data has many caveats that are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Barry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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19
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Construction of targeted and armed oncolytic adenoviruses. Methods Mol Biol 2011. [PMID: 21948467 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-340-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Oncolytic (replication-competent) adenoviruses (Ads) represent the most advanced platform for cancer gene therapy. These viral vectors ablate tumors by killing tumor cells in the process of virus replication. As progeny virions are released, they infect remaining cancer cells, generating a bystander effect. Ads engineered for increased cancer specificity produce less damage to normal tissues. First-generation oncolytic Ads have demonstrated acceptable levels of safety while the efficacy was observed only in combination with chemotherapy and/or radiation. Second-generation oncolytic Ads are armed with therapeutic transgenes to increase release, spread, and bystander effect for enhancing the efficacy. Third-generation oncolytic Ads are armed vectors with capsid modifications for transductional detargeting from normal tissues and targeting to cancer cells. Chemical modification of the capsid additionally improves therapeutic window. Here, we describe methods for generation and characterization of advanced-generation oncolytic Ads.
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20
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Adenovirus with hexon Tat-protein transduction domain modification exhibits increased therapeutic effect in experimental neuroblastoma and neuroendocrine tumors. J Virol 2011; 85:13114-23. [PMID: 21957304 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05759-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) is widely used as an oncolytic agent for cancer therapy. However, its infectivity is highly dependent on the expression level of coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor (CAR) on the surfaces of tumor cells. Furthermore, infected cells overproduce adenovirus fiber proteins, which are released prior to cell lysis. The released fibers block CAR on noninfected neighboring cells, thereby preventing progeny virus entry. Our aim was to add a CAR-independent infection route to Ad5 to increase the infectivity of tumor cells with low CAR expression and prevent the fiber-masking problem. We constructed Ad5 viruses that encode the protein transduction domain (PTD) of the HIV-1 Tat protein (Tat-PTD) in hypervariable region 5 (HVR5) of the hexon protein. Tat-PTD functions as a cell-penetrating peptide, and Tat-PTD-modified Ad5 showed a dramatic increased transduction of CAR-negative cell lines compared to unmodified vector. Moreover, while tumor cell infectivity was severely reduced for Ad5 in the presence of fiber proteins, it was only marginally reduced for Tat-PTD-modified Ad5. Furthermore, because of the sequence alteration in the hexon HVR, coagulation factor X-mediated virus uptake was significantly reduced. Mice harboring human neuroblastoma and neuroendocrine tumors show suppressed tumor growths and prolonged survival when treated with Tat-PTD-modified oncolytic viruses. Our data suggest that modification of Ad5 with Tat-PTD in HVR5 expands its utility as an oncolytic agent.
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21
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Abstract
Adenoviruses are the most commonly used vectors for gene therapy. Despite the promising safety profile demonstrated in clinical trials, the efficacy of using adenoviruses for gene therapy is poor. A major hurdle to adenoviral-mediated gene therapy is the innate immune system. Cell-mediated recognition of viruses via capsid components or nucleic acids has received significant attention, principally thought to be regulated by the toll-like receptors (TLRs). Antiviral innate immune responses are initiated by the infected cell, which activates the interferon (IFN) response to block viral replication, while simultaneously releasing chemokines to attract neutrophils, mononuclear- and natural killer-cells. While the IFN and cellular recruitment pathways are activated and regulated independently of each other, both are required to overcome immune escape mechanisms by adenoviruses. Recent work has shown that the generation of adenoviral vectors lacking specific transcriptionally-active regions decreases immune system activation and increases the chance for immune escape. In this review, we elucidate how adenoviral vector modifications alter the IFN and innate inflammatory pathway response and propose future targets with clinically-translational relevance.
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22
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Abstract
The cytolytic properties of viruses can be used to treat cancer. Replication of certain viruses is favoured in cancer cells, whereas others can be modified to obtain tumour specificity. This approach has evolved to become a new discipline called virotherapy. In addition, these replication-competent (oncolytic) viruses can be adapted as vectors for cancer gene therapy. The "armed" viruses show a double mechanism of action: direct destruction of cancer cells as a consequence of the lytic viral cycle, in combination with the effect of the therapeutic gene incorporated in the viral genome. Current trends in the field include strategies to increase the oncolytic potency of existing viruses; the evaluation of new candidates; the search for synergistic effects between different viruses and conventional therapies; and a rational approach to take advantage of the interplay between the viruses and the host immune system. This review summarises the most relevant achievements in recent years.
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23
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Khare R, Chen CY, Weaver EA, Barry MA. Advances and future challenges in adenoviral vector pharmacology and targeting. Curr Gene Ther 2011; 11:241-58. [PMID: 21453281 PMCID: PMC3267160 DOI: 10.2174/156652311796150363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus is a robust vector for therapeutic applications, but its use is limited by our understanding of its complex in vivo pharmacology. In this review we describe the necessity of identifying its natural, widespread, and multifaceted interactions with the host since this information will be crucial for efficiently redirecting virus into target cells. In the rational design of vectors, the notion of overcoming a sequence of viral "sinks" must be combined with re-targeting to target populations with capsid as well as shielding the vectors from pre-existing or toxic immune responses. It must also be noted that most known adenoviral pharmacology is deduced from the most commonly used serotypes, Ad5 and Ad2. However, these serotypes may not represent all adenoviruses, and may not even represent the most useful vectors for all purposes. Chimeras between Ad serotypes may become useful in engineering vectors that can selectively evade substantial viral traps, such as Kupffer cells, while retaining the robust qualities of Ad5. Similarly, vectorizing other Ad serotypes may become useful in avoiding immunity against Ad5 altogether. Taken together, this research on basic adenovirus biology will be necessary in developing vectors that interact more strategically with the host for the most optimal therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeti Khare
- Virology and Gene Therapy Program, Mayo Graduate School
| | - Christopher Y Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense Program
| | - Eric A Weaver
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense Program
| | - Michael A Barry
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense Program
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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24
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Weaver EA, Khare R, Hillestad ML, Palmer D, Ng P, Barry MA. Characterization of species C human adenovirus serotype 6 (Ad6). Virology 2011; 412:19-27. [PMID: 21251688 PMCID: PMC3056908 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adenovirus serotype (Ad5) is the most studied Ad. Ad1, 2, and 6 are also members of species C Ad and are presumed to have biologies similar to Ad5. In this work, we have compared the ability of Ad1, 2, 5, and 6 to infect liver and muscle after intravenous and intramuscular injection. We found that Ad6 was surprisingly the most potent at liver gene delivery and that Ad1 and Ad2 were markedly weaker than Ad5 and 6. To understand these differences, we sequenced the Ad6 genome. This revealed that the Ad6 fiber protein is surprisingly three shaft repeats shorter than the others which may explain differences in virus infectivity in vitro, but not in the liver. Comparison of hexon hypervariable regions (HVRs) suggests that the higher transduction by Ad5 and 6 as compared to Ad1 and 2 may be related to differences in charge and length.
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MESH Headings
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/virology
- Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
- Adenoviruses, Human/growth & development
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- DNA, Viral/chemistry
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Genes, Reporter
- Humans
- Liver/pathology
- Liver/virology
- Luciferases/analysis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscles/pathology
- Muscles/virology
- Phylogeny
- Rodent Diseases/pathology
- Rodent Diseases/virology
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Transduction, Genetic
- Whole Body Imaging/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Weaver
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902
| | - Reeti Khare
- Virology and Gene Therapy Graduate Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902
| | - Mathew L. Hillestad
- Virology and Gene Therapy Graduate Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902
| | - Donna Palmer
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Philip Ng
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael A. Barry
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902
- Department of Immunology, Department of Molecμlar Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902
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25
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Shan L, Xue J, Guo J, Qian Z, Achilefu S, Gu Y. Improved targeting of ligand-modified adenovirus as a new near infrared fluorescence tumor imaging probe. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:567-81. [PMID: 21401110 DOI: 10.1021/bc100245t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
E1/E3-deleted Adenovirus 5 (Ad.5) possesses a great potential in gene therapy because of its high efficacy in gene transfer and low toxicity. Studies have shown that Coxsackie-Adenovirus receptor (CAR) is the determinant factor for the targeting of Adenovirus vectors. To extend the natural targeting of Ad to low CAR expressing tumors, we covalently attached folic acid (FA) to E1/E3-deleted Ad.5 capsids. Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye ICG-Der-02 was subsequently conjugated with FA-Ad particles for in vivo imaging. The cell experiments and acute toxicity studies demonstrated the low toxicity of FA-Ad-ICG02 to normal cell/tissues. The dynamic behavior and targeting ability of FA-Ad-ICG02 to different tumors were investigated by NIR fluorescence imaging. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated its high targeting capability to CAR or FR positive tumors. The results support the potential of using ligand-modified Ad probe for tumor diagnosis and targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Shan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009, China
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26
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Tropism-modification strategies for targeted gene delivery using adenoviral vectors. Viruses 2010; 2:2290-2355. [PMID: 21994621 PMCID: PMC3185574 DOI: 10.3390/v2102290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Achieving high efficiency, targeted gene delivery with adenoviral vectors is a long-standing goal in the field of clinical gene therapy. To achieve this, platform vectors must combine efficient retargeting strategies with detargeting modifications to ablate native receptor binding (i.e. CAR/integrins/heparan sulfate proteoglycans) and “bridging” interactions. “Bridging” interactions refer to coagulation factor binding, namely coagulation factor X (FX), which bridges hepatocyte transduction in vivo through engagement with surface expressed heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). These interactions can contribute to the off-target sequestration of Ad5 in the liver and its characteristic dose-limiting hepatotoxicity, thereby significantly limiting the in vivo targeting efficiency and clinical potential of Ad5-based therapeutics. To date, various approaches to retargeting adenoviruses (Ad) have been described. These include genetic modification strategies to incorporate peptide ligands (within fiber knob domain, fiber shaft, penton base, pIX or hexon), pseudotyping of capsid proteins to include whole fiber substitutions or fiber knob chimeras, pseudotyping with non-human Ad species or with capsid proteins derived from other viral families, hexon hypervariable region (HVR) substitutions and adapter-based conjugation/crosslinking of scFv, growth factors or monoclonal antibodies directed against surface-expressed target antigens. In order to maximize retargeting, strategies which permit detargeting from undesirable interactions between the Ad capsid and components of the circulatory system (e.g. coagulation factors, erythrocytes, pre-existing neutralizing antibodies), can be employed simultaneously. Detargeting can be achieved by genetic ablation of native receptor-binding determinants, ablation of “bridging interactions” such as those which occur between the hexon of Ad5 and coagulation factor X (FX), or alternatively, through the use of polymer-coated “stealth” vectors which avoid these interactions. Simultaneous retargeting and detargeting can be achieved by combining multiple genetic and/or chemical modifications.
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27
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Chen CY, May SM, Barry MA. Targeting adenoviruses with factor x-single-chain antibody fusion proteins. Hum Gene Ther 2010; 21:739-49. [PMID: 20331369 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2009.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract It has been shown that blood clotting factors, including factor X (FX), bind to the adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) hexon protein and target the virus to liver hepatocytes after intravenous injection. These factors bind to hexon via their conserved vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (GLA) domains with subnanomolar affinity. In this work, we have used this strong interaction to retarget Ad to new receptors, using the GLA domain of FX fused to single-chain antibody variable fragment (ScFv). We demonstrate that fusion of the GLA domain of human FX to receptor-specific ScFvs will target Ad5 vectors to cells expressing these receptors. Fusion of an alphaHer2 ScFv to GLA increased in vitro transduction of Her2-positive versus Her2-negative cells when compared with untargeted virus. Similar results were obtained with ScFvs against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and against the stem cell marker ATP-binding cassette protein G2 (ABCG2). Direct expression of GLA fusion protein from replication-defective or replication-competent Ad increased infection and killing of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. These data demonstrate the potential of using GLA domains to bridge secreted ligands with intracellularly produced Ad5 vectors for vector targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Y Chen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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28
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Short JJ, Rivera AA, Wu H, Walter MR, Yamamoto M, Mathis JM, Curiel DT. Substitution of adenovirus serotype 3 hexon onto a serotype 5 oncolytic adenovirus reduces factor X binding, decreases liver tropism, and improves antitumor efficacy. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:2536-44. [PMID: 20736345 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Following intravascular delivery, an important route of administration for many clinical applications, the liver is the predominant site of adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) sequestration, thereby posing a risk of toxicity. In this regard, it has recently been shown that the Ad5 capsid binds to the blood coagulation factor X (FX) via the Ad5 hexon protein. This interaction mediates the majority of Ad5 liver transduction. Patient FX levels can be diminished by the administration of warfarin, a vitamin K inhibitor in the liver that decreases FX production; however, warfarin is a potent anticoagulant and can have a number of undesired side effects. Therefore, genetic modification of the virus to ablate FX binding is the preferred approach. Modifications of the hexon protein, specifically within the hypervariable 5 (HVR5) and 7 (HVR7) regions, have produced Ad5 vectors that show minimal liver sequestration. Our laboratory has pioneered adenovirus hexon modifications, including insertion of peptide ligands into the hypervariable regions and substitution of the adenovirus hexon with hexon proteins from alternate serotypes. Substitution of the adenovirus serotype 3 (Ad3) hexon protein onto the Ad5 capsid has been further characterized with regard to its interaction with FX and incorporated into an infectivity-enhanced conditionally replicative adenovirus (CRAd). In vitro evaluation of these hexon-modified vectors showed decreased binding to FX and decreased cell transduction via FX-mediated pathways. Furthermore, in vivo biodistribution studies in mice exhibited a decrease in liver sequestration. With the use of xenograft tumor models, the antitumor efficacy of the hexon-modified CRAds was enhanced over nonmodified controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Short
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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29
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Wu P, Kudrolli TA, Chowdhury WH, Liu MM, Rodriguez R, Lupold SE. Adenovirus targeting to prostate-specific membrane antigen through virus-displayed, semirandom peptide library screening. Cancer Res 2010; 70:9549-53. [PMID: 20670952 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The convergence of phage-displayed peptide libraries and recombinant viral vectors launched a promising new direction in targeted viral gene therapeutics, but the translation of targeting peptides to functional cancer therapeutic agents has been challenging. Here, we report progress in developing a successful strategy to optimize targeted viral infection through adenovirus-displayed, semirandom peptide libraries. A phage-derived peptide targeting the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) was genetically incorporated into the adenoviral capsid Fiber protein and flanked by random peptide cassettes. The resulting adenovirus library was biopanned against PSMA-expressing cells and tumors to identify a PSMA-retargeted adenovirus. While the initial peptide alone could not target viral infection, the selected virus preferentially infects PSMA-expressing cells through the targeting peptide and infects LNCaP tumors after intravenous injection. Our results indicate that virus-displayed, semirandom peptide libraries can be used to optimize targeting infection. This approach represents a novel principle for developing targeted agents in a variety of disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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30
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Biodistribution and retargeting of FX-binding ablated adenovirus serotype 5 vectors. Blood 2010; 116:2656-64. [PMID: 20610817 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-12-260026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A major limitation for adenoviral transduction in vivo is the profound liver tropism of adenovirus type 5 (Ad5). Recently, we demonstrated that coagulation factor X (FX) binds to Ad5-hexon protein at high affinity to mediate hepatocyte transduction after intravascular delivery. We developed novel genetically FX-binding ablated Ad5 vectors with lower liver transduction. Here, we demonstrate that FX-binding ablated Ad5 predominantly localize to the liver and spleen 1 hour after injection; however, they had highly reduced liver transduction in both control and macrophage-depleted mice compared with Ad5. At high doses in macrophage-depleted mice, FX-binding ablated vectors transduced the spleen more efficiently than Ad5. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated transgene colocalization with CD11c(+), ER-TR7(+), and MAdCAM-1(+) cells in the splenic marginal zone. Systemic inflammatory profiles were broadly similar between FX-binding ablated Ad5 and Ad5 at low and intermediate doses, although higher levels of several inflammatory proteins were observed at the highest dose of FX-binding ablated Ad5. Subsequently, we generated a FX-binding ablated virus containing a high affinity Ad35 fiber that mediated a significant improvement in lung/liver ratio in macrophage-depleted CD46(+) mice compared with controls. Therefore, this study documents the biodistribution and reports the retargeting capacity of FX binding-ablated Ad5 vectors in vitro and in vivo.
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31
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Abstract
Targeted therapy of cancer using oncolytic viruses has generated much interest over the past few years in the light of the limited efficacy and side effects of standard cancer therapeutics for advanced disease. In 2006, the world witnessed the first government-approved oncolytic virus for the treatment of head and neck cancer. It has been known for many years that viruses have the ability to replicate in and lyse cancer cells. Although encouraging results have been demonstrated in vitro and in animal models, most oncolytic viruses have failed to impress in the clinical setting. The explanation is multifactorial, determined by the complex interactions between the tumor and its microenvironment, the virus, and the host immune response. This review focuses on discussion of the obstacles that oncolytic virotherapy faces and recent advances made to overcome them, with particular reference to adenoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Hsi Wong
- Centre for Molecular Oncology and Imaging, Institute of Cancer, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; E-Mails: (H.H.W.); (N.R.L.)
| | - Nicholas R. Lemoine
- Centre for Molecular Oncology and Imaging, Institute of Cancer, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; E-Mails: (H.H.W.); (N.R.L.)
- Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yaohe Wang
- Centre for Molecular Oncology and Imaging, Institute of Cancer, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; E-Mails: (H.H.W.); (N.R.L.)
- Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +44-2078823596, Fax: +44-2078823884
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