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Kakish JE, Mehrani Y, Kodeeswaran A, Geronimo K, Clark ME, van Vloten JP, Karimi K, Mallard BA, Meng B, Bridle BW, Knapp JP. Investigating the effect of reduced temperatures on the efficacy of rhabdovirus-based viral vector platforms. J Gen Virol 2024; 105:002010. [PMID: 39172037 PMCID: PMC11340643 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.002010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Rhabdoviral vectors can induce lysis of cancer cells. While studied almost exclusively at 37 °C, viruses are subject to a range of temperatures in vivo, including temperatures ≤31 °C. Despite potential implications, the effect of temperatures <37 °C on the performance of rhabdoviral vectors is unknown. We investigated the effect of low anatomical temperatures on two rhabdoviruses, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and Maraba virus (MG1). Using a metabolic resazurin assay, VSV- and MG1-mediated oncolysis was characterized in a panel of cell lines at 28, 31, 34 and 37 °C. The oncolytic ability of both viruses was hindered at 31 and 28 °C. Cold adaptation of both viruses was attempted as a mitigation strategy. Viruses were serially passaged at decreasing temperatures in an attempt to induce mutations. Unfortunately, the cold-adaptation strategies failed to potentiate the oncolytic activity of the viruses at temperatures <37 °C. Interestingly, we discovered that viral replication was unaffected at low temperatures despite the abrogation of oncolytic activity. In contrast, the proliferation of cancer cells was reduced at low temperatures. Equivalent oncolytic effects could be achieved if cells at low temperatures were treated with viruses for longer times. This suggests that rhabdovirus-mediated oncolysis could be compromised at low temperatures in vivo where therapeutic windows are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E. Kakish
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Yeganeh Mehrani
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Arthane Kodeeswaran
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Katrina Geronimo
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mary Ellen Clark
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jacob P. van Vloten
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Bonnie A. Mallard
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Baozhong Meng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Byram W. Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jason P. Knapp
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Armstrong E, Chiu MKL, Foo S, Appleton L, Nenclares P, Patrikeev A, Mohan N, Mclaughlin M, Bozhanova G, Hoebart J, Roulstone V, Patin E, Pedersen M, Kyula J, Ono M, Errington-Mais F, Bell J, Harrington KJ, Melcher A, Jennings V. Combination of oncolytic Maraba virus with immune checkpoint blockade overcomes therapy resistance in an immunologically cold model of advanced melanoma with dysfunctional T-cell receptor signalling. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e009443. [PMID: 39060020 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2024-009443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past decade, cancer immunotherapies have revolutionized the treatment of melanoma; however, responses vary across patient populations. Recently, baseline tumor size has been identified as an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in patients with melanoma receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors. MG1 is a novel oncolytic agent with broad tumor tropism that has recently entered early-phase clinical trials. The aim of this study was to characterize T-cell responses in human and mouse melanoma models following MG1 treatment and to establish if features of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) at two distinct tumor burdens would impact the efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy. METHODS Human three-dimensional in vitro priming assays were performed to measure antitumor and antiviral T-cell responses following MG1 infection. T-cell receptor (TCR) sequencing, T2 killing assay, and peptide recall assays were used to assess the evolution of the TCR repertoire, and measure specific T-cell responses, respectively. In vivo, subcutaneous 4434 melanomas were characterized using RNA sequencing, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry. The effectiveness of intratumoral MG1 was assessed in advancing 4434 tumors and the generation of antitumor and antiviral T cells measured by splenocyte recall assays. Finally, combination MG1 and programmed cell death protein-1 antibody (αPD-1) therapy was investigated in advanced 4434 tumors. RESULTS MG1 effectively supported priming of functional cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) against tumor-associated antigens as well as virus-derived peptides, as assessed using peptide recall and T2 killing assays, respectively. TCR sequencing revealed that MG1-primed CTL comprised larger clusters of similar CDR3 amino acid sequences compared with controls. In vivo testing of MG1 demonstrated that MG1 monotherapy was highly effective at treating early disease, resulting in 90% cures; however, the efficacy of MG1 reduced as the disease burden (local tumor size) increased, and the addition of αPD-1 was required to overcome resistance in more advanced disease. Differential gene expression profiles revealed that increased tumor burden was associated with an immunologically colder TIME. Furthermore, analysis of TCR signaling in advancing tumors demonstrated a different dynamic of TCR engagement compared with smaller tumors, in particular a shift in antigen recognition by CD4+ cells, from conventional to regulatory subsets. CONCLUSION Addition of αPD-1 to MG1 is required to overcome viral therapy resistance in immunologically 'colder' more advanced melanoma, highlighting the importance of tumor burden to different types of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Armstrong
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Matthew K L Chiu
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Shane Foo
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Lizzie Appleton
- Imperial College London, London, London, UK
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Pablo Nenclares
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Head and Neck Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Anton Patrikeev
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Nitya Mohan
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Martin Mclaughlin
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Galabina Bozhanova
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Julia Hoebart
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | | | - Malin Pedersen
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Joan Kyula
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Fiona Errington-Mais
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - John Bell
- Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin J Harrington
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Alan Melcher
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Victoria Jennings
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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3
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Gujar S, Pol JG, Kumar V, Lizarralde-Guerrero M, Konda P, Kroemer G, Bell JC. Tutorial: design, production and testing of oncolytic viruses for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Protoc 2024:10.1038/s41596-024-00985-1. [PMID: 38769145 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-024-00985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) represent a novel class of cancer immunotherapy agents that preferentially infect and kill cancer cells and promote protective antitumor immunity. Furthermore, OVs can be used in combination with established or upcoming immunotherapeutic agents, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors, to efficiently target a wide range of malignancies. The development of OV-based therapy involves three major steps before clinical evaluation: design, production and preclinical testing. OVs can be designed as natural or engineered strains and subsequently selected for their ability to kill a broad spectrum of cancer cells rather than normal, healthy cells. OV selection is further influenced by multiple factors, such as the availability of a specific viral platform, cancer cell permissivity, the need for genetic engineering to render the virus non-pathogenic and/or more effective and logistical considerations around the use of OVs within the laboratory or clinical setting. Selected OVs are then produced and tested for their anticancer potential by using syngeneic, xenograft or humanized preclinical models wherein immunocompromised and immunocompetent setups are used to elucidate their direct oncolytic ability as well as indirect immunotherapeutic potential in vivo. Finally, OVs demonstrating the desired anticancer potential progress toward translation in patients with cancer. This tutorial provides guidelines for the design, production and preclinical testing of OVs, emphasizing considerations specific to OV technology that determine their clinical utility as cancer immunotherapy agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Gujar
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jonathan G Pol
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, UMS AMICCa, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Vishnupriyan Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Manuela Lizarralde-Guerrero
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, UMS AMICCa, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Prathyusha Konda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France.
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, UMS AMICCa, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
- Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.
| | - John C Bell
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Abdalla AL, Guajardo-Contreras G, Mouland AJ. A Canadian Survey of Research on HIV-1 Latency-Where Are We Now and Where Are We Heading? Viruses 2024; 16:229. [PMID: 38400005 PMCID: PMC10891605 DOI: 10.3390/v16020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, almost 40 million people are currently living with HIV-1. The implementation of cART inhibits HIV-1 replication and reduces viremia but fails to eliminate HIV-1 from latently infected cells. These cells are considered viral reservoirs from which HIV-1 rebounds if cART is interrupted. Several efforts have been made to identify these cells and their niches. There has been little success in diminishing the pool of latently infected cells, underscoring the urgency to continue efforts to fully understand how HIV-1 establishes and maintains a latent state. Reactivating HIV-1 expression in these cells using latency-reversing agents (LRAs) has been successful, but only in vitro. This review aims to provide a broad view of HIV-1 latency, highlighting Canadian contributions toward these aims. We will summarize the research efforts conducted in Canadian labs to understand the establishment of latently infected cells and how this informs curative strategies, by reviewing how HIV latency is established, which cells are latently infected, what methodologies have been developed to characterize them, how new compounds are discovered and evaluated as potential LRAs, and what clinical trials aim to reverse latency in people living with HIV (PLWH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luiza Abdalla
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; (A.L.A.); (G.G.-C.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Gabriel Guajardo-Contreras
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; (A.L.A.); (G.G.-C.)
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Andrew J. Mouland
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; (A.L.A.); (G.G.-C.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
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5
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Volovat SR, Scripcariu DV, Vasilache IA, Stolniceanu CR, Volovat C, Augustin IG, Volovat CC, Ostafe MR, Andreea-Voichița SG, Bejusca-Vieriu T, Lungulescu CV, Sur D, Boboc D. Oncolytic Virotherapy: A New Paradigm in Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1180. [PMID: 38256250 PMCID: PMC10816814 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are emerging as potential treatment options for cancer. Natural and genetically engineered viruses exhibit various antitumor mechanisms. OVs act by direct cytolysis, the potentiation of the immune system through antigen release, and the activation of inflammatory responses or indirectly by interference with different types of elements in the tumor microenvironment, modification of energy metabolism in tumor cells, and antiangiogenic action. The action of OVs is pleiotropic, and they show varied interactions with the host and tumor cells. An important impediment in oncolytic virotherapy is the journey of the virus into the tumor cells and the possibility of its binding to different biological and nonbiological vectors. OVs have been demonstrated to eliminate cancer cells that are resistant to standard treatments in many clinical trials for various cancers (melanoma, lung, and hepatic); however, there are several elements of resistance to the action of viruses per se. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the combination of OVs with other standard treatment modalities, such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapies, and cellular therapies, to increase the response rate. This review provides a comprehensive update on OVs, their use in oncolytic virotherapy, and the future prospects of this therapy alongside the standard therapies currently used in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Ruxandra Volovat
- Department of Medical Oncology-Radiotherapy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.R.V.); (M.-R.O.); (S.-G.A.-V.); (T.B.-V.)
| | - Dragos Viorel Scripcariu
- Department of Surgery, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Ingrid Andrada Vasilache
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cati Raluca Stolniceanu
- Department of Biophysics and Medical Physics—Nuclear Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Constantin Volovat
- Department of Medical Oncology-Radiotherapy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.R.V.); (M.-R.O.); (S.-G.A.-V.); (T.B.-V.)
| | | | | | - Madalina-Raluca Ostafe
- Department of Medical Oncology-Radiotherapy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.R.V.); (M.-R.O.); (S.-G.A.-V.); (T.B.-V.)
| | - Slevoacă-Grigore Andreea-Voichița
- Department of Medical Oncology-Radiotherapy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.R.V.); (M.-R.O.); (S.-G.A.-V.); (T.B.-V.)
| | - Toni Bejusca-Vieriu
- Department of Medical Oncology-Radiotherapy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.R.V.); (M.-R.O.); (S.-G.A.-V.); (T.B.-V.)
| | | | - Daniel Sur
- 11th Department of Medical Oncology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Diana Boboc
- Department of Medical Oncology-Radiotherapy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.R.V.); (M.-R.O.); (S.-G.A.-V.); (T.B.-V.)
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6
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Grard M, Idjellidaine M, Arbabian A, Chatelain C, Berland L, Combredet C, Dutoit S, Deshayes S, Dehame V, Labarrière N, Fradin D, Boisgerault N, Blanquart C, Tangy F, Fonteneau JF. Oncolytic attenuated measles virus encoding NY-ESO-1 induces HLA I and II presentation of this tumor antigen by melanoma and dendritic cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:3309-3322. [PMID: 37466668 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03486-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Antitumor virotherapy stimulates the antitumor immune response during tumor cell lysis induced by oncolytic viruses (OVs). OV can be modified to express additional transgenes that enhance their therapeutic potential. In this study, we armed the spontaneously oncolytic Schwarz strain of measles viruses (MVs) with the gene encoding the cancer/testis antigen NY-ESO-1 to obtain MVny. We compared MV and MVny oncolytic activity and ability to induce NY-ESO-1 expression in six human melanoma cell lines. After MVny infection, we measured the capacity of melanoma cells to present NY-ESO-1 peptides to CD4 + and CD8 + T cell clones specific for this antigen. We assessed the ability of MVny to induce NY-ESO-1 expression and presentation in monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs). Our results show that MVny and MV oncolytic activity are similar with a faster cell lysis induced by MVny. We also observed that melanoma cell lines and DC expressed the NY-ESO-1 protein after MVny infection. In addition, MVny-infected melanoma cells and DCs were able to stimulate NY-ESO-1-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. Finally, MVny was able to induce DC maturation. Altogether, these results show that MVny could be an interesting candidate to stimulate NY-ESO-1-specific T cells in melanoma patients with NY-ESO-1-expressing tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Grard
- Nantes Université, Inserm UMR 1307, CNRS UMR 6075, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, F-44000, Nantes, France
- Labex IGO, Immunology Graft Oncology, Nantes, France
| | - Mohamed Idjellidaine
- Nantes Université, Inserm UMR 1307, CNRS UMR 6075, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, F-44000, Nantes, France
- Labex IGO, Immunology Graft Oncology, Nantes, France
| | - Atousa Arbabian
- Vaccines Innovation Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Camille Chatelain
- Nantes Université, Inserm UMR 1307, CNRS UMR 6075, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, F-44000, Nantes, France
- Labex IGO, Immunology Graft Oncology, Nantes, France
| | - Laurine Berland
- Nantes Université, Inserm UMR 1307, CNRS UMR 6075, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, F-44000, Nantes, France
- Labex IGO, Immunology Graft Oncology, Nantes, France
| | - Chantal Combredet
- Vaccines Innovation Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Soizic Dutoit
- Nantes Université, Inserm UMR 1307, CNRS UMR 6075, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, F-44000, Nantes, France
- Labex IGO, Immunology Graft Oncology, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Deshayes
- Nantes Université, Inserm UMR 1307, CNRS UMR 6075, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, F-44000, Nantes, France
- Labex IGO, Immunology Graft Oncology, Nantes, France
| | - Virginie Dehame
- Nantes Université, Inserm UMR 1307, CNRS UMR 6075, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, F-44000, Nantes, France
- Labex IGO, Immunology Graft Oncology, Nantes, France
| | - Nathalie Labarrière
- Labex IGO, Immunology Graft Oncology, Nantes, France
- Nantes Université, Université d'Angers, Inserm, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1302, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Delphine Fradin
- Nantes Université, Inserm UMR 1307, CNRS UMR 6075, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, F-44000, Nantes, France
- Labex IGO, Immunology Graft Oncology, Nantes, France
| | - Nicolas Boisgerault
- Nantes Université, Inserm UMR 1307, CNRS UMR 6075, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, F-44000, Nantes, France
- Labex IGO, Immunology Graft Oncology, Nantes, France
| | - Christophe Blanquart
- Nantes Université, Inserm UMR 1307, CNRS UMR 6075, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, F-44000, Nantes, France
- Labex IGO, Immunology Graft Oncology, Nantes, France
| | - Frédéric Tangy
- Vaccines Innovation Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
- Oncovita, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Fonteneau
- Nantes Université, Inserm UMR 1307, CNRS UMR 6075, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, F-44000, Nantes, France.
- Labex IGO, Immunology Graft Oncology, Nantes, France.
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He T, Shi Y, Kou X, Shen M, Liang X, Li X, Wu R, You Y, Wu Q, Gong C. Antigenicity and adjuvanticity co-reinforced personalized cell vaccines based on self-adjuvanted hydrogel for post-surgical cancer vaccination. Biomaterials 2023; 301:122218. [PMID: 37393695 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Cancer vaccine-based postsurgical immunotherapy is emerging as a promising approach in patients following surgical resection for inhibition of tumor recurrence. However, low immunogenicity and insufficient cancer antigens limit the widespread application of postoperative cancer vaccines. Here, we propose a "trash to treasure" cancer vaccine strategy to enhance postsurgical personalized immunotherapy, in which antigenicity and adjuvanticity of purified surgically exfoliated autologous tumors (with whole antigen repertoire) were co-reinforced. In the antigenicity and adjuvanticity co-reinforced personalized vaccine (Angel-Vax), polyriboinosinic: polyribocytidylic acid (pIC) and tumor cells that have undergone immunogenic death are encapsulated in a self-adjuvanted hydrogel formed by cross-linking of mannan and polyethyleneimine. Angel-Vax exhibits an enhanced capacity on antigen-presenting cells stimulation and maturation compared to its individual components in vitro. Immunization with Angel-Vax provokes an efficient systemic cytotoxic T-cell immune response, contributing to the satisfied prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy in mice. Furthermore, when combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), Angel-Vax effectively prevented postsurgical tumor recurrence, as evidenced by an increase in median survival of approximately 35% compared with ICI alone. Unlike the cumbersome preparation process of postoperative cancer vaccines, the simple and feasible approach herein may represent a general strategy for various kinds of tumor cell-based antigens in the inhibition of postsurgical tumor relapse by reinforced immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao He
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Yiling Shi
- Operating Room, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, PR China
| | - Xiaorong Kou
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Meiling Shen
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Xiuqi Liang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Xinchao Li
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Yanjie You
- Department of Gastroenterology, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, 750002, PR China
| | - Qinjie Wu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Changyang Gong
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
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Monaco ML, Idris OA, Filpi GA, Kohler SL, Haller SD, Burr JE, Eversole R, Essani K. Multiple Administration Routes, Including Intramuscular Injection, of Oncolytic Tanapoxvirus Variants Significantly Regress Human Melanoma Xenografts in BALB/c Nude Mice Reconstituted with Splenocytes from Normal BALB/c Donors. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1533. [PMID: 37628585 PMCID: PMC10454540 DOI: 10.3390/genes14081533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer and is responsible for the most deaths of all skin cancers. Localized tumors, and those which have limited spread, have 5-year survival rates of over 90%, with those numbers steadily rising over the past decade. However, metastatic melanomas have a sharp decrease in 5-year survival rates and are still an area of need for new, successful therapies. Immuno-oncolytic viruses (OVs) have emerged as a promising class of immunovirotherapy that can potentially address this disease. The Food and Drug Administration in the United States has approved one oncolytic herpes simplex virus expressing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (Talimogene Laherparepvec) for the treatment of metastatic melanoma, and others could soon follow for this and other cancers. In previous studies, Tanapoxvirus (TPV) recombinants expressing mouse interleukin-2 (mIL-2) and another expressing bacterial flagellin from Salmonella typhimurium (FliC) have demonstrated anti-tumor efficacy in nude mouse models. TPV replicates only in humans and monkeys, including tumor cells, which makes the use of syngeneic tumor models impossible for the study of this OV in a standard immunocompetent system. In this study, TPV/Δ66R/mIL-2 and TPV/Δ2L/Δ66R/FliC were tested for their ability to treat human melanoma xenografts (SK-MEL3) in a BALB/c nude mouse model reconstituted with splenocytes from genetically compatible, normal BALB/c donor mice. Two SK-MEL3 tumors were transplanted into each flank of BALB/c nude mice, and the larger tumor was treated intratumorally (IT) with virus or mock injection. In one set of animals, mice received adoptive transfers of splenocytes from BALB/c mice on day 4 to reconstitute their immune systems and allow for adaptive immune responses to occur in a xenograft model. Direct IT injection of TPV/Δ66R/mIL-2 led to significantly greater rates of tumor regression compared to reconstituted control (RC) mice in the primary and distant tumor sites, whereas TPV/Δ2L/Δ66R/FliC treatment led to significantly greater rates of tumor regression in distant tumor sites only. A second experiment used TPV/Δ66R/mIL-2 to test whether TPV could be administered intravenously (IV), intramuscularly (IM), or both routes simultaneously to exert similar anti-tumor effects in an indirectly treated tumor. A single SK-MEL3 tumor was transplanted into one flank of BALB/c nude mice and was treated either into the tail vein, the nearest rear leg to the tumor, or both. All mice then received adoptive transfers of splenocytes in the same way as previously described on day 4 and received an additional TPV treatment on day 14. The results demonstrated that TPV/Δ66R/mIL-2 treatment IV or IM had significantly greater rates of tumor regression than RC-treated mice but failed to exert this effect when both routes were used simultaneously. Data obtained through these experiments support the continued development of Tanapoxvirus for the treatment of human melanoma and using immune reconstitution to create intact adaptive immunity in a xenograft context, which can allow other tropism-limited OVs to be studied against human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Monaco
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA; (M.L.M.); (O.A.I.); (G.A.F.); (S.L.K.); (R.E.)
| | - Omer A. Idris
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA; (M.L.M.); (O.A.I.); (G.A.F.); (S.L.K.); (R.E.)
| | - Grace A. Filpi
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA; (M.L.M.); (O.A.I.); (G.A.F.); (S.L.K.); (R.E.)
| | - Steven L. Kohler
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA; (M.L.M.); (O.A.I.); (G.A.F.); (S.L.K.); (R.E.)
| | | | | | - Robert Eversole
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA; (M.L.M.); (O.A.I.); (G.A.F.); (S.L.K.); (R.E.)
| | - Karim Essani
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA; (M.L.M.); (O.A.I.); (G.A.F.); (S.L.K.); (R.E.)
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9
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Nistal-Villan E, Rius-Rocabert S, Llinares-Pinel F. Oncolytic virotherapy in lung cancer. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 379:221-239. [PMID: 37541725 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Lung tumors are one of the most aggressive threats affecting humans. Current therapeutic approaches have improved patients' survival; however, further efforts are required to increase effectiveness and protection against tumor relapse and metastasis. Immunotherapy presents an alternative to previous treatments that focuses on stimulating of the patient's immune system to destroy tumor cells. Viruses can be used as part of the immune therapeutic approach as agents that could selectively infect tumor cells, triggering an immune response against the infection and against the tumor cells. Some viruses have been selected for specifically infecting and destroying cancer cells, activating the immune response, enhancing access, amplifying the cytotoxicity against the tumor cells, and improving the long-term memory that can prevent tumor relapse. Oncolytic virotherapy can then be used as a strategy to target the destruction of transformed cells at the tumor site and act in locations distant from the primary targeted tumor site. Some of the current challenges in lung cancer treatment can be addressed using traditional therapies combined with oncolytic virotherapy. Defining the best combination, including the choice of the right settings will be at the next frontier in lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estanislao Nistal-Villan
- Microbiology Section, Departamento CC, Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain; Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA) Nemesio Díez, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Spain.
| | - Sergio Rius-Rocabert
- Microbiology Section, Departamento CC, Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain; Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA) Nemesio Díez, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Francisco Llinares-Pinel
- Microbiology Section, Departamento CC, Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
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10
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Viral Vectors in Gene Therapy: Where Do We Stand in 2023? Viruses 2023; 15:v15030698. [PMID: 36992407 PMCID: PMC10059137 DOI: 10.3390/v15030698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors have been used for a broad spectrum of gene therapy for both acute and chronic diseases. In the context of cancer gene therapy, viral vectors expressing anti-tumor, toxic, suicide and immunostimulatory genes, such as cytokines and chemokines, have been applied. Oncolytic viruses, which specifically replicate in and kill tumor cells, have provided tumor eradication, and even cure of cancers in animal models. In a broader meaning, vaccine development against infectious diseases and various cancers has been considered as a type of gene therapy. Especially in the case of COVID-19 vaccines, adenovirus-based vaccines such as ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and Ad26.COV2.S have demonstrated excellent safety and vaccine efficacy in clinical trials, leading to Emergency Use Authorization in many countries. Viral vectors have shown great promise in the treatment of chronic diseases such as severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), muscular dystrophy, hemophilia, β-thalassemia, and sickle cell disease (SCD). Proof-of-concept has been established in preclinical studies in various animal models. Clinical gene therapy trials have confirmed good safety, tolerability, and therapeutic efficacy. Viral-based drugs have been approved for cancer, hematological, metabolic, neurological, and ophthalmological diseases as well as for vaccines. For example, the adenovirus-based drug Gendicine® for non-small-cell lung cancer, the reovirus-based drug Reolysin® for ovarian cancer, the oncolytic HSV T-VEC for melanoma, lentivirus-based treatment of ADA-SCID disease, and the rhabdovirus-based vaccine Ervebo against Ebola virus disease have been approved for human use.
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11
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Ma R, Li Z, Chiocca EA, Caligiuri MA, Yu J. The emerging field of oncolytic virus-based cancer immunotherapy. Trends Cancer 2023; 9:122-139. [PMID: 36402738 PMCID: PMC9877109 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) provide novel and promising therapeutic options for patients with cancers resistant to traditional therapies. Natural or genetically modified OVs are multifaceted tumor killers. They directly lyse tumor cells while sparing normal cells, and indirectly potentiate antitumor immunity by releasing antigens and activating inflammatory responses in the tumor microenvironment. However, some limitations, such as limited penetration of OVs into tumors, short persistence, and the host antiviral immune response, are impeding the broad translation of oncolytic virotherapy into the clinic. If these challenges can be overcome, combination therapies, such as OVs plus immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, or CAR natural killer (NK) cells, may provide powerful therapeutic platforms in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ma
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 91010, USA; Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Zhenlong Li
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 91010, USA
| | - E Antonio Chiocca
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael A Caligiuri
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 91010, USA; Hematologic Malignancies Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 91010, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, City of Hope, Los Angeles, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 91010, USA; Hematologic Malignancies Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 91010, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, City of Hope, Los Angeles, CA 91010, USA; Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 91010, USA.
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12
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Groeneveldt C, van den Ende J, van Montfoort N. Preexisting immunity: Barrier or bridge to effective oncolytic virus therapy? Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 70:1-12. [PMID: 36732155 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) represent a highly promising treatment strategy for a wide range of cancers, by mediating both the direct killing of tumor cells as well as mobilization of antitumor immune responses. As many OVs circulate in the human population, preexisting OV-specific immune responses are prevalent. Indeed, neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are abundantly present in the human population for commonly used OVs, such as Adenovirus type 5 (Ad5), Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1), Vaccinia virus, Measles virus, and Reovirus. This review discusses (pre)clinical evidence regarding the effect of preexisting immunity against OVs on two distinct aspects of OV therapy; OV infection and spread, as well as the immune response induced upon OV therapy. Combined, this review provides evidence that consideration of preexisting immunity is crucial in realizing the full potential of the highly promising therapeutic implementation of OVs. Future investigation of current gaps in knowledge highlighted in this review should yield a more complete understanding of this topic, ultimately allowing for better and more personalized OV therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christianne Groeneveldt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Jasper van den Ende
- Master Infection & Immunity, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nadine van Montfoort
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
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13
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Oladejo M, Paulishak W, Wood L. Synergistic potential of immune checkpoint inhibitors and therapeutic cancer vaccines. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 88:81-95. [PMID: 36526110 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) function at different stages of the cancer immune cycle due to their distinct mechanisms of action. Therapeutic cancer vaccines enhance the activation and infiltration of cytotoxic immune cells into the tumor microenvironment (TME), while ICIs, prevent and/or reverse the dysfunction of these immune cells. The efficacy of both classes of immunotherapy has been evaluated in monotherapy, but they have been met with several challenges. Although therapeutic cancer vaccines can activate anti-tumor immune responses, these responses are susceptible to attenuation by immunoregulatory molecules. Similarly, ICIs are ineffective in the absence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Further, ICIs are often associated with immune-related adverse effects that may limit quality of life and compliance. However, the combination of the improved immunogenicity afforded by cancer vaccines and restrained immunosuppression provided by immune checkpoint inhibitors may provide a suitable platform for therapeutic synergism. In this review, we revisit the history and various classifications of therapeutic cancer vaccines. We also provide a summary of the currently approved ICIs. Finally, we provide mechanistic insights into the synergism between ICIs and cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Oladejo
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX 79601, USA
| | - Wyatt Paulishak
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX 79601, USA
| | - Laurence Wood
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX 79601, USA.
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14
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Lundstrom K. Gene Therapy Cargoes Based on Viral Vector Delivery. Curr Gene Ther 2023; 23:111-134. [PMID: 36154608 DOI: 10.2174/1566523222666220921112753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Viral vectors have been proven useful in a broad spectrum of gene therapy applications due to their possibility to accommodate foreign genetic material for both local and systemic delivery. The wide range of viral vectors has enabled gene therapy applications for both acute and chronic diseases. Cancer gene therapy has been addressed by the delivery of viral vectors expressing anti-tumor, toxic, and suicide genes for the destruction of tumors. Delivery of immunostimulatory genes such as cytokines and chemokines has also been applied for cancer therapy. Moreover, oncolytic viruses specifically replicating in and killing tumor cells have been used as such for tumor eradication or in combination with tumor killing or immunostimulatory genes. In a broad meaning, vaccines against infectious diseases and various cancers can be considered gene therapy, which has been highly successful, not the least for the development of effective COVID-19 vaccines. Viral vector-based gene therapy has also demonstrated encouraging and promising results for chronic diseases such as severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), muscular dystrophy, and hemophilia. Preclinical gene therapy studies in animal models have demonstrated proof-of-concept for a wide range of disease indications. Clinical evaluation of drugs and vaccines in humans has showed high safety levels, good tolerance, and therapeutic efficacy. Several gene therapy drugs such as the adenovirus-based drug Gendicine® for non-small-cell lung cancer, the reovirus-based drug Reolysin® for ovarian cancer, lentivirus-based treatment of SCID-X1 disease, and the rhabdovirus-based vaccine Ervebo against Ebola virus disease, and adenovirus-based vaccines against COVID-19 have been developed.
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15
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Lundstrom K. Therapeutic Applications for Oncolytic Self-Replicating RNA Viruses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415622. [PMID: 36555262 PMCID: PMC9779410 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-replicating RNA viruses have become attractive delivery vehicles for therapeutic applications. They are easy to handle, can be rapidly produced in large quantities, and can be delivered as recombinant viral particles, naked or nanoparticle-encapsulated RNA, or plasmid DNA-based vectors. The self-replication of RNA in infected host cells provides the means for generating much higher transgene expression levels and the possibility to apply substantially reduced amounts of RNA to achieve similar expression levels or immune responses compared to conventional synthetic mRNA. Alphaviruses and flaviviruses, possessing a single-stranded RNA genome of positive polarity, as well as measles viruses and rhabdoviruses with a negative-stranded RNA genome, have frequently been utilized for therapeutic applications. Both naturally and engineered oncolytic self-replicating RNA viruses providing specific replication in tumor cells have been evaluated for cancer therapy. Therapeutic efficacy has been demonstrated in animal models. Furthermore, the safe application of oncolytic viruses has been confirmed in clinical trials. Multiple myeloma patients treated with an oncolytic measles virus (MV-NIS) resulted in increased T-cell responses against the measles virus and several tumor-associated antigen responses and complete remission in one patient. Furthermore, MV-CEA administration to patients with ovarian cancer resulted in a stable disease and more than doubled the median overall survival.
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16
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Current landscape and perspective of oncolytic viruses and their combination therapies. Transl Oncol 2022; 25:101530. [PMID: 36095879 PMCID: PMC9472052 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy has become an important branch of cancer immunotherapy in clinical practice. Multiple viruses can be engineered to be OVs and armed with anticancer genes to enhance their efficacy. OVs can reshape TME and produce synergistic anticancer efficacy when combined with other therapies. Safety and effectiveness are the main direction of future research and development of OVs.
Oncolytic virotherapy has become an important strategy in cancer immunotherapy. Oncolytic virus (OV) can reshape the tumor microenvironment (TME) through its replication-mediated oncolysis and transgene-produced anticancer effect, inducing an antitumor immune response and creating favorable conditions for the combination of other therapeutic measures. Extensive preclinical and clinical data have suggested that OV-based combination therapy has definite efficacy and promising prospects. Recently, several clinical trials of oncolytic virotherapy combined with immunotherapy have made breakthroughs. This review comprehensively elaborates the OV types and their targeting mechanisms, the selection of anticancer genes armed in OVs, and the therapeutic modes of action and strategies of OVs to provide a theoretical basis for the better design and construction of OVs and the optimization of OV-based therapeutic strategies.
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17
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Abstract
Self-replicating RNA viral vectors have been engineered for both prophylactic and therapeutic applications. Mainly the areas of infectious diseases and cancer have been targeted. Both positive and negative strand RNA viruses have been utilized including alphaviruses, flaviviruses, measles viruses and rhabdoviruses. The high-level of RNA amplification has provided efficient expression of viral surface proteins and tumor antigens. Immunization studies in animal models have elicit robust neutralizing antibody responses. In the context of infectious diseases, immunization with self-replicating RNA viral vectors has provided protection against challenges with lethal doses of pathogens in animal models. Similarly, immunization with vectors expressing tumor antigens has resulted in tumor regression and eradication and protection against tumor challenges in animal models. The transient nature and non-integration of viral RNA into the host genome are ideal features for vaccine development. Moreover, self-replicating RNA viral vectors show great flexibility as they can be applied as recombinant viral particles, RNA replicons or DNA replicon plasmids. Several clinical trials have been conducted especially in the area of cancer immunotherapy.
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18
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Sobhani N, Scaggiante B, Morris R, Chai D, Catalano M, Tardiel-Cyril DR, Neeli P, Roviello G, Mondani G, Li Y. Therapeutic cancer vaccines: From biological mechanisms and engineering to ongoing clinical trials. Cancer Treat Rev 2022; 109:102429. [PMID: 35759856 PMCID: PMC9217071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2022.102429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccines are currently at the forefront of medical innovation. Various endeavors have been made to develop more consolidated approaches to producing nucleic acid-based vaccines, both DNA and mRNA vaccines. These innovations have continued to propel therapeutic platforms forward, especially for mRNA vaccines, after the successes that drove emergency FDA approval of two mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. These vaccines use modified mRNAs and lipid nanoparticles to improve stability, antigen translation, and delivery by evading innate immune activation. Simple alterations of mRNA structure- such as non-replicating, modified, or self-amplifying mRNAs- can provide flexibility for future vaccine development. For protein vaccines, the use of long synthetic peptides of tumor antigens instead of short peptides has further enhanced antigen delivery success and peptide stability. Efforts to identify and target neoantigens instead of antigens shared between tumor cells and normal cells have also improved protein-based vaccines. Other approaches use inactivated patient-derived tumor cells to elicit immune responses, or purified tumor antigens are given to patient-derived dendritic cells that are activated in vitro prior to reinjection. This review will discuss recent developments in therapeutic cancer vaccines such as, mode of action and engineering new types of anticancer vaccines, in order to summarize the latest preclinical and clinical data for further discussion of ongoing clinical endeavors in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Sobhani
- Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Bruna Scaggiante
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy.
| | - Rachel Morris
- Thunder Biotech, 395 Cougar Blvd, Provo, UT 84604, USA.
| | - Dafei Chai
- Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China.
| | - Martina Catalano
- School of Human Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, Florence 50134, Italy.
| | - Dana Rae Tardiel-Cyril
- Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Praveen Neeli
- Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Giandomenico Roviello
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence 50139, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Mondani
- Royal Infirmary Hospital, Foresterhill Health Campus, Foresterhill Rd, Aberdeen AB25 2ZN, United Kingdom.
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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19
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Naumenko VA, Stepanenko AA, Lipatova AV, Vishnevskiy DA, Chekhonin VP. Infection of non-cancer cells: A barrier or support for oncolytic virotherapy? MOLECULAR THERAPY - ONCOLYTICS 2022; 24:663-682. [PMID: 35284629 PMCID: PMC8898763 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are designed to specifically target cancer cells, sparing normal cells. Although numerous studies demonstrate the ability of oncolytic viruses to infect a wide range of non-tumor cells, the significance of this phenomenon for cancer virotherapy is poorly understood. To fill the gap, we summarize the data on infection of non-cancer targets by oncolytic viruses with a special focus on tumor microenvironment and secondary lymphoid tissues. The review aims to address two major questions: how do attenuated viruses manage to infect normal cells, and whether it is of importance for oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A. Naumenko
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
- Corresponding author Victor A. Naumenko, PhD, V. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia.
| | - Aleksei A. Stepanenko
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, N.I Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Anastasiia V. Lipatova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Daniil A. Vishnevskiy
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
| | - Vladimir P. Chekhonin
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, N.I Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
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20
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Controlling Cell Trafficking: Addressing Failures in CAR T and NK Cell Therapy of Solid Tumours. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040978. [PMID: 35205725 PMCID: PMC8870056 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The precision guiding of endogenous or adoptively transferred lymphocytes to the solid tumour mass is obligatory for optimal anti-tumour effects and will improve patient safety. The recognition and elimination of the tumour is best achieved when anti-tumour lymphocytes are proximal to the malignant cells. For example, the regional secretion of soluble factors, cytotoxic granules, and cell-surface molecule interactions are required for the death of tumour cells and the suppression of neovasculature formation, tumour-associated suppressor, or stromal cells. The resistance of individual tumour cell clones to cellular therapy and the hostile environment of the solid tumours is a major challenge to adoptive cell therapy. We review the strategies that could be useful to overcoming insufficient immune cell migration to the tumour cell mass. We argue that existing 'competitive' approaches should now be revisited as complementary approaches to improve CAR T and NK cell therapy.
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21
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Lundstrom K. Self-replicating vehicles based on negative strand RNA viruses. Cancer Gene Ther 2022:10.1038/s41417-022-00436-7. [PMID: 35169298 PMCID: PMC8853047 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-022-00436-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Self-replicating RNA viruses have been engineered as efficient expression vectors for vaccine development for infectious diseases and cancers. Moreover, self-replicating RNA viral vectors, particularly oncolytic viruses, have been applied for cancer therapy and immunotherapy. Among negative strand RNA viruses, measles viruses and rhabdoviruses have been frequently applied for vaccine development against viruses such as Chikungunya virus, Lassa virus, Ebola virus, influenza virus, HIV, Zika virus, and coronaviruses. Immunization of rodents and primates has elicited strong neutralizing antibody responses and provided protection against lethal challenges with pathogenic viruses. Several clinical trials have been conducted. Ervebo, a vaccine based on a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vector has been approved for immunization of humans against Ebola virus. Different types of cancers such as brain, breast, cervical, lung, leukemia/lymphoma, ovarian, prostate, pancreatic, and melanoma, have been the targets for cancer vaccine development, cancer gene therapy, and cancer immunotherapy. Administration of measles virus and VSV vectors have demonstrated immune responses, tumor regression, and tumor eradication in various animal models. A limited number of clinical trials have shown well-tolerated treatment, good safety profiles, and dose-dependent activity in cancer patients.
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22
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Feola S, Russo S, Ylösmäki E, Cerullo V. Oncolytic ImmunoViroTherapy: A long history of crosstalk between viruses and immune system for cancer treatment. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 236:108103. [PMID: 34954301 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer Immunotherapy relies on harnessing a patient's immune system to fine-tune specific anti-tumor responses and ultimately eradicate cancer. Among diverse therapeutic approaches, oncolytic viruses (OVs) have emerged as a novel form of cancer immunotherapy. OVs are a naturally occurring or genetically modified class of viruses able to selectively kill cancer cells, leaving healthy cells unharmed; in the last two decades, the role of OVs has been redefined to act beyond their oncolytic activity. Indeed, the immunogenic cancer cell death mediated by OVs induces the release of tumor antigens that in turn induces anti-tumor immunity, allowing OVs to act as in situ therapeutic cancer vaccines. Additionally, OVs can be engineered for intratumoral delivery of immunostimulatory molecules such as tumor antigens or cytokines to further enhance anti-tumor response. Moreover, OVs can be used in combination with other cancer immunotherapeutic approaches such as Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and CAR-T cells. The current review first defines the three main mechanisms of action (MOA) of OVs currently used in cancer therapy that are: i) Oncolysis, ii) OV-induced cancer-specific immune activation, and iii) Exploiting pre-existing anti-viral immunity to enhance cancer therapy. Secondly, we focus on how OVs can induce and/or improve anti-cancer immunity in a specific or unspecific fashion, highlighting the importance of these approaches. Finally, the last part of the review analyses OVs combined with other cancer immunotherapies, revising present and future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Feola
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Russo
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - E Ylösmäki
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - V Cerullo
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; TRIMM, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology and CEINGE, Naples University Federico II, S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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23
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Mould RC, van Vloten JP, AuYeung AWK, Walsh SR, de Jong J, Susta L, Mutsaers AJ, Petrik JJ, Wood GA, Wootton SK, Karimi K, Bridle BW. Using a Prime-Boost Vaccination Strategy That Proved Effective for High Resolution Epitope Mapping to Characterize the Elusive Immunogenicity of Survivin. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246270. [PMID: 34944889 PMCID: PMC8699342 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The generation of tumor-specific T cells remains a pillar of modern cancer immunotherapy. Exogenous vaccines often rely on targeting tumor-associated antigens. The anti-apoptotic protein survivin has been deemed a high priority target due to its overexpression in a wide variety of tumor types. To support the analysis of tumor-associated T cell responses, optimization of epitope mapping would be valuable. A heterologous prime-boost vaccination strategy was designed to target survivin to induce anti-tumor immune responses. However, survivin-specific T cell responses could not be detected in mice. Potential mechanisms to explain this failure were explored. To confirm the robustness of the vaccination platform, enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) was targeted since it has been defined as a protein with relatively low immunogenicity. In this context the vaccination strategy uncovered novel T cell epitopes from eGFP in two strains of mice. This research highlighted the utility of the vaccine platform to triage potential target antigens based on their immunogenicity. Abstract Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis family of proteins and has been reported to be highly expressed in a variety of cancer types, making it a high priority target for cancer vaccination. We previously described a heterologous prime-boost strategy using a replication-deficient adenovirus, followed by an oncolytic rhabdovirus that generates unprecedented antigen-specific T cell responses. We engineered each vector to express a mutated version of full-length murine survivin. We first sought to uncover the complete epitope map for survivin-specific T cell responses in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice by flow cytometry. However, no T cell responses were detected by intracellular cytokine staining after re-stimulation of T cells. Survivin has been found to be expressed by activated T cells, which could theoretically cause T cell-mediated killing of activated T cells, known as fratricide. We were unable to recapitulate this phenomenon in experiments. Interestingly, the inactivated survivin construct has been previously shown to directly kill tumor cells in vitro. However, there was no evidence in our models of induction of death in antigen-presenting cells due to treatment with a survivin-expressing vector. Using the same recombinant virus-vectored prime-boost strategy targeting the poorly immunogenic enhanced green fluorescent protein proved to be a highly sensitive method for mapping T cell epitopes, particularly in the context of identifying novel epitopes recognized by CD4+ T cells. Overall, these results suggested there may be unusually robust tolerance to survivin in commonly used mouse strains that cannot be broken, even when using a particularly potent vaccination platform. However, the vaccination method shows great promise as a strategy for identifying novel and subdominant T cell epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Mould
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.C.M.); (J.P.v.V.); (A.W.K.A.); (J.d.J.); (L.S.); (G.A.W.); (S.K.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Jacob P. van Vloten
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.C.M.); (J.P.v.V.); (A.W.K.A.); (J.d.J.); (L.S.); (G.A.W.); (S.K.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Amanda W. K. AuYeung
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.C.M.); (J.P.v.V.); (A.W.K.A.); (J.d.J.); (L.S.); (G.A.W.); (S.K.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Scott R. Walsh
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8S 3L8, Canada;
| | - Jondavid de Jong
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.C.M.); (J.P.v.V.); (A.W.K.A.); (J.d.J.); (L.S.); (G.A.W.); (S.K.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Leonardo Susta
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.C.M.); (J.P.v.V.); (A.W.K.A.); (J.d.J.); (L.S.); (G.A.W.); (S.K.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Anthony J. Mutsaers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.J.M.); (J.J.P.)
| | - James J. Petrik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.J.M.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Geoffrey A. Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.C.M.); (J.P.v.V.); (A.W.K.A.); (J.d.J.); (L.S.); (G.A.W.); (S.K.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Sarah K. Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.C.M.); (J.P.v.V.); (A.W.K.A.); (J.d.J.); (L.S.); (G.A.W.); (S.K.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.C.M.); (J.P.v.V.); (A.W.K.A.); (J.d.J.); (L.S.); (G.A.W.); (S.K.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Byram W. Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.C.M.); (J.P.v.V.); (A.W.K.A.); (J.d.J.); (L.S.); (G.A.W.); (S.K.W.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +51-9824-4120 (ext. 54657)
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24
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Hofer T, Rossi M, Carboni S, Di Berardino Besson W, von Laer D, Wollmann G, Derouazi M, Santiago-Raber ML. Heterologous Prime-Boost Vaccination with a Peptide-Based Vaccine and Viral Vector Reshapes Dendritic Cell, CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Phenotypes to Improve the Antitumor Therapeutic Effect. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13236107. [PMID: 34885215 PMCID: PMC8656755 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13236107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Developing new therapeutic cancer vaccines is of paramount importance to counteract tumor escape observed after conventional therapies in certain types of cancer. We have previously shown that the combination of two different vaccine platforms, targeting tumor-specific antigens, resulted in potent immune responses in preclinical models. Here, we show that the heterologous prime-boost combination with a protein vaccine and a viral vector vesicular stomatitis virus immunologically reshapes the immune-excluded TC-1 tumor model as well as the inflamed MC-38 tumor model, leading to beneficial therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, the treatment with a multi-epitope vaccine allowed us to appreciate the various repartition among three antigen-specific cytotoxic T-cell responses combined with the viral boost. The combination leads to improved efficacy in all animals and highlights the importance of combining tumor epitopes. Our vaccine strategy could be further extended to prophylactic cancer vaccines and beyond, for infectious diseases. Abstract Heterologous prime-boost settings with a protein vaccine and the viral vector vesicular stomatitis virus, both expressing tumor-associated antigens (KISIMA-TAA and VSV-GP-TAA), have been previously shown to generate potent antitumor immunity. In the cold TC-1 model (HPV antigen) and the immune-infiltrate MC-38 model (Adpgk, Reps1 and Rpl18 neo-antigens), we further investigated pivotal immune cells that educate CD8+ T cells. Heterologous prime-boost vaccination induced a superior antitumor response characterized by the increase in number and functionality of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells, recruitment of cross-presenting dendritic cells, and polarization of CD4+ T cells towards an antitumor Th1 phenotype within the tumor and tumor-draining lymph nodes, turning the cold TC-1 tumor into a hot, inflamed tumor. In the inflamed MC-38 tumor model, treatment combination markedly prolonged the overall survival of mice. Treatment with multi-epitope vaccines also induced high frequencies of multiple antigen specificities in the periphery and in the tumor. Prime-boost treatment reduced tumor-infiltrating regulatory CD4+ T cells whilst increasing cross-presenting dendritic cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes. In conclusion, heterologous prime-boost vaccination possesses the ability to induce a potent anti-tumor response in both immune-excluded and immune-infiltrated mouse tumor models. Additionally, this study highlights the design of a multi-epitope vaccine for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Hofer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Straße 4b, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (T.H.); (G.W.)
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Straße 4b, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
- AMAL Therapeutics, Fondation Pour Recherches Médicales, Avenue de la Roseraie 64, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.R.); (S.C.); (W.D.B.B.)
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, 55216 Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Matteo Rossi
- AMAL Therapeutics, Fondation Pour Recherches Médicales, Avenue de la Roseraie 64, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.R.); (S.C.); (W.D.B.B.)
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, 55216 Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Susanna Carboni
- AMAL Therapeutics, Fondation Pour Recherches Médicales, Avenue de la Roseraie 64, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.R.); (S.C.); (W.D.B.B.)
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, 55216 Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Wilma Di Berardino Besson
- AMAL Therapeutics, Fondation Pour Recherches Médicales, Avenue de la Roseraie 64, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.R.); (S.C.); (W.D.B.B.)
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, 55216 Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Dorothee von Laer
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Straße 4b, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Guido Wollmann
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Straße 4b, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (T.H.); (G.W.)
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Straße 4b, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Madiha Derouazi
- AMAL Therapeutics, Fondation Pour Recherches Médicales, Avenue de la Roseraie 64, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.R.); (S.C.); (W.D.B.B.)
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, 55216 Ingelheim, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.D.); (M.-L.S.-R.)
| | - Marie-Laure Santiago-Raber
- AMAL Therapeutics, Fondation Pour Recherches Médicales, Avenue de la Roseraie 64, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.R.); (S.C.); (W.D.B.B.)
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, 55216 Ingelheim, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.D.); (M.-L.S.-R.)
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25
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cancer vaccines are one of the most extensively studied immunotherapy type in solid tumors. Despite favorable presuppositions, so far, the use of cancer vaccines has been associated with disappointing results. However, a new generation of vaccines has been developed, promising to revolutionize the immunotherapy field. RECENT FINDINGS In this review, we aim to highlight the advances in cancer vaccines and the remaining hurdles to overcome. Cancer vaccination has experienced tremendous progress in the last decade, with myriad promising developments. Future efforts should focus on optimization of target identification, streamlining of most appropriate vaccination strategies, and adjuvant development, as well as predictive biomarker identification. Cautious optimism is warranted in the face of early successes seen in recent clinical trials for oncolytic vaccines. If an approach were to prove successful, it could revolutionize cancer therapy the way ICIs did in the previous decade.
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26
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Muthuswamy R, McGray AR, Battaglia S, He W, Miliotto A, Eppolito C, Matsuzaki J, Takemasa T, Koya R, Chodon T, Lichty BD, Shrikant P, Odunsi K. CXCR6 by increasing retention of memory CD8 + T cells in the ovarian tumor microenvironment promotes immunosurveillance and control of ovarian cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-003329. [PMID: 34607898 PMCID: PMC8491420 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Resident memory CD8 T cells, owing to their ability to reside and persist in peripheral tissues, impart adaptive sentinel activity and amplify local immune response, and have beneficial implications for tumor surveillance and control. The current study aimed to clarify the less known chemotactic mechanisms that govern the localization, retention, and residency of memory CD8 T cells in the ovarian tumor microenvironment. Experimental design RNA and protein expressions of chemokine receptors in CD8+ resident memory T cells in human ovarian tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and their association with survival were analyzed. The role of CXCR6 on antitumor T cells was investigated using prophylactic vaccine models in murine ovarian cancer. Results Chemokine receptor profiling of CD8+CD103+ resident memory tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in patients with ovarian cancer revealed high expression of CXCR6. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) (ovarian cancer database revealed CXCR6 to be associated with CD103 and increased patient survival. Functional studies in mouse models of ovarian cancer revealed that CXCR6 is a marker of resident, but not circulatory, tumor-specific memory CD8+ T cells. CXCR6-deficient tumor-specific CD8+ T cells showed reduced retention in tumor tissues, leading to diminished resident memory responses and poor control of ovarian cancer. Conclusions CXCR6, by promoting retention in tumor tissues, serves a critical role in resident memory T cell-mediated immunosurveillance and control of ovarian cancer. Future studies warrant exploiting CXCR6 to promote resident memory responses in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikumar Muthuswamy
- Center For Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Aj Robert McGray
- Center For Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Sebastiano Battaglia
- Center For Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Wenjun He
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Anthony Miliotto
- Center For Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Cheryl Eppolito
- Center For Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Junko Matsuzaki
- Center For Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA.,University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tsuji Takemasa
- Center For Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA.,University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Richard Koya
- Center For Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA.,University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Thinle Chodon
- Center For Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA.,University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Brian D Lichty
- Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Protul Shrikant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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27
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Paillet J, Plantureux C, Lévesque S, Le Naour J, Stoll G, Sauvat A, Caudana P, Tosello Boari J, Bloy N, Lachkar S, Martins I, Opolon P, Checcoli A, Delaune A, Robil N, de la Grange P, Hamroune J, Letourneur F, Autret G, Leung PS, Gershwin ME, Zhu JS, Kurth MJ, Lekbaby B, Augustin J, Kim Y, Gujar S, Coulouarn C, Fouassier L, Zitvogel L, Piaggio E, Housset C, Soussan P, Maiuri MC, Kroemer G, Pol JG. Autoimmunity affecting the biliary tract fuels the immunosurveillance of cholangiocarcinoma. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20200853. [PMID: 34495298 PMCID: PMC8429038 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) results from the malignant transformation of cholangiocytes. Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) are chronic diseases in which cholangiocytes are primarily damaged. Although PSC is an inflammatory condition predisposing to CCA, CCA is almost never found in the autoimmune context of PBC. Here, we hypothesized that PBC might favor CCA immunosurveillance. In preclinical murine models of cholangitis challenged with syngeneic CCA, PBC (but not PSC) reduced the frequency of CCA development and delayed tumor growth kinetics. This PBC-related effect appeared specific to CCA as it was not observed against other cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma. The protective effect of PBC was relying on type 1 and type 2 T cell responses and, to a lesser extent, on B cells. Single-cell TCR/RNA sequencing revealed the existence of TCR clonotypes shared between the liver and CCA tumor of a PBC host. Altogether, these results evidence a mechanistic overlapping between autoimmunity and cancer immunosurveillance in the biliary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Paillet
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Céleste Plantureux
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Sarah Lévesque
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Julie Le Naour
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Gautier Stoll
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Allan Sauvat
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Pamela Caudana
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932, Paris, France
| | - Jimena Tosello Boari
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932, Paris, France
| | - Norma Bloy
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Sylvie Lachkar
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Isabelle Martins
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Andrea Checcoli
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U900, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Juliette Hamroune
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Franck Letourneur
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Gwennhael Autret
- Université de Paris, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U970, Paris, France
| | - Patrick S.C. Leung
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA
| | - Jie S. Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Mark J. Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Bouchra Lekbaby
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Augustin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Département de Pathologie, Paris, France
| | - Youra Kim
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Shashi Gujar
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Cédric Coulouarn
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Rennes 1, Chemistry, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling, UMR_S 1242, Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Laura Fouassier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1015, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Eliane Piaggio
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie 1428, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Housset
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis, Department of Hepatology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Soussan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Maria Chiara Maiuri
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan G. Pol
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
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28
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Immunomodulatory Arming Factors-The Current Paradigm for Oncolytic Vectors Relies on Immune Stimulating Molecules. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169051. [PMID: 34445759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The dogma of engineering oncolytic viral vectors has shifted from emphasizing the viral lysis of individual cancer cells to the recruitment and coordination of the adaptive immune system to clear the tumor. To accomplish this, researchers have been adding several classes of transgenes to their preferred viral platforms. The most prevalent of these include antibodies and targeting moieties, interleukins and cytokines, and genes which rely on small molecule co-administration for tumor killing. Most current vectors rely exclusively on one of these types of transgenes to elicit the desired immune response to clear tumors, but are not mutually exclusive, with several larger OVs armed with several of these factors. The common theme of emerging armed vectors is to simply initiate or enhance infiltration of effector CD8+ T cells to clear the tumor locally at OV infection sites, and systemically throughout the body where the OV has not infected tumor cells. The precision of oncolytic vectors to target a cell type or tissue remains its key advantage over small-molecule drugs. Unlike chemo- and other drug therapies, viral vectors can be made to specifically infect and grow within tumor cells. This ensures localized expression of the therapeutic transgene to the diseased tissue, thereby limiting systemic toxicity. This review will examine the immunomodulating transgenes of current OVs, describe their general effect on the immune system, and provide the rationale for each vector's use in clearing its targeted tumor.
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AuYeung AWK, Mould RC, Stegelmeier AA, van Vloten JP, Karimi K, Woods JP, Petrik JJ, Wood GA, Bridle BW. Mechanisms that allow vaccination against an oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus-encoded transgene to enhance safety without abrogating oncolysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15290. [PMID: 34315959 PMCID: PMC8316323 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94483-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination can prevent viral infections via virus-specific T cells, among other mechanisms. A goal of oncolytic virotherapy is replication of oncolytic viruses (OVs) in tumors, so pre-existing T cell immunity against an OV-encoded transgene would seem counterproductive. We developed a treatment for melanomas by pre-vaccinating against an oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-encoded tumor antigen. Surprisingly, when the VSV-vectored booster vaccine was administered at the peak of the primary effector T cell response, oncolysis was not abrogated. We sought to determine how oncolysis was retained during a robust T cell response against the VSV-encoded transgene product. A murine melanoma model was used to identify two mechanisms that enable this phenomenon. First, tumor-infiltrating T cells had reduced cytopathic potential due to immunosuppression. Second, virus-induced lymphopenia acutely removed virus-specific T cells from tumors. These mechanisms provide a window of opportunity for replication of oncolytic VSV and rationale for a paradigm change in oncolytic virotherapy, whereby immune responses could be intentionally induced against a VSV-encoded melanoma-associated antigen to improve safety without abrogating oncolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda W K AuYeung
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Robert C Mould
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ashley A Stegelmeier
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jacob P van Vloten
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - J Paul Woods
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - James J Petrik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Geoffrey A Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada. .,Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Rm. 4834, Bldg. 89, 50 Stone Rd. E., Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Adjuvant oncolytic virotherapy for personalized anti-cancer vaccination. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2626. [PMID: 33976179 PMCID: PMC8113265 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22929-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
By conferring systemic protection and durable benefits, cancer immunotherapies are emerging as long-term solutions for cancer treatment. One such approach that is currently undergoing clinical testing is a therapeutic anti-cancer vaccine that uses two different viruses expressing the same tumor antigen to prime and boost anti-tumor immunity. By providing the additional advantage of directly killing cancer cells, oncolytic viruses (OVs) constitute ideal platforms for such treatment strategy. However, given that the targeted tumor antigen is encoded into the viral genomes, its production requires robust infection and therefore, the vaccination efficiency partially depends on the unpredictable and highly variable intrinsic sensitivity of each tumor to OV infection. In this study, we demonstrate that anti-cancer vaccination using OVs (Adenovirus (Ad), Maraba virus (MRB), Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and Vaccinia virus (VV)) co-administered with antigenic peptides is as efficient as antigen-engineered OVs and does not depend on viral replication. Our strategy is particularly attractive for personalized anti-cancer vaccines targeting patient-specific mutations. We suggest that the use of OVs as adjuvant platforms for therapeutic anti-cancer vaccination warrants testing for cancer treatment. Viruses expressing tumour antigens can prime and boost anti-tumour immunity but the efficiency of this approach depends on the capacity of the virus to infect the host. Here, the authors show that vaccination with oncolytic viruses co-administered with tumour antigenic peptides is as efficient as antigen-engineered oncolytic viruses.
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31
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Redirecting the Immune Microenvironment in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061423. [PMID: 33804676 PMCID: PMC8003817 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite remarkable progress in the outcome of childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML), risk of relapse and refractory diseases remains high. Treatment of the chemo-refractory disease is restricted by dose-limiting therapy-related toxicities which necessitate alternative tolerable efficient therapeutic modalities. By disrupting its immune environment, leukemic blasts are known to gain the ability to evade immune surveillance and promote disease progression; therefore, many efforts have been made to redirect the immune system against malignant blasts. Deeper knowledge about immunologic alterations has paved the way to the discovery and development of novel targeted therapeutic concepts, which specifically override the immune evasion mechanisms to eradicate leukemic blasts. Herein, we review innovative immunotherapeutic strategies and their mechanisms of action in pediatric AML. Abstract Acute myeloid leukemia is a life-threatening malignant disorder arising in a complex and dysregulated microenvironment that, in part, promotes the leukemogenesis. Treatment of relapsed and refractory AML, despite the current overall success rates in management of pediatric AML, remains a challenge with limited options considering the heavy but unsuccessful pretreatments in these patients. For relapsed/refractory (R/R) patients, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) following ablative chemotherapy presents the only opportunity to cure AML. Even though in some cases immune-mediated graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) effect has been proven to efficiently eradicate leukemic blasts, the immune- and chemotherapy-related toxicities and adverse effects considerably restrict the feasibility and therapeutic power. Thus, immunotherapy presents a potent tool against acute leukemia but needs to be engineered to function more specifically and with decreased toxicity. To identify innovative immunotherapeutic approaches, sound knowledge concerning immune-evasive strategies of AML blasts and the clinical impact of an immune-privileged microenvironment is indispensable. Based on our knowledge to date, several promising immunotherapies are under clinical evaluation and further innovative approaches are on their way. In this review, we first focus on immunological dysregulations contributing to leukemogenesis and progression in AML. Second, we highlight the most promising therapeutic targets for redirecting the leukemic immunosuppressive microenvironment into a highly immunogenic environment again capable of anti-leukemic immune surveillance.
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32
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Parking CAR T Cells in Tumours: Oncolytic Viruses as Valets or Vandals? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051106. [PMID: 33807553 PMCID: PMC7961585 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) and adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) each possess direct tumour cytolytic capabilities, and their combination potentially seems like a match made in heaven to complement the strengths and weakness of each modality. While providing strong innate immune stimulation that can mobilize adaptive responses, the magnitude of anti-tumour T cell priming induced by OVs is often modest. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) modified T cells bypass conventional T cell education through introduction of a synthetic receptor; however, realization of their full therapeutic properties can be stunted by the heavily immune-suppressive nature of the tumour microenvironment (TME). Oncolytic viruses have thus been seen as a natural ally to overcome immunosuppressive mechanisms in the TME which limit CAR T cell infiltration and functionality. Engineering has further endowed viruses with the ability to express transgenes in situ to relieve T cell tumour-intrinsic resistance mechanisms and decorate the tumour with antigen to overcome antigen heterogeneity or loss. Despite this helpful remodeling of the tumour microenvironment, it has simultaneously become clear that not all virus induced effects are favourable for CAR T, begging the question whether viruses act as valets ushering CAR T into their active site, or vandals which cause chaos leading to both tumour and T cell death. Herein, we summarize recent studies combining these two therapeutic modalities and seek to place them within the broader context of viral T cell immunology which will help to overcome the current limitations of effective CAR T therapy to make the most of combinatorial strategies.
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33
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Zhang B, Wang X, Cheng P. Remodeling of Tumor Immune Microenvironment by Oncolytic Viruses. Front Oncol 2021; 10:561372. [PMID: 33680911 PMCID: PMC7934618 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.561372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are potential antitumor agents with unique therapeutic mechanisms. They possess the ability of direct oncolysis and the induction of antitumor immunity. OV can be genetically engineered to potentiate antitumor efficacy by remodeling the tumor immune microenvironment. The present mini review mainly describes the effect of OVs on remodeling of the tumor immune microenvironment and explores the mechanism of regulation of the host immune system and the promotion of the immune cells to destroy carcinoma cells by OVs. Furthermore, this article focuses on the utilization of OVs as vectors for the delivery of immunomodulatory cytokines or antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xilei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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34
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Olsen HE, Lynn GM, Valdes PA, Cerecedo Lopez CD, Ishizuka AS, Arnaout O, Bi WL, Peruzzi PP, Chiocca EA, Friedman GK, Bernstock JD. Therapeutic cancer vaccines for pediatric malignancies: advances, challenges, and emerging technologies. Neurooncol Adv 2021; 3:vdab027. [PMID: 33860227 PMCID: PMC8034661 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Though outcomes for pediatric cancer patients have significantly improved over the past several decades, too many children still experience poor outcomes and survivors suffer lifelong, debilitating late effects after conventional chemotherapy, radiation, and surgical treatment. Consequently, there has been a renewed focus on developing novel targeted therapies to improve survival outcomes. Cancer vaccines are a promising type of immunotherapy that leverage the immune system to mediate targeted, tumor-specific killing through recognition of tumor antigens, thereby minimizing off-target toxicity. As such, cancer vaccines are orthogonal to conventional cancer treatments and can therefore be used alone or in combination with other therapeutic modalities to maximize efficacy. To date, cancer vaccination has remained largely understudied in the pediatric population. In this review, we discuss the different types of tumor antigens and vaccine technologies (dendritic cells, peptides, nucleic acids, and viral vectors) evaluated in clinical trials, with a focus on those used in children. We conclude with perspectives on how advances in combination therapies, tumor antigen (eg, neoantigen) selection, and vaccine platform optimization can be translated into clinical practice to improve outcomes for children with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Olsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Pablo A Valdes
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christian D Cerecedo Lopez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Omar Arnaout
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - W Linda Bi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pier Paolo Peruzzi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - E Antonio Chiocca
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory K Friedman
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Joshua D Bernstock
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Avidea Technologies, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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35
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Alqassim EY, Sharma S, Khan ANMNH, Emmons TR, Cortes Gomez E, Alahmari A, Singel KL, Mark J, Davidson BA, Robert McGray AJ, Liu Q, Lichty BD, Moysich KB, Wang J, Odunsi K, Segal BH, Baysal BE. RNA editing enzyme APOBEC3A promotes pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage polarization. Commun Biol 2021; 4:102. [PMID: 33483601 PMCID: PMC7822933 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01620-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage polarization is associated with microbicidal and antitumor responses. We recently described APOBEC3A-mediated cytosine-to-uracil (C > U) RNA editing during M1 polarization. However, the functional significance of this editing is unknown. Here we find that APOBEC3A-mediated cellular RNA editing can also be induced by influenza or Maraba virus infections in normal human macrophages, and by interferons in tumor-associated macrophages. Gene knockdown and RNA_Seq analyses show that APOBEC3A mediates C>U RNA editing of 209 exonic/UTR sites in 203 genes during M1 polarization. The highest level of nonsynonymous RNA editing alters a highly-conserved amino acid in THOC5, which encodes a nuclear mRNA export protein implicated in M-CSF-driven macrophage differentiation. Knockdown of APOBEC3A reduces IL6, IL23A and IL12B gene expression, CD86 surface protein expression, and TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 cytokine secretion, and increases glycolysis. These results show a key role of APOBEC3A cytidine deaminase in transcriptomic and functional polarization of M1 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Y Alqassim
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shraddha Sharma
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
- Translate Bio, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - A N M Nazmul H Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine,, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Tiffany R Emmons
- Department of Immunology,, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Eduardo Cortes Gomez
- Department of Biostatistics/Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Abdulrahman Alahmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 16278, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kelly L Singel
- Department of Immunology,, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
- Office of Evaluation, Performance, and Reporting, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jaron Mark
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology,, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
- The Start Center for Cancer Care, 4383 Medical Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Bruce A Davidson
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - A J Robert McGray
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Biostatistics/Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Brian D Lichty
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, 1200 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Kirsten B Moysich
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Department of Biostatistics/Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- Department of Immunology,, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology,, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Brahm H Segal
- Department of Internal Medicine,, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
- Department of Immunology,, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
- Departments of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
| | - Bora E Baysal
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
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Combining vanadyl sulfate with Newcastle disease virus potentiates rapid innate immune-mediated regression with curative potential in murine cancer models. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 20:306-324. [PMID: 33614913 PMCID: PMC7868934 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The avian paramyxovirus, Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is a promising oncolytic agent that has been shown to be safe and effective in a variety of pre-clinical cancer models and human clinical trials. NDV preferentially replicates in tumor cells due to signaling defects in apoptotic and antiviral pathways acquired during the transformation process and is a potent immunostimulatory agent. However, when used as a monotherapy NDV lacks the ability to consistently generate durable remissions. Here we investigate the use of viral sensitizer-mediated combination therapy to enhance the anti-neoplastic efficacy of NDV. Intratumoral injection of vanadyl sulfate, a pan-inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatases, in combination with NDV significantly increased the number and activation status of natural killer (NK) cells in the tumor microenvironment, concomitant with increased expression of interferon-β, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, leading to rapid tumor regression and long-term cures in mice bearing syngeneic B16-F10 melanomas. The anti-tumor efficacy of this combination therapy was abrogated when NK cells were depleted and when interferon-β expression was transiently suppressed. Tumor-specific CD8+ T cell responses were not detected, nor were mice whose tumors regressed protected from re-challenge. This suggested efficacy of the combination therapy predominantly relied on the innate immune system. Importantly, efficacy was not limited to melanoma; it was also demonstrated in a murine prostate cancer model. Taken together, these results suggest that combining NDV with vanadyl sulfate potentiates an innate immune response that can potentiate rapid clearance of tumors, with type I interferon signaling and NK cells being important mechanisms of action.
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37
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Targeted Delivery of IL-12 Adjuvants Immunotherapy by Oncolytic Viruses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1290:67-80. [PMID: 33559855 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-55617-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The great hopes raised by the discovery of the immunoregulatory cytokine interleukin 12 (IL-12) as an anticancer agent were marred during early clinical experimentation because of severe adverse effects, which prompted a search for alternative formulations and routes of administration. Onco-immunotherapeutic viruses (OIVs) are wild-type or genetically engineered viruses that exert antitumor activity by causing death of the tumor cells they infect and by overcoming a variety of immunosuppressive mechanisms put in place by the tumors. OIVs have renewed the interest in IL-12, as they offer the opportunity to encode the cytokine transgenically from the viral genome and to produce it at high concentrations in the tumor bed. A large body of evidence indicates that IL-12 serves as a potent adjuvant for the immunotherapeutic response elicited by OIVs in murine tumor models. The list of OIVs includes onco-immunotherapeutic herpes simplex, adeno, measles, Newcastle disease, and Maraba viruses, among others. The large increase in IL-12-mediated adjuvanticity was invariably observed for all the OIVs analyzed. Indirect evidence suggests that locally delivered IL-12 may also increase tumor antigenicity. Importantly, the OIV/IL-12 treatment was not accompanied by adverse effects and elicited a long-lasting immune response capable of halting the growth of distant tumors. Thus, OIVs provide an avenue for reducing the clinical toxicity associated with systemic IL-12 therapy, by concentrating the cytokine at the site of disease. The changes to the tumor microenvironment induced by the IL-12-armed OIVs primed the tumors to an improved response to the checkpoint blockade therapy, suggesting that the triple combination is worth pursuing in the future. The highly encouraging results in preclinical models have prompted translation to the clinic. How well the IL-12-OIV-checkpoint inhibitors' combination will perform in humans remains to be fully investigated.
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Tzelepis F, Birdi HK, Jirovec A, Boscardin S, Tanese de Souza C, Hooshyar M, Chen A, Sutherland K, Parks RJ, Werier J, Diallo JS. Oncolytic Rhabdovirus Vaccine Boosts Chimeric Anti-DEC205 Priming for Effective Cancer Immunotherapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 19:240-252. [PMID: 33209979 PMCID: PMC7658579 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prime-boost vaccination employing heterologous viral vectors encoding an antigen is an effective strategy to maximize the antigen-specific immune response. Replication-deficient adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) is currently being evaluated clinically in North America as a prime in conjunction with oncolytic rhabdovirus Maraba virus (MG1) as a boost. The use of an oncolytic rhabdovirus encoding a tumor antigen elicits a robust anti-cancer immune response and extends survival in murine models of cancer. Given the prevalence of pre-existing immunity to Ad5 globally, we explored the potential use of DEC205-targeted antibodies as an alternative agent to prime antigen-specific responses ahead of boosting with an oncolytic rhabdovirus expressing the same antigen. We found that a prime-boost vaccination strategy, consisting of an anti-DEC205 antibody fused to the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) as a prime and oncolytic rhabdovirus-OVA as a boost, led to the formation of a robust antigen-specific immune response and improved survival in a B16-OVA tumor model. Overall, our study shows that anti-DEC205 antibodies fused to cancer antigens are effective to prime oncolytic rhabdovirus-boosted cancer antigen responses and may provide an alternative for patients with pre-existing immunity to Ad5 in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Tzelepis
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Harsimrat Kaur Birdi
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Anna Jirovec
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Silvia Boscardin
- Laboratory of Antigen Targeting to Dendritic Cells, Department of Parasitology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii)-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Mohsen Hooshyar
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Chen
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Keara Sutherland
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Robin J Parks
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Joel Werier
- Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jean-Simon Diallo
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Zhang S, Rabkin SD. The discovery and development of oncolytic viruses: are they the future of cancer immunotherapy? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 16:391-410. [PMID: 33232188 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1850689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Despite diverse treatment modalities and novel therapies, many cancers and patients are not effectively treated. Cancer immunotherapy has recently achieved breakthrough status yet is not effective in all cancer types or patients and can generate serious adverse effects. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are a promising new therapeutic modality that harnesses virus biology and host interactions to treat cancer. OVs, genetically engineered or natural, preferentially replicate in and kill cancer cells, sparing normal cells/tissues, and mediating anti-tumor immunity.Areas covered: This review focuses on OVs as cancer therapeutic agents from a historical perspective, especially strategies to boost their immunotherapeutic activities. OVs offer a multifaceted platform, whose activities are modulated based on the parental virus and genetic alterations. In addition to direct viral effects, many OVs can be armed with therapeutic transgenes to also act as gene therapy vectors, and/or combined with other drugs or therapies.Expert opinion: OVs are an amazingly versatile and malleable class of cancer therapies. They tend to target cellular and host physiology as opposed to specific genetic alterations, which potentially enables broad responsiveness. The biological complexity of OVs have hindered their translation; however, the recent approval of talimogene laherparepvec (T-Vec) has invigorated the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunchuan Zhang
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory and the Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel D Rabkin
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory and the Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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40
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Sasso E, D'Alise AM, Zambrano N, Scarselli E, Folgori A, Nicosia A. New viral vectors for infectious diseases and cancer. Semin Immunol 2020; 50:101430. [PMID: 33262065 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery in 1796 by Edward Jenner of vaccinia virus as a way to prevent and finally eradicate smallpox, the concept of using a virus to fight another virus has evolved into the current approaches of viral vectored genetic vaccines. In recent years, key improvements to the vaccinia virus leading to a safer version (Modified Vaccinia Ankara, MVA) and the discovery that some viruses can be used as carriers of heterologous genes encoding for pathological antigens of other infectious agents (the concept of 'viral vectors') has spurred a new wave of clinical research potentially providing for a solution for the long sought after vaccines against major diseases such as HIV, TB, RSV and Malaria, or emerging infectious diseases including those caused by filoviruses and coronaviruses. The unique ability of some of these viral vectors to stimulate the cellular arm of the immune response and, most importantly, T lymphocytes with cell killing activity, has also reawakened the interest toward developing therapeutic vaccines against chronic infectious diseases and cancer. To this end, existing vectors such as those based on Adenoviruses have been improved in immunogenicity and efficacy. Along the same line, new vectors that exploit viruses such as Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV), Measles Virus (MV), Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), have emerged. Furthermore, technological progress toward modifying their genome to render some of these vectors incompetent for replication has increased confidence toward their use in infant and elderly populations. Lastly, their production process being the same for every product has made viral vectored vaccines the technology of choice for rapid development of vaccines against emerging diseases and for 'personalised' cancer vaccines where there is an absolute need to reduce time to the patient from months to weeks or days. Here we review the recent developments in viral vector technologies, focusing on novel vectors based on primate derived Adenoviruses and Poxviruses, Rhabdoviruses, Paramixoviruses, Arenaviruses and Herpesviruses. We describe the rationale for, immunologic mechanisms involved in, and design of viral vectored gene vaccines under development and discuss the potential utility of these novel genetic vaccine approaches in eliciting protection against infectious diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Sasso
- Nouscom srl, Via di Castel Romano 100, 00128 Rome, Italy; Ceinge-Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C. A.R.L., via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy.
| | | | - Nicola Zambrano
- Ceinge-Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C. A.R.L., via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | | | | | - Alfredo Nicosia
- Ceinge-Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C. A.R.L., via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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41
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Zhang B, Cheng P. Improving antitumor efficacy via combinatorial regimens of oncolytic virotherapy. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:158. [PMID: 33172438 PMCID: PMC7656670 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a promising therapeutic strategy, oncolytic virotherapy has shown potent anticancer efficacy in numerous pre-clinical and clinical trials. Oncolytic viruses have the capacity for conditional-replication within carcinoma cells leading to cell death via multiple mechanisms, including direct lysis of neoplasms, induction of immunogenic cell death, and elicitation of innate and adaptive immunity. In addition, these viruses can be engineered to express cytokines or chemokines to alter tumor microenvironments. Combination of oncolytic virotherapy with other antitumor therapeutic modalities, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy as well as cancer immunotherapy can be used to target a wider range of tumors and promote therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we outline the basic biological characteristics of oncolytic viruses and the underlying mechanisms that support their use as promising antitumor drugs. We also describe the enhanced efficacy attributed to virotherapy combined with other drugs for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Ping Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
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42
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Workenhe ST, Nguyen A, Bakhshinyan D, Wei J, Hare DN, MacNeill KL, Wan Y, Oberst A, Bramson JL, Nasir JA, Vito A, El-Sayes N, Singh SK, McArthur AG, Mossman KL. De novo necroptosis creates an inflammatory environment mediating tumor susceptibility to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Commun Biol 2020; 3:645. [PMID: 33149194 PMCID: PMC7643076 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01362-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies using monoclonal antibodies to block inhibitory checkpoints are showing durable remissions in many types of cancer patients, although the majority of breast cancer patients acquire little benefit. Human melanoma and lung cancer patient studies suggest that immune checkpoint inhibitors are often potent in patients that already have intratumoral T cell infiltrate; although it remains unknown what types of interventions can result in an intratumoral T cell infiltrate in breast cancer. Using non-T cell-inflamed mammary tumors, we assessed what biological processes and downstream inflammation can overcome the barriers to spontaneous T cell priming. Here we show a specific type of combination therapy, consisting of oncolytic virus and chemotherapy, activates necroptosis and limits tumor growth in autochthonous tumors. Combination therapy activates proinflammatory cytokines; intratumoral influx of myeloid cells and cytotoxic T cell infiltrate in locally treated and distant autochthonous tumors to render them susceptible to immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Workenhe
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
| | - Andrew Nguyen
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - David Bakhshinyan
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jiarun Wei
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - David N Hare
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kelly L MacNeill
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Yonghong Wan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Oberst
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Jonathan L Bramson
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jalees A Nasir
- David Braley Centre for Antibiotic Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alyssa Vito
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nader El-Sayes
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sheila K Singh
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew G McArthur
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- David Braley Centre for Antibiotic Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Karen L Mossman
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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43
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Jou J, Harrington KJ, Zocca MB, Ehrnrooth E, Cohen EEW. The Changing Landscape of Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines-Novel Platforms and Neoantigen Identification. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 27:689-703. [PMID: 33122346 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic cancer vaccines, an exciting development in cancer immunotherapy, share the goal of creating and amplifying tumor-specific T-cell responses, but significant obstacles still remain to their success. Here, we briefly outline the principles underlying cancer vaccine therapy with a focus on novel vaccine platforms and antigens, underscoring the renewed optimism. Numerous strategies have been investigated to overcome immunosuppressive mechanisms of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and counteract tumor escape, including improving antigen selection, refining delivery platforms, and use of combination therapies. Several new cancer vaccine platforms and antigen targets are under development. In an effort to amplify tumor-specific T-cell responses, a heterologous prime-boost antigen delivery strategy is increasingly used for virus-based vaccines. Viruses have also been engineered to express targeted antigens and immunomodulatory molecules simultaneously, to favorably modify the TME. Nanoparticle systems have shown promise as delivery vectors for cancer vaccines in preclinical research. T-win is another platform targeting both tumor cells and the TME, using peptide-based vaccines that engage and activate T cells to target immunoregulatory molecules expressed on immunosuppressive and malignant cells. With the availability of next-generation sequencing, algorithms for neoantigen selection are emerging, and several bioinformatic platforms are available to select therapeutically relevant neoantigen targets for developing personalized therapies. However, more research is needed before the use of neoepitope prediction and personalized immunotherapy becomes commonplace. Taken together, the field of therapeutic cancer vaccines is fast evolving, with the promise of potential synergy with existing immunotherapies for long-term cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Jou
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego Health, La Jolla, California
| | - Kevin J Harrington
- The Institute of Cancer Research/Royal Marsden National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ezra E W Cohen
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego Health, La Jolla, California.
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44
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Zhang W, Chen CC, Ning J. Combining oncolytic virus with FDA approved pharmacological agents for cancer therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 21:183-189. [PMID: 32799567 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1811848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have been engineered to selectively replicate in cancer cells. While initially thought to exert its anti-cancer effects through direct cytolysis, it is increasingly appreciated that OVs interact with a multitude of cellular processes during its life cycle; FDA approved pharmacologic agents that modulate these cellular processes have been shown to augment the anti-neoplastic effects of OVs. Moreover, because of the release of tumor antigens as well as the innate immuno-stimulatory nature of viruses, OVs induce potent immune responses that augment the anti-tumor effects of FDA approved immunotherapies. There is mounting interest in OV as a platform for combinational anti-cancer therapy in this context. AREAS COVERED We will review pre-clinical and clinical data that demonstrate proof-of-principle and potential efficacy for OV-based combination therapies with FDA approved anti-cancer agents. EXPERT OPINION While the cytolytic activity of OV remains a key driver for its anti-neoplastic effects, understanding the virus-host interactions may afford opportunities for potential synergism with FDA approved therapeutics that target these interactions. Most intriguingly, the immune stimulatory effects of OVs renders combination with FDA approved immunotherapies more potent. While there are growing clinical trials employing such combination therapy, meaningful advances in this paradigm will require improved understanding of virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota Medical School , Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Clark C Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota Medical School , Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jianfang Ning
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota Medical School , Minneapolis, MN, USA
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45
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Mühlebach MD. Measles virus in cancer therapy. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 41:85-97. [PMID: 32861945 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last years, the development of viruses to treat cancer patients has re-gained considerable attention. A genetically modified herpesvirus, Talimogene laherparepvec, has already been authorized for the treatment of melanoma patients. Also recombinant measles virus (MeV) is developed as an oncolytic virus. Because of its high genetic flexibility, a number of different MeV strains have been the basis for the generation of targeted, armed, or shielded viruses that are highly specific for a given tumor target, more effective, or protected against serum neutralization. Such MeV have been extensively tested in vitro and in vivo, whereby remarkable oncolytic potency is accompanied by safety also in non-human primates. Therefore, MeV has been introduced into 19 different clinical trials and has reached phase II against two different tumor entities, multiple myeloma and ovarian carcinoma. Remarkably, one patient with advanced stage myeloma experienced long-term remission after treatment, visualizing the potency of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Mühlebach
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 51-59, D-63225 Langen, Germany.
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46
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Muscolini M, Tassone E, Hiscott J. Oncolytic Immunotherapy: Can't Start a Fire Without a Spark. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 56:94-101. [PMID: 32826166 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in cancer immunotherapy have renewed interest in oncolytic viruses (OVs) as a synergistic platform for the development of novel antitumor strategies. Cancer cells adopt multiple mechanisms to evade and suppress antitumor immune responses, essentially establishing a non-immunogenic ('cold') tumor microenvironment (TME), with poor T-cell infiltration and low mutational burden. Limitations to the efficacy of immunotherapy still exist, especially for a variety of solid tumors, where new approaches are necessary to overcome physical barriers in the TME and to mitigate adverse effects associated with current immunotherapeutics. OVs offer an attractive alternative by inducing direct oncolysis, immunogenic cell death, and immune stimulation. These multimodal mechanisms make OVs well suited to reprogram non-immunogenic tumors and TME into inflamed, immunogenic ('hot') tumors; enhanced release of tumor antigens by dying cancer cells is expected to augment T-cell infiltration, thereby eliciting potent antitumor immunity. Advances in virus engineering and understanding of tumor biology have allowed the optimization of OV-tumor selectivity, oncolytic potency, and immune stimulation. However, OV antitumor activity is likely to achieve its greatest potential as part of combinatorial strategies with other immune or cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evelyne Tassone
- Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - John Hiscott
- Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
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47
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Pol JG, Atherton MJ, Stephenson KB, Bridle BW, Workenhe ST, Kazdhan N, McGray AR, Wan Y, Kroemer G, Lichty BD. Enhanced immunotherapeutic profile of oncolytic virus-based cancer vaccination using cyclophosphamide preconditioning. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-000981. [PMID: 32792361 PMCID: PMC7430484 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite a sizeable body of research, the efficacy of therapeutic cancer vaccines remains limited when applied as sole agents. By using a prime:boost approach involving two viral cancer vaccines, we were able to generate large tumor-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in a murine model of disseminated pulmonary melanoma. Significant increases in the number and quality of circulating effector T-cells were documented when low-dose cyclophosphamide (CTX) was administered pre-vaccination to tumor-bearing but not tumor-free hosts. Interestingly, tumor-bearing mice receiving CTX and co-primed with a melanoma differentiation antigen together with an irrelevant control antigen exhibited significantly enhanced immunity against the tumor, but not the control antigen, in secondary lymphoid organs. This result highlighted an increased cancer-specific reactivity of vaccine-induced T-cell responses following CTX preconditioning. Additionally, an acute reduction of the frequency of peripheral regulatory T-cells (Tregs) was noticeable, particularly in the proliferating, presumably tumour-reactive, subset. Enhanced infiltration of lungs with multifunctional T-cells resulted in overt reduction in metastatic burden in mice pretreated with CTX. Despite doubling the median survival in comparison to untreated controls, most vaccinated mice ultimately succumbed to cancer progression. However, preconditioning of the virus-based vaccination with CTX resulted in a remarkable improvement of the therapeutic activity leading to complete remission in the majority of the animals. Collectively, these data reveal how CTX can potentiate specific cellular immunity in an antigen-restricted manner that is only observed in vaccinated tumor-bearing hosts while depleting replicating Tregs. A single low dose of CTX enhances antitumor immunity and the efficacy of this potent prime:boost platform by modulating the kinetics of the vaccine-specific responses. Clinical assessment of CTX combined with next-generation cancer vaccines is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Pol
- McMaster Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada .,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1138, Paris, France.,Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Matthew J Atherton
- McMaster Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle B Stephenson
- McMaster Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samuel T Workenhe
- McMaster Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natasha Kazdhan
- McMaster Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aj Robert McGray
- McMaster Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yonghong Wan
- McMaster Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1138, Paris, France.,Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brian D Lichty
- McMaster Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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48
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Geoffroy K, Bourgeois-Daigneault MC. The pros and cons of interferons for oncolytic virotherapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 56:49-58. [PMID: 32694051 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Interferons (IFN) are potent immune stimulators that play key roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses. They are considered the first line of defense against viral pathogens and can even be used as treatments to boost the immune system. While viruses are usually seen as a threat to the host, an emerging class of cancer therapeutics exploits the natural capacity of some viruses to directly infect and kill cancer cells. The cancer-specificity of these bio-therapeutics, called oncolytic viruses (OVs), often relies on defective IFN responses that are frequently observed in cancer cells, therefore increasing their vulnerability to viruses compared to healthy cells. To ensure the safety of the therapy, many OVs have been engineered to further activate the IFN response. As a consequence of this IFN over-stimulation, the virus is cleared faster by the immune system, which limits direct oncolysis. Importantly, the therapeutic activity of OVs also relies on their capacity to trigger anti-tumor immunity and IFNs are key players in this aspect. Here, we review the complex cancer-virus-anti-tumor immunity interplay and discuss the diverse functions of IFNs for each of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Geoffroy
- Cancer axis and Institut du cancer de Montréal, Centre de recherche du CHUM- CRCHUM, 900 St-Denis Street, Viger Tower, Room R10.480, Montreal, Quebec, H2X0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard-Montpetit Boulevard, Roger-Gaudry Building, Montreal, Quebec, H3T1J4, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Bourgeois-Daigneault
- Cancer axis and Institut du cancer de Montréal, Centre de recherche du CHUM- CRCHUM, 900 St-Denis Street, Viger Tower, Room R10.480, Montreal, Quebec, H2X0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard-Montpetit Boulevard, Roger-Gaudry Building, Montreal, Quebec, H3T1J4, Canada.
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49
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Burchett R, Walsh S, Wan Y, Bramson JL. A rational relationship: Oncolytic virus vaccines as functional partners for adoptive T cell therapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 56:149-159. [PMID: 32665126 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tumours employ a variety of immune-evasion and suppression mechanisms to impair development of functional tumor-specific T cells and subvert T cell-mediated immunity in the tumour microenvironment. Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) aims to overcome these barriers and overwhelm tumor defenses with a bolus of T cells that were selectively expanded ex vivo. Although this strategy has been effective in liquid tumors and melanomas, many tumors appear to be resistant to ACT. Several factors are thought to play into this resistance, including poor engraftment and persistence of transferred cells, tumour cell heterogeneity and antigen loss, poor immune cell recruitment and infiltration into the tumour, and susceptibility to local immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. Oncolytic viruses (OV) have been identified as powerful stimulators of the anti-tumour immune response. As such, OVs are inherently well-positioned to act in synergy with ACT to bolster the anti-tumour T cell response. Further, OV vaccines, wherein tumour-associated antigens are encoded into the viral backbone, have proven to be remarkable in boosting antigen-specific T cell response. Pre-clinical studies have revealed remarkable therapeutic outcomes when OV vaccines are paired with ACT. In this scenario, OV vaccines are thought to function in a "push and pull" manner, where push refers to expanding T cells in the periphery and pull refers to recruiting those cells into the tumour that has been rendered amenable to T cell attack by the actions of the OV. In this review, we discuss barriers that limit eradication of tumors by T cells, highlight attributes of OVs that break down these barriers and present strategies for rational combinations of ACT with OV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Burchett
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Scott Walsh
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Yonghong Wan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan L Bramson
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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Walsh SR, Simovic B, Chen L, Bastin D, Nguyen A, Stephenson K, Mandur TS, Bramson JL, Lichty BD, Wan Y. Endogenous T cells prevent tumor immune escape following adoptive T cell therapy. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:5400-5410. [PMID: 31682239 DOI: 10.1172/jci126199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While the outcome of adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) is typically correlated with the functionality of the inoculated T cells, the role of the endogenous T cells is unknown. The success of checkpoint blockade therapy has demonstrated the potentially curative value of preexisting tumor-primed T cells in cancer treatment. Given the results from checkpoint blockade therapy, we hypothesized that endogenous T cells contribute to long-term survival following ACT. Here, we describe a therapeutic approach combining ACT with an oncolytic vaccine that allows simultaneous analysis of antitumor immunity mediated by transferred and endogenous T cells. We found that, in addition to promoting the expansion and tumor infiltration of the transferred T cells, oncolytic vaccines boosted tumor-primed host T cells. We determined that transferred T cells contributed to rapid destruction of large tumor masses while endogenous T cells concurrently prevented the emergence of antigen-loss variants. Moreover, while transferred T cells disappeared shortly after tumor regression, endogenous T cells secured long-term memory with a broad repertoire of antigen specificity. Our findings suggest that this combination strategy may exploit the full potential of ACT and tumor-primed host T cells to eliminate the primary tumor, prevent immune escape, and provide long-term protective memory.
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