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Wallace R, Bliss CM, Parker AL. The Immune System-A Double-Edged Sword for Adenovirus-Based Therapies. Viruses 2024; 16:973. [PMID: 38932265 PMCID: PMC11209478 DOI: 10.3390/v16060973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic adenovirus (Ad) infections are widespread but typically mild and transient, except in the immunocompromised. As vectors for gene therapy, vaccine, and oncology applications, Ad-based platforms offer advantages, including ease of genetic manipulation, scale of production, and well-established safety profiles, making them attractive tools for therapeutic development. However, the immune system often poses a significant challenge that must be overcome for adenovirus-based therapies to be truly efficacious. Both pre-existing anti-Ad immunity in the population as well as the rapid development of an immune response against engineered adenoviral vectors can have detrimental effects on the downstream impact of an adenovirus-based therapeutic. This review focuses on the different challenges posed, including pre-existing natural immunity and anti-vector immunity induced by a therapeutic, in the context of innate and adaptive immune responses. We summarise different approaches developed with the aim of tackling these problems, as well as their outcomes and potential future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Wallace
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (R.W.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Carly M. Bliss
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (R.W.); (C.M.B.)
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Alan L. Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (R.W.); (C.M.B.)
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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Silk SE, Kalinga WF, Mtaka IM, Lilolime NS, Mpina M, Milando F, Ahmed S, Diouf A, Mkwepu F, Simon B, Athumani T, Rashid M, Mohammed L, Lweno O, Ali AM, Nyaulingo G, Mwalimu B, Mswata S, Mwamlima TG, Barrett JR, Wang LT, Themistocleous Y, King LDW, Hodgson SH, Payne RO, Nielsen CM, Lawrie AM, Nugent FL, Cho JS, Long CA, Miura K, Draper SJ, Minassian AM, Olotu AI. Superior antibody immunogenicity of a viral-vectored RH5 blood-stage malaria vaccine in Tanzanian infants as compared to adults. MED 2023; 4:668-686.e7. [PMID: 37572659 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RH5 is a leading blood-stage candidate antigen for a Plasmodium falciparum vaccine; however, its safety and immunogenicity in malaria-endemic populations are unknown. METHODS A phase 1b, single-center, dose-escalation, age-de-escalation, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial was conducted in Bagamoyo, Tanzania (NCT03435874). Between 12th April and 25th October 2018, 63 healthy adults (18-35 years), young children (1-6 years), and infants (6-11 months) received a priming dose of viral-vectored ChAd63 RH5 or rabies control vaccine. Sixty participants were boosted with modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) RH5 or rabies control vaccine 8 weeks later and completed 6 months of follow-up post priming. Primary outcomes were the number of solicited and unsolicited adverse events post vaccination and the number of serious adverse events over the study period. Secondary outcomes included measures of the anti-RH5 immune response. FINDINGS Vaccinations were well tolerated, with profiles comparable across groups. No serious adverse events were reported. Vaccination induced RH5-specific cellular and humoral responses. Higher anti-RH5 serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses were observed post boost in young children and infants compared to adults. Vaccine-induced antibodies showed growth inhibition activity (GIA) in vitro against P. falciparum blood-stage parasites; their highest levels were observed in infants. CONCLUSIONS The ChAd63-MVA RH5 vaccine shows acceptable safety and reactogenicity and encouraging immunogenicity in children and infants residing in a malaria-endemic area. The levels of functional GIA observed in RH5-vaccinated infants are the highest reported to date following human vaccination. These data support onward clinical development of RH5-based blood-stage vaccines to protect against clinical malaria in young African infants. FUNDING Medical Research Council, London, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Silk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Wilmina F Kalinga
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Ivanny M Mtaka
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Nasoro S Lilolime
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Maximillian Mpina
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Florence Milando
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Saumu Ahmed
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Ababacar Diouf
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Fatuma Mkwepu
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Beatus Simon
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Thabit Athumani
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Mohammed Rashid
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Latipha Mohammed
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Omary Lweno
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Ali M Ali
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Gloria Nyaulingo
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Bakari Mwalimu
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Sarah Mswata
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Tunu G Mwamlima
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Jordan R Barrett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Lawrence T Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Yrene Themistocleous
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Lloyd D W King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Susanne H Hodgson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Ruth O Payne
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Carolyn M Nielsen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Alison M Lawrie
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Fay L Nugent
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Jee-Sun Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Carole A Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Simon J Draper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Angela M Minassian
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
| | - Ally I Olotu
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
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Recent Advances in the Development of Adenovirus-Vectored Vaccines for Parasitic Infections. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030334. [PMID: 36986434 PMCID: PMC10058461 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines against parasites have lagged centuries behind those against viral and bacterial infections, despite the devastating morbidity and widespread effects of parasitic diseases across the globe. One of the greatest hurdles to parasite vaccine development has been the lack of vaccine strategies able to elicit the complex and multifaceted immune responses needed to abrogate parasitic persistence. Viral vectors, especially adenovirus (AdV) vectors, have emerged as a potential solution for complex disease targets, including HIV, tuberculosis, and parasitic diseases, to name a few. AdVs are highly immunogenic and are uniquely able to drive CD8+ T cell responses, which are known to be correlates of immunity in infections with most protozoan and some helminthic parasites. This review presents recent developments in AdV-vectored vaccines targeting five major human parasitic diseases: malaria, Chagas disease, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and toxoplasmosis. Many AdV-vectored vaccines have been developed for these diseases, utilizing a wide variety of vectors, antigens, and modes of delivery. AdV-vectored vaccines are a promising approach for the historically challenging target of human parasitic diseases.
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Sun Y, Shi X, Lu F, Fu H, Yin Y, Xu J, Jin C, Han ET, Huang X, Chen Y, Dong C, Cheng Y. Vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccine targeting plasmodium blood-stage antigens elicits immune response and protects against malaria with protein booster strategy. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1042414. [PMID: 36504817 PMCID: PMC9731671 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1042414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Merozoite invasion of the erythrocytes in humans is a key step in the pathogenesis of malaria. The proteins involved in the merozoite invasion could be potential targets for the development of malaria vaccines. Novel viral-vector-based malaria vaccine regimens developed are currently under clinical trials. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a single-stranded negative-strand RNA virus widely used as a vector for virus or cancer vaccines. Whether the VSV-based malarial vaccine is more effective than conventional vaccines based on proteins involved in parasitic invasion is still unclear. In this study, we have used the reverse genetics system to construct recombinant VSVs (rVSVs) expressing apical membrane protein 1 (AMA1), rhoptry neck protein 2 (RON2), and reticulocyte-binding protein homolog 5 (RH5), which are required for Plasmodium falciparum invasion. Our results showed that VSV-based viral vaccines significantly increased Plasmodium-specific IgG levels and lymphocyte proliferation. Also, VSV-PyAMA1 and VSV-PyRON2sp prime-boost regimens could significantly increase the levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ-producing by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and suppress invasion in vitro. The rVSV prime-protein boost regimen significantly increase Plasmodium antigen-specific IgG levels in the serum of mice compared to the homologous rVSV prime-boost. Furthermore, the protective efficacy of rVSV prime protein boost immunization in the mice challenged with P. yoelii 17XL was better compared to traditional antigen immunization. Together, our results show that VSV vector is a novel strategy for malarial vaccine development and preventing the parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China,Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaodan Shi
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Lu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haitian Fu
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Yin
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Xu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Eun-taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | - Xuan Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongquan Chen
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunsheng Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China,*Correspondence: Chunsheng Dong,
| | - Yang Cheng
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China,Yang Cheng,
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An In Silico Analysis of Malaria Pre-Erythrocytic-Stage Antigens Interpreting Worldwide Genetic Data to Suggest Vaccine Candidate Variants and Epitopes. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061090. [PMID: 35744609 PMCID: PMC9231253 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Failure to account for genetic diversity of antigens during vaccine design may lead to vaccine escape. To evaluate the vaccine escape potential of antigens used in vaccines currently in development or clinical testing, we surveyed the genetic diversity, measured population differentiation, and performed in silico prediction and analysis of T-cell epitopes of ten such Plasmodium falciparum pre-erythrocytic-stage antigens using whole-genome sequence data from 1010 field isolates. Of these, 699 were collected in Africa (Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, and Tanzania), 69 in South America (Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, and Peru), 59 in Oceania (Papua New Guinea), and 183 in Asia (Cambodia, Myanmar, and Thailand). Antigens surveyed include cell-traversal protein for ookinetes and sporozoites, circumsporozoite protein, liver-stage antigens 1 and 3, sporozoite surface proteins P36 and P52, sporozoite asparagine-rich protein-1, sporozoite microneme protein essential for cell traversal-2, and upregulated-in-infectious-sporozoite 3 and 4 proteins. The analyses showed that a limited number of these protein variants, when combined, would be representative of worldwide parasite populations. Moreover, predicted T-cell epitopes were identified that could be further explored for immunogenicity and protective efficacy. Findings can inform the rational design of a multivalent malaria vaccine.
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Jia Q, Chu H, Jin Z, Long H, Zhu B. High-throughput single-сell sequencing in cancer research. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:145. [PMID: 35504878 PMCID: PMC9065032 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00990-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With advances in sequencing and instrument technology, bioinformatics analysis is being applied to batches of massive cells at single-cell resolution. High-throughput single-cell sequencing can be utilized for multi-omics characterization of tumor cells, stromal cells or infiltrated immune cells to evaluate tumor progression, responses to environmental perturbations, heterogeneous composition of the tumor microenvironment, and complex intercellular interactions between these factors. Particularly, single-cell sequencing of T cell receptors, alone or in combination with single-cell RNA sequencing, is useful in the fields of tumor immunology and immunotherapy. Clinical insights obtained from single-cell analysis are critically important for exploring the biomarkers of disease progression or antitumor treatment, as well as for guiding precise clinical decision-making for patients with malignant tumors. In this review, we summarize the clinical applications of single-cell sequencing in the fields of tumor cell evolution, tumor immunology, and tumor immunotherapy. Additionally, we analyze the tumor cell response to antitumor treatment, heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment, and response or resistance to immune checkpoint immunotherapy. The limitations of single-cell analysis in cancer research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhu Jia
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Han Chu
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.,Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Zheng Jin
- Research Institute, GloriousMed Clinical Laboratory Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Haixia Long
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Bo Zhu
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Chongqing, 400037, China.
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Butler C, Ellis C, Folegatti PM, Swayze H, Allen J, Bussey L, Bellamy D, Lawrie A, Eagling-Vose E, Yu LM, Shanyinde M, Mair C, Flaxman A, Ewer K, Gilbert S, Evans TG. Efficacy and Safety of a Modified Vaccinia Ankara-NP+M1 Vaccine Combined with QIV in People Aged 65 and Older: A Randomised Controlled Clinical Trial (INVICTUS). Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9080851. [PMID: 34451976 PMCID: PMC8402379 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-existing T cell responses to influenza have been correlated with improved clinical outcomes in natural history and human challenge studies. We aimed to determine the efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of a T-cell directed vaccine in older people. METHODS This was a multicentre, participant- and safety assessor-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of the co-administration of Modified Vaccinia Ankara encoding nucleoprotein and matrix protein 1 (MVA-NP+M1) and annual influenza vaccine in participants ≥ 65. The primary outcome was the number of days with moderate or severe influenza-like symptoms (ILS) during the influenza season. RESULTS 846 of a planned 2030 participants were recruited in the UK prior to, and throughout, the 2017/18 flu season. There was no evidence of a difference in the reported rates of days of moderate or severe ILS during influenza-like illness episodes (unadjusted OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.54-1.69; adjusted OR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.51-1.65). The trial was stopped after one season due to a change in the recommended annual flu vaccine, for which safety of the new combination had not been established. More participants in the MVA-NP+M1 group had transient moderate or severe pain, redness, and systemic responses in the first seven days. CONCLUSION The MVA-NP+M1 vaccine is well tolerated in those aged 65 years and over. Larger trials would be needed to determine potential efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Butler
- Nuffield Department of Primary Health Care Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK; (C.B.); (H.S.); (J.A.); (L.-M.Y.); (M.S.)
| | - Chris Ellis
- Vaccitech Ltd., Oxford OX4 4GE, UK; (C.E.); (L.B.); (E.E.-V.)
| | - Pedro M. Folegatti
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (P.M.F.); (D.B.); (A.L.); (C.M.); (A.F.); (K.E.); (S.G.)
| | - Hannah Swayze
- Nuffield Department of Primary Health Care Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK; (C.B.); (H.S.); (J.A.); (L.-M.Y.); (M.S.)
| | - Julie Allen
- Nuffield Department of Primary Health Care Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK; (C.B.); (H.S.); (J.A.); (L.-M.Y.); (M.S.)
| | - Louise Bussey
- Vaccitech Ltd., Oxford OX4 4GE, UK; (C.E.); (L.B.); (E.E.-V.)
| | - Duncan Bellamy
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (P.M.F.); (D.B.); (A.L.); (C.M.); (A.F.); (K.E.); (S.G.)
| | - Alison Lawrie
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (P.M.F.); (D.B.); (A.L.); (C.M.); (A.F.); (K.E.); (S.G.)
| | | | - Ly-Mee Yu
- Nuffield Department of Primary Health Care Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK; (C.B.); (H.S.); (J.A.); (L.-M.Y.); (M.S.)
| | - Milensu Shanyinde
- Nuffield Department of Primary Health Care Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK; (C.B.); (H.S.); (J.A.); (L.-M.Y.); (M.S.)
| | - Catherine Mair
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (P.M.F.); (D.B.); (A.L.); (C.M.); (A.F.); (K.E.); (S.G.)
| | - Amy Flaxman
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (P.M.F.); (D.B.); (A.L.); (C.M.); (A.F.); (K.E.); (S.G.)
| | - Katie Ewer
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (P.M.F.); (D.B.); (A.L.); (C.M.); (A.F.); (K.E.); (S.G.)
| | - Sarah Gilbert
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (P.M.F.); (D.B.); (A.L.); (C.M.); (A.F.); (K.E.); (S.G.)
| | - Thomas G. Evans
- Vaccitech Ltd., Oxford OX4 4GE, UK; (C.E.); (L.B.); (E.E.-V.)
- Correspondence:
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de Graaf H, Payne RO, Taylor I, Miura K, Long CA, Elias SC, Zaric M, Minassian AM, Silk SE, Li L, Poulton ID, Baker M, Draper SJ, Gbesemete D, Brendish NJ, Martins F, Marini A, Mekhaiel D, Edwards NJ, Roberts R, Vekemans J, Moyle S, Faust SN, Berrie E, Lawrie AM, Hill F, Hill AVS, Biswas S. Safety and Immunogenicity of ChAd63/MVA Pfs25-IMX313 in a Phase I First-in-Human Trial. Front Immunol 2021; 12:694759. [PMID: 34335606 PMCID: PMC8318801 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.694759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transmission blocking vaccines targeting the sexual-stages of the malaria parasite could play a major role to achieve elimination and eradication of malaria. The Plasmodium falciparum Pfs25 protein (Pfs25) is the most clinically advanced candidate sexual-stage antigen. IMX313, a complement inhibitor C4b-binding protein that forms heptamers with the antigen fused to it, improve antibody responses. This is the first time that viral vectors have been used to induce antibodies in humans against an antigen that is expressed only in the mosquito vector. Methods Clinical trial looking at safety and immunogenicity of two recombinant viral vectored vaccines encoding Pfs25-IMX313 in healthy malaria-naive adults. Replication-deficient chimpanzee adenovirus serotype 63 (ChAd63) and the attenuated orthopoxvirus modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), encoding Pfs25-IMX313, were delivered by the intramuscular route in a heterologous prime-boost regimen using an 8-week interval. Safety data and samples for immunogenicity assays were taken at various time-points. Results The reactogenicity of the vaccines was similar to that seen in previous trials using the same viral vectors encoding other antigens. The vaccines were immunogenic and induced both antibody and T cell responses against Pfs25, but significant transmission reducing activity (TRA) was not observed in most volunteers by standard membrane feeding assay. Conclusion Both vaccines were well tolerated and demonstrated a favorable safety profile in malaria-naive adults. However, the transmission reducing activity of the antibodies generated were weak, suggesting the need for an alternative vaccine formulation. Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02532049.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans de Graaf
- NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth O Payne
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Iona Taylor
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Carol A Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Sean C Elias
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marija Zaric
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sarah E Silk
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Li
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ian D Poulton
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Baker
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Diane Gbesemete
- NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan J Brendish
- NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Filipa Martins
- NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Arianna Marini
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David Mekhaiel
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nick J Edwards
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Roberts
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sarah Moyle
- Clinical Biomanufacturing Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Saul N Faust
- NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Berrie
- Clinical Biomanufacturing Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alison M Lawrie
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adrian V S Hill
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sumi Biswas
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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9
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Kallon S, Samir S, Goonetilleke N. Vaccines: Underlying Principles of Design and Testing. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 109:987-999. [PMID: 33705574 PMCID: PMC8048882 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we review the key elements that should be considered to take a novel vaccine from the laboratory through to licensure in the modern era. This paper is divided into four sections. First, we discuss the host immune responses that we engage with vaccines. Second, we discuss how in vivo and in vitro studies can inform vaccine design. Third, we discuss different vaccine modalities that have been licensed or are in testing in humans. Last, we overview the basic principles of vaccine approvals. Throughout we provide real-world examples of vaccine development against infectious diseases, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sallay Kallon
- Department of Microbiology & ImmunologyUNC‐Chapel Hill School of MedicineChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Shahryar Samir
- Department of Microbiology & ImmunologyUNC‐Chapel Hill School of MedicineChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- Department of Microbiology & ImmunologyUNC‐Chapel Hill School of MedicineChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
- UNC HIV Cure CenterUNC‐Chapel Hill School of MedicineChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
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10
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Marques-da-Silva C, Peissig K, Kurup SP. Pre-Erythrocytic Vaccines against Malaria. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030400. [PMID: 32708179 PMCID: PMC7565498 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria, caused by the protozoan Plasmodium, is a devastating disease with over 200 million new cases reported globally every year. Although immunization is arguably the best strategy to eliminate malaria, despite decades of research in this area we do not have an effective, clinically approved antimalarial vaccine. The current impetus in the field is to develop vaccines directed at the pre-erythrocytic developmental stages of Plasmodium, utilizing novel vaccination platforms. We here review the most promising pre-erythrocytic stage antimalarial vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Marques-da-Silva
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (C.M.-d.-S.); (K.P.)
- Department of Cellular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kristen Peissig
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (C.M.-d.-S.); (K.P.)
- Department of Cellular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Samarchith P. Kurup
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (C.M.-d.-S.); (K.P.)
- Department of Cellular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Correspondence:
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11
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The use of proteomics for the identification of promising vaccine and diagnostic biomarkers in Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitology 2020; 147:1255-1262. [PMID: 32618524 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202000102x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is the main cause of severe malaria in humans that can lead to death. There is growing evidence of drug-resistance in P. falciparum treatment, and the design of effective vaccines remains an ongoing strategy to control the disease. On the other hand, the recognition of specific diagnostic markers for P. falciparum can accelerate the diagnosis of this parasite in the early stages of infection. Therefore, the identification of novel antigenic proteins especially by proteomic tools is urgent for vaccination and diagnosis of P. falciparum. The proteome diversity of the life cycle stages of P. falciparum, the altered proteome of P. falciparum-infected human sera and altered proteins in P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes could be proposed as appropriate proteins for the aforementioned aims. Accordingly, this review highlights and proposes different proteins identified using proteomic approaches as promising markers in the diagnosis and vaccination of P. falciparum. It seems that most of the candidates identified in this study were able to elicit immune responses in the P. falciparum-infected hosts and they also played major roles in the life cycle, pathogenicity and key pathways of this parasite.
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12
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Wilson KL, Flanagan KL, Prakash MD, Plebanski M. Malaria vaccines in the eradication era: current status and future perspectives. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:133-151. [PMID: 30601095 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1561289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The challenge to eradicate malaria is an enormous task that will not be achieved by current control measures, thus an efficacious and long-lasting malaria vaccine is required. The licensing of RTS, S/AS01 is a step forward in providing some protection, but a malaria vaccine that protects across multiple transmission seasons is still needed. To achieve this, inducing beneficial immune responses while minimising deleterious non-targeted effects will be essential. AREAS COVERED This article discusses the current challenges and advances in malaria vaccine development and reviews recent human clinical trials for each stage of infection. Pubmed and ScienceDirect were searched, focusing on cell mediated immunity and how T cell subsets might be targeted in future vaccines using novel adjuvants and emerging vaccine technologies. EXPERT COMMENTARY Despite decades of research there is no highly effective licensed malaria vaccine. However, there is cause for optimism as new adjuvants and vaccine systems emerge, and our understanding of correlates of protection increases, especially regarding cellular immunity. The new field of heterologous (non-specific) effects of vaccines also highlights the broader consequences of immunization. Importantly, the WHO led Malaria Vaccine Technology Roadmap illustrates that there is a political will among the global health community to make it happen.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Wilson
- a Department of Immunology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences , Monash University , Melbourne , Australia.,b School of Health and Biomedical Sciences , RMIT University , Bundoora , Australia
| | - K L Flanagan
- a Department of Immunology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences , Monash University , Melbourne , Australia.,b School of Health and Biomedical Sciences , RMIT University , Bundoora , Australia.,c School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Tasmania , Launceston , Australia
| | - M D Prakash
- b School of Health and Biomedical Sciences , RMIT University , Bundoora , Australia
| | - M Plebanski
- b School of Health and Biomedical Sciences , RMIT University , Bundoora , Australia
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13
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Hansen SG, Womack J, Scholz I, Renner A, Edgel KA, Xu G, Ford JC, Grey M, St Laurent B, Turner JM, Planer S, Legasse AW, Richie TL, Aguiar JC, Axthelm MK, Villasante ED, Weiss W, Edlefsen PT, Picker LJ, Früh K. Cytomegalovirus vectors expressing Plasmodium knowlesi antigens induce immune responses that delay parasitemia upon sporozoite challenge. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210252. [PMID: 30673723 PMCID: PMC6343944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a sterilizing vaccine against malaria remains one of the highest priorities for global health research. While sporozoite vaccines targeting the pre-erythrocytic stage show great promise, it has not been possible to maintain efficacy long-term, likely due to an inability of these vaccines to maintain effector memory T cell responses in the liver. Vaccines based on human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) might overcome this limitation since vectors based on rhesus CMV (RhCMV), the homologous virus in rhesus macaques (RM), elicit and indefinitely maintain high frequency, non-exhausted effector memory T cells in extralymphoid tissues, including the liver. Moreover, RhCMV strain 68-1 elicits CD8+ T cells broadly recognizing unconventional epitopes exclusively restricted by MHC-II and MHC-E. To evaluate the potential of these unique immune responses to protect against malaria, we expressed four Plasmodium knowlesi (Pk) antigens (CSP, AMA1, SSP2/TRAP, MSP1c) in RhCMV 68-1 or in Rh189-deleted 68-1, which additionally elicits canonical MHC-Ia-restricted CD8+ T cells. Upon inoculation of RM with either of these Pk Ag expressing RhCMV vaccines, we obtained T cell responses to each of the four Pk antigens. Upon challenge with Pk sporozoites we observed a delayed appearance of blood stage parasites in vaccinated RM consistent with a 75-80% reduction of parasite release from the liver. Moreover, the Rh189-deleted RhCMV/Pk vectors elicited sterile protection in one RM. Once in the blood, parasite growth was not affected. In contrast to T cell responses induced by Pk infection, RhCMV vectors maintained sustained T cell responses to all four malaria antigens in the liver post-challenge. The delayed appearance of blood stage parasites is thus likely due to a T cell-mediated inhibition of liver stage parasite development. As such, this vaccine approach can be used to efficiently test new T cell antigens, improve current vaccines targeting the liver stage and complement vaccines targeting erythrocytic antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G Hansen
- Oregon Health & Science University, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
- Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
| | - Jennie Womack
- Oregon Health & Science University, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
| | - Isabel Scholz
- Oregon Health & Science University, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
| | - Andrea Renner
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Kimberly A Edgel
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Guangwu Xu
- Oregon Health & Science University, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
| | - Julia C Ford
- Oregon Health & Science University, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
| | - Mikayla Grey
- Oregon Health & Science University, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
| | - Brandyce St Laurent
- National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, Malaria Pathogenesis and Human Immunity Unit, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - John M Turner
- Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
| | - Shannon Planer
- Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
| | - Al W Legasse
- Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
| | - Thomas L Richie
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Joao C Aguiar
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Oregon Health & Science University, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
- Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
| | - Eileen D Villasante
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Walter Weiss
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Paul T Edlefsen
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Louis J Picker
- Oregon Health & Science University, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
- Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
| | - Klaus Früh
- Oregon Health & Science University, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
- Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
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14
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Bowyer G, Grobbelaar A, Rampling T, Venkatraman N, Morelle D, Ballou RW, Hill AVS, Ewer KJ. CXCR3 + T Follicular Helper Cells Induced by Co-Administration of RTS,S/AS01B and Viral-Vectored Vaccines Are Associated With Reduced Immunogenicity and Efficacy Against Malaria. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1660. [PMID: 30090099 PMCID: PMC6068239 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A malaria vaccine strategy targeting multiple lifecycle stages may be required to achieve a high level of efficacy. In two Phase IIa clinical trials, we tested immunogenicity and efficacy of RTS,S/AS01B administered alone, in a staggered regimen with viral-vectored vaccines or co-administered with viral-vectored vaccines. RTS,S/AS01B induces high titers of antibody against sporozoites and viral-vectored vaccines ChAd63 ME-TRAP and MVA ME-TRAP induce potent T cell responses against infected hepatocytes. By combining these two strategies, we aimed to improve efficacy by inducing immune responses targeting multiple parasite antigens. Vaccination with RTS,S/AS01B alone or in a staggered regimen with viral vectors produced strong immune responses and demonstrated high levels of protection against controlled human malaria infection. However, concomitant administration of these vaccines significantly reduced humoral immunogenicity and protective efficacy. Strong Th1-biased cytokine responses induced by MVA ME-TRAP were associated with a skew in circulating T follicular helper cells toward a CXCR3+ phenotype and a reduction in antibody quantity and quality. This study illustrates that while a multistage-targeting vaccine strategy could provide high-level efficacy, the regimen design will require careful optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Bowyer
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Grobbelaar
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tommy Rampling
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Adrian V S Hill
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katie J Ewer
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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15
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Flaxman A, Ewer KJ. Methods for Measuring T-Cell Memory to Vaccination: From Mouse to Man. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:E43. [PMID: 30037078 PMCID: PMC6161152 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6030043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of effective vaccines continues to be a key goal for public health bodies, governments, funding bodies and pharmaceutical companies. With new vaccines such as Shingrix targeting Shingles and Bexsero for Meningitis B, licensed in recent years, today's population can be protected from more infectious diseases than ever before. Despite this, we are yet to license vaccines for some of the deadliest endemic diseases affecting children, such as malaria. In addition, the threat of epidemics caused by emerging pathogens is very real as exemplified by the 2014⁻2016 Ebola outbreak. Most licensed vaccines provide efficacy through humoral immunity and correlates of protection often quantify neutralising antibody titre. The role of T-cells in vaccine efficacy is less well understood and more complex to quantify. Defining T-cell responses which afford protection also remains a challenge, although more sophisticated assays for assessing cell-mediated immunity with the potential for higher throughput and scalability are now available and warrant review. Here we discuss the benefits of multiparameter cytokine analysis and omics approaches compared with flow cytometric and ELISpot assays. We also review technical challenges unique to clinical trial studies, including assay validation across laboratories and availability of sample type. Measuring T-cell immunogenicity alongside humoral responses provides information on the breadth of immune responses induced by vaccination. Accurately enumerating and phenotyping T-cell immunogenicity to vaccination is key for the determination of immune correlates of protection. However, identifying such T-cell parameters remains challenging without a clear understanding of the immunological mechanisms by which a T-cell-mediated response induces protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Flaxman
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Katie J Ewer
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
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16
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Xu H, Cao W, Huang L, Xiao M, Cao Y, Zhao L, Wang N, Zhou J. Effects of cryopreservation on chimeric antigen receptor T cell functions. Cryobiology 2018; 83:40-47. [PMID: 29908946 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CART) cell therapy has emerged as a potentially curative "drug" for cancer treatment. Cryopreservation of CART cells is necessary for their clinical application. Systematic studies on the effects of cryopreservation on the antitumor function of CART cells are lacking. Therefore, we compared the phenotypes and functions of CART cells that were cryopreserved during ex vivo expansion with those of freshly isolated populations. T cells expressing an anti-B-cell-maturation-antigen (BCMA) chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) were expanded in vitro for 10 days and then cryopreserved. After one month, the cells were resuscitated, and their transduction rates, apoptosis rates and cell subsets were examined via flow cytometry. The results indicated no significant changes in transduction rates or cell subsets, and the survival rate of the resuscitated cells was approximately 90% Furthermore, similar tumoricidal effects and degranulation functions of the resuscitated cells compared with normally cultured cells were verified by calcein release and CD107a assays. A NOD/SCID mouse model was used to estimate the differences in the in vivo antitumor effects of the cryopreserved and normally cultured T cells, but no significant differences were observed. Following co-culture with several target cell types, the cytokines released by the cryopreserved and normally cultured T cells were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The results revealed that the release of interleukin-2 (IL-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) was significantly decreased. These data demonstrated that with the exception of a decrease in cytokine release, the cryopreserved CART cells retained their antitumor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenyue Cao
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Min Xiao
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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17
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Bliss CM, Bowyer G, Anagnostou NA, Havelock T, Snudden CM, Davies H, de Cassan SC, Grobbelaar A, Lawrie AM, Venkatraman N, Poulton ID, Roberts R, Mange PB, Choudhary P, Faust SN, Colloca S, Gilbert SC, Nicosia A, Hill AVS, Ewer KJ. Assessment of novel vaccination regimens using viral vectored liver stage malaria vaccines encoding ME-TRAP. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3390. [PMID: 29467399 PMCID: PMC5821890 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21630-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterologous prime-boost vaccination with viral vectors simian adenovirus 63 (ChAd63) and Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) induces potent T cell and antibody responses in humans. The 8-week regimen demonstrates significant efficacy against malaria when expressing the pre-erythrocytic malaria antigen Thrombospondin-Related Adhesion Protein fused to a multiple epitope string (ME-TRAP). We tested these vaccines in 7 new 4- and 8- week interval schedules to evaluate safety and immunogenicity of multiple ChAd63 ME-TRAP priming vaccinations (denoted A), multiple MVA ME-TRAP boosts (denoted M) and alternating vectors. All regimens exhibited acceptable reactogenicity and CD8+ T cell immunogenicity was enhanced with a 4-week interval (AM) and with incorporation of additional ChAd63 ME-TRAP vaccination at 4- or 8-weeks (AAM or A_A_M). Induction of TRAP antibodies was comparable between schedules. T cell immunity against the ChAd63 hexon did not affect T cell responses to the vaccine insert, however pre-vaccination ChAd63-specific T cells correlated with reduced TRAP antibodies. Vaccine-induced antibodies against MVA did not affect TRAP antibody induction, and correlated positively with ME-TRAP-specific T cells. This study identifies potentially more effective immunisation regimens to assess in Phase IIa trials and demonstrates a degree of flexibility with the timing of vectored vaccine administration, aiding incorporation into existing vaccination programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly M Bliss
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | | | | | - Tom Havelock
- NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Huw Davies
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Ian D Poulton
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Pooja B Mange
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Saul N Faust
- NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | - Alfredo Nicosia
- ReiThera (formerly Okairos), 00144, Rome, Italy
- CEINGE, Via Comunale Margherita, 484-538, 80131, Napoli, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Katie J Ewer
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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18
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Mensah VA, Roetynck S, Kanteh EK, Bowyer G, Ndaw A, Oko F, Bliss CM, Jagne YJ, Cortese R, Nicosia A, Roberts R, D’Alessio F, Leroy O, Faye B, Kampmann B, Cisse B, Bojang K, Gerry S, Viebig NK, Lawrie AM, Clarke E, Imoukhuede EB, Ewer KJ, Hill AVS, Afolabi MO. Safety and Immunogenicity of Malaria Vectored Vaccines Given with Routine Expanded Program on Immunization Vaccines in Gambian Infants and Neonates: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1551. [PMID: 29213269 PMCID: PMC5702785 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterologous prime-boost vaccination with chimpanzee adenovirus 63 (ChAd63) and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) encoding multiple epitope string thrombospondin-related adhesion protein (ME-TRAP) has shown acceptable safety and promising immunogenicity in African adult and pediatric populations. If licensed, this vaccine could be given to infants receiving routine childhood immunizations. We therefore evaluated responses to ChAd63 MVA ME-TRAP when co-administered with routine Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) vaccines. METHODS We enrolled 65 Gambian infants and neonates, aged 16, 8, or 1 week at first vaccination and randomized them to receive either ME-TRAP and EPI vaccines or EPI vaccines only. Safety was assessed by the description of vaccine-related adverse events (AEs). Immunogenicity was evaluated using IFNγ enzyme-linked immunospot, whole-blood flow cytometry, and anti-TRAP IgG ELISA. Serology was performed to confirm all infants achieved protective titers to EPI vaccines. RESULTS The vaccines were well tolerated in all age groups with no vaccine-related serious AEs. High-level TRAP-specific IgG and T cell responses were generated after boosting with MVA. CD8+ T cell responses, previously found to correlate with protection, were induced in all groups. Antibody responses to EPI vaccines were not altered significantly. CONCLUSION Malaria vectored prime-boost vaccines co-administered with routine childhood immunizations were well tolerated. Potent humoral and cellular immunity induced by ChAd63 MVA ME-TRAP did not reduce the immunogenicity of co-administered EPI vaccines, supporting further evaluation of this regimen in infant populations. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION The clinical trial was registered on http://Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02083887) and the Pan-African Clinical Trials Registry (PACTR201402000749217).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Georgina Bowyer
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Ndaw
- Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Francis Oko
- Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, Gambia
| | - Carly M. Bliss
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Alfredo Nicosia
- ReiThera, Rome, Italy
- CEINGE, Naples, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rachel Roberts
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Flavia D’Alessio
- European Vaccine Initiative, UniversitätsKlinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Odile Leroy
- European Vaccine Initiative, UniversitätsKlinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Beate Kampmann
- Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, Gambia
- Centre for International Child Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Stephen Gerry
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola K. Viebig
- European Vaccine Initiative, UniversitätsKlinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alison M. Lawrie
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ed Clarke
- Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, Gambia
| | - Egeruan B. Imoukhuede
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katie J. Ewer
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian V. S. Hill
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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19
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Payne RO, Silk SE, Elias SC, Miura K, Diouf A, Galaway F, de Graaf H, Brendish NJ, Poulton ID, Griffiths OJ, Edwards NJ, Jin J, Labbé GM, Alanine DG, Siani L, Di Marco S, Roberts R, Green N, Berrie E, Ishizuka AS, Nielsen CM, Bardelli M, Partey FD, Ofori MF, Barfod L, Wambua J, Murungi LM, Osier FH, Biswas S, McCarthy JS, Minassian AM, Ashfield R, Viebig NK, Nugent FL, Douglas AD, Vekemans J, Wright GJ, Faust SN, Hill AV, Long CA, Lawrie AM, Draper SJ. Human vaccination against RH5 induces neutralizing antimalarial antibodies that inhibit RH5 invasion complex interactions. JCI Insight 2017; 2:96381. [PMID: 29093263 PMCID: PMC5752323 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.96381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a highly effective vaccine remains a key strategic goal to aid the control and eventual eradication of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. In recent years, the reticulocyte-binding protein homolog 5 (RH5) has emerged as the most promising blood-stage P. falciparum candidate antigen to date, capable of conferring protection against stringent challenge in Aotus monkeys. We report on the first clinical trial to our knowledge to assess the RH5 antigen - a dose-escalation phase Ia study in 24 healthy, malaria-naive adult volunteers. We utilized established viral vectors, the replication-deficient chimpanzee adenovirus serotype 63 (ChAd63), and the attenuated orthopoxvirus modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), encoding RH5 from the 3D7 clone of P. falciparum. Vaccines were administered i.m. in a heterologous prime-boost regimen using an 8-week interval and were well tolerated. Vaccine-induced anti-RH5 serum antibodies exhibited cross-strain functional growth inhibition activity (GIA) in vitro, targeted linear and conformational epitopes within RH5, and inhibited key interactions within the RH5 invasion complex. This is the first time to our knowledge that substantial RH5-specific responses have been induced by immunization in humans, with levels greatly exceeding the serum antibody responses observed in African adults following years of natural malaria exposure. These data support the progression of RH5-based vaccines to human efficacy testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth O. Payne
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E. Silk
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sean C. Elias
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Ababacar Diouf
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Francis Galaway
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hans de Graaf
- NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan J. Brendish
- NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ian D. Poulton
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nick J. Edwards
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Jin
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Loredana Siani
- ReiThera SRL (formerly Okairos SRL), Viale Città d’Europa, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Di Marco
- ReiThera SRL (formerly Okairos SRL), Viale Città d’Europa, Rome, Italy
| | - Rachel Roberts
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicky Green
- Clinical Biomanufacturing Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Berrie
- Clinical Biomanufacturing Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Martino Bardelli
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frederica D. Partey
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology (ISIM), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Michael F. Ofori
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Lea Barfod
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Juliana Wambua
- KEMRI Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Linda M. Murungi
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- KEMRI Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Faith H. Osier
- KEMRI Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Sumi Biswas
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James S. McCarthy
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Rebecca Ashfield
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola K. Viebig
- European Vaccine Initiative, UniversitätsKlinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fay L. Nugent
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Gavin J. Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Saul N. Faust
- NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian V.S. Hill
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carole A. Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Alison M. Lawrie
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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20
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Barbieri A, Panigada M, Soprana E, Di Mario G, Gubinelli F, Bernasconi V, Recagni M, Donatelli I, Castrucci MR, Siccardi AG. Strategies to obtain multiple recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara vectors. Applications to influenza vaccines. J Virol Methods 2017; 251:7-14. [PMID: 28987424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
As a vaccination vector, MVA has been widely investigated both in animal models and humans. The construction of recombinant MVA (rMVA) relies on homologous recombination between an acceptor virus and a donor plasmid in infected/transfected permissive cells. Our construction strategy "Red-to-Green gene swapping" - based on the exchange of two fluorescent markers within the flanking regions of MVA deletion ΔIII, coupled to fluorescence activated cell sorting - is here extended to a second insertion site, within the flanking regions of MVA deletion ΔVI. Exploiting this strategy, both double and triple rMVA were constructed, expressing as transgenes the influenza A proteins HA, NP, M1, and PB1. Upon validation of the harbored transgenes co-expression, double and triple recombinants rMVA(ΔIII)-NP-P2A-M1 and rMVA(ΔIII)-NP-P2A-M1-(ΔVI)-PB1 were assayed for in vivo immunogenicity and protection against lethal challenge. In vivo responses were identical to those obtained with the reported combinations of single recombinants, supporting the feasibility and reliability of the present improvement and the extension of Red-to-Green gene swapping to insertion sites other than ΔIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Barbieri
- Molecular Immunology Unit, San Raffaele Research Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli, 32, 20129, Milan, Italy
| | - Maddalena Panigada
- Molecular Immunology Unit, San Raffaele Research Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Soprana
- Molecular Immunology Unit, San Raffaele Research Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Di Mario
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Gubinelli
- Molecular Immunology Unit, San Raffaele Research Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Bernasconi
- Molecular Immunology Unit, San Raffaele Research Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Recagni
- Molecular Immunology Unit, San Raffaele Research Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Donatelli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria R Castrucci
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio G Siccardi
- Molecular Immunology Unit, San Raffaele Research Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.
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21
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Venkatraman N, Anagnostou N, Bliss C, Bowyer G, Wright D, Lövgren-Bengtsson K, Roberts R, Poulton I, Lawrie A, Ewer K, V S Hill A. Safety and immunogenicity of heterologous prime-boost immunization with viral-vectored malaria vaccines adjuvanted with Matrix-M™. Vaccine 2017; 35:6208-6217. [PMID: 28941620 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of viral vectors in heterologous prime-boost regimens to induce potent T cell responses in addition to humoral immunity is a promising vaccination strategy in the fight against malaria. We conducted an open-label, first-in-human, controlled Phase I study evaluating the safety and immunogenicity of Matrix-M adjuvanted vaccination with a chimpanzee adenovirus serotype 63 (ChAd63) prime followed by a modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) boost eight weeks later, both encoding the malaria ME-TRAP antigenic sequence (a multiple epitope string fused to thrombospondin-related adhesion protein). Twenty-two healthy adults were vaccinated intramuscularly with either ChAd63-MVA ME-TRAP alone (n=6) or adjuvanted with 25μg (n=8) or 50μg (n=8) Matrix-M. Vaccinations appeared to be safe and generally well tolerated, with the majority of local and systemic adverse events being mild in nature. The addition of Matrix-M to the vaccine did not increase local reactogenicity; however, systemic adverse events were reported more frequently by volunteers who received adjuvanted vaccine in comparison to the control group. T cell ELISpot responses peaked at 7-days post boost vaccination with MVA ME-TRAP in all three groups. TRAP-specific IgG responses were highest at 28-days post boost with MVA ME-TRAP in all three groups. There were no differences in cellular and humoral immunogenicity at any of the time points between the control group and the adjuvanted groups. We demonstrate that Matrix-M can be safely used in combination with ChAd63-MVA ME-TRAP heterologous prime-boost immunization without any reduction in cellular or humoral immunogenicity. Clinical Trials Registration NCT01669512.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin Venkatraman
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Nicholas Anagnostou
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
| | - Carly Bliss
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Georgina Bowyer
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Danny Wright
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Rachel Roberts
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Poulton
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Lawrie
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Ewer
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Adrian V S Hill
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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22
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Bliss CM, Drammeh A, Bowyer G, Sanou GS, Jagne YJ, Ouedraogo O, Edwards NJ, Tarama C, Ouedraogo N, Ouedraogo M, Njie-Jobe J, Diarra A, Afolabi MO, Tiono AB, Yaro JB, Adetifa UJ, Hodgson SH, Anagnostou NA, Roberts R, Duncan CJA, Cortese R, Viebig NK, Leroy O, Lawrie AM, Flanagan KL, Kampmann B, Imoukhuede EB, Sirima SB, Bojang K, Hill AVS, Nébié I, Ewer KJ. Viral Vector Malaria Vaccines Induce High-Level T Cell and Antibody Responses in West African Children and Infants. Mol Ther 2017; 25:547-559. [PMID: 28153101 PMCID: PMC5368405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterologous prime-boosting with viral vectors encoding the pre-erythrocytic antigen thrombospondin-related adhesion protein fused to a multiple epitope string (ME-TRAP) induces CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity to malaria sporozoite challenge in European malaria-naive and Kenyan semi-immune adults. This approach has yet to be evaluated in children and infants. We assessed this vaccine strategy among 138 Gambian and Burkinabe children in four cohorts: 2- to 6-year olds in The Gambia, 5- to 17-month-olds in Burkina Faso, and 5- to 12-month-olds and 10-week-olds in The Gambia. We assessed induction of cellular immunity, taking into account the distinctive hematological status of young infants, and characterized the antibody response to vaccination. T cell responses peaked 7 days after boosting with modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), with highest responses in infants aged 10 weeks at priming. Incorporating lymphocyte count into the calculation of T cell responses facilitated a more physiologically relevant comparison of cellular immunity across different age groups. Both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells secreted cytokines. Induced antibodies were up to 20-fold higher in all groups compared with Gambian and United Kingdom (UK) adults, with comparable or higher avidity. This immunization regimen elicited strong immune responses, particularly in young infants, supporting future evaluation of efficacy in this key target age group for a malaria vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly M Bliss
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Georgina Bowyer
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Guillaume S Sanou
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, 01 BP 2208 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Oumarou Ouedraogo
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, 01 BP 2208 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Nick J Edwards
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Casimir Tarama
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, 01 BP 2208 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Nicolas Ouedraogo
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, 01 BP 2208 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Mireille Ouedraogo
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, 01 BP 2208 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Amidou Diarra
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, 01 BP 2208 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Alfred B Tiono
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, 01 BP 2208 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Jean Baptiste Yaro
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, 01 BP 2208 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Susanne H Hodgson
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Nicholas A Anagnostou
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Rachel Roberts
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Christopher J A Duncan
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | | | - Nicola K Viebig
- European Vaccine Initiative, Universitäts Klinikum Heidelberg, Voßstr. 2, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Odile Leroy
- European Vaccine Initiative, Universitäts Klinikum Heidelberg, Voßstr. 2, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alison M Lawrie
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | | | - Beate Kampmann
- Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia; Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Egeruan B Imoukhuede
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Sodiomon B Sirima
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, 01 BP 2208 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Adrian V S Hill
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Issa Nébié
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, 01 BP 2208 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Katie J Ewer
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
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23
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Li X, Huang J, Kawamura A, Funakoshi R, Porcelli SA, Tsuji M. Co-localization of a CD1d-binding glycolipid with an adenovirus-based malaria vaccine for a potent adjuvant effect. Vaccine 2017; 35:3171-3177. [PMID: 28483194 PMCID: PMC5489412 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A CD1d-binding, invariant (i) natural killer T (NKT)-cell stimulatory glycolipid, α-Galactosylceramide (αGalCer), has been shown to act as an adjuvant. We previously identified a fluorinated phenyl ring-modified αGalCer analog, 7DW8-5, displaying a higher binding affinity for CD1d molecule and more potent adjuvant activity than αGalCer. In the present study, 7DW8-5 co-administered intramuscularly (i.m.) with a recombinant adenovirus expressing a Plasmodium yoelii circumsporozoite protein (PyCSP), AdPyCS, has led to a co-localization of 7DW8-5 and a PyCSP in draining lymph nodes (dLNs), particularly in dendritic cells (DCs). This occurrence initiates a cascade of events, such as the recruitment of DCs to dLNs and their activation and maturation, and the enhancement of the ability of DCs to prime CD8+ T cells induced by AdPyCS and ultimately leading to a potent adjuvant effect and protection against malaria.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1d/immunology
- Antigens, CD1d/metabolism
- Antigens, Protozoan/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Galactosylceramides/chemistry
- Galactosylceramides/immunology
- Galactosylceramides/metabolism
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Malaria/immunology
- Malaria/prevention & control
- Malaria Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Malaria Vaccines/immunology
- Mice
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Plasmodium yoelii/chemistry
- Plasmodium yoelii/genetics
- Plasmodium yoelii/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangming Li
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jing Huang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Akira Kawamura
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of The City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ryota Funakoshi
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Steven A Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Moriya Tsuji
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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24
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Virus-Like Particle (VLP) Plus Microcrystalline Tyrosine (MCT) Adjuvants Enhance Vaccine Efficacy Improving T and B Cell Immunogenicity and Protection against Plasmodium berghei/vivax. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:vaccines5020010. [PMID: 28468322 PMCID: PMC5492007 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective prophylactic tool against infectious diseases. Despite continued efforts to control malaria, the disease still generally represents a significant unmet medical need. Microcrystalline tyrosine (MCT) is a well described depot used in licensed allergy immunotherapy products and in clinical development. However, its proof of concept in prophylactic vaccines has only recently been explored. MCT has never been used in combination with virus-like particles (VLPs), which are considered to be one of the most potent inducers of cellular and humoral immune responses in mice and humans. In the current study we assessed the potential of MCT to serve as an adjuvant in the development of a vaccine against malaria either alone or combined with VLP using Plasmodium vivax thrombospondin-related adhesive protein (TRAP) as a target antigen. We chemically coupled PvTRAP to VLPs derived from the cucumber mosaic virus fused to a universal T-cell epitope of the tetanus toxin (CMVtt), formulated with MCT and compared the induced immune responses to PvTRAP formulated in PBS or Alum. The protective capacity of the various formulations was assessed using Plasmodium berghei expressing PvTRAP. All vaccine formulations using adjuvants and/or VLP increased humoral immunogenicity for PvTRAP compared to the antigen alone. The most proficient responder was the group of mice immunized with the vaccine formulated with PvTRAP-VLP + MCT. The VLP-based vaccine formulated in MCT also induced the strongest T cell response and conferred best protection against challenge with recombinant Plasmodium berghei. Thus, the combination of VLP with MCT may take advantage of the properties of each component and appears to be an alternative biodegradable depot adjuvant for development of novel prophylactic vaccines.
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25
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Collins KA, Snaith R, Cottingham MG, Gilbert SC, Hill AVS. Enhancing protective immunity to malaria with a highly immunogenic virus-like particle vaccine. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46621. [PMID: 28422178 PMCID: PMC5395940 DOI: 10.1038/srep46621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The leading malaria vaccine in development is the circumsporozoite protein (CSP)-based particle vaccine, RTS,S, which targets the pre-erythrocytic stage of Plasmodium falciparum infection. It induces modest levels of protective efficacy, thought to be mediated primarily by CSP-specific antibodies. We aimed to enhance vaccine efficacy by generating a more immunogenic CSP-based particle vaccine and therefore developed a next-generation RTS,S-like vaccine, called R21. The major improvement is that in contrast to RTS,S, R21 particles are formed from a single CSP-hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) fusion protein, and this leads to a vaccine composed of a much higher proportion of CSP than in RTS,S. We demonstrate that in BALB/c mice R21 is immunogenic at very low doses and when administered with the adjuvants Abisco-100 and Matrix-M it elicits sterile protection against transgenic sporozoite challenge. Concurrent induction of potent cellular and humoral immune responses was also achieved by combining R21 with TRAP-based viral vectors and protective efficacy was significantly enhanced. In addition, in contrast to RTS,S, only a minimal antibody response to the HBsAg carrier was induced. These studies identify an anti-sporozoite vaccine component that may improve upon the current leading malaria vaccine RTS,S. R21 is now under evaluation in Phase 1/2a clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine A Collins
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Rebecca Snaith
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Matthew G Cottingham
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sarah C Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Adrian V S Hill
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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Ford T, Wenden C, Mbekeani A, Dally L, Cox JH, Morin M, Winstone N, Hill AVS, Gilmour J, Ewer KJ. Cryopreservation-related loss of antigen-specific IFNγ producing CD4 + T-cells can skew immunogenicity data in vaccine trials: Lessons from a malaria vaccine trial substudy. Vaccine 2017; 35:1898-1906. [PMID: 28285985 PMCID: PMC5387668 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ex vivo functional immunoassays such as ELISpot and intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) by flow cytometry are crucial tools in vaccine development both in the identification of novel immunogenic targets and in the immunological assessment of samples from clinical trials. Cryopreservation and subsequent thawing of PBMCs via validated processes has become a mainstay of clinical trials due to processing restrictions inherent in the disparate location and capacity of trial centres, and also in the need to standardize biological assays at central testing facilities. Logistical and financial requirement to batch process samples from multiple study timepoints are also key. We used ELISpot and ICS assays to assess antigen-specific immunogenicity in blood samples taken from subjects enrolled in a phase II malaria heterologous prime-boost vaccine trial and showed that the freeze thaw process can result in a 3–5-fold reduction of malaria antigen-specific IFNγ-producing CD3+CD4+ effector populations from PBMC samples taken post vaccination. We have also demonstrated that peptide responsive CD8+ T cells are relatively unaffected, as well as CD4+ T cell populations that do not produce IFNγ. These findings contribute to a growing body of data that could be consolidated and synthesised as guidelines for clinical trials with the aim of increasing the efficiency of vaccine development pipelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Ford
- IAVI-HIL, Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, London, UK; Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK.
| | - Claire Wenden
- IAVI-HIL, Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, London, UK; Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Alison Mbekeani
- IAVI-HIL, Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, London, UK; Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Len Dally
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Josephine H Cox
- IAVI-HIL, Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, London, UK
| | | | - Nicola Winstone
- IAVI-HIL, Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, London, UK; Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Adrian V S Hill
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Jill Gilmour
- IAVI-HIL, Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, London, UK; Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Katie J Ewer
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and the Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Bausch
- From the Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans; and the U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru
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Safety, Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Prime-Boost Vaccination with ChAd63 and MVA Encoding ME-TRAP against Plasmodium falciparum Infection in Adults in Senegal. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167951. [PMID: 27978537 PMCID: PMC5158312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria transmission is in decline in some parts of Africa, partly due to the scaling up of control measures. If the goal of elimination is to be achieved, additional control measures including an effective and durable vaccine will be required. Studies utilising the prime-boost approach to deliver viral vectors encoding the pre-erythrocytic antigen ME-TRAP (multiple epitope thrombospondin-related adhesion protein) have shown promising safety, immunogenicity and efficacy in sporozoite challenge studies. More recently, a study in Kenyan adults, similar to that reported here, showed substantial efficacy against P. falciparum infection. One hundred and twenty healthy male volunteers, living in a malaria endemic area of Senegal were randomised to receive either the Chimpanzee adenovirus (ChAd63) ME-TRAP as prime vaccination, followed eight weeks later by modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) also encoding ME-TRAP as booster, or two doses of anti-rabies vaccine as a comparator. Prior to follow-up, antimalarials were administered to clear parasitaemia and then participants were monitored by PCR for malaria infection for eight weeks. The primary endpoint was time-to-infection with P. falciparum malaria, determined by two consecutive positive PCR results. Secondary endpoints included adverse event reporting, measures of cellular and humoral immunogenicity and a meta-analysis of combined vaccine efficacy with the parallel study in Kenyan adults.We show that this pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccine is safe and induces significant immunogenicity, with a peak T-cell response at seven days after boosting of 932 Spot Forming Cells (SFC)/106 Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells(PBMC) compared to 57 SFC/ 106 PBMCs in the control group. However, a vaccine efficacy was not observed: 12 of 57 ME-TRAP vaccinees became PCR positive during the intensive monitoring period as compared to 13 of the 58 controls (P = 0.80). This trial confirms that vaccine efficacy against malaria infection in adults may be rapidly assessed using this efficient and cost-effective clinical trial design. Further efficacy evaluation of this vectored candidate vaccine approach in other malaria transmission settings and age-de-escalation into the main target age groups for a malaria vaccine is in progress.
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Crank MC, Wilson EMP, Novik L, Enama ME, Hendel CS, Gu W, Nason MC, Bailer RT, Nabel GJ, McDermott AB, Mascola JR, Koup RA, Ledgerwood JE, Graham BS. Safety and Immunogenicity of a rAd35-EnvA Prototype HIV-1 Vaccine in Combination with rAd5-EnvA in Healthy Adults (VRC 012). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166393. [PMID: 27846256 PMCID: PMC5112788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND VRC 012 was a Phase I study of a prototype recombinant adenoviral-vector serotype-35 (rAd35) HIV vaccine, the precursor to two recently published clinical trials, HVTN 077 and 083. On the basis of prior evaluation of multiclade rAd5 HIV vaccines, Envelope A (EnvA) was selected as the standard antigen for a series of prototype HIV vaccines to compare various vaccine platforms. In addition, prior studies of rAd5-vectored vaccines suggested pre-existing human immunity may be a confounding factor in vaccine efficacy. rAd35 is less seroprevalent across human populations and was chosen for testing alone and in combination with a rAd5-EnvA vaccine in the present two-part phase I study. METHODS First, five subjects each received a single injection of 109, 1010, or 1011 particle units (PU) of rAd35-EnvA in an open-label, dose-escalation study. Next, 20 Ad5/Ad35-seronegative subjects were randomized to blinded, heterologous prime-boost schedules combining rAd5-EnvA and rAd35-EnvA with a three month interval. rAd35-EnvA was given at 1010 or 1011 PU to ten subjects each; all rAd5-EnvA injections were 1010 PU. EnvA-specific immunogenicity was assessed four weeks post-injection. Solicited reactogenicity and clinical safety were followed after each injection. RESULTS Vaccinations were well tolerated at all dosages. Antibody responses measured by ELISA were detected at 4 weeks in 30% and 50% of subjects after single doses of 1010 or 1011 PU rAd35, respectively, and in 89% after a single rAd5-EnvA 1010 PU injection. EnvA-specific IFN-γ ELISpot responses were detected at four weeks in 0%, 70%, and 50% of subjects after the respective rAd35-EnvA dosages compared to 89% of subjects after rAd5. T cell responses were higher after a single rAd5-EnvA 1010 PU injection than after a single rAd35-EnvA 1010 PU injection, and humoral responses were low after a single dose of either vector. Of those completing the vaccine schedule, 100% of rAd5-EnvA recipients and 90% of rAd35-EnvA recipients had both T cell and humoral responses after boosting with the heterologous vector. ELISpot response magnitude was similar in both regimens and comparable to a single dose of rAd5. A trend toward more robust CD8 T cell responses using rAd5-EnvA prime and rAd35-EnvA boost was observed. Humoral response magnitude was also similar after either heterologous regimen, but was several fold higher than after a single dose of rAd5. Adverse events (AEs) related to study vaccines were in general mild and limited to one episode of hematuria, Grade two. Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) AEs were consistent with an in vitro effect on the laboratory assay for aPTT due to a transient induction of anti-phospholipid antibody, a phenomenon that has been reported in other adenoviral vector vaccine trials. CONCLUSIONS Limitations of the rAd vaccine vectors, including the complex interactions among pre-existing adenoviral immunity and vaccine-induced immune responses, have prompted investigators to include less seroprevalent vectors such as rAd35-EnvA in prime-boost regimens. The rAd35-EnvA vaccine described here was well tolerated and immunogenic. While it effectively primed and boosted antibody responses when given in a reciprocal prime-boost regimen with rAd5-EnvA using a three-month interval, it did not significantly improve the frequency or magnitude of T cell responses above a single dose of rAd5. The humoral and cellular immunogenicity data reported here may inform future vaccine and study design. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00479999.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C. Crank
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eleanor M. P. Wilson
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Laura Novik
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mary E. Enama
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cynthia S. Hendel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wenjuan Gu
- Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., NCI Campus at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, 21702, United States of America
| | - Martha C. Nason
- Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert T. Bailer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gary J. Nabel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Adrian B. McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julie E. Ledgerwood
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barney S. Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Vector-based genetically modified vaccines: Exploiting Jenner's legacy. Vaccine 2016; 34:6436-6448. [PMID: 28029542 PMCID: PMC7115478 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The global vaccine market is diverse while facing a plethora of novel developments. Genetic modification (GM) techniques facilitate the design of ’smarter’ vaccines. For many of the major infectious diseases of humans, like AIDS and malaria, but also for most human neoplastic disorders, still no vaccines are available. It may be speculated that novel GM technologies will significantly contribute to their development. While a promising number of studies is conducted on GM vaccines and GM vaccine technologies, the contribution of GM technology to newly introduced vaccines on the market is disappointingly limited. In this study, the field of vector-based GM vaccines is explored. Data on currently available, actually applied, and newly developed vectors is retrieved from various sources, synthesised and analysed, in order to provide an overview on the use of vector-based technology in the field of GM vaccine development. While still there are only two vector-based vaccines on the human vaccine market, there is ample activity in the fields of patenting, preclinical research, and different stages of clinical research. Results of this study revealed that vector-based vaccines comprise a significant part of all GM vaccines in the pipeline. This study further highlights that poxviruses and adenoviruses are among the most prominent vectors in GM vaccine development. After the approval of the first vectored human vaccine, based on a flavivirus vector, vaccine vector technology, especially based on poxviruses and adenoviruses, holds great promise for future vaccine development. It may lead to cheaper methods for the production of safe vaccines against diseases for which no or less perfect vaccines exist today, thus catering for an unmet medical need. After the introduction of Jenner’s vaccinia virus as the first vaccine more than two centuries ago, which eventually led to the recent eradication of smallpox, this and other viruses may now be the basis for constructing vectors that may help us control other major scourges of mankind.
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Hollingdale MR, Sedegah M, Limbach K. Development of replication-deficient adenovirus malaria vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 16:261-271. [PMID: 27606709 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2016.1228454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malaria remains a major threat to endemic populations and travelers, including military personnel to these areas. A malaria vaccine is feasible, as radiation attenuated sporozoites induce nearly 100% efficacy. Areas covered: This review covers current malaria clinical trials using adenoviruses and pre-clinical research. Heterologous prime-boost regimens, including replication-deficient human adenovirus 5 (HuAd5) carrying malaria antigens, are efficacious. However, efficacy appears to be adversely affected by pre-existing anti-HuAd5 antibodies. Current strategies focus on replacing HuAd5 with rarer human adenoviruses or adenoviruses isolated from non-human primates (NHPs). The chimpanzee adenovirus ChAd63 is undergoing evaluation in clinical trials including infants in malaria-endemic areas. Key antigens have been identified and are being used alone, in combination, or with protein subunit vaccines. Gorilla adenoviruses carrying malaria antigens are also currently being evaluated in preclinical models. These replacement adenovirus vectors will be successfully used to develop vaccines against malaria, as well as other infectious diseases. Expert commentary: Simplified prime-boost single shot regimens, dry-coated live vector vaccines or silicon microneedle arrays could be developed for malaria or other vaccines. Replacement vectors with similar or superior immunogenicity have rapidly advanced, and several are now in extensive Phase 2 and beyond in malaria as well as other diseases, notably Ebola.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martha Sedegah
- a Malaria Department , Naval Medical Research Center , Silver Spring , MD , USA
| | - Keith Limbach
- a Malaria Department , Naval Medical Research Center , Silver Spring , MD , USA
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Comeau JL, Chan J, Macartney KK. New Vaccines on the Horizon. CURRENT PEDIATRICS REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40124-016-0109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rampling T, Ewer KJ, Bowyer G, Bliss CM, Edwards NJ, Wright D, Payne RO, Venkatraman N, de Barra E, Snudden CM, Poulton ID, de Graaf H, Sukhtankar P, Roberts R, Ivinson K, Weltzin R, Rajkumar BY, Wille-Reece U, Lee CK, Ockenhouse CF, Sinden RE, Gerry S, Lawrie AM, Vekemans J, Morelle D, Lievens M, Ballou RW, Cooke GS, Faust SN, Gilbert S, Hill AVS. Safety and High Level Efficacy of the Combination Malaria Vaccine Regimen of RTS,S/AS01B With Chimpanzee Adenovirus 63 and Modified Vaccinia Ankara Vectored Vaccines Expressing ME-TRAP. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:772-81. [PMID: 27307573 PMCID: PMC4978377 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The need for a highly efficacious vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum remains pressing. In this controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) study, we assessed the safety, efficacy and immunogenicity of a schedule combining 2 distinct vaccine types in a staggered immunization regimen: one inducing high-titer antibodies to circumsporozoite protein (RTS,S/AS01B) and the other inducing potent T-cell responses to thrombospondin-related adhesion protein (TRAP) by using a viral vector. METHOD Thirty-seven healthy malaria-naive adults were vaccinated with either a chimpanzee adenovirus 63 and modified vaccinia virus Ankara-vectored vaccine expressing a multiepitope string fused to TRAP and 3 doses of RTS,S/AS01B (group 1; n = 20) or 3 doses of RTS,S/AS01B alone (group 2; n = 17). CHMI was delivered by mosquito bites to 33 vaccinated subjects at week 12 after the first vaccination and to 6 unvaccinated controls. RESULTS No suspected unexpected serious adverse reactions or severe adverse events related to vaccination were reported. Protective vaccine efficacy was observed in 14 of 17 subjects (82.4%) in group 1 and 12 of 16 subjects (75%) in group 2. All control subjects received a diagnosis of blood-stage malaria parasite infection. Both vaccination regimens were immunogenic. Fourteen protected subjects underwent repeat CHMI 6 months after initial CHMI; 7 of 8 (87.5%) in group 1 and 5 of 6 (83.3%) in group 2 remained protected. CONCLUSIONS The high level of sterile efficacy observed in this trial is encouraging for further evaluation of combination approaches using these vaccine types. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT01883609.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hans de Graaf
- NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Priya Sukhtankar
- NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | | | - Karen Ivinson
- PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Seattle, Washington
| | - Rich Weltzin
- PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | - Cynthia K Lee
- PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | - Stephen Gerry
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Graham S Cooke
- Infectious Diseases Section, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London
| | - Saul N Faust
- NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
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Safety and Immunogenicity of ChAd63 and MVA ME-TRAP in West African Children and Infants. Mol Ther 2016; 24:1470-7. [PMID: 27109630 PMCID: PMC5010143 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2016.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a significant global health burden and a vaccine would make a substantial contribution to malaria control. Chimpanzee Adenovirus 63 Modified Vaccinia Ankara Multiple epitope thrombospondin adhesion protein (ME-TRAP) and vaccination has shown significant efficacy against malaria sporozoite challenge in malaria-naive European volunteers and against malaria infection in Kenyan adults. Infants are the target age group for malaria vaccination; however, no studies have yet assessed T-cell responses in children and infants. We enrolled 138 Gambian and Burkinabe children in four different age-groups: 2–6 years old in The Gambia; 5–17 months old in Burkina Faso; 5–12 months old, and also 10 weeks old, in The Gambia; and evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of Chimpanzee Adenovirus 63 Modified Vaccinia Ankara ME-TRAP heterologous prime-boost immunization. The vaccines were well tolerated in all age groups with no vaccine-related serious adverse events. T-cell responses to vaccination peaked 7 days after boosting with Modified Vaccinia Ankara, with T-cell responses highest in 10 week-old infants. Heterologous prime-boost immunization with Chimpanzee Adenovirus 63 and Modified Vaccinia Ankara ME-TRAP was well tolerated in infants and children, inducing strong T-cell responses. We identify an approach that induces potent T-cell responses in infants, which may be useful for preventing other infectious diseases requiring cellular immunity.
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Abstract
A safe and effective malaria vaccine is a crucial part of the roadmap to malaria elimination/eradication by the year 2050. Viral-vectored vaccines based on adenoviruses and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) expressing malaria immunogens are currently being used in heterologous prime-boost regimes in clinical trials for induction of strong antigen-specific T-cell responses and high-titer antibodies. Recombinant MVA is a safe and well-tolerated attenuated vector that has consistently shown significant boosting potential. Advances have been made in large-scale MVA manufacture as high-yield producer cell lines and high-throughput purification processes have recently been developed. This review describes the use of MVA as malaria vaccine vector in both preclinical and clinical studies in the past 5 years.
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Ewer KJ, Sierra-Davidson K, Salman AM, Illingworth JJ, Draper SJ, Biswas S, Hill AVS. Progress with viral vectored malaria vaccines: A multi-stage approach involving "unnatural immunity". Vaccine 2015; 33:7444-51. [PMID: 26476366 PMCID: PMC4687526 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Viral vectors used in heterologous prime-boost regimens are one of very few vaccination approaches that have yielded significant protection against controlled human malaria infections. Recently, protection induced by chimpanzee adenovirus priming and modified vaccinia Ankara boosting using the ME-TRAP insert has been correlated with the induction of potent CD8(+) T cell responses. This regimen has progressed to field studies where efficacy against infection has now been reported. The same vectors have been used pre-clinically to identify preferred protective antigens for use in vaccines against the pre-erythrocytic, blood-stage and mosquito stages of malaria and this work is reviewed here for the first time. Such antigen screening has led to the prioritization of the PfRH5 blood-stage antigen, which showed efficacy against heterologous strain challenge in non-human primates, and vectors encoding this antigen are in clinical trials. This, along with the high transmission-blocking activity of some sexual-stage antigens, illustrates well the capacity of such vectors to induce high titre protective antibodies in addition to potent T cell responses. All of the protective responses induced by these vectors exceed the levels of the same immune responses induced by natural exposure supporting the view that, for subunit vaccines to achieve even partial efficacy in humans, "unnatural immunity" comprising immune responses of very high magnitude will need to be induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Ewer
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Kailan Sierra-Davidson
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Ahmed M Salman
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Simon J Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sumi Biswas
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Adrian V S Hill
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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Abstract
The 2014 outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa has highlighted the need for the availability of effective vaccines against outbreak pathogens that are suitable for use in frontline workers who risk their own health in the course of caring for those with the disease, and also for members of the community in the affected area. Along with effective contact tracing and quarantine, use of a vaccine as soon as an outbreak is identified could greatly facilitate rapid control and prevent the outbreak from spreading. This review describes the progress that has been made in producing and testing adenovirus-based Ebola vaccines in both pre-clinical and clinical studies, and considers the likely future use of these vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Gilbert
- a University of Oxford, The Jenner Institute, ORCRB, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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38
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Moreno A, Joyner C. Malaria vaccine clinical trials: what's on the horizon. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 35:98-106. [PMID: 26172291 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Significant progress toward a malaria vaccine, specifically for Plasmodium falciparum, has been made in the past few years with the completion of numerous clinical trials. Each trial has utilized a unique combination of antigens, delivery platforms, and adjuvants, which has provided the research community with a wealth of critical information to apply towards the development of next generation malaria vaccines. Despite the progress toward a P. falciparum vaccine, P. vivax vaccine research requires more momentum and additional investigations to identify novel vaccine candidates. In this review, recently completed and ongoing malaria vaccine clinical trials as well as vaccine candidates that are in the development pipeline are reviewed. Perspectives for future research using post-genomic mining, nonhuman primate models, and systems biology are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Moreno
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 69 Jesse Hill, Jr. Drive, SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Chester Joyner
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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Wedrychowicz H. Antiparasitic DNA vaccines in 21st century. Acta Parasitol 2015; 60:179-89. [PMID: 26203983 PMCID: PMC7088677 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2015-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Demands for effective vaccines to control parasitic diseases of humans and livestock have been recently exacerbated by the development of resistance of most pathogenic parasites to anti-parasitic drugs. Novel genomic and proteomic technologies have provided opportunities for the discovery and improvement of DNA vaccines which are relatively easy as well as cheap to fabricate and stable at room temperatures. However, their main limitation is rather poor immunogenicity, which makes it necessary to couple the antigens with adjuvant molecules. This paper review recent advances in the development of DNA vaccines to some pathogenic protozoa and helminths. Numerous studies were conducted over the past 14 years of 21st century, employing various administration techniques, adjuvants and new immunogenic antigens to increase efficacy of DNA vaccines. Unfortunately, the results have not been rewarding. Further research is necessary using more extensive combinations of antigens; alternate delivery systems and more efficient adjuvants based on knowledge of the immunomodulatory capacities of parasitic protozoa and helminths.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Disease Transmission, Infectious/prevention & control
- Drug Discovery/trends
- Helminthiasis/immunology
- Helminthiasis/prevention & control
- Helminthiasis/transmission
- Helminthiasis, Animal/immunology
- Helminthiasis, Animal/prevention & control
- Helminthiasis, Animal/transmission
- Humans
- Protozoan Infections/immunology
- Protozoan Infections/prevention & control
- Protozoan Infections/transmission
- Protozoan Infections, Animal/immunology
- Protozoan Infections, Animal/prevention & control
- Protozoan Infections, Animal/transmission
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Wedrychowicz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, W. Stefański Institute Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 51/55 Twarda St., 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
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40
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Ogwang C, Kimani D, Edwards NJ, Roberts R, Mwacharo J, Bowyer G, Bliss C, Hodgson SH, Njuguna P, Viebig NK, Nicosia A, Gitau E, Douglas S, Illingworth J, Marsh K, Lawrie A, Imoukhuede EB, Ewer K, Urban BC, Hill AVS, Bejon P. Prime-boost vaccination with chimpanzee adenovirus and modified vaccinia Ankara encoding TRAP provides partial protection against Plasmodium falciparum infection in Kenyan adults. Sci Transl Med 2015; 7:286re5. [PMID: 25947165 PMCID: PMC4687051 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa2373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Protective immunity to the liver stage of the malaria parasite can be conferred by vaccine-induced T cells, but no subunit vaccination approach based on cellular immunity has shown efficacy in field studies. We randomly allocated 121 healthy adult male volunteers in Kilifi, Kenya, to vaccination with the recombinant viral vectors chimpanzee adenovirus 63 (ChAd63) and modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA), both encoding the malaria peptide sequence ME-TRAP (the multiple epitope string and thrombospondin-related adhesion protein), or to vaccination with rabies vaccine as a control. We gave antimalarials to clear parasitemia and conducted PCR (polymerase chain reaction) analysis on blood samples three times a week to identify infection with the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. On Cox regression, vaccination reduced the risk of infection by 67% [95% confidence interval (CI), 33 to 83%; P = 0.002] during 8 weeks of monitoring. T cell responses to TRAP peptides 21 to 30 were significantly associated with protection (hazard ratio, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.75; P = 0.016).
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Ogwang
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, PO Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Domtila Kimani
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, PO Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Nick J Edwards
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- The Jenner Institute, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Rachel Roberts
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- The Jenner Institute, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jedidah Mwacharo
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, PO Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Susanne H Hodgson
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- The Jenner Institute, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Patricia Njuguna
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, PO Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Alfredo Nicosia
- ReiThera, Viale Città d'Europa 679, 00144 Rome, Italy
- CEINGE, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Evelyn Gitau
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, PO Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Sandy Douglas
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- The Jenner Institute, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | | | - Kevin Marsh
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, PO Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Alison Lawrie
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Egeruan B Imoukhuede
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- European Vaccine Initiative, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katie Ewer
- The Jenner Institute, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Britta C Urban
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Adrian V S Hill
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- The Jenner Institute, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Philip Bejon
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, PO Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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41
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Abstract
The development of a highly effective malaria vaccine remains a key goal to aid in the control and eventual eradication of this devastating parasitic disease. The field has made huge strides in recent years, with the first-generation vaccine RTS,S showing modest efficacy in a Phase III clinical trial. The updated 2030 Malaria Vaccine Technology Roadmap calls for a second generation vaccine to achieve 75% efficacy over two years for both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, and for a vaccine that can prevent malaria transmission. Whole-parasite immunisation approaches and combinations of pre-erythrocytic subunit vaccines are now reporting high-level efficacy, whilst exciting new approaches to the development of blood-stage and transmission-blocking vaccine subunit components are entering clinical development. The development of a highly effective multi-component multi-stage subunit vaccine now appears to be a realistic ambition. This review will cover these recent developments in malaria vaccinology.
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42
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Abstract
This special issue is focused on DNA vaccines, marking the two decades since the first demonstration of pre-clinical protection was published in Science (Ulmer et al.; Heterologous protection against influenza by injection of DNA encoding a viral protein. 1993). This introductory article provides an overview of the field and highlights the observations of the articles in this special issue while placing them in the context of other recent publications.
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43
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Assessment of humoral immune responses to blood-stage malaria antigens following ChAd63-MVA immunization, controlled human malaria infection and natural exposure. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107903. [PMID: 25254500 PMCID: PMC4177865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of protective vaccines against many difficult infectious pathogens will necessitate the induction of effective antibody responses. Here we assess humoral immune responses against two antigens from the blood-stage merozoite of the Plasmodium falciparum human malaria parasite--MSP1 and AMA1. These antigens were delivered to healthy malaria-naïve adult volunteers in Phase Ia clinical trials using recombinant replication-deficient viral vectors--ChAd63 to prime the immune response and MVA to boost. In subsequent Phase IIa clinical trials, immunized volunteers underwent controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) with P. falciparum to assess vaccine efficacy, whereby all but one volunteer developed low-density blood-stage parasitemia. Here we assess serum antibody responses against both the MSP1 and AMA1 antigens following i) ChAd63-MVA immunization, ii) immunization and CHMI, and iii) primary malaria exposure in the context of CHMI in unimmunized control volunteers. Responses were also assessed in a cohort of naturally-immune Kenyan adults to provide comparison with those induced by a lifetime of natural malaria exposure. Serum antibody responses against MSP1 and AMA1 were characterized in terms of i) total IgG responses before and after CHMI, ii) responses to allelic variants of MSP1 and AMA1, iii) functional growth inhibitory activity (GIA), iv) IgG avidity, and v) isotype responses (IgG1-4, IgA and IgM). These data provide the first in-depth assessment of the quality of adenovirus-MVA vaccine-induced antibody responses in humans, along with assessment of how these responses are modulated by subsequent low-density parasite exposure. Notable differences were observed in qualitative aspects of the human antibody responses against these malaria antigens depending on the means of their induction and/or exposure of the host to the malaria parasite. Given the continued clinical development of viral vectored vaccines for malaria and a range of other diseases targets, these data should help to guide further immuno-monitoring studies of vaccine-induced human antibody responses.
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Hirschberg R, Ward LA, Kilgore N, Kurnat R, Schiltz H, Albrecht MT, Christopher GW, Nuzum E. Challenges, progress, and opportunities: proceedings of the filovirus medical countermeasures workshop. Viruses 2014; 6:2673-97. [PMID: 25010768 PMCID: PMC4113787 DOI: 10.3390/v6072673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
On August 22–23, 2013, agencies within the United States Department of Defense (DoD) and the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) sponsored the Filovirus Medical Countermeasures (MCMs) Workshop as an extension of the activities of the Filovirus Animal Non-clinical Group (FANG). The FANG is a federally-recognized multi-Agency group established in 2011 to coordinate and facilitate U.S. government (USG) efforts to develop filovirus MCMs. The workshop brought together government, academic and industry experts to consider the needs for filovirus MCMs and evaluate the status of the product development pipeline. This report summarizes speaker presentations and highlights progress and challenges remaining in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rona Hirschberg
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Lucy A Ward
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Nicole Kilgore
- Medical Countermeasure Systems, Department of Defense, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Rebecca Kurnat
- Medical Countermeasure Systems, Department of Defense, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Helen Schiltz
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Mark T Albrecht
- Biodefense Advanced Research and Development Authority, Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC 20201, USA.
| | - George W Christopher
- Medical Countermeasure Systems, Department of Defense, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060, USA.
| | - Ed Nuzum
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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