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Elofsson A, Han L, Bianchi E, Wright GJ, Jovine L. Deep learning insights into the architecture of the mammalian egg-sperm fusion synapse. eLife 2024; 13:RP93131. [PMID: 38666763 PMCID: PMC11052572 DOI: 10.7554/elife.93131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A crucial event in sexual reproduction is when haploid sperm and egg fuse to form a new diploid organism at fertilization. In mammals, direct interaction between egg JUNO and sperm IZUMO1 mediates gamete membrane adhesion, yet their role in fusion remains enigmatic. We used AlphaFold to predict the structure of other extracellular proteins essential for fertilization to determine if they could form a complex that may mediate fusion. We first identified TMEM81, whose gene is expressed by mouse and human spermatids, as a protein having structural homologies with both IZUMO1 and another sperm molecule essential for gamete fusion, SPACA6. Using a set of proteins known to be important for fertilization and TMEM81, we then systematically searched for predicted binary interactions using an unguided approach and identified a pentameric complex involving sperm IZUMO1, SPACA6, TMEM81 and egg JUNO, CD9. This complex is structurally consistent with both the expected topology on opposing gamete membranes and the location of predicted N-glycans not modeled by AlphaFold-Multimer, suggesting that its components could organize into a synapse-like assembly at the point of fusion. Finally, the structural modeling approach described here could be more generally useful to gain insights into transient protein complexes difficult to detect experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Elofsson
- Science for Life Laboratory and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm UniversitySolnaSweden
| | - Ling Han
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska InstitutetHuddingeSweden
| | - Enrica Bianchi
- Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of YorkYorkUnited Kingdom
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of YorkYorkUnited Kingdom
| | - Luca Jovine
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska InstitutetHuddingeSweden
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2
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Roberts AJ, Ong HB, Clare S, Brandt C, Harcourt K, Takele Y, Ghosh P, Toepp A, Waugh M, Matano D, Färnert A, Adams E, Moreno J, Mbuchi M, Petersen C, Mondal D, Kropf P, Wright GJ. A panel of recombinant Leishmania donovani cell surface and secreted proteins identifies LdBPK_323600.1 as a serological marker of symptomatic infection. mBio 2024:e0085924. [PMID: 38639536 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00859-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a deadly infectious disease and is one of the world's major neglected health problems. Because the symptoms of infection are similar to other endemic diseases, accurate diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. Definitive diagnosis using splenic or bone marrow aspirates is highly invasive, and so, serological assays are preferred, including the direct agglutination test (DAT) or rK39 strip test. These tests, however, are either difficult to perform in the field (DAT) or lack specificity in some endemic regions (rK39), making the development of new tests a research priority. The availability of Leishmania spp. genomes presents an opportunity to identify new diagnostic targets. Here, we use genome data and a mammalian protein expression system to create a panel of 93 proteins consisting of the extracellular ectodomains of the Leishmania donovani cell surface and secreted proteins. We use these panel and sera from murine experimental infection models and natural human and canine infections to identify new candidates for serological diagnosis. We observed a concordance between the most immunoreactive antigens in different host species and transmission settings. The antigen encoded by the LdBPK_323600.1 gene can diagnose Leishmania infections with high sensitivity and specificity in patient cohorts from different endemic regions including Bangladesh and Ethiopia. In longitudinal sampling of treated patients, we observed reductions in immunoreactivity to LdBPK_323600.1 suggesting it could be used to diagnose treatment success. In summary, we have identified new antigens that could contribute to improved serological diagnostic tests to help control the impact of this deadly tropical infectious disease. IMPORTANCE Visceral leishmaniasis is fatal if left untreated with patients often displaying mild and non-specific symptoms during the early stages of infection making accurate diagnosis important. Current methods for diagnosis require highly trained medical staff to perform highly invasive biopsies of the liver or bone marrow which pose risks to the patient. Less invasive molecular tests are available but can suffer from regional variations in their ability to accurately diagnose an infection. To identify new diagnostic markers of visceral leishmaniasis, we produced and tested a panel of 93 proteins identified from the genome of the parasite responsible for this disease. We found that the pattern of host antibody reactivity to these proteins was broadly consistent across naturally acquired infections in both human patients and dogs, as well as experimental rodent infections. We identified a new protein called LdBPK_323600.1 that could accurately diagnose visceral leishmaniasis infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Roberts
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Han Boon Ong
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Clare
- Pathogen Laboratory Support, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cordelia Brandt
- Pathogen Laboratory Support, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Harcourt
- Pathogen Laboratory Support, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yegnasew Takele
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Prakash Ghosh
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Angela Toepp
- College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - Max Waugh
- College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - Daniel Matano
- Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anna Färnert
- Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emily Adams
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Moreno
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas-CIBERINFEC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Margaret Mbuchi
- Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Dinesh Mondal
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Pascale Kropf
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology and York, Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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3
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Bianchi E, Jiménez-Movilla M, Cots-Rodríguez P, Viola C, Wright GJ. No evidence for a direct extracellular interaction between human Fc receptor-like 3 (MAIA) and the sperm ligand IZUMO1. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadk6352. [PMID: 38381819 PMCID: PMC10881024 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk6352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Fertilization involves the recognition and fusion of sperm and egg to form a previously unidentified organism. In mammals, surface molecules on the sperm and egg have central roles, and while adhesion is mediated by the IZUMO1-JUNO sperm-egg ligand-receptor pair, the molecule/s responsible for membrane fusion remain mysterious. Recently, MAIA/FCRL3 was identified as a mammalian egg receptor, which bound IZUMO1 and JUNO and might therefore have a bridging role in gamete recognition and fusion. Here, we use sensitive assays designed to detect extracellular protein binding to investigate the interactions between MAIA and both IZUMO1 and JUNO. Despite using reagents with demonstrable biochemical activity, we did not identify any direct binding between MAIA/FCRL3 and either IZUMO1 or JUNO. We also observed no fusogenic activity of MAIA/FCRL3 in a cell-based membrane fusion assay. Our findings encourage caution in further investigations on the role played by MAIA/FCRL3 in fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Bianchi
- Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, UK
| | - Maria Jiménez-Movilla
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Medical School, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Paula Cots-Rodríguez
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Medical School, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristina Viola
- Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, UK
| | - Gavin J. Wright
- Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, UK
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4
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Lee SK, Crosnier C, Valenzuela-Leon PC, Dizon BLP, Atkinson JP, Mu J, Wright GJ, Calvo E, Gunalan K, Miller LH. Complement receptor 1 is the human erythrocyte receptor for Plasmodium vivax erythrocyte binding protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316304121. [PMID: 38261617 PMCID: PMC10835065 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316304121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The discovery that Africans were resistant to infection by Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) led to the conclusion that P. vivax invasion relied on the P. vivax Duffy Binding Protein (PvDBP) interacting with the Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines (DARC) expressed on erythrocytes. However, the recent reporting of P. vivax infections in DARC-negative Africans suggests that the parasite might use an alternate invasion pathway to infect DARC-negative reticulocytes. To identify the parasite ligands and erythrocyte receptors that enable P. vivax invasion of both DARC-positive and -negative erythrocytes, we expressed region II containing the Duffy Binding-Like (DBL) domain of P. vivax erythrocyte binding protein (PvEBP-RII) and verified that the DBL domain binds to both DARC-positive and -negative erythrocytes. Furthermore, an AVidity-based EXtracelluar Interaction Screening (AVEXIS) was used to identify the receptor for PvEBP among over 750 human cell surface receptor proteins, and this approach identified only Complement Receptor 1 (CR1, CD35, or C3b/C4b receptor) as a PvEBP receptor. CR1 is a well-known receptor for P. falciparum Reticulocyte binding protein Homology 4 (PfRh4) and is present on the surfaces of both reticulocytes and normocytes, but its expression decreases as erythrocytes age. Indeed, PvEBP-RII bound to a subpopulation of both reticulocytes and normocytes, and this binding was blocked by the addition of soluble CR1 recombinant protein, indicating that CR1 is the receptor of PvEBP. In addition, we found that the Long Homology Repeat A (LHR-A) subdomain of CR1 is the only subdomain responsible for mediating the interaction with PvEBP-RII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Kyun Lee
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD20852
| | - Cécile Crosnier
- Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, YorkYO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Carolina Valenzuela-Leon
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD20852
| | - Brian L. P. Dizon
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD20852
- Rheumatology Fellowship Training Program, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - John P. Atkinson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO63110
| | - Jianbing Mu
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD20852
| | - Gavin J. Wright
- Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, YorkYO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Calvo
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD20852
| | - Karthigayan Gunalan
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD20852
| | - Louis H. Miller
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD20852
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5
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Hart MN, Mohring F, DonVito SM, Thomas JA, Muller-Sienerth N, Wright GJ, Knuepfer E, Saibil HR, Moon RW. Sequential roles for red blood cell binding proteins enable phased commitment to invasion for malaria parasites. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4619. [PMID: 37528099 PMCID: PMC10393984 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40357-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasion of red blood cells (RBCs) by Plasmodium merozoites is critical to their continued survival within the host. Two major protein families, the Duffy binding-like proteins (DBPs/EBAs) and the reticulocyte binding like proteins (RBLs/RHs) have been studied extensively in P. falciparum and are hypothesized to have overlapping, but critical roles just prior to host cell entry. The zoonotic malaria parasite, P. knowlesi, has larger invasive merozoites and contains a smaller, less redundant, DBP and RBL repertoire than P. falciparum. One DBP (DBPα) and one RBL, normocyte binding protein Xa (NBPXa) are essential for invasion of human RBCs. Taking advantage of the unique biological features of P. knowlesi and iterative CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, we determine the precise order of key invasion milestones and demonstrate distinct roles for each family. These distinct roles support a mechanism for phased commitment to invasion and can be targeted synergistically with invasion inhibitory antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa N Hart
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Disease, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Franziska Mohring
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Disease, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Sophia M DonVito
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Disease, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - James A Thomas
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Disease, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | | | - Gavin J Wright
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Ellen Knuepfer
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK
- Malaria Parasitology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Helen R Saibil
- ISMB, Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet St, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Robert W Moon
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Disease, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
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6
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Arutyunyan A, Roberts K, Troulé K, Wong FCK, Sheridan MA, Kats I, Garcia-Alonso L, Velten B, Hoo R, Ruiz-Morales ER, Sancho-Serra C, Shilts J, Handfield LF, Marconato L, Tuck E, Gardner L, Mazzeo CI, Li Q, Kelava I, Wright GJ, Prigmore E, Teichmann SA, Bayraktar OA, Moffett A, Stegle O, Turco MY, Vento-Tormo R. Spatial multiomics map of trophoblast development in early pregnancy. Nature 2023; 616:143-151. [PMID: 36991123 PMCID: PMC10076224 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05869-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the human placenta-the extraembryonic organ made by the fetus, and the decidua-the mucosal layer of the uterus, is essential to nurture and protect the fetus during pregnancy. Extravillous trophoblast cells (EVTs) derived from placental villi infiltrate the decidua, transforming the maternal arteries into high-conductance vessels1. Defects in trophoblast invasion and arterial transformation established during early pregnancy underlie common pregnancy disorders such as pre-eclampsia2. Here we have generated a spatially resolved multiomics single-cell atlas of the entire human maternal-fetal interface including the myometrium, which enables us to resolve the full trajectory of trophoblast differentiation. We have used this cellular map to infer the possible transcription factors mediating EVT invasion and show that they are preserved in in vitro models of EVT differentiation from primary trophoblast organoids3,4 and trophoblast stem cells5. We define the transcriptomes of the final cell states of trophoblast invasion: placental bed giant cells (fused multinucleated EVTs) and endovascular EVTs (which form plugs inside the maternal arteries). We predict the cell-cell communication events contributing to trophoblast invasion and placental bed giant cell formation, and model the dual role of interstitial EVTs and endovascular EVTs in mediating arterial transformation during early pregnancy. Together, our data provide a comprehensive analysis of postimplantation trophoblast differentiation that can be used to inform the design of experimental models of the human placenta in early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Arutyunyan
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Megan A Sheridan
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ilia Kats
- Division of Computational Genomics and Systems Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Britta Velten
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Division of Computational Genomics and Systems Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Regina Hoo
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Luca Marconato
- Division of Computational Genomics and Systems Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Lucy Gardner
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Qian Li
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Iva Kelava
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Theory of Condensed Matter, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Ashley Moffett
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Oliver Stegle
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
- Division of Computational Genomics and Systems Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Margherita Y Turco
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Roser Vento-Tormo
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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7
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Bianchi E, Wright GJ. Mammalian fertilization: Does sperm IZUMO1 mediate fusion as well as adhesion? J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202301035. [PMID: 36656648 PMCID: PMC9856796 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202301035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of sperm-egg fusion is a long-standing mystery in reproduction. Brukman and colleagues (2022. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202207147) now provide evidence that the sperm surface protein IZUMO1, which is essential for mammalian fertilization, can induce membrane fusion in cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Bianchi
- Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, UK
| | - Gavin J. Wright
- Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, UK
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8
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Shilts J, Crozier TWM, Teixeira-Silva A, Gabaev I, Gerber PP, Greenwood EJD, Watson SJ, Ortmann BM, Gawden-Bone CM, Pauzaite T, Hoffmann M, Nathan JA, Pöhlmann S, Matheson NJ, Lehner PJ, Wright GJ. LRRC15 mediates an accessory interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3001959. [PMID: 36735681 PMCID: PMC9897555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The interactions between Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and human host factors enable the virus to propagate infections that lead to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The spike protein is the largest structural component of the virus and mediates interactions essential for infection, including with the primary angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. We performed two independent cell-based systematic screens to determine whether there are additional proteins by which the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 can interact with human cells. We discovered that in addition to ACE2, expression of LRRC15 also causes spike protein binding. This interaction is distinct from other known spike attachment mechanisms such as heparan sulfates or lectin receptors. Measurements of orthologous coronavirus spike proteins implied the interaction was functionally restricted to SARS-CoV-2 by accessibility. We localized the interaction to the C-terminus of the S1 domain and showed that LRRC15 shares recognition of the ACE2 receptor binding domain. From analyzing proteomics and single-cell transcriptomics, we identify LRRC15 expression as being common in human lung vasculature cells and fibroblasts. Levels of LRRC15 were greatly elevated by inflammatory signals in the lungs of COVID-19 patients. Although infection assays demonstrated that LRRC15 alone is not sufficient to permit viral entry, we present evidence that it can modulate infection of human cells. This unexpected interaction merits further investigation to determine how SARS-CoV-2 exploits host LRRC15 and whether it could account for any of the distinctive features of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod Shilts
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas W. M. Crozier
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Teixeira-Silva
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ildar Gabaev
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pehuén Pereyra Gerber
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edward J. D. Greenwood
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel James Watson
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Brian M. Ortmann
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christian M. Gawden-Bone
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tekle Pauzaite
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center – Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - James A. Nathan
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center – Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicholas J. Matheson
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Lehner
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin J. Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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9
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Chong ZS, Ohnishi S, Yusa K, Wright GJ. Author Correction: Pooled extracellular receptor-ligand interaction screening using CRISPR activation. Genome Biol 2022; 23:224. [PMID: 36271468 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-022-02797-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Shan Chong
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Shuhei Ohnishi
- Stem Cell Genetics Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Kosuke Yusa
- Stem Cell Genetics Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
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10
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Romero-Ramirez A, Casas-Sánchez A, Autheman D, Duffy CW, Brandt C, Clare S, Harcourt K, André MR, de Almeida Castilho Neto KJG, Teixeira MMG, Machado RZ, Coombes J, Flynn RJ, Wright GJ, Jackson AP. Vivaxin genes encode highly immunogenic, non-variant antigens on the Trypanosoma vivax cell-surface. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010791. [PMID: 36129968 PMCID: PMC9529106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma vivax is a unicellular hemoparasite, and a principal cause of animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT), a vector-borne and potentially fatal livestock disease across sub-Saharan Africa. Previously, we identified diverse T. vivax-specific genes that were predicted to encode cell surface proteins. Here, we examine the immune responses of naturally and experimentally infected hosts to these unique parasite antigens, to identify immunogens that could become vaccine candidates. Immunoprofiling of host serum shows that one particular family (Fam34) elicits a consistent IgG antibody response. This gene family, which we now call Vivaxin, encodes at least 124 transmembrane glycoproteins that display quite distinct expression profiles and patterns of genetic variation. We focused on one gene (viv-β8) that encodes one particularly immunogenic vivaxin protein and which is highly expressed during infections but displays minimal polymorphism across the parasite population. Vaccination of mice with VIVβ8 adjuvanted with Quil-A elicits a strong, balanced immune response and delays parasite proliferation in some animals but, ultimately, it does not prevent disease. Although VIVβ8 is localized across the cell body and flagellar membrane, live immunostaining indicates that VIVβ8 is largely inaccessible to antibody in vivo. However, our phylogenetic analysis shows that vivaxin includes other antigens shown recently to induce immunity against T. vivax. Thus, the introduction of vivaxin represents an important advance in our understanding of the T. vivax cell surface. Besides being a source of proven and promising vaccine antigens, the gene family is clearly an important component of the parasite glycocalyx, with potential to influence host-parasite interactions. Animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) is an important livestock disease throughout sub-Saharan Africa and beyond. AAT is caused by Trypanosoma vivax, among other species, a unicellular parasite that is spread by biting tsetse flies and multiplies in the bloodstream and other tissues, leading to often fatal neurological conditions if untreated. Although concerted drug treatment and vector eradication programmes have succeeded in controlling Human African trypanosomiasis, AAT continues to adversely affect animal health and impede efficient food production and economic development in many less-developed countries. In this study, we attempted to identify parasite surface proteins that stimulated the strongest immune responses in naturally infected animals, as the basis for a vaccine. We describe the discovery of a new, species-specific protein family in T. vivax, which we call vivaxin. We show that one vivaxin protein (VIVβ8) is surface expressed and retards parasite proliferation when used to immunize mice, but does not prevent infection. Nevertheless, we also reveal that vivaxin includes another protein previously shown to induce protective immunity (IFX/VIVβ1). Besides its great potential for novel approaches to AAT control, the vivaxin family is revealed as a significant component of the T. vivax cell surface and may have important, species-specific roles in host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Romero-Ramirez
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Aitor Casas-Sánchez
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Delphine Autheman
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Craig W. Duffy
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Cordelia Brandt
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Harcourt
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Marcos Rogério André
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kayo José Garcia de Almeida Castilho Neto
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marta M. G. Teixeira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosangela Zacharias Machado
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janine Coombes
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, The Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Robin J. Flynn
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Gavin J. Wright
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P. Jackson
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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11
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Shilts J, Severin Y, Galaway F, Müller-Sienerth N, Chong ZS, Pritchard S, Teichmann S, Vento-Tormo R, Snijder B, Wright GJ. A physical wiring diagram for the human immune system. Nature 2022; 608:397-404. [PMID: 35922511 PMCID: PMC9365698 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The human immune system is composed of a distributed network of cells circulating throughout the body, which must dynamically form physical associations and communicate using interactions between their cell-surface proteomes1. Despite their therapeutic potential2, our map of these surface interactions remains incomplete3,4. Here, using a high-throughput surface receptor screening method, we systematically mapped the direct protein interactions across a recombinant library that encompasses most of the surface proteins that are detectable on human leukocytes. We independently validated and determined the biophysical parameters of each novel interaction, resulting in a high-confidence and quantitative view of the receptor wiring that connects human immune cells. By integrating our interactome with expression data, we identified trends in the dynamics of immune interactions and constructed a reductionist mathematical model that predicts cellular connectivity from basic principles. We also developed an interactive multi-tissue single-cell atlas that infers immune interactions throughout the body, revealing potential functional contexts for new interactions and hubs in multicellular networks. Finally, we combined targeted protein stimulation of human leukocytes with multiplex high-content microscopy to link our receptor interactions to functional roles, in terms of both modulating immune responses and maintaining normal patterns of intercellular associations. Together, our work provides a systematic perspective on the intercellular wiring of the human immune system that extends from systems-level principles of immune cell connectivity down to mechanistic characterization of individual receptors, which could offer opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Systematic measurements of the interactions between proteins found on the surfaces of human leukocytes provides a global view of the way that immune cells are dynamically connected by receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod Shilts
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Yannik Severin
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francis Galaway
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Zheng-Shan Chong
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sophie Pritchard
- Cellular Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah Teichmann
- Cellular Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roser Vento-Tormo
- Cellular Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Berend Snijder
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK. .,Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, UK.
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12
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Roberts AJ, Ong HB, Clare S, Brandt C, Harcourt K, Franssen SU, Cotton JA, Müller-Sienerth N, Wright GJ. Systematic identification of genes encoding cell surface and secreted proteins that are essential for in vitro growth and infection in Leishmania donovani. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010364. [PMID: 35202447 PMCID: PMC8903277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania for which there are no approved human vaccines. Infections localise to different tissues in a species-specific manner with the visceral form of the disease caused by Leishmania donovani and L. infantum being the most deadly in humans. Although Leishmania spp. parasites are predominantly intracellular, the visceral disease can be prevented in dogs by vaccinating with a complex mixture of secreted products from cultures of L. infantum promastigotes. With the logic that extracellular parasite proteins make good subunit vaccine candidates because they are directly accessible to vaccine-elicited host antibodies, here we attempt to discover proteins that are essential for in vitro growth and host infection with the goal of identifying subunit vaccine candidates. Using an in silico analysis of the Leishmania donovani genome, we identified 92 genes encoding proteins that are predicted to be secreted or externally anchored to the parasite membrane by a single transmembrane region or a GPI anchor. By selecting a transgenic L. donovani parasite that expresses both luciferase and the Cas9 nuclease, we systematically attempted to target all 92 genes by CRISPR genome editing and identified four that were required for in vitro growth. For fifty-five genes, we infected cohorts of mice with each mutant parasite and by longitudinally quantifying parasitaemia with bioluminescent imaging, showed that nine genes had evidence of an attenuated infection although all ultimately established an infection. Finally, we expressed two genes as full-length soluble recombinant proteins and tested them as subunit vaccine candidates in a murine preclinical infection model. Both proteins elicited significant levels of protection against the uncontrolled development of a splenic infection warranting further investigation as subunit vaccine candidates against this deadly infectious tropical disease. Leishmaniasis is a parasitic infectious disease that is responsible for many tens of thousands of human deaths per year, primarily in impoverished parts of the world. Although there are drugs to treat this parasite infection, resistance is emerging and there are no approved human vaccines. Extracellular parasite proteins can make good vaccine targets because they are directly accessible to host antibodies; however, not all parasite surface proteins can elicit protective immune responses. With the goal of identifying new vaccine targets, we selected over 90 genes that encode parasite cell surface and secreted proteins and used the latest CRISPR gene editing technology to individually target them. Using these mutant parasites, we identified four genes required for parasite growth in the laboratory. We expressed two of the proteins as subunit vaccines and a preclinical infection model was used to determine if they could elicit protective immune responses. We found that two of our candidates were able to confer significant levels of protection in a murine model of visceral leishmaniasis. Our study will contribute to the search for a highly effective vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis to improve the lives of people living in some of the poorest regions on the planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Roberts
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Han B. Ong
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Clare
- Pathogen Support Team, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cordelia Brandt
- Pathogen Support Team, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Harcourt
- Pathogen Support Team, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne U. Franssen
- Parasite Genomics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James A. Cotton
- Parasite Genomics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Müller-Sienerth
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin J. Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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13
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Cable J, Rappuoli R, Klemm EJ, Kang G, Mutreja A, Wright GJ, Pizza M, Castro SA, Hoffmann JP, Alter G, Carfi A, Pollard AJ, Krammer F, Gupta RK, Wagner CE, Machado V, Modjarrad K, Corey L, B Gilbert P, Dougan G, Lurie N, Bjorkman PJ, Chiu C, Nemes E, Gordon SB, Steer AC, Rudel T, Blish CA, Sandberg JT, Brennan K, Klugman KP, Stuart LM, Madhi SA, Karp CL. Innovative vaccine approaches-a Keystone Symposia report. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1511:59-86. [PMID: 35029310 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines was the result of decades of research to establish flexible vaccine platforms and understand pathogens with pandemic potential, as well as several novel changes to the vaccine discovery and development processes that partnered industry and governments. And while vaccines offer the potential to drastically improve global health, low-and-middle-income countries around the world often experience reduced access to vaccines and reduced vaccine efficacy. Addressing these issues will require novel vaccine approaches and platforms, deeper insight how vaccines mediate protection, and innovative trial designs and models. On June 28-30, 2021, experts in vaccine research, development, manufacturing, and deployment met virtually for the Keystone eSymposium "Innovative Vaccine Approaches" to discuss advances in vaccine research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gagandeep Kang
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Ankur Mutreja
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID) and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.,Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Sowmya Ajay Castro
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Joseph P Hoffmann
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Florian Krammer
- The Tisch Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ravindra K Gupta
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID) and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Caroline E Wagner
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Viviane Machado
- Measles and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory, WHO/NIC, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kayvon Modjarrad
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID) and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicole Lurie
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Oslo, Norway.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Christopher Chiu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Elisa Nemes
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Andrew C Steer
- Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of General Medicine, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Microbiology Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California
| | - John Tyler Sandberg
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kiva Brennan
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin and School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Keith P Klugman
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lynda M Stuart
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington.,Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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14
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Anisul M, Shilts J, Schwartzentruber J, Hayhurst J, Buniello A, Shaikho Elhaj Mohammed E, Zheng J, Holmes M, Ochoa D, Carmona M, Maranville J, Gaunt TR, Emilsson V, Gudnason V, McDonagh EM, Wright GJ, Ghoussaini M, Dunham I. A proteome-wide genetic investigation identifies several SARS-CoV-2-exploited host targets of clinical relevance. eLife 2021; 10:e69719. [PMID: 34402426 PMCID: PMC8457835 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The virus SARS-CoV-2 can exploit biological vulnerabilities (e.g. host proteins) in susceptible hosts that predispose to the development of severe COVID-19. Methods To identify host proteins that may contribute to the risk of severe COVID-19, we undertook proteome-wide genetic colocalisation tests, and polygenic (pan) and cis-Mendelian randomisation analyses leveraging publicly available protein and COVID-19 datasets. Results Our analytic approach identified several known targets (e.g. ABO, OAS1), but also nominated new proteins such as soluble Fas (colocalisation probability >0.9, p=1 × 10-4), implicating Fas-mediated apoptosis as a potential target for COVID-19 risk. The polygenic (pan) and cis-Mendelian randomisation analyses showed consistent associations of genetically predicted ABO protein with several COVID-19 phenotypes. The ABO signal is highly pleiotropic, and a look-up of proteins associated with the ABO signal revealed that the strongest association was with soluble CD209. We demonstrated experimentally that CD209 directly interacts with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, suggesting a mechanism that could explain the ABO association with COVID-19. Conclusions Our work provides a prioritised list of host targets potentially exploited by SARS-CoV-2 and is a precursor for further research on CD209 and FAS as therapeutically tractable targets for COVID-19. Funding MAK, JSc, JH, AB, DO, MC, EMM, MG, ID were funded by Open Targets. J.Z. and T.R.G were funded by the UK Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MC_UU_00011/4). JSh and GJW were funded by the Wellcome Trust Grant 206194. This research was funded in part by the Wellcome Trust [Grant 206194]. For the purpose of open access, the author has applied a CC BY public copyright licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Anisul
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome CampusHinxtonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jarrod Shilts
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Schwartzentruber
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome CampusHinxtonUnited Kingdom
| | - James Hayhurst
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome CampusHinxtonUnited Kingdom
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Annalisa Buniello
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome CampusHinxtonUnited Kingdom
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Jie Zheng
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael Holmes
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - David Ochoa
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome CampusHinxtonUnited Kingdom
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Miguel Carmona
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome CampusHinxtonUnited Kingdom
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Tom R Gaunt
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Valur Emilsson
- Icelandic Heart AssociationKopavogurIceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of IcelandReykjavikIceland
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart AssociationKopavogurIceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of IcelandReykjavikIceland
| | - Ellen M McDonagh
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome CampusHinxtonUnited Kingdom
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Department of Biology, York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of YorkYorkUnited Kingdom
| | - Maya Ghoussaini
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome CampusHinxtonUnited Kingdom
| | - Ian Dunham
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome CampusHinxtonUnited Kingdom
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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15
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Autheman D, Crosnier C, Clare S, Goulding DA, Brandt C, Harcourt K, Tolley C, Galaway F, Khushu M, Ong H, Romero-Ramirez A, Duffy CW, Jackson AP, Wright GJ. An invariant Trypanosoma vivax vaccine antigen induces protective immunity. Nature 2021; 595:96-100. [PMID: 34040257 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03597-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosomes are protozoan parasites that cause infectious diseases, including African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) in humans and nagana in economically important livestock1,2. An effective vaccine against trypanosomes would be an important control tool, but the parasite has evolved sophisticated immunoprotective mechanisms-including antigenic variation3-that present an apparently insurmountable barrier to vaccination. Here we show, using a systematic genome-led vaccinology approach and a mouse model of Trypanosoma vivax infection4, that protective invariant subunit vaccine antigens can be identified. Vaccination with a single recombinant protein comprising the extracellular region of a conserved cell-surface protein that is localized to the flagellum membrane (which we term 'invariant flagellum antigen from T. vivax') induced long-lasting protection. Immunity was passively transferred with immune serum, and recombinant monoclonal antibodies to this protein could induce sterile protection and revealed several mechanisms of antibody-mediated immunity, including a major role for complement. Our discovery identifies a vaccine candidate for an important parasitic disease that has constrained socioeconomic development in countries in sub-Saharan Africa5, and provides evidence that highly protective vaccines against trypanosome infections can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Autheman
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Cécile Crosnier
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Simon Clare
- Pathogen Support Team, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - David A Goulding
- Electron and Advanced Light Microscopy, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Cordelia Brandt
- Pathogen Support Team, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | | | | | - Francis Galaway
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Malhar Khushu
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Han Ong
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Craig W Duffy
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew P Jackson
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK.
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK.
- York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, UK.
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16
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Bianchi E, Sun Y, Almansa-Ordonez A, Woods M, Goulding D, Martinez-Martin N, Wright GJ. Control of oviductal fluid flow by the G-protein coupled receptor Adgrd1 is essential for murine embryo transit. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1251. [PMID: 33623007 PMCID: PMC7902839 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21512-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of embryo transport causes ectopic pregnancy which affects approximately 2% of conceptions in the US and Europe, and is the most common cause of pregnancy-related death in the first trimester. Embryo transit involves a valve-like tubal-locking phenomenon that temporarily arrests oocytes at the ampullary-isthmic junction (AIJ) where fertilisation occurs, but the mechanisms involved are unknown. Here we show that female mice lacking the orphan adhesion G-protein coupled receptor Adgrd1 are sterile because they do not relieve the AIJ restraining mechanism, inappropriately retaining embryos within the oviduct. Adgrd1 is expressed on the oviductal epithelium and the post-ovulatory attenuation of tubal fluid flow is dysregulated in Adgrd1-deficient mice. Using a large-scale extracellular protein interaction screen, we identified Plxdc2 as an activating ligand for Adgrd1 displayed on cumulus cells. Our findings demonstrate that regulating oviductal fluid flow by Adgrd1 controls embryo transit and we present a model where embryo arrest at the AIJ is due to the balance of abovarial ciliary action and the force of adovarial tubal fluid flow, and in wild-type oviducts, fluid flow is gradually attenuated through Adgrd1 activation to enable embryo release. Our findings provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in embryo transport in mice. Lack of correct embryo transport can cause ectopic pregnancy. Here, the authors show that female mice lacking the adhesion G-protein coupled receptor Adgrd1 are infertile, due to embryos being trapped in the ampulla as the result of dysregulated oviductal fluid flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Bianchi
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yi Sun
- Receptor Discovery Group, Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics Department, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Michael Woods
- Mouse Production Team, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Goulding
- Electron and Advanced Light Microscopy Suite, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nadia Martinez-Martin
- Receptor Discovery Group, Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics Department, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK. .,Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, UK.
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17
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Knöckel J, Dundas K, Yang ASP, Galaway F, Metcalf T, Gemert GJV, Sauerwein RW, Rayner JC, Billker O, Wright GJ. Systematic Identification of Plasmodium Falciparum Sporozoite Membrane Protein Interactions Reveals an Essential Role for the p24 Complex in Host Infection. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100038. [PMID: 33515807 PMCID: PMC7950211 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra120.002432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporozoites are a motile form of malaria-causing Plasmodium falciparum parasites that migrate from the site of transmission in the dermis through the bloodstream to invade hepatocytes. Sporozoites interact with many cells within the host, but the molecular identity of these interactions and their role in the pathology of malaria is poorly understood. Parasite proteins that are secreted and embedded within membranes are known to be important for these interactions, but our understanding of how they interact with each other to form functional complexes is largely unknown. Here, we compile a library of recombinant proteins representing the repertoire of cell surface and secreted proteins from the P. falciparum sporozoite and use an assay designed to detect extracellular interactions to systematically identify complexes. We identify three protein complexes including an interaction between two components of the p24 complex that is involved in the trafficking of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins through the secretory pathway. Plasmodium parasites lacking either gene are strongly inhibited in the establishment of liver-stage infections. These findings reveal an important role for the p24 complex in malaria pathogenesis and show that the library of recombinant proteins represents a valuable resource to investigate P. falciparum sporozoite biology.
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Key Words
- avexis, avidity-based extracellular interaction screen
- csp, circumsporozoite protein
- gpi, glycosylphosphatidylinositol
- hbs, hepes-buffered saline
- hek, human embryonic kidney
- ivis, in vivo imaging system
- msp, merozoite surface protein
- piesp15, parasite-infected erythrocyte surface protein 15
- spr, surface plasmon resonance
- trap, thrombospondin-related anonymous protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Knöckel
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsten Dundas
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Annie S P Yang
- Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Francis Galaway
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Metcalf
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Geert-Jan van Gemert
- Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert W Sauerwein
- Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Julian C Rayner
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Billker
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom; The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS) and Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom.
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18
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Shilts J, Crozier TWM, Greenwood EJD, Lehner PJ, Wright GJ. No evidence for basigin/CD147 as a direct SARS-CoV-2 spike binding receptor. Sci Rep 2021; 11:413. [PMID: 33432067 PMCID: PMC7801465 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80464-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is known to enable viral invasion into human cells through direct binding to host receptors including ACE2. An alternate entry receptor for the virus was recently proposed to be basigin/CD147. These early studies have already prompted a clinical trial and multiple published hypotheses speculating on the role of this host receptor in viral infection and pathogenesis. Here, we report that we are unable to find evidence supporting the role of basigin as a putative spike binding receptor. Recombinant forms of the SARS-CoV-2 spike do not interact with basigin expressed on the surface of human cells, and by using specialized assays tailored to detect receptor interactions as weak or weaker than the proposed basigin-spike binding, we report no evidence for a direct interaction between the viral spike protein to either of the two common isoforms of basigin. Finally, removing basigin from the surface of human lung epithelial cells by CRISPR/Cas9 results in no change in their susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Given the pressing need for clarity on which viral targets may lead to promising therapeutics, we present these findings to allow more informed decisions about the translational relevance of this putative mechanism in the race to understand and treat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod Shilts
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Thomas W M Crozier
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edward J D Greenwood
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Biology, York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, UK.
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19
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Awuah-Mensah G, McDonald J, Steketee PC, Autheman D, Whipple S, D'Archivio S, Brandt C, Clare S, Harcourt K, Wright GJ, Morrison LJ, Gadelha C, Wickstead B. Reliable, scalable functional genetics in bloodstream-form Trypanosoma congolense in vitro and in vivo. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009224. [PMID: 33481935 PMCID: PMC7870057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) is a severe, wasting disease of domestic livestock and diverse wildlife species. The disease in cattle kills millions of animals each year and inflicts a major economic cost on agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa. Cattle AAT is caused predominantly by the protozoan parasites Trypanosoma congolense and T. vivax, but laboratory research on the pathogenic stages of these organisms is severely inhibited by difficulties in making even minor genetic modifications. As a result, many of the important basic questions about the biology of these parasites cannot be addressed. Here we demonstrate that an in vitro culture of the T. congolense genomic reference strain can be modified directly in the bloodstream form reliably and at high efficiency. We describe a parental single marker line that expresses T. congolense-optimized T7 RNA polymerase and Tet repressor and show that minichromosome loci can be used as sites for stable, regulatable transgene expression with low background in non-induced cells. Using these tools, we describe organism-specific constructs for inducible RNA-interference (RNAi) and demonstrate knockdown of multiple essential and non-essential genes. We also show that a minichromosomal site can be exploited to create a stable bloodstream-form line that robustly provides >40,000 independent stable clones per transfection-enabling the production of high-complexity libraries of genome-scale. Finally, we show that modified forms of T. congolense are still infectious, create stable high-bioluminescence lines that can be used in models of AAT, and follow the course of infections in mice by in vivo imaging. These experiments establish a base set of tools to change T. congolense from a technically challenging organism to a routine model for functional genetics and allow us to begin to address some of the fundamental questions about the biology of this important parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer McDonald
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Pieter C. Steketee
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Delphine Autheman
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Whipple
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon D'Archivio
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Cordelia Brandt
- Pathogen Support Team, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Clare
- Pathogen Support Team, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Harcourt
- Pathogen Support Team, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin J. Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J. Morrison
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Catarina Gadelha
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Bill Wickstead
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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20
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Abstract
Sexual reproduction is such a successful way of creating progeny with subtle genetic variations that the vast majority of eukaryotic species use it. In mammals, it involves the formation of highly specialised cells: the sperm in males and the egg in females, each carrying the genetic inheritance of an individual. The interaction of sperm and egg culminates with the fusion of their cell membranes, triggering the molecular events that result in the formation of a new genetically distinct organism. Although we have a good cellular description of fertilisation in mammals, many of the molecules involved remain unknown, and especially the identity and role of cell surface proteins that are responsible for sperm–egg recognition, binding, and fusion. Here, we will highlight and discuss these gaps in our knowledge and how the role of some recently discovered sperm cell surface and secreted proteins contribute to our understanding of this fundamental process. Fertilisation is the challenging process whereby cells from two individuals fuse to generate a new, genetically distinct organism of the same species. This Unsolved Mystery article explores the molecular mechanisms underlying sperm–egg interaction and fusion, a fascinating topic that is under increasing investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Bianchi
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Gavin J. Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, United Kingdom
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21
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Sharma S, Dincer C, Weidemüller P, Wright GJ, Petsalaki E. CEN-tools: an integrative platform to identify the contexts of essential genes. Mol Syst Biol 2020; 16:e9698. [PMID: 33073517 PMCID: PMC7569414 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20209698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An emerging theme from large-scale genetic screens that identify genes essential for cell fitness is that essentiality of a given gene is highly context-specific. Identification of such contexts could be the key to defining gene function and also to develop novel therapeutic interventions. Here, we present Context-specific Essentiality Network-tools (CEN-tools), a website and python package, in which users can interrogate the essentiality of a gene from large-scale genome-scale CRISPR screens in a number of biological contexts including tissue of origin, mutation profiles, expression levels and drug responses. We show that CEN-tools is suitable for the systematic identification of genetic dependencies and for more targeted queries. The associations between genes and a given context are represented as dependency networks (CENs), and we demonstrate the utility of these networks in elucidating novel gene functions. In addition, we integrate the dependency networks with existing protein-protein interaction networks to reveal context-dependent essential cellular pathways in cancer cells. Together, we demonstrate the applicability of CEN-tools in aiding the current efforts to define the human cellular dependency map.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Sharma
- European Molecular Biology LaboratoryEuropean Bioinformatics InstituteWellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUK
- Cell Surface Signalling LaboratoryWellcome Sanger InstituteCambridgeUK
- Present address:
MRC Human Immunology UnitJohn Radcliffe HospitalUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Cansu Dincer
- European Molecular Biology LaboratoryEuropean Bioinformatics InstituteWellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUK
| | - Paula Weidemüller
- European Molecular Biology LaboratoryEuropean Bioinformatics InstituteWellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUK
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling LaboratoryWellcome Sanger InstituteCambridgeUK
| | - Evangelia Petsalaki
- European Molecular Biology LaboratoryEuropean Bioinformatics InstituteWellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUK
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22
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Chong ZS, Wright GJ, Sharma S. Investigating Cellular Recognition Using CRISPR/Cas9 Genetic Screening. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:619-627. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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23
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Galaway F, Wright GJ. Rapid and sensitive large-scale screening of low affinity extracellular receptor protein interactions by using reaction induced inhibition of Gaussia luciferase. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10522. [PMID: 32601498 PMCID: PMC7324543 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67468-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular protein interactions mediated by cell surface receptors are essential for intercellular communication in multicellular organisms. Assays to detect extracellular interactions must account for their often weak binding affinities and also the biochemical challenges in solubilising membrane-embedded receptors in an active form. Methods based on detecting direct binding of soluble recombinant receptor ectodomains have been successful, but genome-scale screening is limited by the usual requirement of producing sufficient amounts of each protein in two different forms, usually a "bait" and "prey". Here, we show that oligomeric receptor ectodomains coupled to concatenated units of the light-generating Gaussia luciferase enzyme robustly detected low affinity interactions and reduced the amount of protein required by several orders of magnitude compared to other reporter enzymes. Importantly, we discovered that this flash-type luciferase exhibited a reaction-induced inhibition that permitted the use of a single protein preparation as both bait and prey thereby halving the number of expression plasmids and recombinant proteins required for screening. This approach was tested against a benchmarked set of quantified extracellular interactions and shown to detect extremely weak interactions (KDs ≥ μM). This method will facilitate large-scale receptor interaction screening and contribute to the goal of mapping networks of cellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Galaway
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
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24
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Crosnier C, Hokke CH, Protasio AV, Brandt C, Rinaldi G, Langenberg MCC, Clare S, Janse JJ, Wilson S, Berriman M, Roestenberg M, Wright GJ. Screening of a library of recombinant Schistosoma mansoni proteins with sera from murine and human controlled infections identifies early serological markers. J Infect Dis 2020; 225:1435-1446. [PMID: 32524140 PMCID: PMC9016452 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis is a major global health problem caused by blood-dwelling parasitic worms, which is currently tackled primarily by mass administration of the drug praziquantel. Appropriate drug treatment strategies are informed by diagnostics that establish the prevalence and intensity of infection, which, in regions of low transmission, should be highly sensitive. Methods To identify sensitive new serological markers of Schistosoma mansoni infections, we have compiled a recombinant protein library of parasite cell-surface and secreted proteins expressed in mammalian cells. Results Together with a time series of sera samples from volunteers experimentally infected with a defined number of male parasites, we probed this protein library to identify several markers that can detect primary infections with as low as 10 parasites and as early as 5 weeks postinfection. Conclusions These new markers could be further explored as valuable tools to detect ongoing and previous S mansoni infections, including in endemic regions where transmission is low.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cornelis H Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anna V Protasio
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Marijke C C Langenberg
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jacqueline J Janse
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Shona Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Meta Roestenberg
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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25
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Abstract
Intercellular communication mediated by direct interactions between membrane-embedded cell surface receptors is crucial for the normal development and functioning of multicellular organisms. Detecting these interactions remains technically challenging, however. This manuscript describes a systematic genome-scale CRISPR/Cas9 knockout genetic screening approach that reveals cellular pathways required for specific cell surface recognition events. This assay utilizes recombinant proteins produced in a mammalian protein expression system as avid binding probes to identify interaction partners in a cell-based genetic screen. This method can be used to identify the genes necessary for cell surface interactions detected by recombinant binding probes corresponding to the ectodomains of membrane-embedded receptors. Importantly, given the genome-scale nature of this approach, it also has the advantage of not only identifying the direct receptor but also the cellular components that are required for the presentation of the receptor at the cell surface, thereby providing valuable insights into the biology of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Sharma
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; EMBL-EBI, Wellcome Genome Campus;
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
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26
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Lamas-Toranzo I, Hamze JG, Bianchi E, Fernández-Fuertes B, Pérez-Cerezales S, Laguna-Barraza R, Fernández-González R, Lonergan P, Gutiérrez-Adán A, Wright GJ, Jiménez-Movilla M, Bermejo-Álvarez P. TMEM95 is a sperm membrane protein essential for mammalian fertilization. eLife 2020; 9:53913. [PMID: 32484434 PMCID: PMC7295574 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The fusion of gamete membranes during fertilization is an essential process for sexual reproduction. Despite its importance, only three proteins are known to be indispensable for sperm-egg membrane fusion: the sperm proteins IZUMO1 and SPACA6, and the egg protein JUNO. Here we demonstrate that another sperm protein, TMEM95, is necessary for sperm-egg interaction. TMEM95 ablation in mice caused complete male-specific infertility. Sperm lacking this protein were morphologically normal exhibited normal motility, and could penetrate the zona pellucida and bind to the oolemma. However, once bound to the oolemma, TMEM95-deficient sperm were unable to fuse with the egg membrane or penetrate into the ooplasm, and fertilization could only be achieved by mechanical injection of one sperm into the ooplasm, thereby bypassing membrane fusion. These data demonstrate that TMEM95 is essential for mammalian fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julieta G Hamze
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Medical School, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Enrica Bianchi
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Beatriz Fernández-Fuertes
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Pat Lonergan
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Gavin J Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - María Jiménez-Movilla
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Medical School, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
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27
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Müller-Sienerth N, Shilts J, Kadir KA, Yman V, Homann MV, Asghar M, Ngasala B, Singh B, Färnert A, Wright GJ. A panel of recombinant proteins from human-infective Plasmodium species for serological surveillance. Malar J 2020; 19:31. [PMID: 31952523 PMCID: PMC6969409 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-3111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria remains a global health problem and accurate surveillance of Plasmodium parasites that are responsible for this disease is required to guide the most effective distribution of control measures. Serological surveillance will be particularly important in areas of low or periodic transmission because patient antibody responses can provide a measure of historical exposure. While methods for detecting host antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are well established, development of serological assays for Plasmodium knowlesi, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae have been inhibited by a lack of immunodiagnostic candidates due to the limited availability of genomic information. Methods Using the recently completed genome sequences from P. malariae, P. ovale and P. knowlesi, a set of 33 candidate cell surface and secreted blood-stage antigens was selected and expressed in a recombinant form using a mammalian expression system. These proteins were added to an existing panel of antigens from P. falciparum and P. vivax and the immunoreactivity of IgG, IgM and IgA immunoglobulins from individuals diagnosed with infections to each of the five different Plasmodium species was evaluated by ELISA. Logistic regression modelling was used to quantify the ability of the responses to determine prior exposure to the different Plasmodium species. Results Using sera from European travellers with diagnosed Plasmodium infections, antigens showing species-specific immunoreactivity were identified to select a panel of 22 proteins from five Plasmodium species for serological profiling. The immunoreactivity to the antigens in the panel of sera taken from travellers and individuals living in malaria-endemic regions with diagnosed infections showed moderate power to predict infections by each species, including P. ovale, P. malariae and P. knowlesi. Using a larger set of patient samples and logistic regression modelling it was shown that exposure to P. knowlesi could be accurately detected (AUC = 91%) using an antigen panel consisting of the P. knowlesi orthologues of MSP10, P12 and P38. Conclusions Using the recent availability of genome sequences to all human-infective Plasmodium spp. parasites and a method of expressing Plasmodium proteins in a secreted functional form, an antigen panel has been compiled that will be useful to determine exposure to these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jarrod Shilts
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Khamisah Abdul Kadir
- Malaria Research Centre, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Victor Yman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manijeh Vafa Homann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Muhammad Asghar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Billy Ngasala
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, International Maternal and Child Health (IMCH), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Balbir Singh
- Malaria Research Centre, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Anna Färnert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
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28
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Collins C, Lui Y, Santos AM, Ballif BA, Gogerly-Moragoda AM, Brouwer H, Ross R, Balagurunathan K, Sharma S, Wright GJ, Davis S, Budd RC. Detection of Cell Surface Ligands for Human Synovial γδ T Cells. J Immunol 2019; 203:2369-2376. [PMID: 31548331 PMCID: PMC6804759 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lack of understanding of the nature and physiological regulation of γδ T cell ligands has considerably hampered full understanding of the function of these cells. We developed an unbiased approach to identify human γδ T cells ligands by the production of a soluble TCR-γδ (sTCR-γδ) tetramer from a synovial Vδ1 γδ T cell clone from a Lyme arthritis patient. The sTCR-γδ was used in flow cytometry to initially define the spectrum of ligand expression by both human tumor cell lines and certain human primary cells. Analysis of diverse tumor cell lines revealed high ligand expression on several of epithelial or fibroblast origin, whereas those of hematopoietic origin were largely devoid of ligand. This allowed a bioinformatics-based identification of candidate ligands using RNAseq data from each tumor line. We further observed that whereas fresh monocytes and T cells expressed low to negligible levels of TCR-γδ ligands, activation of these cells resulted in upregulation of surface ligand expression. Ligand upregulation on monocytes was partly dependent upon IL-1β. The sTCR-γδ tetramer was then used to bind candidate ligands from lysates of activated monocytes and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Surface TCR-γδ ligand was eliminated by treatment with trypsin or removal of glycosaminoglycans, and also suppressed by inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi transport. Of particular interest was that inhibition of glycolysis also blocked TCR-γδ ligand expression. These findings demonstrate the spectrum of ligand(s) expression for human synovial Vδ1 γδ T cells as well as the physiology that regulates their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Collins
- Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Yuan Lui
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Mafalda Santos
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan A Ballif
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Anisha Mahalya Gogerly-Moragoda
- Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Heather Brouwer
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Ross
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Sumana Sharma
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Davis
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Ralph C Budd
- Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405;
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29
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Crosnier C, Brandt C, Rinaldi G, McCarthy C, Barker C, Clare S, Berriman M, Wright GJ. Systematic screening of 96 Schistosoma mansoni cell-surface and secreted antigens does not identify any strongly protective vaccine candidates in a mouse model of infection. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:159. [PMID: 31728414 PMCID: PMC6833992 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15487.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Schistosomiasis is a major parasitic disease affecting people living in tropical and sup-tropical areas. Transmission of the parasite has been reported in 78 countries, causing significant morbidity and around 200,000 deaths per year in endemic regions. The disease is currently managed by the mass-administration of praziquantel to populations at risk of infection; however, the reliance on a single drug raises the prospect of parasite resistance to the only treatment widely available. The development of an effective vaccine would be a more powerful method of control, but none currently exists and the identification of new immunogens that can elicit protective immune responses therefore remains a priority. Because of the complex nature of the parasite life cycle, identification of new vaccine candidates has mostly relied on the use of animal models and on a limited set of recombinant proteins. Methods: In this study, we have established an infrastructure for testing a large number of vaccine candidates in mice and used it to screen 96 cell-surface and secreted recombinant proteins from
Schistosoma mansoni. This approach, using standardised immunisation and percutaneous infection protocols, allowed us to compare an extensive set of antigens in a systematic manner. Results: Although some vaccine candidates were associated with a statistically significant reduction in the number of eggs in the initial screens, these observations could not be repeated in subsequent challenges and none of the proteins studied were associated with a strongly protective effect against infection. Conclusions: Although no antigens individually induced reproducible and strongly protective effects using our vaccination regime, we have established the experimental infrastructures to facilitate large-scale systematic subunit vaccine testing for schistosomiasis in a murine infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Colin Barker
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
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30
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Galaway F, Yu R, Constantinou A, Prugnolle F, Wright GJ. Resurrection of the ancestral RH5 invasion ligand provides a molecular explanation for the origin of P. falciparum malaria in humans. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000490. [PMID: 31613878 PMCID: PMC6793842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Many important infectious diseases are the result of zoonoses, in which pathogens that normally infect animals acquire mutations that enable the breaching of species barriers to permit the infection of humans. Our understanding of the molecular events that enable host switching are often limited, and yet this is a fundamentally important question. Plasmodium falciparum, the etiological agent of severe human malaria, evolved following a zoonotic transfer of parasites from gorillas. One gene—rh5—which encodes an essential ligand for the invasion of host erythrocytes, is suspected to have played a critical role in this host switch. Genome comparisons revealed an introgressed sequence in the ancestor of P. falciparum containing rh5, which likely allowed the ancestral parasites to infect both gorilla and human erythrocytes. To test this hypothesis, we resurrected the ancestral introgressed reticulocyte-binding protein homologue 5 (RH5) sequence and used quantitative protein interaction assays to demonstrate that this ancestral protein could bind the basigin receptor from both humans and gorillas. We also showed that this promiscuous receptor binding phenotype of RH5 was shared with the parasite clade that transferred its genome segment to the ancestor of P. falciparum, while the other lineages exhibit host-specific receptor binding, confirming the central importance of this introgression event for Plasmodium host switching. Finally, since its transfer to humans, P. falciparum, and also the RH5 ligand, have evolved a strong human specificity. We show that this subsequent restriction to humans can be attributed to a single amino acid mutation in the RH5 sequence. Our findings reveal a molecular pathway for the origin and evolution of human P. falciparum malaria and may inform molecular surveillance to predict future zoonoses. This study reveals a molecular pathway by which Plasmodium falciparum malaria arose via zoonotic transfer from gorillas by comparing the host receptor binding properties of extant and “resurrected” ancestral versions of the parasite’s erythrocyte invasion ligand RH5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Galaway
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Yu
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anastasia Constantinou
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, Univ Montpellier, UMR CNRS 5290-IRD224-UM, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (GJW); (FP)
| | - Gavin J. Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (GJW); (FP)
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31
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Proto WR, Siegel SV, Dankwa S, Liu W, Kemp A, Marsden S, Zenonos ZA, Unwin S, Sharp PM, Wright GJ, Hahn BH, Duraisingh MT, Rayner JC. Adaptation of Plasmodium falciparum to humans involved the loss of an ape-specific erythrocyte invasion ligand. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4512. [PMID: 31586047 PMCID: PMC6778099 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12294-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium species are frequently host-specific, but little is currently known about the molecular factors restricting host switching. This is particularly relevant for P. falciparum, the only known human-infective species of the Laverania sub-genus, all other members of which infect African apes. Here we show that all tested P. falciparum isolates contain an inactivating mutation in an erythrocyte invasion associated gene, PfEBA165, the homologues of which are intact in all ape-infective Laverania species. Recombinant EBA165 proteins only bind ape, not human, erythrocytes, and this specificity is due to differences in erythrocyte surface sialic acids. Correction of PfEBA165 inactivating mutations by genome editing yields viable parasites, but is associated with down regulation of both PfEBA165 and an adjacent invasion ligand, which suggests that PfEBA165 expression is incompatible with parasite growth in human erythrocytes. Pseudogenization of PfEBA165 may represent a key step in the emergence and evolution of P. falciparum. Here, Proto et al. show that human infective Plasmodium falciparum isolates contain an inactivating mutation in the erythrocyte invasion associated gene PfEBA165, while homologues of ape-infective Laverania species are intact, and that expression of intact PfEBA165 is incompatible with parasite growth in human erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Proto
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sasha V Siegel
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Selasi Dankwa
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weimin Liu
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Alison Kemp
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sarah Marsden
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Zenon A Zenonos
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Steve Unwin
- Chester Zoo, Chester, CH2 1LH, UK.,School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Paul M Sharp
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Manoj T Duraisingh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julian C Rayner
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK. .,Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.
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32
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Abstract
Extracellular protein interactions coordinate cellular responses with their local
environment and have important roles in pathogen invasion and disease. Due to
technical challenges associated with studying binding events at the cell
surface, the systematic and reliable identification of novel ligand–receptor
pairs remains difficult. Here, we describe the development of a cell-based assay
using large-scale transient transfections and high-content imaging (HCI) to
detect extracellular binding events. We optimized the parameters for efficient
transfection of human cells with cDNA plasmids encoding full-length cell surface
receptors in 384-well plates. Using a range of well-characterized structurally
diverse low-affinity cell surface interactions, we show that transfected cells
probed with highly avid ligands can be used to successfully identify
ligand–receptor pairs using an HCI platform and automated image analysis
software. To establish the high-throughput potential of this approach, we also
screened a pool of ligands against a collection of 2455 cell surface expression
clones and found that known ligand–receptor interactions could be robustly and
consistently detected across the library using this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Wood
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
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33
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Vögtle T, Sharma S, Mori J, Nagy Z, Semeniak D, Scandola C, Geer MJ, Smith CW, Lane J, Pollack S, Lassila R, Jouppila A, Barr AJ, Ogg DJ, Howard TD, McMiken HJ, Warwicker J, Geh C, Rowlinson R, Abbott WM, Eckly A, Schulze H, Wright GJ, Mazharian A, Fütterer K, Rajesh S, Douglas MR, Senis YA. Heparan sulfates are critical regulators of the inhibitory megakaryocyte-platelet receptor G6b-B. eLife 2019; 8:e46840. [PMID: 31436532 PMCID: PMC6742478 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM)-containing receptor G6b-B is critical for platelet production and activation. Loss of G6b-B results in severe macrothrombocytopenia, myelofibrosis and aberrant platelet function in mice and humans. Using a combination of immunohistochemistry, affinity chromatography and proteomics, we identified the extracellular matrix heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan perlecan as a G6b-B binding partner. Subsequent in vitro biochemical studies and a cell-based genetic screen demonstrated that the interaction is specifically mediated by the HS chains of perlecan. Biophysical analysis revealed that heparin forms a high-affinity complex with G6b-B and mediates dimerization. Using platelets from humans and genetically modified mice, we demonstrate that binding of G6b-B to HS and multivalent heparin inhibits platelet and megakaryocyte function by inducing downstream signaling via the tyrosine phosphatases Shp1 and Shp2. Our findings provide novel insights into how G6b-B is regulated and contribute to our understanding of the interaction of megakaryocytes and platelets with glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Vögtle
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Sumana Sharma
- Cell Surface Signalling LaboratoryWellcome Trust Sanger InstituteCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Jun Mori
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Zoltan Nagy
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Daniela Semeniak
- Institute of Experimental BiomedicineUniversity Hospital WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Cyril Scandola
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Etablissement Français du Sang Grand Est, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S 1255, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - Mitchell J Geer
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Christopher W Smith
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Jordan Lane
- Sygnature Discovery LimitedNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Riitta Lassila
- Coagulation Disorders Unit, Department of Hematology, Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of Helsinki, Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
- Aplagon OyHelsinkiFinland
| | - Annukka Jouppila
- Coagulation Disorders UnitHelsinki University Hospital Research InstituteHelsinkiFinland
| | - Alastair J Barr
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science & TechnologyUniversity of WestminsterLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Derek J Ogg
- Peak Proteins LimitedAlderley ParkCheshireUnited Kingdom
| | - Tina D Howard
- Peak Proteins LimitedAlderley ParkCheshireUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Juli Warwicker
- Peak Proteins LimitedAlderley ParkCheshireUnited Kingdom
| | - Catherine Geh
- Peak Proteins LimitedAlderley ParkCheshireUnited Kingdom
| | | | - W Mark Abbott
- Peak Proteins LimitedAlderley ParkCheshireUnited Kingdom
| | - Anita Eckly
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Etablissement Français du Sang Grand Est, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S 1255, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - Harald Schulze
- Institute of Experimental BiomedicineUniversity Hospital WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling LaboratoryWellcome Trust Sanger InstituteCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Mazharian
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Klaus Fütterer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Sundaresan Rajesh
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael R Douglas
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
- Department of NeurologyDudley Group NHS Foundation TrustDudleyUnited Kingdom
- School of Life and Health SciencesAston UniversityBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Yotis A Senis
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Etablissement Français du Sang Grand Est, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S 1255, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
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34
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Alanine DGW, Quinkert D, Kumarasingha R, Mehmood S, Donnellan FR, Minkah NK, Dadonaite B, Diouf A, Galaway F, Silk SE, Jamwal A, Marshall JM, Miura K, Foquet L, Elias SC, Labbé GM, Douglas AD, Jin J, Payne RO, Illingworth JJ, Pattinson DJ, Pulido D, Williams BG, de Jongh WA, Wright GJ, Kappe SHI, Robinson CV, Long CA, Crabb BS, Gilson PR, Higgins MK, Draper SJ. Human Antibodies that Slow Erythrocyte Invasion Potentiate Malaria-Neutralizing Antibodies. Cell 2019; 178:216-228.e21. [PMID: 31204103 PMCID: PMC6602525 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The Plasmodium falciparum reticulocyte-binding protein homolog 5 (PfRH5) is the leading target for next-generation vaccines against the disease-causing blood-stage of malaria. However, little is known about how human antibodies confer functional immunity against this antigen. We isolated a panel of human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against PfRH5 from peripheral blood B cells from vaccinees in the first clinical trial of a PfRH5-based vaccine. We identified a subset of mAbs with neutralizing activity that bind to three distinct sites and another subset of mAbs that are non-functional, or even antagonistic to neutralizing antibodies. We also identify the epitope of a novel group of non-neutralizing antibodies that significantly reduce the speed of red blood cell invasion by the merozoite, thereby potentiating the effect of all neutralizing PfRH5 antibodies as well as synergizing with antibodies targeting other malaria invasion proteins. Our results provide a roadmap for structure-guided vaccine development to maximize antibody efficacy against blood-stage malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G W Alanine
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Doris Quinkert
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Shahid Mehmood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Francesca R Donnellan
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Nana K Minkah
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 307 Westlake Ave. N., #500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Bernadeta Dadonaite
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Ababacar Diouf
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Francis Galaway
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sarah E Silk
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Abhishek Jamwal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Jennifer M Marshall
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Lander Foquet
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 307 Westlake Ave. N., #500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sean C Elias
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Geneviève M Labbé
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Alexander D Douglas
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jing Jin
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Ruth O Payne
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Joseph J Illingworth
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - David J Pattinson
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - David Pulido
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Barnabas G Williams
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Willem A de Jongh
- ExpreS(2)ion Biotechnologies, SCION-DTU Science Park, Agern Allé 1, Hørsholm 2970, Denmark
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Stefan H I Kappe
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 307 Westlake Ave. N., #500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Carol V Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Carole A Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Brendan S Crabb
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Paul R Gilson
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Matthew K Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
| | - Simon J Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
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35
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Wood L, Wright GJ. Approaches to identify extracellular receptor–ligand interactions. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 56:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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36
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Mensah-Brown HE, Aspeling-Jones H, Delimini RK, Asante KP, Amlabu E, Bah SY, Beeson JG, Wright GJ, Conway DJ, Awandare GA. Antibody Reactivity to Merozoite Antigens in Ghanaian Adults Correlates With Growth Inhibitory Activity Against Plasmodium falciparum in Culture. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz254. [PMID: 31294045 PMCID: PMC6611546 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium falciparum uses a repertoire of merozoite-stage proteins for invasion of erythrocytes. Antibodies against some of these proteins halt the replication cycle of the parasite by preventing erythrocyte invasion and are implicated as contributors to protective immunity against malaria. Methods We assayed antibody reactivity against a panel of 9 recombinant antigens based on erythrocyte-binding antigen (EBA) and reticulocyte-like homolog (Rh) proteins in plasma from children with malaria and healthy adults residing in 3 endemic areas in Ghana using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Purified immunoglobulin (Ig)G from adult plasma samples was also tested for invasion inhibition against 7 different P falciparum culture lines, including clinical isolates. Results Antibodies against the antigens increased in an age-dependent manner in children. Breadth of reactivity to the different antigens was strongly associated with in vitro parasite growth inhibitory activity of IgG purified from the adults. The strongest predictors of breadth of antibody reactivity were age and transmission intensity, and a combination of reactivities to Rh2, Rh4, and Rh5 correlated strongly with invasion inhibition. Conclusions Growth inhibitory activity was significantly associated with breadth of antibody reactivity to merozoite antigens, encouraging the prospect of a multicomponent blood-stage vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrietta E Mensah-Brown
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Rupert K Delimini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | | | - Emmanuel Amlabu
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria
| | - Saikou Y Bah
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - James G Beeson
- The Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Pathogens and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, United Kingdom
| | - David J Conway
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon A Awandare
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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37
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Douglas AD, Baldeviano GC, Jin J, Miura K, Diouf A, Zenonos ZA, Ventocilla JA, Silk SE, Marshall JM, Alanine DGW, Wang C, Edwards NJ, Leiva KP, Gomez-Puerta LA, Lucas CM, Wright GJ, Long CA, Royal JM, Draper SJ. A defined mechanistic correlate of protection against Plasmodium falciparum malaria in non-human primates. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1953. [PMID: 31028254 PMCID: PMC6486575 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09894-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria vaccine design and prioritization has been hindered by the lack of a mechanistic correlate of protection. We previously demonstrated a strong association between protection and merozoite-neutralizing antibody responses following vaccination of non-human primates against Plasmodium falciparum reticulocyte binding protein homolog 5 (PfRH5). Here, we test the mechanism of protection. Using mutant human IgG1 Fc regions engineered not to engage complement or FcR-dependent effector mechanisms, we produce merozoite-neutralizing and non-neutralizing anti-PfRH5 chimeric monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and perform a passive transfer-P. falciparum challenge study in Aotus nancymaae monkeys. At the highest dose tested, 6/6 animals given the neutralizing PfRH5-binding mAb c2AC7 survive the challenge without treatment, compared to 0/6 animals given non-neutralizing PfRH5-binding mAb c4BA7 and 0/6 animals given an isotype control mAb. Our results address the controversy regarding whether merozoite-neutralizing antibody can cause protection against P. falciparum blood-stage infections, and highlight the quantitative challenge of achieving such protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Douglas
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - G Christian Baldeviano
- US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Av. Venezuela Cuadra 36, Bellavista, Callao, Peru
| | - Jing Jin
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Ababacar Diouf
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Zenon A Zenonos
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Julio A Ventocilla
- US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Av. Venezuela Cuadra 36, Bellavista, Callao, Peru
| | - Sarah E Silk
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jennifer M Marshall
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Daniel G W Alanine
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Chuan Wang
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Nick J Edwards
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Karina P Leiva
- US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Av. Venezuela Cuadra 36, Bellavista, Callao, Peru
| | - Luis A Gomez-Puerta
- US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Av. Venezuela Cuadra 36, Bellavista, Callao, Peru
| | - Carmen M Lucas
- US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Av. Venezuela Cuadra 36, Bellavista, Callao, Peru
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Carole A Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Joseph M Royal
- US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Av. Venezuela Cuadra 36, Bellavista, Callao, Peru
| | - Simon J Draper
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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38
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Elton CM, Rodriguez M, Ben Mamoun C, Lobo CA, Wright GJ. A library of recombinant Babesia microti cell surface and secreted proteins for diagnostics discovery and reverse vaccinology. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:115-125. [PMID: 30367868 PMCID: PMC6406021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human babesiosis is an emerging tick-borne parasitic disease and blood transfusion-transmitted infection primarily caused by the apicomplexan parasite, Babesia microti. There is no licensed vaccine for B. microti and the development of a reliable serological screening test would contribute to ensuring the safety of the donated blood supply. The recent sequencing of the B. microti genome has revealed many novel genes encoding proteins that can now be tested for their suitability as subunit vaccine candidates and diagnostic serological markers. Extracellular proteins are considered excellent vaccine candidates and serological markers because they are directly exposed to the host humoral immune system, but can be challenging to express as soluble recombinant proteins. We have recently developed an approach based on a mammalian expression system that can produce large panels of functional recombinant cell surface and secreted parasite proteins. Here, we use the B. microti genome sequence to identify 54 genes that are predicted to encode surface-displayed and secreted proteins expressed during the blood stages, and show that 41 (76%) are expressed using our method at detectable levels. We demonstrate that the proteins contain conformational, heat-labile, epitopes and use them to serologically profile the kinetics of the humoral immune responses to two strains of B. microti in a murine infection model. Using sera from validated human infections, we show a concordance in the host antibody responses to B. microti infections in mouse and human hosts. Finally, we show that BmSA1 expressed in mammalian cells can elicit high antibody titres in vaccinated mice using a human-compatible adjuvant but these antibodies did not affect the pathology of infection in vivo. Our library of recombinant B. microti cell surface and secreted antigens constitutes a valuable resource that could contribute to the development of a serological diagnostic test, vaccines, and elucidate the molecular basis of host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Elton
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Marilis Rodriguez
- New York Blood Center, Blood Borne Parasites, 310 E. 67th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Choukri Ben Mamoun
- Infectious Diseases, PO Box 208056, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8056, USA
| | - Cheryl A Lobo
- New York Blood Center, Blood Borne Parasites, 310 E. 67th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom.
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Dundas K, Shears MJ, Sinnis P, Wright GJ. Important Extracellular Interactions between Plasmodium Sporozoites and Host Cells Required for Infection. Trends Parasitol 2018; 35:129-139. [PMID: 30583849 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease, caused by Plasmodium parasites, that remains a major global health problem. Infection begins when salivary gland sporozoites are transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. Once within the host, sporozoites navigate through the dermis, into the bloodstream, and eventually invade hepatocytes. While we have an increasingly sophisticated cellular description of this journey, our molecular understanding of the extracellular interactions between the sporozoite and mammalian host that regulate migration and invasion remain comparatively poor. Here, we review the current state of our understanding, highlight the technical limitations that have frustrated progress, and outline how new approaches will help to address this knowledge gap with the ultimate aim of improving malaria treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Dundas
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory and Parasites and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Melanie J Shears
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Photini Sinnis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory and Parasites and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
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40
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Yi W, Bao W, Rodriguez M, Liu Y, Singh M, Ramlall V, Cursino-Santos JR, Zhong H, Elton CM, Wright GJ, Mendelson A, An X, Lobo CA, Yazdanbakhsh K. Robust adaptive immune response against Babesia microti infection marked by low parasitemia in a murine model of sickle cell disease. Blood Adv 2018; 2:3462-3478. [PMID: 30518538 PMCID: PMC6290097 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018026468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The intraerythrocytic parasite Babesia microti is the number 1 cause of transfusion-transmitted infection and can induce serious, often life-threatening complications in immunocompromised individuals including transfusion-dependent patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). Despite the existence of strong long-lasting immunological protection against a second infection in mouse models, little is known about the cell types or the kinetics of protective adaptive immunity mounted following Babesia infection, especially in infection-prone SCD that are thought to have an impaired immune system. Here, we show, using a mouse B microti infection model, that infected wild-type (WT) mice mount a very strong adaptive immune response, characterized by (1) coordinated induction of a robust germinal center (GC) reaction; (2) development of follicular helper T (TFH) cells that comprise ∼30% of splenic CD4+ T cells at peak expansion by 10 days postinfection; and (3) high levels of effector T-cell cytokines, including interleukin 21 and interferon γ, with an increase in the secretion of antigen (Ag)-specific antibodies (Abs). Strikingly, the Townes SCD mouse model had significantly lower levels of parasitemia. Despite a highly disorganized splenic architecture before infection, these mice elicited a surprisingly robust adaptive immune response (including comparable levels of GC B cells, TFH cells, and effector cytokines as control and sickle trait mice), but higher immunoglobulin G responses against 2 Babesia-specific proteins, which may contain potential immunogenic epitopes. Together, these studies establish the robust emergence of adaptive immunity to Babesia even in immunologically compromised SCD mice. Identification of potentially immunogenic epitopes has implications to identify long-term carriers, and aid Ag-specific vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weili Bao
- Laboratory of Complement Biology and
| | - Marilis Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Blood-Borne Parasites, New York Blood Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Manpreet Singh
- Laboratory of Blood-Borne Parasites, New York Blood Center, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Hui Zhong
- Laboratory of Complement Biology and
| | - Catherine M Elton
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Xiuli An
- Laboratory of Membrane Biology, New York Blood Center, New York, NY
| | - Cheryl A Lobo
- Laboratory of Blood-Borne Parasites, New York Blood Center, New York, NY
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41
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Chong ZS, Ohnishi S, Yusa K, Wright GJ. Pooled extracellular receptor-ligand interaction screening using CRISPR activation. Genome Biol 2018; 19:205. [PMID: 30477585 PMCID: PMC6258485 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-018-1581-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular interactions between cell surface receptors are necessary for signaling and adhesion but identifying them remains technically challenging. We describe a cell-based genome-wide approach employing CRISPR activation to identify receptors for a defined ligand. We show receptors for high-affinity antibodies and low-affinity ligands can be unambiguously identified when used in pools or as individual binding probes. We apply this technique to identify ligands for the adhesion G-protein-coupled receptors and show that the Nogo myelin-associated inhibitory proteins are ligands for ADGRB1. This method will enable extracellular receptor-ligand identification on a genome-wide scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Shan Chong
- 0000 0004 0606 5382grid.10306.34Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Shuhei Ohnishi
- 0000 0004 0606 5382grid.10306.34Stem Cell Genetics Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Kosuke Yusa
- 0000 0004 0606 5382grid.10306.34Stem Cell Genetics Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Gavin J. Wright
- 0000 0004 0606 5382grid.10306.34Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
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42
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Vento-Tormo R, Efremova M, Botting RA, Turco MY, Vento-Tormo M, Meyer KB, Park JE, Stephenson E, Polański K, Goncalves A, Gardner L, Holmqvist S, Henriksson J, Zou A, Sharkey AM, Millar B, Innes B, Wood L, Wilbrey-Clark A, Payne RP, Ivarsson MA, Lisgo S, Filby A, Rowitch DH, Bulmer JN, Wright GJ, Stubbington MJT, Haniffa M, Moffett A, Teichmann SA. Single-cell reconstruction of the early maternal-fetal interface in humans. Nature 2018; 563:347-353. [PMID: 30429548 PMCID: PMC7612850 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0698-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1170] [Impact Index Per Article: 195.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
During early human pregnancy the uterine mucosa transforms into the decidua, into which the fetal placenta implants and where placental trophoblast cells intermingle and communicate with maternal cells. Trophoblast-decidual interactions underlie common diseases of pregnancy, including pre-eclampsia and stillbirth. Here we profile the transcriptomes of about 70,000 single cells from first-trimester placentas with matched maternal blood and decidual cells. The cellular composition of human decidua reveals subsets of perivascular and stromal cells that are located in distinct decidual layers. There are three major subsets of decidual natural killer cells that have distinctive immunomodulatory and chemokine profiles. We develop a repository of ligand-receptor complexes and a statistical tool to predict the cell-type specificity of cell-cell communication via these molecular interactions. Our data identify many regulatory interactions that prevent harmful innate or adaptive immune responses in this environment. Our single-cell atlas of the maternal-fetal interface reveals the cellular organization of the decidua and placenta, and the interactions that are critical for placentation and reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Vento-Tormo
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Rachel A Botting
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Margherita Y Turco
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Emily Stephenson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Angela Goncalves
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lucy Gardner
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Staffan Holmqvist
- Department of Paediatrics, Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Angela Zou
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew M Sharkey
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ben Millar
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Barbara Innes
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Laura Wood
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Rebecca P Payne
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Steve Lisgo
- Human Developmental Biology Resource, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andrew Filby
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Paediatrics, Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Judith N Bulmer
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | | | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- Department of Dermatology and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Ashley Moffett
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
- Theory of Condensed Matter Group, The Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, UK.
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43
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Sharma S, Bartholdson SJ, Couch ACM, Yusa K, Wright GJ. Genome-scale identification of cellular pathways required for cell surface recognition. Genome Res 2018; 28:1372-1382. [PMID: 29914970 PMCID: PMC6120632 DOI: 10.1101/gr.231183.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interactions mediated by cell surface receptors initiate important instructive signaling cues but can be difficult to detect in biochemical assays because they are often highly transient and membrane-embedded receptors are difficult to solubilize in their native conformation. Here, we address these biochemical challenges by using a genome-scale, cell-based genetic screening approach using CRISPR gene knockout technology to identify cellular pathways required for specific cell surface recognition events. By using high-affinity monoclonal antibodies and low-affinity ligands, we determined the necessary screening parameters, including the importance of establishing binding contributions from the glycocalyx, that permitted the unequivocal identification of genes encoding directly interacting membrane-embedded receptors with high statistical confidence. Importantly, we show that this genome-wide screening approach additionally identified receptor-specific pathways that are required for functional display of receptors on the cell surface that included chaperones, enzymes that add post-translational modifications, trafficking proteins, and transcription factors. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of the approach by identifying IGF2R (insulin like growth factor 2 receptor) as a binding partner for the R2 subunit of GABAB receptors. We show that this interaction is direct and is critically dependent on mannose-6-phosphate, providing a mechanism for the internalization and regulation of GABAB receptor signaling. We conclude that this single approach can reveal both the molecular nature and the genetic pathways required for functional cell surface display of receptors recognized by antibodies, secreted proteins, and membrane-embedded ligands without the need to make any prior assumptions regarding their biochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Sharma
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - S Josefin Bartholdson
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Amalie C M Couch
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Kosuke Yusa
- Stem Cell Genetics Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
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44
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Payne RO, Silk SE, Elias SC, Miura K, Diouf A, Galaway F, de Graaf H, Brendish NJ, Poulton ID, Griffiths OJ, Edwards NJ, Jin J, Labbé GM, Alanine DG, Siani L, Di Marco S, Roberts R, Green N, Berrie E, Ishizuka AS, Nielsen CM, Bardelli M, Partey FD, Ofori MF, Barfod L, Wambua J, Murungi LM, Osier FH, Biswas S, McCarthy JS, Minassian AM, Ashfield R, Viebig NK, Nugent FL, Douglas AD, Vekemans J, Wright GJ, Faust SN, Hill AV, Long CA, Lawrie AM, Draper SJ. Human vaccination against RH5 induces neutralizing antimalarial antibodies that inhibit RH5 invasion complex interactions. JCI Insight 2017; 2:96381. [PMID: 29093263 PMCID: PMC5752323 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.96381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a highly effective vaccine remains a key strategic goal to aid the control and eventual eradication of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. In recent years, the reticulocyte-binding protein homolog 5 (RH5) has emerged as the most promising blood-stage P. falciparum candidate antigen to date, capable of conferring protection against stringent challenge in Aotus monkeys. We report on the first clinical trial to our knowledge to assess the RH5 antigen - a dose-escalation phase Ia study in 24 healthy, malaria-naive adult volunteers. We utilized established viral vectors, the replication-deficient chimpanzee adenovirus serotype 63 (ChAd63), and the attenuated orthopoxvirus modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), encoding RH5 from the 3D7 clone of P. falciparum. Vaccines were administered i.m. in a heterologous prime-boost regimen using an 8-week interval and were well tolerated. Vaccine-induced anti-RH5 serum antibodies exhibited cross-strain functional growth inhibition activity (GIA) in vitro, targeted linear and conformational epitopes within RH5, and inhibited key interactions within the RH5 invasion complex. This is the first time to our knowledge that substantial RH5-specific responses have been induced by immunization in humans, with levels greatly exceeding the serum antibody responses observed in African adults following years of natural malaria exposure. These data support the progression of RH5-based vaccines to human efficacy testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth O. Payne
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E. Silk
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sean C. Elias
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Ababacar Diouf
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Francis Galaway
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hans de Graaf
- NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan J. Brendish
- NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ian D. Poulton
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nick J. Edwards
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Jin
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Loredana Siani
- ReiThera SRL (formerly Okairos SRL), Viale Città d’Europa, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Di Marco
- ReiThera SRL (formerly Okairos SRL), Viale Città d’Europa, Rome, Italy
| | - Rachel Roberts
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicky Green
- Clinical Biomanufacturing Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Berrie
- Clinical Biomanufacturing Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Martino Bardelli
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frederica D. Partey
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology (ISIM), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Michael F. Ofori
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Lea Barfod
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Juliana Wambua
- KEMRI Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Linda M. Murungi
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- KEMRI Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Faith H. Osier
- KEMRI Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Sumi Biswas
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James S. McCarthy
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Rebecca Ashfield
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola K. Viebig
- European Vaccine Initiative, UniversitätsKlinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fay L. Nugent
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Gavin J. Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Saul N. Faust
- NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian V.S. Hill
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carole A. Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Alison M. Lawrie
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Cayuso J, Dzementsei A, Fischer JC, Karemore G, Caviglia S, Bartholdson J, Wright GJ, Ober EA. EphrinB1/EphB3b Coordinate Bidirectional Epithelial-Mesenchymal Interactions Controlling Liver Morphogenesis and Laterality. Dev Cell 2017; 39:316-328. [PMID: 27825440 PMCID: PMC5107609 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Positioning organs in the body often requires the movement of multiple tissues, yet the molecular and cellular mechanisms coordinating such movements are largely unknown. Here, we show that bidirectional signaling between EphrinB1 and EphB3b coordinates the movements of the hepatic endoderm and adjacent lateral plate mesoderm (LPM), resulting in asymmetric positioning of the zebrafish liver. EphrinB1 in hepatoblasts regulates directional migration and mediates interactions with the LPM, where EphB3b controls polarity and movement of the LPM. EphB3b in the LPM concomitantly repels hepatoblasts to move leftward into the liver bud. Cellular protrusions controlled by Eph/Ephrin signaling mediate hepatoblast motility and long-distance cell-cell contacts with the LPM beyond immediate tissue interfaces. Mechanistically, intracellular EphrinB1 domains mediate EphB3b-independent hepatoblast extension formation, while EpB3b interactions cause their destabilization. We propose that bidirectional short- and long-distance cell interactions between epithelial and mesenchyme-like tissues coordinate liver bud formation and laterality via cell repulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Cayuso
- Division of Developmental Biology, Mill Hill Laboratories, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Aliaksandr Dzementsei
- Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Johanna C Fischer
- Division of Developmental Biology, Mill Hill Laboratories, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Gopal Karemore
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Protein Imaging Platform, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Sara Caviglia
- Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Josefin Bartholdson
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Elke A Ober
- Division of Developmental Biology, Mill Hill Laboratories, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW7 1AA, UK; Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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Abstract
It is estimated that 2% to 4% of the US population will seek treatment for temporomandibular joint (TMJ) symptoms, typically occurring with anterior disc displacement. The temporomandibular retrodiscal tissue (RDT) has been postulated to restrict pathologic disc displacement. To elucidate RDT function, understanding regional RDT biomechanics and ultrastructure is required. No prior biomechanical analysis has determined regional variations in RDT properties or associated biomechanical outcomes with regional variations in collagen and elastin organization. The purpose of this study was to determine direction- and region-dependent tensile biomechanical characteristics and regional fibrillar arrangement of porcine RDT. Incremental stress relaxation experiments were performed on 20 porcine RDT specimens, with strain increments from 5% to 50%, a ramp-strain rate of 2% per second, and relaxation periods of 2.5 min. Tensile characteristics were determined between temporal and condylar regions and anteroposterior and mediolateral directions. RDT preparations were imaged using second-harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy for both collagen and elastin. Young's modulus showed significant differences by region ( P < 0.001) and strain ( P < 0.001). Young's modulus was <1 MPa from 5% to 20% strain, before increasing from 20% to 50% strain to a maximum of 2.9 MPa. Young's modulus trended higher in the temporal region and mediolateral direction. Instantaneous and relaxed moduli showed no significant difference by region or direction. Collagen arrangement was most organized near the disc boundary, with disorganization increasing posteriorly. Elastin was present at the disc boundary and RDT mid-body. Porcine RDT demonstrated region- and strain-dependent variations in tensile moduli, associated with regional differences in collagen and elastin. The small tensile moduli suggest that the RDT is not resistive to pathologic disc displacement. Further biomechanical analysis of the RDT is required to fully define RDT functional roles. Understanding regional variations in tissue stiffness and ultrastructure for TMJ components is critical to understanding joint function and for the long-term goal of improving TMJ disorder treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Coombs
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.,2 Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC, USA
| | - J M Petersen
- 2 Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC, USA
| | - G J Wright
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - S H Lu
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - B J Damon
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.,2 Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC, USA
| | - H Yao
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.,2 Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC, USA
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Abstract
Fertilization is the culminating event of sexual reproduction, which involves the union of the sperm and egg to form a single, genetically distinct organism. Despite the fundamental role of fertilization, the basic mechanisms involved have remained poorly understood. However, these mechanisms must involve an ordered schedule of cellular recognition events between the sperm and egg to ensure successful fusion. In this article, we review recent progress in our molecular understanding of mammalian fertilization, highlighting the areas in which genetic approaches have been particularly informative and focusing especially on the roles of secreted and cell surface proteins, expressed in a sex-specific manner, that mediate sperm-egg interactions. We discuss how the sperm interacts with the female reproductive tract, zona pellucida, and the oolemma. Finally, we review recent progress made in elucidating the mechanisms that reduce polyspermy and ensure that eggs normally fuse with only a single sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Bianchi
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom; ,
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48
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Das S, Hertrich N, Perrin AJ, Withers-Martinez C, Collins CR, Jones ML, Watermeyer JM, Fobes ET, Martin SR, Saibil HR, Wright GJ, Treeck M, Epp C, Blackman MJ. Processing of Plasmodium falciparum Merozoite Surface Protein MSP1 Activates a Spectrin-Binding Function Enabling Parasite Egress from RBCs. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 18:433-44. [PMID: 26468747 PMCID: PMC4608996 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum replicates within erythrocytes, producing progeny merozoites that are released from infected cells via a poorly understood process called egress. The most abundant merozoite surface protein, MSP1, is synthesized as a large precursor that undergoes proteolytic maturation by the parasite protease SUB1 just prior to egress. The function of MSP1 and its processing are unknown. Here we show that SUB1-mediated processing of MSP1 is important for parasite viability. Processing modifies the secondary structure of MSP1 and activates its capacity to bind spectrin, a molecular scaffold protein that is the major component of the host erythrocyte cytoskeleton. Parasites expressing an inefficiently processed MSP1 mutant show delayed egress, and merozoites lacking surface-bound MSP1 display a severe egress defect. Our results indicate that interactions between SUB1-processed merozoite surface MSP1 and the spectrin network of the erythrocyte cytoskeleton facilitate host erythrocyte rupture to enable parasite egress. Merozoite surface protein MSP1 processing is important for P. falciparum viability Proteolytic processing activates MSP1’s heparin and spectrin-binding functions The rate of MSP1 processing governs the kinetics of parasite egress Loss of parasite surface MSP1 results in a severe egress defect
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujaan Das
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Nadine Hertrich
- Department für Infektiologie, Parasitologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Abigail J Perrin
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK
| | | | - Christine R Collins
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Matthew L Jones
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Jean M Watermeyer
- Department of Crystallography, Birkbeck College, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Elmar T Fobes
- Department für Infektiologie, Parasitologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephen R Martin
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Helen R Saibil
- Department of Crystallography, Birkbeck College, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Moritz Treeck
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Christian Epp
- Department für Infektiologie, Parasitologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael J Blackman
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK; Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
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49
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Wu Y, Kuo J, Wright GJ, Cisewski SE, Wei F, Kern MJ, Yao H. Viscoelastic shear properties of porcine temporomandibular joint disc. Orthod Craniofac Res 2016; 18 Suppl 1:156-63. [PMID: 25865544 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the intrinsic viscoelastic shear properties in porcine TMJ discs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve fresh porcine TMJ discs from young adult pigs (6-8 months) were used. Cylindrical samples (5 mm diameter) with uniform thickness (~1.2 mm) were prepared from five regions of the TMJ disc. Torsional shear tests were performed under 10% compressive strain. Dynamic shear was applied in two methods: 1) a frequency sweep test over the frequency range of 0.1-10 rad/s with a constant shear strain amplitude of 0.05 rad and 2) a strain sweep test over the range of 0.005-0.15 rad at a constant frequency of 10 rad/s. Transient stress relaxation tests were also performed to determine the equilibrium shear properties. RESULTS As the frequency increased in the frequency sweep test, the dynamic shear complex modulus increased, with values ranging from 7 to 17 kPa. The phase angle, ranging from 11 to 15 degrees, displayed no pattern of regional variation as the frequency increased. The dynamic shear modulus decreased as the shear strain increased. The equilibrium shear modulus had values ranging from 2.6 to 4 kPa. The posterior region had significantly higher values for dynamic shear modulus than those in the anterior region, while no significant regional difference was found for equilibrium shear modulus. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the intrinsic region-dependent viscoelastic shear characteristics of TMJ disc may play a crucial role in determining the local strain of the TMJ disc under mechanical loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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50
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Nishimura K, Han L, Bianchi E, Wright GJ, de Sanctis D, Jovine L. The structure of sperm Izumo1 reveals unexpected similarities with Plasmodium invasion proteins. Curr Biol 2016; 26:R661-2. [PMID: 27374339 PMCID: PMC4963209 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fertilization, the culminating event in sexual reproduction, occurs when haploid sperm and egg recognize each other and fuse to form a diploid zygote. In mammals this process critically depends on the interaction between Izumo1, a protein exposed on the equatorial segment of acrosome-reacted sperm, and the egg plasma-membrane-anchored receptor Juno 1, 2. The molecular mechanism triggering gamete fusion is unresolved because both Izumo1 and Juno lack sequence similarity to known membrane fusogens. Here we report the crystal structure of Izumo1, which reveals a membrane distal region composed of a four-helix bundle connected to a carboxy-terminal immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain through a β-hairpin stabilized by disulfide bonds. Remarkably, different regions of Izumo1 display significant structural similarities to two proteins expressed by the invasive sporozoite stage of Plasmodium parasites: SPECT1, which is essential for host cell traversal and hepatocyte invasion [3]; and TRAP, which is necessary for gliding motility and invasion [4]. These observations suggest a link between the molecular mechanisms underlying host cell invasion by the malaria parasite and gamete membrane fusion at fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Nishimura
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition & Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, SE-141 83, Sweden
| | - Ling Han
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition & Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, SE-141 83, Sweden
| | - Enrica Bianchi
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Luca Jovine
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition & Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, SE-141 83, Sweden.
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