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Del Moral-Sánchez I, Wee EG, Xian Y, Lee WH, Allen JD, Torrents de la Peña A, Fróes Rocha R, Ferguson J, León AN, Koekkoek S, Schermer EE, Burger JA, Kumar S, Zwolsman R, Brinkkemper M, Aartse A, Eggink D, Han J, Yuan M, Crispin M, Ozorowski G, Ward AB, Wilson IA, Hanke T, Sliepen K, Sanders RW. Triple tandem trimer immunogens for HIV-1 and influenza nucleic acid-based vaccines. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:74. [PMID: 38582771 PMCID: PMC10998906 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00862-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Recombinant native-like HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimers are used in candidate vaccines aimed at inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies. While state-of-the-art SOSIP or single-chain Env designs can be expressed as native-like trimers, undesired monomers, dimers and malformed trimers that elicit non-neutralizing antibodies are also formed, implying that these designs could benefit from further modifications for gene-based vaccination approaches. Here, we describe the triple tandem trimer (TTT) design, in which three Env protomers are genetically linked in a single open reading frame and express as native-like trimers. Viral vectored Env TTT induced similar neutralization titers but with a higher proportion of trimer-specific responses. The TTT design was also applied to generate influenza hemagglutinin (HA) trimers without the need for trimerization domains. Additionally, we used TTT to generate well-folded chimeric Env and HA trimers that harbor protomers from three different strains. In summary, the TTT design is a useful platform for the design of HIV-1 Env and influenza HA immunogens for a multitude of vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Del Moral-Sánchez
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Edmund G Wee
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yuejiao Xian
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wen-Hsin Lee
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joel D Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Alba Torrents de la Peña
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rebeca Fróes Rocha
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James Ferguson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - André N León
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sylvie Koekkoek
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Edith E Schermer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Judith A Burger
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Robby Zwolsman
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mitch Brinkkemper
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aafke Aartse
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Dirk Eggink
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Julianna Han
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Meng Yuan
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kwinten Sliepen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Bhattacharyya S, Crain CR, Goldberg B, Gaiha GD. Features of functional and dysfunctional CD8+ T cells to guide HIV vaccine development. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2023; 18:257-263. [PMID: 37535040 PMCID: PMC10503300 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW CD8+ T cell responses are a key component of the host immune response to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) but vary significantly across individuals with distinct clinical outcomes. These differences help inform the qualitative features of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells that we should aim to induce by vaccination. RECENT FINDINGS We review previous and more recent findings on the features of dysfunctional and functional CD8+ T cell responses that develop in individuals with uncontrolled and controlled HIV infection, with particular emphasis on proliferation, cytotoxic effector function, epitope specificity, and responses in lymph nodes. We also discuss the implications of these findings for both prophylactic and therapeutic T cell vaccine development within the context of T cell vaccine trials. SUMMARY The induction of HIV specific CD8+ T cell responses is an important goal of ongoing vaccine efforts. Emerging data on the key features of CD8+ T cell responses that distinguish individuals who spontaneously control from those with progressive disease continues to provide key guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaown Bhattacharyya
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Charles R Crain
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Benjamin Goldberg
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Gaurav D Gaiha
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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3
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Beavis AC, Wee EGT, Akis Yildirim BM, Borthwick N, He B, Hanke T. Combined intranasal and intramuscular parainfluenza 5-, simian adenovirus ChAdOx1- and poxvirus MVA-vectored vaccines induce synergistically HIV-1-specific T cells in the mucosa. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1186478. [PMID: 37529048 PMCID: PMC10390215 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1186478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The primary goal of this work is to broaden and enhance the options for induction of protective CD8+ T cells against HIV-1 and respiratory pathogens. Methods We explored the advantages of the parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) vector for delivery of pathogen-derived transgenes alone and in combination with the in-human potent regimen of simian adenovirus ChAdOx1 prime-poxvirus MVA boost delivering bi-valent mosaic of HIV-1 conserved regions designated HIVconsvX. Results We showed in BALB/c mice that the PIV5 vector expressing the HIVconsvX immunogens could be readily incorporated with the other two vaccine modalities into a single regimen and that for specific vector combinations, mucosal CD8+ T-cell induction was enhanced synergistically by a combination of the intranasal and intramuscular routes of administration. Discussion Encouraging safety and immunogenicity data from phase 1 human trials of ChAdOx1- and MVA-vectored vaccines for HIV-1, and PIV5-vectored vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory syncytial virus pave the way for combining these vectors for HIV-1 and other indications in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C. Beavis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Edmund G. -T. Wee
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Belkis M. Akis Yildirim
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Borthwick
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Biao He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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4
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Matthews DA, Milligan R, Wee EG, Hanke T. Adenovirus Transcriptome in Human Cells Infected with ChAdOx1-Vectored Candidate HIV-1 Vaccine Is Dominated by High Levels of Correctly Spliced HIVconsv1&62 Transgene RNA. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1187. [PMID: 37515003 PMCID: PMC10384973 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We develop candidate HIV-1 vaccines, of which two components, ChAdOx1.tHIVconsv1 (C1) and ChAdOx1.HIVconsv62 (C62), are delivered by the simian adenovirus-derived vaccine vector ChAdOx1. Aberrant adenovirus RNA splicing involving transgene(s) coding for the SARS-CoV-2 spike was suggested as an aetiology of rare adverse events temporarily associated with the initial deployment of adenovirus-vectored vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, to eliminate this theoretically plausible splicing phenomenon from the list of possible pathomechanisms for our HIV-1 vaccine candidates, we directly sequenced mRNAs in C1- and C62-infected nonpermissive MRC-5 and A549 and permissive HEK293 human cell lines. Our two main observations in nonpermissive human cells, which are most similar to those which become infected after the intramuscular administration of vaccines into human volunteers, were that (i) the dominant adenovirus vector-derived mRNAs were the expected transcripts coding for the HIVconsvX immunogens and (ii) atypical splicing events within the synthetic open reading frame of the two transgenes are rare. We conclude that inadvertent RNA splicing is not a safety concern for the two tested candidate HIV-1 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Matthews
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Rachel Milligan
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Edmund G Wee
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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5
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Akbari E, Seyedinkhorasani M, Bolhassani A. Conserved multiepitope vaccine constructs: A potent HIV-1 therapeutic vaccine in clinical trials. Braz J Infect Dis 2023; 27:102774. [PMID: 37156468 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2023.102774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in preventing HIV-1-associated clinical progression to AIDS, it is unable to eliminate the viral reservoirs and eradicate the HIV-1 infection. Therapeutic vaccination is an alternative approach to alter the HIV-1 infection course. It can induce effective HIV-1-specific immunity to control viremia and eliminate the need for lifelong ART. Immunological data from spontaneous HIV-1 controllers have shown that cross-reactive T-cell responses are the key immune mechanism in HIV-1 control. Directing these responses toward preferred HIV-1 epitopes is a promising strategy in therapeutic vaccine settings. Designing novel immunogens based on the HIV-1 conserved regions containing a wide range of critical T- and B-cell epitopes of the main viral antigens (conserved multiepitope approaches) supplies broad coverage of global diversity in HIV-1 strains and Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) alleles. It can also prevent immune induction to undesirable decoy epitopes theoretically. The efficacy of different novel HIV-1 immunogens based on the conserved and/or functional protective site of HIV-1 proteome has been evaluated in multiple clinical trials. Most of these immunogens were generally safe and able to induce potent HIV-1-specific immunity. However, despite these findings, several candidates have demonstrated limited efficacy in viral replication control. In this study, we used the PubMed and ClinicalTrial.gov databases to review the rationale of designing curative HIV-1 vaccine immunogens based on the conserved favorable site of the virus. Most of these studies evaluate the efficacy of vaccine candidates in combination with other therapeutics and/or with new formulations and immunization protocols. This review briefly describes the design of conserved multiepitope constructs and outlines the results of these vaccine candidates in the recent clinical pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Akbari
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Azam Bolhassani
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Tehran, Iran.
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6
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Cohen KW, Fiore-Gartland A, Walsh SR, Yusim K, Frahm N, Elizaga ML, Maenza J, Scott H, Mayer KH, Goepfert PA, Edupuganti S, Pantaleo G, Hutter J, Morris DE, De Rosa SC, Geraghty DE, Robb ML, Michael NL, Fischer W, Giorgi EE, Malhi H, Pensiero MN, Ferrari G, Tomaras GD, Montefiori DC, Gilbert PB, McElrath MJ, Haynes BF, Korber BT, Baden LR. Trivalent mosaic or consensus HIV immunogens prime humoral and broader cellular immune responses in adults. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e163338. [PMID: 36787249 PMCID: PMC9927951 DOI: 10.1172/jci163338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDMosaic and consensus HIV-1 immunogens provide two distinct approaches to elicit greater breadth of coverage against globally circulating HIV-1 and have shown improved immunologic breadth in nonhuman primate models.METHODSThis double-blind randomized trial enrolled 105 healthy HIV-uninfected adults who received 3 doses of either a trivalent global mosaic, a group M consensus (CON-S), or a natural clade B (Nat-B) gp160 env DNA vaccine followed by 2 doses of a heterologous modified vaccinia Ankara-vectored HIV-1 vaccine or placebo. We performed prespecified blinded immunogenicity analyses at day 70 and day 238 after the first immunization. T cell responses to vaccine antigens and 5 heterologous Env variants were fully mapped.RESULTSEnv-specific CD4+ T cell responses were induced in 71% of the mosaic vaccine recipients versus 48% of the CON-S recipients and 48% of the natural Env recipients. The mean number of T cell epitopes recognized was 2.5 (95% CI, 1.2-4.2) for mosaic recipients, 1.6 (95% CI, 0.82-2.6) for CON-S recipients, and 1.1 (95% CI, 0.62-1.71) for Nat-B recipients. Mean breadth was significantly greater in the mosaic group than in the Nat-B group using overall (P = 0.014), prime-matched (P = 0.002), heterologous (P = 0.046), and boost-matched (P = 0.009) measures. Overall T cell breadth was largely due to Env-specific CD4+ T cell responses.CONCLUSIONPriming with a mosaic antigen significantly increased the number of epitopes recognized by Env-specific T cells and enabled more, albeit still limited, cross-recognition of heterologous variants. Mosaic and consensus immunogens are promising approaches to address global diversity of HIV-1.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT02296541.FUNDINGUS NIH grants UM1 AI068614, UM1 AI068635, UM1 AI068618, UM1 AI069412, UL1 RR025758, P30 AI064518, UM1 AI100645, and UM1 AI144371, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation grant OPP52282.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen W. Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrew Fiore-Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen R. Walsh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karina Yusim
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Marnie L. Elizaga
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Janine Maenza
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hyman Scott
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kenneth H. Mayer
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Julia Hutter
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daryl E. Morris
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen C. De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel E. Geraghty
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Will Fischer
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Elena E. Giorgi
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Harmandeep Malhi
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael N. Pensiero
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Bette T. Korber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Lindsey R. Baden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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7
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Immunologically effective biomaterials-enhanced vaccines against infection of pathogenic microorganisms. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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8
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New vector and vaccine platforms: mRNA, DNA, viral vectors. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2022; 17:338-344. [DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Valentin A, Bergamaschi C, Rosati M, Angel M, Burns R, Agarwal M, Gergen J, Petsch B, Oostvogels L, Loeliger E, Chew KW, Deeks SG, Mullins JI, Pavlakis GN, Felber BK. Comparative immunogenicity of an mRNA/LNP and a DNA vaccine targeting HIV gag conserved elements in macaques. Front Immunol 2022; 13:945706. [PMID: 35935984 PMCID: PMC9355630 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.945706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunogenicity of HIV-1 mRNA vaccine regimens was analyzed in a non-human primate animal model. Rhesus macaques immunized with mRNA in lipid nanoparticle (mRNA/LNP) formulation expressing HIV-1 Gag and Gag conserved regions (CE) as immunogens developed robust, durable antibody responses but low adaptive T-cell responses. Augmentation of the dose resulted in modest increases in vaccine-induced cellular immunity, with no difference in humoral responses. The gag mRNA/lipid nanoparticle (LNP) vaccine provided suboptimal priming of T cell responses for a heterologous DNA booster vaccination regimen. In contrast, a single immunization with gag mRNA/LNP efficiently boosted both humoral and cellular responses in macaques previously primed by a gag DNA-based vaccine. These anamnestic cellular responses were mediated by activated CD8+ T cells with a phenotype of differentiated T-bet+ cytotoxic memory T lymphocytes. The heterologous prime/boost regimens combining DNA and mRNA/LNP vaccine modalities maximized vaccine-induced cellular and humoral immune responses. Analysis of cytokine responses revealed a transient systemic signature characterized by the release of type I interferon, IL-15 and IFN-related chemokines. The pro-inflammatory status induced by the mRNA/LNP vaccine was also characterized by IL-23 and IL-6, concomitant with the release of IL-17 family of cytokines. Overall, the strong boost of cellular and humoral immunity induced by the mRNA/LNP vaccine suggests that it could be useful as a prophylactic vaccine in heterologous prime/boost modality and in immune therapeutic interventions against HIV infection or other chronic human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Valentin
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Cristina Bergamaschi
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Margherita Rosati
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Matthew Angel
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cncer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Center for Cancer Research Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Robert Burns
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Mahesh Agarwal
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Kara W. Chew
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - James I. Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - George N. Pavlakis
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Barbara K. Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Barbara K. Felber,
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Adenovirus DNA Polymerase Loses Fidelity on a Stretch of Eleven Homocytidines during Pre-GMP Vaccine Preparation. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060960. [PMID: 35746566 PMCID: PMC9227658 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we invented and construct novel candidate HIV-1 vaccines. Through genetic and protein engineering, we unknowingly constructed an HIV-1-derived transgene with a homopolymeric run of 11 cytidines, which was inserted into an adenovirus vaccine vector. Here, we describe the virus rescue, three rounds of clonal purification and preparation of good manufacturing practise (GMP) starting material assessed for genetic stability in five additional virus passages. Throughout these steps, quality control assays indicated the presence of the transgene in the virus genome, expression of the correct transgene product and immunogenicity in mice. However, DNA sequencing of the transgene revealed additional cytidines inserted into the original 11-cytidine region, and the GMP manufacture had to be aborted. Subsequent analyses indicated that as little as 1/25th of the virus dose used for confirmation of protein expression (106 cells at a multiplicity of infection of 10) and murine immunogenicity (108 infectious units per animal) met the quality acceptance criteria. Similar frameshifts in the expressed proteins were reproduced in a one-reaction in vitro transcription/translation employing phage T7 polymerase and E. coli ribosomes. Thus, the most likely mechanism for addition of extra cytidines into the ChAdOx1.tHIVconsv6 genome is that the adenovirus DNA polymerase lost its fidelity on a stretch of 11 cytidines, which informs future adenovirus vaccine designs.
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11
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Akbari E, Ajdary S, Ardakani EM, Agi E, Milani A, Seyedinkhorasani M, Khalaj V, Bolhassani A. Immunopotentiation by linking Hsp70 T-cell epitopes to Gag-Pol-Env-Nef-Rev multiepitope construct and increased IFN-gamma secretion in infected lymphocytes. Pathog Dis 2022; 80:6608937. [PMID: 35704612 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftac021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines can boost the anti-HIV host immunity to control viral replication and eliminate viral reservoirs in the absence of anti-retroviral therapy. In this study, two computationally designed multiepitope Gag-Pol-Env-Nef-Rev and Hsp70-Gag-Pol-Env-Nef-Rev constructs harboring immunogenic and highly conserved HIV T cell epitopes were generated in E. coli as polypeptide vaccine candidates. Furthermore, the multiepitope gag-pol-env-nef-rev and hsp70-gag-pol-env-nef-rev DNA vaccine constructs were prepared and complexed with MPG cell-penetrating peptide. The immunogenicity of the multiepitope constructs were evaluated using the homologous and heterologous prime/boost strategies in mice. Moreover, the secretion of IFN-γ was assessed in infected lymphocytes in vitro. Our data showed that the homologous polypeptide regimens could significantly induce a mixture of IgG1 and IgG2a antibody responses, activate T cells to secret IFN-γ, IL-5, IL-10, and generate Granzyme B. Moreover, IFN-γ secretion was significantly enhanced in single-cycle replicable (SCR) HIV-1 virions-infected splenocytes in these groups compared to uninfected splenocytes. The linkage of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) epitopes to Gag-Pol-Env-Nef-Rev polypeptide in the homologous regimen increased significantly cytokines and Granzyme B levels, and IFN-γ secretion in virions-infected splenocytes. Briefly, both designed constructs in the homologous regimens can be used as a promising vaccine candidate against HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Akbari
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheila Ajdary
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Elnaz Agi
- Iranian Comprehensive Hemophilia Care Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Milani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Vahid Khalaj
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Ishii H, Terahara K, Nomura T, Okazaki M, Yamamoto H, Shu T, Sakawaki H, Miura T, Watkins DI, Matano T. Env-independent protection of intrarectal SIV challenge by vaccine induction of Gag/Vif-specific CD8+ T cells but not CD4+ T cells. Mol Ther 2022; 30:2048-2057. [PMID: 35231604 PMCID: PMC9092394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective T cell induction is an important strategy in HIV-vaccine development. However, it has been indicated that vaccine-induced HIV-specific CD4+ T cells, the preferential targets of HIV infection, might increase viral acquisition after HIV exposure. We have recently developed an immunogen (CaV11), tandemly connected overlapping 11-mer peptides spanning the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag capsid and Vif proteins, to selectively induce Gag- and Vif-specific CD8+ T cells but not CD4+ T cells. Here, we show protective efficacy of a CaV11-expressing vaccine against repeated intrarectal low-dose SIVmac239 challenge in rhesus macaques. Eight of the twelve vaccinated macaques were protected after eight challenges. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated significant protection in the vaccinees compared to the unvaccinated macaques. Vaccine-induced Gag-specific CD8+ T cell responses were significantly higher in the protected than the unprotected vaccinees. These results suggest that classical CD8+ T cell induction by viral Env-independent vaccination can confer protection from intrarectal SIV acquisition, highlighting the rationale for this immunogen design to induce virus-specific CD8+ T cells but not CD4+ T cells in HIV-vaccine development.
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13
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Vijayan KKV, Cross KA, Curtis AD, Van Rompay KKA, Pollara J, Fox CB, Tomai M, Hanke T, Fouda G, Hudgens MG, Permar SR, De Paris K. Early Post-Vaccination Gene Signatures Correlate With the Magnitude and Function of Vaccine-Induced HIV Envelope-Specific Plasma Antibodies in Infant Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2022; 13:840976. [PMID: 35572573 PMCID: PMC9094446 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.840976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the impact of early innate immune responses after vaccine priming on vaccine-elicited adaptive immune responses could inform rational design for effective HIV vaccines. The current study compared the whole blood molecular immune signatures of a 3M-052-SE adjuvanted HIV Env protein vaccine to a regimen combining the adjuvanted Env protein with simultaneous administration of a modified Vaccinia Ankara vector expressing HIV Env in infant rhesus macaques at days 0, 1, and 3 post vaccine prime. Both vaccines induced a rapid innate response, evident by elevated inflammatory plasma cytokines and altered gene expression. We identified 25 differentially-expressed genes (DEG) on day 1 compared to day 0 in the HIV protein vaccine group. In contrast, in the group that received both the Env protein and the MVA-Env vaccine only two DEG were identified, implying that the MVA-Env modified the innate response to the adjuvanted protein vaccine. By day 3, only three DEG maintained altered expression, indicative of the transient nature of the innate response. The DEG represented immune pathways associated with complement activation, type I interferon and interleukin signaling, pathogen sensing, and induction of adaptive immunity. DEG expression on day 1 was correlated to Env-specific antibody responses, in particular antibody-dependent cytotoxicity responses at week 34, and Env-specific follicular T helper cells. Results from network analysis supported the interaction of DEG and their proteins in B cell activation. These results emphasize that vaccine-induced HIV-specific antibody responses can be optimized through the modulation of the innate response to the vaccine prime.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Vidya Vijayan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for AIDS Research, and Children's Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Kaitlyn A Cross
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Alan D Curtis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for AIDS Research, and Children's Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Koen K A Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Justin Pollara
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Departent of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | - Mark Tomai
- 3M Corporate Research Materials Laboratory, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Genevieve Fouda
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Michael G Hudgens
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kristina De Paris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for AIDS Research, and Children's Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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14
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Nilsson JB, Grifoni A, Tarke A, Sette A, Nielsen M. PopCover-2.0. Improved Selection of Peptide Sets With Optimal HLA and Pathogen Diversity Coverage. Front Immunol 2021; 12:728936. [PMID: 34484239 PMCID: PMC8416060 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.728936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of minimal peptide sets offers an appealing alternative for design of vaccines and T cell diagnostics compared to conventional whole protein approaches. T cell immunogenicity towards peptides is contingent on binding to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules of the given individual. HLA is highly polymorphic, and each variant typically presents a different repertoire of peptides. This polymorphism combined with pathogen diversity challenges the rational selection of peptide sets with broad immunogenic potential and population coverage. Here we propose PopCover-2.0, a simple yet highly effective method, for resolving this challenge. The method takes as input a set of (predicted) CD8 and/or CD4 T cell epitopes with associated HLA restriction and pathogen strain annotation together with information on HLA allele frequencies, and identifies peptide sets with optimal pathogen and HLA (class I and II) coverage. PopCover-2.0 was benchmarked on historic data in the context of HIV and SARS-CoV-2. Further, the immunogenicity of the selected SARS-CoV-2 peptides was confirmed by experimentally validating the peptide pools for T cell responses in a panel of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals. In summary, PopCover-2.0 is an effective method for rational selection of peptide subsets with broad HLA and pathogen coverage. The tool is available at https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/service.php?PopCover-2.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Birkelund Nilsson
- Department of Health Technology, Section for Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alison Tarke
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Morten Nielsen
- Department of Health Technology, Section for Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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15
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STING Ligand-Mediated Priming of Functional CD8 + T Cells Specific for HIV-1-Protective Epitopes from Naive T Cells. J Virol 2021; 95:e0069921. [PMID: 34076478 PMCID: PMC8312882 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00699-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells primed from naive T cells are expected to act as effector T cells in a “shock-and-kill” therapeutic strategy for an HIV-1 cure since less functional HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells are elicited from memory T cells in HIV-1-infected individuals on combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). CD8+ T cells specific for HIV-1 conserved and protective epitopes are candidates for such T cells. We investigated the priming with STING ligand of CD8+ T cells specific for HLA-B*52:01 or HLA-C*12:02-restricted protective epitopes from naive T cells. STING ligand 3′3′-cGAMP effectively primed CD8+ T cells specific for 3 of 4 HLA-B*52:01-restricted epitopes but failed to prime those specific for all 3 HLA-C*12:02-restricted epitopes from the naive T cells of HIV-1-uninfected individuals having an HLA-B*52:01-C*12:02 protective haplotype. These HLA-B*52:01-restricted CD8+ T cells had a strong ability to suppress HIV-1 replication and expressed a high level of cytolytic effector molecules. The viral suppression ability of these T cells was significantly correlated with the expression level of perforin and showed a trend for a positive correlation with the expression level of CD107a. The present study highlighted the priming with STING ligand of functional CD8+ T cells specific for protective epitopes, which T cells would contribute as effector T cells to a shock-and-kill therapy. IMPORTANCE The current “shock-and-kill” therapeutic strategy for HIV cure has been directed toward eliminating latent viral reservoirs by reactivation of latent reservoirs with latency-reversing agents followed by eradication of these cells by immune-mediated responses. Although HIV-1-specific T cells are expected to eradicate viral reservoirs, the function of these T cells is reduced in HIV-1-infected individuals with long-term cART. Therefore, priming of HIV-1-specific T cells with high function from naive T cells is to be expected in these individuals. In this study, we demonstrated the priming with STING ligand 3′3′-cGAMP of CD8+ T cells specific for HIV-1-protective epitopes from naive T cells. cGAMP primed CD8+ T cells specific for 3 HLA-B*52:01-restricted protective epitopes, which cells expressed a high level of cytolytic effector molecules and effectively suppressed HIV-1 replication. The present study suggested that the priming with STING ligand of functional CD8+ T cells specific for protective epitopes would be useful in a therapy for an HIV-1 cure.
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16
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Hare J, Fiore-Gartland A, McGowan E, Hunter E, Gilmour J, Nielsen M. Selective HLA restriction enables the evaluation and interpretation of immunogenic breadth at comparable levels to that observed with broader HLA distribution. Proteomics 2021; 21:e2100121. [PMID: 34275199 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Existing approaches to identifying predictive T-cell epitopes have traditionally utilized either 2-digit HLA super-families or more commonly utilizing autologous HLA alleles to facilitate the predictions. However, the use of these criteria may not consider the HLA representation within any target population. Here we propose a modification to concept of utilizing autologous HLA whereby subsets of individuals are selected for their specific HLA allele profiles and the representation they provide within a given population. Using this selective approach to HLA selection and the linkages to specific individuals may enable the design of more targeted experimentalstrategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Hare
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York, USA.,IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Andrew Fiore-Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Edward McGowan
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Eric Hunter
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jill Gilmour
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Morten Nielsen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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17
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Where to Next? Research Directions after the First Hepatitis C Vaccine Efficacy Trial. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071351. [PMID: 34372558 PMCID: PMC8310243 DOI: 10.3390/v13071351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty years after its discovery, the hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains a leading cause of liver disease worldwide. Given that many countries continue to experience high rates of transmission despite the availability of potent antiviral therapies, an effective vaccine is seen as critical for the elimination of HCV. The recent failure of the first vaccine efficacy trial for the prevention of chronic HCV confirmed suspicions that this virus will be a challenging vaccine target. Here, we examine the published data from this first efficacy trial along with the earlier clinical and pre-clinical studies of the vaccine candidate and then discuss three key research directions expected to be important in ongoing and future HCV vaccine development. These include the following: 1. design of novel immunogens that generate immune responses to genetically diverse HCV genotypes and subtypes, 2. strategies to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies against envelope glycoproteins in addition to cytotoxic and helper T cell responses, and 3. consideration of the unique immunological status of individuals most at risk for HCV infection, including those who inject drugs, in vaccine platform development and early immunogenicity trials.
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18
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Adenovirus-vectored vaccine containing multidimensionally conserved parts of the HIV proteome is immunogenic in rhesus macaques. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2022496118. [PMID: 33514660 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022496118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective vaccine that can protect against HIV infection does not exist. A major reason why a vaccine is not available is the high mutability of the virus, which enables it to evolve mutations that can evade human immune responses. This challenge is exacerbated by the ability of the virus to evolve compensatory mutations that can partially restore the fitness cost of immune-evading mutations. Based on the fitness landscapes of HIV proteins that account for the effects of coupled mutations, we designed a single long peptide immunogen comprising parts of the HIV proteome wherein mutations are likely to be deleterious regardless of the sequence of the rest of the viral protein. This immunogen was then stably expressed in adenovirus vectors that are currently in clinical development. Macaques immunized with these vaccine constructs exhibited T-cell responses that were comparable in magnitude to animals immunized with adenovirus vectors with whole HIV protein inserts. Moreover, the T-cell responses in immunized macaques strongly targeted regions contained in our immunogen. These results suggest that further studies aimed toward using our vaccine construct for HIV prophylaxis and cure are warranted.
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19
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Wee EG, Moyo N, Hannoun Z, Giorgi EE, Korber B, Hanke T. Effect of epitope variant co-delivery on the depth of CD8 T cell responses induced by HIV-1 conserved mosaic vaccines. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2021; 21:741-753. [PMID: 34169114 PMCID: PMC8187930 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To stop the HIV-1 pandemic, vaccines must induce responses capable of controlling vast HIV-1 variants circulating in the population as well as those evolved in each individual following transmission. Numerous strategies have been proposed, of which the most promising include focusing responses on the vulnerable sites of HIV-1 displaying the least entropy among global isolates and using algorithms that maximize vaccine match to circulating HIV-1 variants by vaccine cocktails of optimized complementing sequences. In this study, we investigated CD8 T cell responses induced by a bi-valent mosaic of highly conserved HIVconsvX regions delivered by a combination of simian adenovirus ChAdOx1 and poxvirus MVA. We compared partially and fully mono- and bi-valent prime-boost regimens and their ability to elicit T cells recognizing natural epitope variants using an interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay. We used 11 well-defined CD8 T cell epitopes in two mouse haplotypes and, for each epitope, assessed recognition of the two vaccine forms together with the other most frequent epitope variants in the HIV-1 database. We conclude that for the magnitude and depth of epitope recognition, CD8 T cell responses benefitted in most comparisons from the combined bi-valent mosaic and envisage the main advantage of the bi-valent vaccine during its deployment to diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund G. Wee
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Nathifa Moyo
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Zara Hannoun
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Bette Korber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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20
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McCann CD, van Dorp CH, Danesh A, Ward AR, Dilling TR, Mota TM, Zale E, Stevenson EM, Patel S, Brumme CJ, Dong W, Jones DS, Andresen TL, Walker BD, Brumme ZL, Bollard CM, Perelson AS, Irvine DJ, Jones RB. A participant-derived xenograft model of HIV enables long-term evaluation of autologous immunotherapies. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212105. [PMID: 33988715 PMCID: PMC8129803 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-specific CD8+ T cells partially control viral replication and delay disease progression, but they rarely provide lasting protection, largely due to immune escape. Here, we show that engrafting mice with memory CD4+ T cells from HIV+ donors uniquely allows for the in vivo evaluation of autologous T cell responses while avoiding graft-versus-host disease and the need for human fetal tissues that limit other models. Treating HIV-infected mice with clinically relevant HIV-specific T cell products resulted in substantial reductions in viremia. In vivo activity was significantly enhanced when T cells were engineered with surface-conjugated nanogels carrying an IL-15 superagonist, but it was ultimately limited by the pervasive selection of a diverse array of escape mutations, recapitulating patterns seen in humans. By applying mathematical modeling, we show that the kinetics of the CD8+ T cell response have a profound impact on the emergence and persistence of escape mutations. This “participant-derived xenograft” model of HIV provides a powerful tool for studying HIV-specific immunological responses and facilitating the development of effective cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase D McCann
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY.,Immunology & Microbial Pathogenesis Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY
| | | | - Ali Danesh
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Adam R Ward
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC.,PhD Program in Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Thomas R Dilling
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Talia M Mota
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Elizabeth Zale
- Immunology & Microbial Pathogenesis Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY
| | - Eva M Stevenson
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Shabnum Patel
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC.,George Washington University Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Chanson J Brumme
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Winnie Dong
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Boston, MA.,Institute for Medical and Engineering Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD
| | - Zabrina L Brumme
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Catherine M Bollard
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC.,George Washington University Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Alan S Perelson
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD.,Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - R Brad Jones
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY.,Immunology & Microbial Pathogenesis Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY
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21
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Kallon S, Samir S, Goonetilleke N. Vaccines: Underlying Principles of Design and Testing. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 109:987-999. [PMID: 33705574 PMCID: PMC8048882 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we review the key elements that should be considered to take a novel vaccine from the laboratory through to licensure in the modern era. This paper is divided into four sections. First, we discuss the host immune responses that we engage with vaccines. Second, we discuss how in vivo and in vitro studies can inform vaccine design. Third, we discuss different vaccine modalities that have been licensed or are in testing in humans. Last, we overview the basic principles of vaccine approvals. Throughout we provide real-world examples of vaccine development against infectious diseases, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sallay Kallon
- Department of Microbiology & ImmunologyUNC‐Chapel Hill School of MedicineChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Shahryar Samir
- Department of Microbiology & ImmunologyUNC‐Chapel Hill School of MedicineChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- Department of Microbiology & ImmunologyUNC‐Chapel Hill School of MedicineChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
- UNC HIV Cure CenterUNC‐Chapel Hill School of MedicineChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
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22
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Karch CP, Burkhard P, Matyas GR, Beck Z. The diversity of HIV-1 fights against vaccine efficacy: how self-assembling protein nanoparticle technology may fight back. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:673-680. [PMID: 33715403 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficacious HIV-1 vaccine has remained an elusive target for almost 40 years. The sheer diversity of the virus is one of the major roadblocks for vaccine development. HIV-1 frequently mutates and various strains predominate in different geographic regions, making the development of a globally applicable vaccine extremely difficult. Multiple approaches have been taken to overcome the issue of viral diversity, including sequence optimization, development of consensus and mosaic sequences and the use of different prime-boost approaches. To develop an efficacious vaccine, these approaches may need to be combined. One way to potentially synergize these approaches is to use a rationally designed protein nanoparticle that allows for the native-like presentation of antigens, such as the self-assembling protein nanoparticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Karch
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.,Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Peter Burkhard
- Alpha-O Peptides, Lörracherstrasse 50, 4125 Riehen, Switzerland
| | - Gary R Matyas
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Zoltan Beck
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.,Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA.,Current address: VRD, Pfizer, 401 N Middletown Rd, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
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23
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Oyarzun P, Kashyap M, Fica V, Salas-Burgos A, Gonzalez-Galarza FF, McCabe A, Jones AR, Middleton D, Kobe B. A Proteome-Wide Immunoinformatics Tool to Accelerate T-Cell Epitope Discovery and Vaccine Design in the Context of Emerging Infectious Diseases: An Ethnicity-Oriented Approach. Front Immunol 2021; 12:598778. [PMID: 33717077 PMCID: PMC7952308 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.598778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) caused by viruses are increasing in frequency, causing a high disease burden and mortality world-wide. The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel SARS-like coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) underscores the need to innovate and accelerate the development of effective vaccination strategies against EIDs. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules play a central role in the immune system by determining the peptide repertoire displayed to the T-cell compartment. Genetic polymorphisms of the HLA system thus confer a strong variability in vaccine-induced immune responses and may complicate the selection of vaccine candidates, because the distribution and frequencies of HLA alleles are highly variable among different ethnic groups. Herein, we build on the emerging paradigm of rational epitope-based vaccine design, by describing an immunoinformatics tool (Predivac-3.0) for proteome-wide T-cell epitope discovery that accounts for ethnic-level variations in immune responsiveness. Predivac-3.0 implements both CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell epitope predictions based on HLA allele frequencies retrieved from the Allele Frequency Net Database. The tool was thoroughly assessed, proving comparable performances (AUC ~0.9) against four state-of-the-art pan-specific immunoinformatics methods capable of population-level analysis (NetMHCPan-4.0, Pickpocket, PSSMHCPan and SMM), as well as a strong accuracy on proteome-wide T-cell epitope predictions for HIV-specific immune responses in the Japanese population. The utility of the method was investigated for the COVID-19 pandemic, by performing in silico T-cell epitope mapping of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein according to the ethnic context of the countries where the ChAdOx1 vaccine is currently initiating phase III clinical trials. Potentially immunodominant CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell epitopes and population coverages were predicted for each population (the Epitope Discovery mode), along with optimized sets of broadly recognized (promiscuous) T-cell epitopes maximizing coverage in the target populations (the Epitope Optimization mode). Population-specific epitope-rich regions (T-cell epitope clusters) were further predicted in protein antigens based on combined criteria of epitope density and population coverage. Overall, we conclude that Predivac-3.0 holds potential to contribute in the understanding of ethnic-level variations of vaccine-induced immune responsiveness and to guide the development of epitope-based next-generation vaccines against emerging pathogens, whose geographic distributions and populations in need of vaccinations are often well-defined for regional epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Oyarzun
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Manju Kashyap
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Victor Fica
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Faviel F Gonzalez-Galarza
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Torreon, Mexico
| | - Antony McCabe
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R Jones
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Middleton
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Effect of Difference in Consensus Sequence between HIV-1 Subtype A/E and Subtype B Viruses on Elicitation of Gag-Specific CD8 + T Cells and Accumulation of HLA-Associated Escape Mutations. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02061-20. [PMID: 33361435 PMCID: PMC8094948 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02061-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The Gag280 mutation is associated with HLA-C*01:02 but not with HLA-B*52:01 in subtype A/E-infected individuals, whereas this mutation is associated with HLA-B*52:01 but not with HLA-C*01:02 in subtype B infections. Although it is known that the Gag280 mutant is selected by HLA-B*52:01-restricted GagRI8 (Gag275-282)-specific T cells in subtype B infections, it remains unknown why this Gag280 mutation is associated with HLA-C*01:02 rather than HLA-B*52:01 in subtype A/E infections. The subtype B and A/E viruses have different consensus sequence, with Thr and Val at Gag280, respectively. To clarify the effect of this difference in Gag280 consensus sequence, we investigated the role of HLA-C*01:02-restricted GagYI9 (Gag277-285)-specific T cells in selection of Gag280 mutations in subtype A/E-infected Vietnamese and subtype B-infected Japanese individuals. GagYI9-4V-specific T cells, which were frequently elicited in Vietnamese individuals infected with the consensus-type A/E virus, failed to recognize GagV280T mutant A/E virus-infected cells. GagYI9-4T mutant epitope-specific T cells, which were weakly elicited in individuals infected with the mutant A/E virus, had weak or no ability to recognize the mutant virus. These results account for the mechanism for selection and accumulation of GagV280T mutants in the case of subtype A/E infections. In contrast, HLA-C*01:02-restricted GagYI9-4T-specific T cells were weakly elicited in Japanese individuals infected with the subtype B virus, explaining why HLA-C*01:02-restricted Gag280 mutations are not accumulated in the case of a subtype B infection. The present study demonstrated that a difference in the Gag280 consensus sequence influenced the elicitation of the GagYI9-specific T cells involved in the accumulation of HLA-C*01:02-associated Gag280 mutations.IMPORTANCE HIV-1 mutations escaped from HIV-specific CD8+ T cells are mostly detected as HLA-associated mutations. A diversity of HLA-associated mutations is somewhat distinct to each race and region, since HLA allele distribution differs among them. A difference in the consensus sequence among HIV-1 subtypes may also influence the diversity of HLA-associated mutations. HLA-C*01:02-associated GagV280T and HLA-B*52:01-associated GagT280A/S mutations were previously identified in HIV-1 subtype A/E-infected and subtype B-infected individuals, respectively, though these subtype viruses have a different consensus sequence at Gag280. We demonstrated that the GagV280T mutant virus was selected by HLA-C*01:02-restricted GagYI9-4V-specific T cells in subtype A/E-infected Vietnamese but that HLA-C*01:02-restricted GagYI9-4T-specific T cells were weakly elicited in subtype B-infected Japanese. Together with our recent study which demonstrated the mechanism for the accumulation of HLA-B*52:01-associated mutations, we clarified the mechanism for the accumulation of different Gag280 mutations and the effect of the difference in the consensus sequence on the accumulation of escape mutations.
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Namazi F, Davoodi S, Bolhassani A. Comparison of the efficacy of HIV-1 Nef-Tat-Gp160-p24 polyepitope vaccine candidate with Nef protein in different immunization strategies. Curr Drug Deliv 2021; 19:142-156. [PMID: 33655833 DOI: 10.2174/1567201818666210224101144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES One of the promising strategies for effective HIV-1 vaccine design involves finding the polyepitope immunogens using T cell epitopes. METHODS Herein, an HIV-1 polyepitope construct (i.e., Nef-Tat-Gp160-P24) comprising of several epitopes from Nef, Tat, Gp160, and P24 proteins was designed. To improve its immunogenicity in BALB/c mice, cell-penetrating peptides (HR9 & MPG for DNA delivery, and LDP-NLS & CyLoP-1 for protein transfer), Montanide adjuvant, and heterologous DNA prime/polypeptide boost strategy were used. To compare the immunogenicity, Nef was utilized as a vaccine candidate. The levels of total IgG and its subclasses, cytokines, and Granzyme B were assessed using ELISA. RESULTS Immunological studies showed that heterologous prime-boost regimens for both antigens could considerably augment the levels of IgG2a, IgG2b, IFN-γ, and Granzyme B directed toward Th1 and CTL immune responses in comparison with homologous prime-boost strategies. The levels of IFN-γ, IL-10, total IgG, IgG1, and IgG2b were drastically higher in groups immunized with Nef-Tat-Gp160-P24 in heterologous prime-boost regimens than those in groups immunized with Nef. CONCLUSIONS The use of the Nef-Tat-Gp160-P24 polyepitope immunogen in heterologous prime-boost strategy could generate the mixture of Th1 and Th2 responses directed further toward Th1 response as a hopeful method for improvement of HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Namazi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran. Iran
| | - Saba Davoodi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran. Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran. Iran
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McGowan E, Rosenthal R, Fiore-Gartland A, Macharia G, Balinda S, Kapaata A, Umviligihozo G, Muok E, Dalel J, Streatfield CL, Coutinho H, Dilernia D, Monaco DC, Morrison D, Yue L, Hunter E, Nielsen M, Gilmour J, Hare J. Utilizing Computational Machine Learning Tools to Understand Immunogenic Breadth in the Context of a CD8 T-Cell Mediated HIV Response. Front Immunol 2021; 12:609884. [PMID: 33679745 PMCID: PMC7930081 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.609884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Predictive models are becoming more and more commonplace as tools for candidate antigen discovery to meet the challenges of enabling epitope mapping of cohorts with diverse HLA properties. Here we build on the concept of using two key parameters, diversity metric of the HLA profile of individuals within a population and consideration of sequence diversity in the context of an individual's CD8 T-cell immune repertoire to assess the HIV proteome for defined regions of immunogenicity. Using this approach, analysis of HLA adaptation and functional immunogenicity data enabled the identification of regions within the proteome that offer significant conservation, HLA recognition within a population, low prevalence of HLA adaptation and demonstrated immunogenicity. We believe this unique and novel approach to vaccine design as a supplement to vitro functional assays, offers a bespoke pipeline for expedited and rational CD8 T-cell vaccine design for HIV and potentially other pathogens with the potential for both global and local coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed McGowan
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Rosenthal
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Fiore-Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Gladys Macharia
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila Balinda
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute (MRC/UVRI) and London School of Health and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Anne Kapaata
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute (MRC/UVRI) and London School of Health and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Gisele Umviligihozo
- Project San Francisco (PSF) Center for Family Health Research (CFHR), Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Erick Muok
- Project San Francisco (PSF) Center for Family Health Research (CFHR), Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Jama Dalel
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Helen Coutinho
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dario Dilernia
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | | | - Ling Yue
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Eric Hunter
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Morten Nielsen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jill Gilmour
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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Mu Z, Haynes BF, Cain DW. HIV mRNA Vaccines-Progress and Future Paths. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:134. [PMID: 33562203 PMCID: PMC7915550 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic introduced the world to a new type of vaccine based on mRNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). Instead of delivering antigenic proteins directly, an mRNA-based vaccine relies on the host's cells to manufacture protein immunogens which, in turn, are targets for antibody and cytotoxic T cell responses. mRNA-based vaccines have been the subject of research for over three decades as a platform to protect against or treat a variety of cancers, amyloidosis and infectious diseases. In this review, we discuss mRNA-based approaches for the generation of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines to HIV. We examine the special immunological hurdles for a vaccine to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies and effective T cell responses to HIV. Lastly, we outline an mRNA-based HIV vaccination strategy based on the immunobiology of broadly neutralizing antibody development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Mu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (Z.M.); (B.F.H.)
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (Z.M.); (B.F.H.)
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Derek W. Cain
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (Z.M.); (B.F.H.)
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Garcia-Bates TM, Palma ML, Anderko RR, Hsu DC, Ananworanich J, Korber BT, Gaiha GD, Phanuphak N, Thomas R, Tovanabutra S, Walker BD, Mellors JW, Piazza PA, Kroon E, Riddler SA, Michael NL, Rinaldo CR, Mailliard RB. Dendritic cells focus CTL responses toward highly conserved and topologically important HIV-1 epitopes. EBioMedicine 2021; 63:103175. [PMID: 33450518 PMCID: PMC7811131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During early HIV-1 infection, immunodominant T cell responses to highly variable epitopes lead to the establishment of immune escape virus variants. Here we assessed a type 1-polarized monocyte-derived dendritic cell (MDC1)-based approach to selectively elicit cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses against highly conserved and topologically important HIV-1 epitopes in HIV-1-infected individuals from the Thailand RV254/SEARCH 010 cohort who initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) during early infection (Fiebig stages I-IV). Methods Autologous MDC1 were used as antigen presenting cells to induce in vitro CTL responses against HIV-1 Gag, Pol, Env, and Nef as determined by flow cytometry and ELISpot assay. Ultra-conserved or topologically important antigens were respectively identified using the Epigraph tool and a structure-based network analysis approach and compared to overlapping peptides spanning the Gag proteome. Findings MDC1 presenting either the overlapping Gag, Epigraph, or Network 14–21mer peptide pools consistently activated and expanded HIV-1-specific T cells to epitopes identified at the 9–13mer peptide level. Interestingly, some CTL responses occurred outside known or expected HLA associations, providing evidence of new HLA-associated CTL epitopes. Comparative analyses demonstrated more sequence conservation among Epigraph antigens but a higher magnitude of CTL responses to Network and Gag peptide groups. Importantly, CTL responses against topologically constrained Gag epitopes contained in both the Network and Gag peptide pools were selectively enhanced in the Network pool-initiated cultures. Interpretation Our study supports the use of MDC1 as a therapeutic strategy to induce and focus CTL responses toward putative fitness-constrained regions of HIV-1 to prevent immune escape and control HIV-1 infection. Funding A full list of the funding sources is detailed in the Acknowledgment section of the manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana M Garcia-Bates
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Mariana L Palma
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Renee R Anderko
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Denise C Hsu
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States; Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Silver Spring, MD, United States; SEARCH, The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jintanat Ananworanich
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States; Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Silver Spring, MD, United States; SEARCH, The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Global Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bette T Korber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Gaurav D Gaiha
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Rasmi Thomas
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States; Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Sodsai Tovanabutra
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States; Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, United States
| | - John W Mellors
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Paolo A Piazza
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Eugene Kroon
- SEARCH, The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sharon A Riddler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Nelson L Michael
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Robbie B Mailliard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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Olusola BA, Olaleye DO, Odaibo GN. Non-synonymous Substitutions in HIV-1 GAG Are Frequent in Epitopes Outside the Functionally Conserved Regions and Associated With Subtype Differences. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:615721. [PMID: 33505382 PMCID: PMC7829476 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.615721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2019, 38 million people lived with HIV-1 infection resulting in 690,000 deaths. Over 50% of this infection and its associated deaths occurred in Sub-Saharan Africa. The West African region is a known hotspot of the HIV-1 epidemic. There is a need to develop an HIV-1 vaccine if the HIV epidemic would be effectively controlled. Few protective cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL) epitopes within the HIV-1 GAG (HIV_gagconsv) have been previously identified to be functionally conserved among the HIV-1 M group. These epitopes are currently the focus of universal HIV-1 T cell-based vaccine studies. However, these epitopes' phenotypic and genetic properties have not been observed in natural settings for HIV-1 strains circulating in the West African region. This information is critical as the usefulness of universal HIV-1 vaccines in the West African region depends on these epitopes' occurrence in strains circulating in the area. This study describes non-synonymous substitutions within and without HIV_gagconsv genes isolated from 10 infected Nigerians at the early stages of HIV-1 infection. Furthermore, we analyzed these substitutions longitudinally in five infected individuals from the early stages of infection till after seroconversion. We identified three non-synonymous substitutions within HIV_gagconsv genes isolated from early HIV infected individuals. Fourteen and nineteen mutations outside the HIV_gagconsv were observed before and after seroconversion, respectively, while we found four mutations within the HIV_gagconsv. These substitutions include previously mapped CTL epitope immune escape mutants. CTL immune pressure likely leaves different footprints on HIV-1 GAG epitopes within and outside the HIV_gagconsv. This information is crucial for universal HIV-1 vaccine designs for use in the West African region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Georgina N. Odaibo
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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30
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Abstract
HIV is a virus that remains a major health concern and results in an infection that has no cure even after over 30 years since its discovery. As such, HIV vaccine discovery continues to be an area of intensive research. In this review, we summarize the most recent HIV vaccine efficacy trials, clinical trials initiated within the last 3 years, and discuss prominent improvements that have been made in prophylactic HIV vaccine designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hyun Lee
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Saubi N, Kilpeläinen A, Eto Y, Chen CW, Olvera À, Hanke T, Brander C, Joseph-Munné J. Priming with Recombinant BCG Expressing HTI Enhances the Magnitude and Breadth of the T-Cell Immune Responses Elicited by MVA.HTI in BALB/c Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040678. [PMID: 33202884 PMCID: PMC7712201 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) as a live vaccine vehicle is a promising approach for HIV-1-specific T-cell induction. In this study, we used recombinant BCG expressing HIVACAT T-cell immunogen (HTI), BCG.HTI2auxo.int. BALB/c mice immunization with BCG.HTI2auxo.int prime and MVA.HTI boost was safe and induced HIV-1-specific T-cell responses. Two weeks after boost, T-cell responses were assessed by IFN-γ ELISpot. The highest total magnitude of IFN-γ spot-forming cells (SFC)/106 splenocytes was observed in BCG.HTI2auxo.int primed mice compared to mice receiving MVA.HTI alone or mice primed with BCGwt, although the differences between the vaccination regimens only reached trends. In order to evaluate the differences in the breadth of the T-cell immune responses, we examined the number of reactive peptide pools per mouse. Interestingly, both BCG.HTI2auxo.int and BCGwt primed mice recognized an average of four peptide pools per mouse. However, the variation was higher in BCG.HTI2auxo.int primed mice with one mouse recognizing 11 peptide pools and three mice recognizing few or no peptide pools. The recognition profile appeared to be more spread out for BCG.HTI2auxo.int primed mice and mice only receiving MVA.HTI. Here, we describe a useful vaccine platform for priming protective responses against HIV-1/TB and other prevalent infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narcís Saubi
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (N.S.); (A.K.); (Y.E.); (C.-W.C.)
- EAVI2020 European AIDS Vaccine Initiative H2020 Research Programme, London SW7 2BU, UK
| | - Athina Kilpeläinen
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (N.S.); (A.K.); (Y.E.); (C.-W.C.)
- EAVI2020 European AIDS Vaccine Initiative H2020 Research Programme, London SW7 2BU, UK
| | - Yoshiki Eto
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (N.S.); (A.K.); (Y.E.); (C.-W.C.)
| | - Chun-Wei Chen
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (N.S.); (A.K.); (Y.E.); (C.-W.C.)
| | - Àlex Olvera
- Irsicaixa AIDS Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (À.O.); (C.B.)
- Biosciences Department, Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK;
- International Research Center of Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Christian Brander
- Irsicaixa AIDS Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (À.O.); (C.B.)
- Biosciences Department, Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- AELIX Therapeutics, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Joseph-Munné
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (N.S.); (A.K.); (Y.E.); (C.-W.C.)
- EAVI2020 European AIDS Vaccine Initiative H2020 Research Programme, London SW7 2BU, UK
- Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
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D'haese S, Lacroix C, Garcia F, Plana M, Ruta S, Vanham G, Verrier B, Aerts JL. Off the beaten path: Novel mRNA-nanoformulations for therapeutic vaccination against HIV. J Control Release 2020; 330:1016-1033. [PMID: 33181204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years, immunotherapy for HIV in general and therapeutic vaccination in particular, has received a tremendous boost, both in preclinical research and in clinical applications. This interest is based on the evidence that the immune system plays a crucial role in controlling HIV infection, as shown for long-term non-progressors and elite controllers, and that immune responses can be manipulated towards targeting conserved epitopes. So far, the most successful approach has been vaccination with autologous dendritic cells (DCs) loaded ex vivo with antigens and activation signals. Although this approach offers much promise, it also comes with significant drawbacks such as the requirement of a specialized infrastructure and expertise, as well as major challenges for logistics and storage, making it extremely time consuming and costly. Therefore, methods are being developed to avoid the use of ex vivo generated, autologous DCs. One of these methods is based on mRNA for therapeutic vaccination. mRNA has proven to be a very promising vaccine platform, as the coding information for any desired protein, including antigens and activation signals, can be generated in a very short period of time, showing promise both as an off-the-shelf therapy and as a personalized approach. However, an important drawback of this approach is the short half-life of native mRNA, due to the presence of ambient RNases. In addition, proper immunization requires that the antigens are expressed, processed and presented at the right immunological site (e.g. the lymphoid tissues). An ambivalent aspect of mRNA as a vaccine is its capacity to induce type I interferons, which can have beneficial adjuvant effects, but also deleterious effects on mRNA stability and translation. Thus, proper formulation of the mRNA is crucially important. Many approaches for RNA formulation have already been tested, with mixed success. In this review we discuss the state-of-the-art and future trends for mRNA-nanoparticle formulations for HIV vaccination, both in the prophylactic and in the therapeutic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid D'haese
- Neuro-Aging & Viro-Immunotherapy (NAVI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Céline Lacroix
- Institute for the Biology and Chemistry of Proteins (IBCP), Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Simona Ruta
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Guido Vanham
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bernard Verrier
- Institute for the Biology and Chemistry of Proteins (IBCP), Lyon, France
| | - Joeri L Aerts
- Neuro-Aging & Viro-Immunotherapy (NAVI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.
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33
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Powlson J, Wright D, Zeltina A, Giza M, Nielsen M, Rampling T, Venkatrakaman N, Bowden TA, Hill AVS, Ewer KJ. Characterization of Antigenic MHC-Class-I-Restricted T Cell Epitopes in the Glycoprotein of Ebolavirus. Cell Rep 2020; 29:2537-2545.e3. [PMID: 31775024 PMCID: PMC6899439 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebolavirus causes highly lethal hemorrhagic fever in humans. The envelope-displayed viral glycoprotein (GP) is the primary target of humoral immunity induced by natural exposure and vaccination. No T cell epitopes in the GP have been characterized in humans. A phase I clinical trial of a heterologous prime-boost vaccination regime with viral vectors encoding filovirus antigens elicits humoral and T cell responses in vaccinees. The most frequently recognized peptide pools are deconvoluted to identify the minimal epitopes recognized by antigen-specific T cells. We characterize nine immunogenic epitopes on the Ebolavirus GP. Histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing with in silico epitope analysis determines the likely MHC class I restriction elements. Thirteen HLA-A and -B alleles are predicted to present the identified CD8+ T cell epitopes, suggesting promiscuous recognition and a broad immune response. Delivery of the Ebolavirus GP antigen by using a heterologous prime-boost approach is immunogenic in genetically diverse human populations, with responses against multiple epitopes. Vaccination induces high T cell responses to the Ebola virus glycoprotein in humans Eight CD8+ epitopes were defined, recognized through multiple MHC class I alleles Responses match those observed in Ebola survivors and could boost vaccine efficacy
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Powlson
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Daniel Wright
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Antra Zeltina
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Mark Giza
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Morten Nielsen
- Department of Health Technology, The Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej 1 Bygning 101A, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tommy Rampling
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Navin Venkatrakaman
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Thomas A Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Adrian V S Hill
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Katie J Ewer
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
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34
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Warren JA, Zhou S, Xu Y, Moeser MJ, MacMillan DR, Council O, Kirchherr J, Sung JM, Roan NR, Adimora AA, Joseph S, Kuruc JD, Gay CL, Margolis DM, Archin N, Brumme ZL, Swanstrom R, Goonetilleke N. The HIV-1 latent reservoir is largely sensitive to circulating T cells. eLife 2020; 9:57246. [PMID: 33021198 PMCID: PMC7593086 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells are an important component of HIV-1 curative strategies. Viral variants in the HIV-1 reservoir may limit the capacity of T cells to detect and clear virus-infected cells. We investigated the patterns of T cell escape variants in the replication-competent reservoir of 25 persons living with HIV-1 (PLWH) durably suppressed on antiretroviral therapy (ART). We identified all reactive T cell epitopes in the HIV-1 proteome for each participant and sequenced HIV-1 outgrowth viruses from resting CD4+ T cells. All non-synonymous mutations in reactive T cell epitopes were tested for their effect on the size of the T cell response, with a≥50% loss defined as an escape mutation. The majority (68%) of T cell epitopes harbored no detectable escape mutations. These findings suggest that circulating T cells in PLWH on ART could contribute to control of rebound and could be targeted for boosting in curative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Warren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Shuntai Zhou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,UNC Center For AIDS Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Yinyan Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Matthew J Moeser
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,UNC Center For AIDS Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | | | - Olivia Council
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Jennifer Kirchherr
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Julia M Sung
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Nadia R Roan
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, United States
| | - Adaora A Adimora
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Sarah Joseph
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - JoAnn D Kuruc
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Cynthia L Gay
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - David M Margolis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,UNC Center For AIDS Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Nancie Archin
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Zabrina L Brumme
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Ronald Swanstrom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,UNC Center For AIDS Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
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35
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Therapeutic Vaccines for the Treatment of HIV. Transl Res 2020; 223:61-75. [PMID: 32438074 PMCID: PMC8188575 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite the success of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) in transforming HIV into a manageable disease, it has become evident that long-term ART will not eliminate the HIV reservoir and cure the infection. Alternative strategies to eradicate HIV infection, or at least induce a state of viral control and drug-free remission are therefore needed. Therapeutic vaccination aims to induce or enhance immunity to alter the course of a disease. In this review we provide an overview of the current state of therapeutic HIV vaccine research and summarize the obstacles that the field faces while highlighting potential ways forward for a strategy to cure HIV infection.
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36
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Lee PH, Keller MD, Hanley PJ, Bollard CM. Virus-Specific T Cell Therapies for HIV: Lessons Learned From Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:298. [PMID: 32775304 PMCID: PMC7381350 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has caused millions of deaths and continues to threaten the health of millions of people worldwide. Despite anti-retroviral therapy (ART) substantially alleviating severity and limiting transmission, HIV has not been eradicated and its persistence can lead to other health concerns such as cancer. The only two cases of HIV cure to date are HIV+ cancer patients receiving an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) from a donor with the CCR5 Δ32 mutation. While this approach has not led to such success in other patients and is not applicable to HIV+ individuals without cancer, the encouraging results may point toward a breakthrough in developing a cure strategy for HIV. Adoptive transfer of virus-specific T cells (VSTs) post HSCT has been effectively used to treat and prevent reactivation of latent viral infections such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), making VSTs an attractive therapeutic to control HIV rebound. Here we will discuss the potential of using adoptive T cell therapies in combination with other treatments such as HSCT and latency reversing agents (LRAs) to achieve a functional cure for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Hsien Lee
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Michael D Keller
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.,Division of Allergy & Immunology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Patrick J Hanley
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.,Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.,GW Cancer Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Catherine M Bollard
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.,Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.,GW Cancer Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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37
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Moyo N, Wee EG, Korber B, Bahl K, Falcone S, Himansu S, Wong AL, Dey AK, Feinberg M, Hanke T. Tetravalent Immunogen Assembled from Conserved Regions of HIV-1 and Delivered as mRNA Demonstrates Potent Preclinical T-Cell Immunogenicity and Breadth. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E360. [PMID: 32640600 PMCID: PMC7563622 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A vaccine will likely be one of the key tools for ending the HIV-1/AIDS epidemic by preventing HIV-1 spread within uninfected populations and achieving a cure for people living with HIV-1. The currently prevailing view of the vaccine field is to introduce protective antibodies, nevertheless, a vaccine to be effective may need to harness protective T cells. We postulated that focusing a T-cell response on the most vulnerable regions of the HIV-1 proteome while maximizing a perfect match between the vaccine and circulating viruses will control HIV-1 replication. We currently use a combination of replication-deficient simian (chimpanzee) adenovirus and poxvirus modified vaccinia virus Ankara to deliver bivalent conserved-mosaic immunogens to human volunteers. Here, we exploit the mRNA platform by designing tetravalent immunogens designated as HIVconsvM, and demonstrate that mRNA formulated in lipid nanoparticles induces potent, broad and polyfunctional T-cell responses in a pre-clinical model. These results support optimization and further development of this vaccine strategy in experimental medicine trials in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathifa Moyo
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (N.M.); (E.G.W.)
| | - Edmund G. Wee
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (N.M.); (E.G.W.)
| | - Bette Korber
- Los Alamo National Laboratory, Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA;
- New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Kapil Bahl
- Moderna Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (K.B.); (S.F.); (S.H.)
| | | | - Sunny Himansu
- Moderna Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (K.B.); (S.F.); (S.H.)
| | - Adrianne L. Wong
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative-New York, New York, NY 10004, USA; (A.L.W.); (A.K.D.); (M.F.)
| | - Antu K. Dey
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative-New York, New York, NY 10004, USA; (A.L.W.); (A.K.D.); (M.F.)
| | - Mark Feinberg
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative-New York, New York, NY 10004, USA; (A.L.W.); (A.K.D.); (M.F.)
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (N.M.); (E.G.W.)
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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38
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Mohamed YS, Borthwick NJ, Moyo N, Murakoshi H, Akahoshi T, Siliquini F, Hannoun Z, Crook A, Hayes P, Fast PE, Mutua G, Jaoko W, Silva-Arrieta S, Llano A, Brander C, Takiguchi M, Hanke T. Specificity of CD8 + T-Cell Responses Following Vaccination with Conserved Regions of HIV-1 in Nairobi, Kenya. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E260. [PMID: 32485938 PMCID: PMC7349992 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sub-Saharan Africa carries the biggest burden of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)/AIDS epidemic and is in an urgent need of an effective vaccine. CD8+ T cells are an important component of the host immune response to HIV-1 and may need to be harnessed if a vaccine is to be effective. CD8+ T cells recognize human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-associated viral epitopes and the HLA alleles vary significantly among different ethnic groups. It follows that definition of HIV-1-derived peptides recognized by CD8+ T cells in the geographically relevant regions will critically guide vaccine development. Here, we study fine details of CD8+ T-cell responses elicited in HIV-1/2-uninfected individuals in Nairobi, Kenya, who received a candidate vaccine delivering conserved regions of HIV-1 proteins called HIVconsv. Using 10-day cell lines established by in vitro peptide restimulation of cryopreserved PBMC and stably HLA-transfected 721.221/C1R cell lines, we confirm experimentally many already defined epitopes, for a number of epitopes we define the restricting HLA molecule(s) and describe four novel HLA-epitope pairs. We also identify specific dominance patterns, a promiscuous T-cell epitope and a rescue of suboptimal T-cell epitope induction in vivo by its functional variant, which all together inform vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehia S. Mohamed
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (Y.S.M.); (N.J.B.); (N.M.); (F.S.); (Z.H.); (A.C.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11823, Egypt
| | - Nicola J. Borthwick
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (Y.S.M.); (N.J.B.); (N.M.); (F.S.); (Z.H.); (A.C.)
| | - Nathifa Moyo
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (Y.S.M.); (N.J.B.); (N.M.); (F.S.); (Z.H.); (A.C.)
| | - Hayato Murakoshi
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; (H.M.); (T.A.); (M.T.)
| | - Tomohiro Akahoshi
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; (H.M.); (T.A.); (M.T.)
| | - Francesca Siliquini
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (Y.S.M.); (N.J.B.); (N.M.); (F.S.); (Z.H.); (A.C.)
| | - Zara Hannoun
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (Y.S.M.); (N.J.B.); (N.M.); (F.S.); (Z.H.); (A.C.)
| | - Alison Crook
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (Y.S.M.); (N.J.B.); (N.M.); (F.S.); (Z.H.); (A.C.)
| | - Peter Hayes
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative IAVI-Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW10 9NH, UK;
| | - Patricia E. Fast
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative-New York, New York, NY 10004, USA;
| | - Gaudensia Mutua
- KAVI-Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 19676 00202, Kenya; (G.M.); (W.J.)
| | - Walter Jaoko
- KAVI-Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 19676 00202, Kenya; (G.M.); (W.J.)
| | - Sandra Silva-Arrieta
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Barcelona, Spain; (S.S.-A.); (A.L.); (C.B.)
| | - Anuska Llano
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Barcelona, Spain; (S.S.-A.); (A.L.); (C.B.)
| | - Christian Brander
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Barcelona, Spain; (S.S.-A.); (A.L.); (C.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Vic-Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Masafumi Takiguchi
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; (H.M.); (T.A.); (M.T.)
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (Y.S.M.); (N.J.B.); (N.M.); (F.S.); (Z.H.); (A.C.)
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; (H.M.); (T.A.); (M.T.)
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39
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Mothe B, Rosás-Umbert M, Coll P, Manzardo C, Puertas MC, Morón-López S, Llano A, Miranda C, Cedeño S, López M, Alarcón-Soto Y, Melis GG, Langohr K, Barriocanal AM, Toro J, Ruiz I, Rovira C, Carrillo A, Meulbroek M, Crook A, Wee EG, Miró JM, Clotet B, Valle M, Martinez-Picado J, Hanke T, Brander C, Moltó J. HIVconsv Vaccines and Romidepsin in Early-Treated HIV-1-Infected Individuals: Safety, Immunogenicity and Effect on the Viral Reservoir (Study BCN02). Front Immunol 2020; 11:823. [PMID: 32435247 PMCID: PMC7218169 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Kick&kill strategies combining drugs aiming to reactivate the viral reservoir with therapeutic vaccines to induce effective cytotoxic immune responses hold potential to achieve a functional cure for HIV-1 infection. Here, we report on an open-label, single-arm, phase I clinical trial, enrolling 15 early-treated HIV-1-infected individuals, testing the combination of the histone deacetylase inhibitor romidepsin as a latency-reversing agent and the MVA.HIVconsv vaccine. Romidepsin treatment resulted in increased histone acetylation, cell-associated HIV-1 RNA, and T-cell activation, which were associated with a marginally significant reduction of the viral reservoir. Vaccinations boosted robust and broad HIVconsv-specific T cells, which were strongly refocused toward conserved regions of the HIV-1 proteome. During a monitored ART interruption phase using plasma viral load over 2,000 copies/ml as a criterium for ART resumption, 23% of individuals showed sustained suppression of viremia up to 32 weeks without evidence for reseeding the viral reservoir. Results from this pilot study show that the combined kick&kill intervention was safe and suggest a role for this strategy in achieving an immune-driven durable viremic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Mothe
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Badalona, Spain.,Fundació Lluita contra la Sida, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Vic-Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Miriam Rosás-Umbert
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Badalona, Spain.,Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pep Coll
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Badalona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Anuska Llano
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Badalona, Spain
| | - Cristina Miranda
- Fundació Lluita contra la Sida, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Miriam López
- Fundació Lluita contra la Sida, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Yovaninna Alarcón-Soto
- Departament d'Estadística i Investigació Operativa, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya/BARCELONATECH, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Gómez Melis
- Departament d'Estadística i Investigació Operativa, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya/BARCELONATECH, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Klaus Langohr
- Departament d'Estadística i Investigació Operativa, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya/BARCELONATECH, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana M Barriocanal
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Jessica Toro
- Fundació Lluita contra la Sida, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Irene Ruiz
- Hospital Clinic- IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Rovira
- Hospital Clinic- IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Carrillo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Alison Crook
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Edmund G Wee
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jose M Miró
- Hospital Clinic- IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Badalona, Spain.,Fundació Lluita contra la Sida, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Vic-Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain.,Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Valle
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling and Simultation, Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau-IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Badalona, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Vic-Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain.,ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Christian Brander
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Badalona, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Vic-Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain.,ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Moltó
- Fundació Lluita contra la Sida, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
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40
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Abstract
Development of improved approaches for HIV-1 prevention will likely be required for a durable end to the global AIDS pandemic. Recent advances in preclinical studies and early phase clinical trials offer renewed promise for immunologic strategies for blocking acquisition of HIV-1 infection. Clinical trials are currently underway to evaluate the efficacy of two vaccine candidates and a broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) to prevent HIV-1 infection in humans. However, the vast diversity of HIV-1 is a major challenge for both active and passive immunization. Here we review current immunologic strategies for HIV-1 prevention, with a focus on current and next-generation vaccines and bNAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Stephenson
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Kshitij Wagh
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
- New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Bette Korber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
- New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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41
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Clinical and evolutionary consequences of HIV adaptation to HLA: implications for vaccine and cure. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2020; 14:194-204. [PMID: 30925534 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances in our understanding of HIV adaptation to human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-associated immune pressures and its relevance to HIV prevention and cure research. RECENT FINDINGS Recent research has confirmed that HLA is a major driver of individual and population-level HIV evolution, that HIV strains are adapting to the immunogenetic profiles of the different human ethnic groups in which they circulate, and that HIV adaptation has substantial clinical and immunologic consequences. As such, adaptation represents a major challenge to HIV prevention and cure. At the same time, there are opportunities: Studies of HIV adaptation are revealing why certain HLA alleles are protective in some populations and not others; they are identifying immunogenic viral epitopes that harbor high mutational barriers to escape, and they may help illuminate novel, vaccine-relevant HIV epitopes in regions where circulating adaptation is extensive. Elucidation of HLA-driven adapted and nonadapted viral forms in different human populations and HIV subtypes also renders 'personalized' immunogen selection, as a component of HIV cure strategies, conceptually feasible. SUMMARY Though adaptation represents a major challenge to HIV prevention and cure, achieving an in-depth understanding of this phenomenon can help move the design of such strategies forward.
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42
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A Novel Immunogen Selectively Eliciting CD8 + T Cells but Not CD4 + T Cells Targeting Immunodeficiency Virus Antigens. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01876-19. [PMID: 32024773 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01876-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimization of immunogen is crucial for induction of effective T-cell responses in the development of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine. Conventional T-cell-based vaccines have been designed to induce virus-specific CD4+ T as well as CD8+ T cells. However, it has been indicated that induction of HIV-specific CD4+ T cells, preferential targets for HIV infection, by vaccination may be detrimental and accelerate viral replication after HIV exposure. In the present study, we present a novel immunogen to selectively induce CD8+ T cells but not CD4+ T cells targeting viral antigens. The immunogen, CaV11, was constructed by tandem connection of overlapping 11-mer peptides spanning simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag capsid (CA) and Vif. Prime-boost immunization with DNA and Sendai virus (SeV) vectors expressing CaV11 efficiently induced Gag/Vif-specific CD8+ T-cell responses with inefficient Gag/Vif-specific CD4+ T-cell induction in rhesus macaques (n = 6). None of the macaques exhibited the enhancement of acute viral replication after an intravenous high-dose SIV challenge, which was observed in those immunized with DNA and SeV expressing the whole Gag protein in our previous study. Set point viral control postinfection was associated with SeV-specific CD4+ T-cell responses postimmunization, suggesting contribution of SeV-specific helper responses to effective Gag/Vif-specific CD8+ T-cell induction by vaccination. This immunogen design could be a promising method for selective induction of effective anti-HIV CD8+ T-cell responses.IMPORTANCE Induction of effective CD8+ T-cell responses is an important HIV vaccine strategy. Several promising vaccine delivery tools have been developed, and immunogen optimization is now crucial for effective T-cell induction. Conventional immunogens have been designed to induce virus-specific CD4+ T cells as well as CD8+ T cells, but induction of virus-specific CD4+ T cells that are preferential targets for HIV infection could enhance acute HIV proliferation. Here, we designed a novel immunogen to induce HIV-specific CD8+ T cells without HIV-specific CD4+ T-cell induction but with non-HIV antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell help. Our analysis in a macaque AIDS model showed that our immunogen can efficiently elicit effective CD8+ T but not CD4+ T cells targeting viral antigens, resulting in no enhancement of acute viral replication after virus exposure. This immunogen design, also applicable for other currently developed immunogens, could be a promising method for selective induction of effective anti-HIV CD8+ T-cell responses.
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43
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Abstract
HIV infection can be effectively treated by lifelong administration of combination antiretroviral therapy, but an effective vaccine will likely be required to end the HIV epidemic. Although the majority of current vaccine strategies focus on the induction of neutralizing antibodies, there is substantial evidence that cellular immunity mediated by CD8+ T cells can sustain long-term disease-free and transmission-free HIV control and may be harnessed to induce both therapeutic and preventive antiviral effects. In this Review, we discuss the increasing evidence derived from individuals who spontaneously control infection without antiretroviral therapy as well as preclinical immunization studies that provide a clear rationale for renewed efforts to develop a CD8+ T cell-based HIV vaccine in conjunction with B cell vaccine efforts. Further, we outline the remaining challenges in translating these findings into viable HIV prevention, treatment and cure strategies. Recently, antibody-mediated control of HIV infection has received considerable attention. Here, the authors discuss the importance of CD8+ T cells in HIV infection and suggest that efforts to develop vaccines that target these cells in conjunction with B cells should be renewed.
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44
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Moretti S, Cafaro A, Tripiciano A, Picconi O, Buttò S, Ensoli F, Sgadari C, Monini P, Ensoli B. HIV therapeutic vaccines aimed at intensifying combination antiretroviral therapy. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:71-84. [PMID: 31957513 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1712199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Although successful at suppressing HIV replication, combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) only partially restores immune functions and fails to reduce the latent HIV reservoir, thus requiring novel interventions for its intensification.Areas covered: Here are reviewed therapeutic vaccine candidates that are being developed to this goal. Among them, the Tat vaccine has been shown to promote immune restoration, including CD4+ T-cell recovery in low immunological responders, and to reduce the virus reservoirs well beyond what achieved with long-term suppressive cART.Expert opinion: The authors propose the Tat vaccine as a promising vaccine candidate for cART intensification toward HIV reservoirs depletion, functional cure, and eradication strategies, suggesting that targeting a key protein in the virus life cycle is pivotal to success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Moretti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Aurelio Cafaro
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Orietta Picconi
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Buttò
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ensoli
- Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Sgadari
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Monini
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Ensoli
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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45
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Borthwick N, Silva-Arrieta S, Llano A, Takiguchi M, Brander C, Hanke T. Novel Nested Peptide Epitopes Recognized by CD4 + T Cells Induced by HIV-1 Conserved-Region Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E28. [PMID: 31963212 PMCID: PMC7157676 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T-cell responses play an important role in the immune control of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and as such should be efficiently induced by vaccination. It follows that definition of HIV-1-derived peptides recognized by CD4+ T cells in association with HLA class II molecules will guide vaccine development. Here, we have characterized the fine specificity of CD4+ T cells elicited in human recipients of a candidate vaccine delivering conserved regions of HIV-1 proteins designated HIVconsv. The majority of these 19 most immunogenic regions contained novel epitopes, that is, epitopes not listed in the Los Alamos National Laboratory HIV Sequence Database, which were able in vitro to stimulate vaccinees' CD4+ T cells to proliferate and produce interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α. Accumulation of HLA class II epitopes will eventually accelerate development of HIV-1 prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Silva-Arrieta
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; (S.S.-A.); (A.L.); (C.B.)
| | - Anuska Llano
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; (S.S.-A.); (A.L.); (C.B.)
| | - Masafumi Takiguchi
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan;
| | - Christian Brander
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; (S.S.-A.); (A.L.); (C.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Vic-Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK;
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan;
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46
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del Moral-Sánchez I, Sliepen K. Strategies for inducing effective neutralizing antibody responses against HIV-1. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:1127-1143. [PMID: 31791150 PMCID: PMC6961309 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1690458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Despite intensive research efforts, there is still no effective prophylactic vaccine available against HIV-1. Currently, substantial efforts are devoted to the development of vaccines aimed at inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), which are capable of neutralizing most HIV-1 strains. All bNAbs target the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env), but Env immunizations usually only induce neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against the sequence-matched virus and not against other strains.Areas covered: We describe the different strategies that have been explored to improve the breadth and potency of anti-HIV-1 NAb responses. The discussed strategies include the application of engineered Env immunogens, optimization of (bNAb) epitopes, different cocktail and sequential vaccination strategies, nanoparticles and nucleic acid-based vaccines.Expert opinion: A combination of the strategies described in this review and future approaches are probably needed to develop an effective HIV-1 vaccine that can induce broad, potent and long-lasting NAb responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván del Moral-Sánchez
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kwinten Sliepen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,CONTACT Kwinten Sliepen Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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47
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Abstract
Despite 30 years of effort, we do not have an effective HIV-1 vaccine. Over the past decade, the HIV-1 vaccine field has shifted emphasis toward antibody-based vaccine strategies, following a lack of efficacy in CD8+ T-cell-based vaccine trials. Several lines of evidence, however, suggest that improved CD8+ T-cell-directed strategies could benefit an HIV-1 vaccine. First, T-cell responses often correlate with good outcomes in non-human primate (NHP) challenge models. Second, subgroup studies of two no-efficacy human clinical vaccine trials found associations between CD8+ T-cell responses and protective effects. Finally, improved strategies can increase the breadth and potency of CD8+ T-cell responses, direct them toward preferred epitopes (that are highly conserved and/or associated with viral control), or both. Optimized CD8+ T-cell vaccine strategies are promising in both prophylactic and therapeutic settings. This commentary briefly outlines some encouraging findings from T-cell vaccine studies, and then directly compares key features of some T-cell vaccine candidates currently in the clinical pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bette Korber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Will Fischer
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
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48
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Hanke T. Aiming for protective T-cell responses: a focus on the first generation conserved-region HIVconsv vaccines in preventive and therapeutic clinical trials. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:1029-1041. [PMID: 31613649 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1675518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Despite life-saving antiretroviral drugs, an effective HIV-1 vaccine is the best solution and likely a necessary component of any strategy for halting the AIDS epidemic. The currently prevailing aim is to pursue antibody-mediated vaccine protection. With ample evidence for the ability of T cells to control HIV-1 replication, their protective potential should be also harnessed by vaccination. The challenge is to elicit not just any, but protective T cells.Areas covered: This article reviews the clinical experience with the first-generation conserved-region immunogen HIVconsv delivered by combinations of plasmid DNA, simian adenovirus, and poxvirus MVA. The aim of our strategy is to induce strong and broad T cells targeting functionally important parts of HIV-1 proteins common to global variants. These vaccines were tested in eight phase 1/2 preventive and therapeutic clinical trials in Europe and Africa, and induced high frequencies of broadly specific CD8+ T cells capable of in vitro inhibition of four major HIV-1 clades A, B, C and D, and in combination with latency-reactivating agent provided a signal of drug-free virological control in early treated patients.Expert opinion: A number of critical T-cell traits have to come together at the same time to achieve control over HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Hanke
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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49
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Patel S, Hanajiri R, Grant M, Saunders D, Van Pelt S, Keller M, Hanley PJ, Simon G, Nixon DF, Hardy D, Jones RB, Bollard CM. HIV-Specific T Cells Can Be Generated against Non-escaped T Cell Epitopes with a GMP-Compliant Manufacturing Platform. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 16:11-20. [PMID: 31720305 PMCID: PMC6838524 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Although anti-retroviral therapy (ART) is successful in suppressing HIV-1 replication, HIV latently infected reservoirs are not eliminated, representing a major hurdle in efforts to eradicate the virus. Current strategies to eradicate HIV involve two steps: (1) the reactivation of latently infected cells with latency reversing agents (LRAs) to expose persisting HIV, and (2) the elimination of these cells with immune effectors while continuing ART to prevent reinfection. HIV-specific T cells (HSTs) can kill reactivated HIV-infected cells and are currently being evaluated in early-stage immunotherapy trials. HIV can mutate sequences in T cell epitopes and evade T cell-mediated killing of HIV-infected cells. However, by directing T cells to target multiple conserved, non-escaped HIV epitopes, the opportunity for viral escape can be reduced. Using a good manufacturing practice (GMP)-compliant platform, we manufactured HSTs against non-escape epitope targets (HST-NEETs) from HIV+ and HIV-seronegative donors. HST-NEETs expanded to clinically relevant numbers, lysed autologous antigen-pulsed targets, and showed a polyfunctional pro-inflammatory cytokine response. Notably, HST-NEETs recognized multiple conserved, non-escaped HIV epitopes and their common variants. We propose that HST-NEETs could be used to eliminate reactivated virus from latently infected cells in HIV+ individuals following LRA treatment. Additionally, HST-NEETs derived from HIV-negative individuals could be used post-transplant for HIV+ individuals with hematologic malignancies to augment anti-viral immunity and destroy residual infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnum Patel
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA.,GW Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Ryo Hanajiri
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Melanie Grant
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Devin Saunders
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Stacey Van Pelt
- GW Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Michael Keller
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Patrick J Hanley
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Gary Simon
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Douglas F Nixon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - R Brad Jones
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Catherine M Bollard
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA.,GW Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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50
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Wee EG, Moyo NA, Saunders KO, LaBranche C, Donati F, Capucci S, Parks R, Borthwick N, Hannoun Z, Montefiori DC, Haynes BF, Hanke T. Parallel Induction of CH505 B Cell Ontogeny-Guided Neutralizing Antibodies and tHIVconsvX Conserved Mosaic-Specific T Cells against HIV-1. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2019; 14:148-160. [PMID: 31367651 PMCID: PMC6657236 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to start collecting information on rational combination of antibody (Ab) and T cell vaccines into single regimens. Two promising candidate HIV-1 vaccine strategies, sequential isolates of CH505 virus Envs developed for initiation of broadly neutralizing antibody lineages and conserved-mosaic tHIVconsvX immunogens aiming to induce effective cross-clade T cell responses, were combined to assess vaccine interactions. These immunogens were delivered in heterologous vector/modality regimens consisting of non-replicating simian (chimpanzee) adenovirus ChAdOx1 (C), non-replicating poxvirus MVA (M), and adjuvanted protein (P). Outbred CD1-SWISS mice were vaccinated intramuscularly using either parallel CM8M (tHIVconsvX)/CPPP (CH505) or sequential CM16M (tHIVconsvX)/CPPP (CH505) protocols, the latter of which delivered T cell CM prior to the CH505 Env. CM8M (tHIVconsvX) and CPPP or CMMP (CH505) vaccinations alone were included as comparators. The vaccine-elicited HIV-1-specific trimer-binding and neutralizing Abs and CD8+/CD4+ T cell responses induced by the combined and comparator regimens were not statistically separable among regimens. The Ab-lineage immunogen strategy was particularly suited for combined regimens for its likely less potent induction of Env-specific T cell responses relative to homologous epitope-based vaccine strategies. These results inform design of the first rationally combined Ab and T cell vaccine regimens in human volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund G. Wee
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Nathifa A. Moyo
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Kevin O. Saunders
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Filippo Donati
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Silvia Capucci
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Robert Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nicola Borthwick
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Zara Hannoun
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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