1
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Lau TT, Ma HT, Poon RY. Kinesins regulate the heterogeneity in centrosome clustering after whole-genome duplication. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202402670. [PMID: 39074902 PMCID: PMC11287020 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202402670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
After whole-genome duplication (WGD), tetraploid cells can undergo multipolar mitosis or pseudo-bipolar mitosis with clustered centrosomes. Kinesins play a crucial role in regulating spindle formation. However, the contribution of kinesin expression levels to the heterogeneity in centrosome clustering observed across different cell lines after WGD remains unclear. We identified two subsets of cell lines: "BP" cells efficiently cluster extra centrosomes for pseudo-bipolar mitosis, and "MP" cells primarily undergo multipolar mitosis after WGD. Diploid MP cells contained higher levels of KIF11 and KIF15 compared with BP cells and showed reduced sensitivity to centrosome clustering induced by KIF11 inhibitors. Moreover, partial inhibition of KIF11 or depletion of KIF15 converted MP cells from multipolar to bipolar mitosis after WGD. Multipolar spindle formation involved microtubules but was independent of kinetochore-microtubule attachment. Silencing KIFC1, but not KIFC3, promoted multipolar mitosis in BP cells, indicating the involvement of specific kinesin-14 family members in counteracting the forces from KIF11/KIF15 after WGD. These findings highlight the collective role of KIF11, KIF15, and KIFC1 in determining the polarity of the mitotic spindle after WGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ty Lau
- https://ror.org/00q4vv597 Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Hoi Tang Ma
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Randy Yc Poon
- https://ror.org/00q4vv597 Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
- https://ror.org/00q4vv597 State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
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2
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Skinner MW, Simington CJ, López-Jiménez P, Baran KA, Xu J, Dayani Y, Pryzhkova MV, Page J, Gómez R, Holland AJ, Jordan PW. Spermatocytes have the capacity to segregate chromosomes despite centriole duplication failure. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:3373-3405. [PMID: 38943004 PMCID: PMC11316026 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00187-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes are the canonical microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) of most mammalian cells, including spermatocytes. Centrosomes comprise a centriole pair within a structurally ordered and dynamic pericentriolar matrix (PCM). Unlike in mitosis, where centrioles duplicate once per cycle, centrioles undergo two rounds of duplication during spermatogenesis. The first duplication is during early meiotic prophase I, and the second is during interkinesis. Using mouse mutants and chemical inhibition, we have blocked centriole duplication during spermatogenesis and determined that non-centrosomal MTOCs (ncMTOCs) can mediate chromosome segregation. This mechanism is different from the acentriolar MTOCs that form bipolar spindles in oocytes, which require PCM components, including gamma-tubulin and CEP192. From an in-depth analysis, we identified six microtubule-associated proteins, TPX2, KIF11, NuMA, and CAMSAP1-3, that localized to the non-centrosomal MTOC. These factors contribute to a mechanism that ensures bipolar MTOC formation and chromosome segregation during spermatogenesis when centriole duplication fails. However, despite the successful completion of meiosis and round spermatid formation, centriole inheritance and PLK4 function are required for normal spermiogenesis and flagella assembly, which are critical to ensure fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marnie W Skinner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carter J Simington
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pablo López-Jiménez
- Department of Biology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Kerstin A Baran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jingwen Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yaron Dayani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marina V Pryzhkova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jesús Page
- Department of Biology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Gómez
- Department of Biology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrew J Holland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Philip W Jordan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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3
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Guo W, Gao Y, Du D, Sanchez JE, Visootsat A, Li Y, Qiu W, Li L. How does the ion concentration affect the functions of kinesin BimC. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.31.596855. [PMID: 38853942 PMCID: PMC11160742 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.31.596855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
BimC family proteins are bipolar motor proteins belonging to the kinesin superfamily which promote mitosis by crosslinking and sliding apart antiparallel microtubules. Understanding the binding mechanism between the kinesin and the microtubule is crucial for researchers to make advances in the treatment of cancer and other malignancies. Experimental research has shown that the ion concentration affects the function of BimC significantly. But the insights of the ion-dependent function of BimC remain unclear. By combining molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with a series of computational approaches, we studied the electrostatic interactions at the binding interfaces of BimC and the microtubule under different KCl concentrations. We found the electrostatic interaction between BimC and microtubule is stronger at 0 mM KCl compared to 150 mM KCl, which is consistent with experimental conclusions. Furthermore, important salt bridges and residues at the binding interfaces of the complex were identified, which illustrates the details of the BimC-microtubule interactions. Molecular dynamics analyses of salt bridges identified that the important residues on the binding interface of BimC are positively charged, while those residues on the binding interface of the tubulin heterodimer are negatively charged. The finding in this work reveals some important mechanisms of kinesin-microtubule binding, which helps the future drug design for cancer therapy.
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4
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Salazar BM, Ohi R. Antiparallel microtubule bundling supports KIF15-driven mitotic spindle assembly. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar84. [PMID: 38598297 PMCID: PMC11238081 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e24-01-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The spindle is a bipolar microtubule-based machine that is crucial for accurate chromosome segregation. Spindle bipolarity is generated by Eg5 (a kinesin-5), a conserved motor that drives spindle assembly by localizing to and sliding apart antiparallel microtubules. In the presence of Eg5 inhibitors (K5Is), KIF15 (a kinesin-12) can promote spindle assembly, resulting in K5I-resistant cells (KIRCs). However, KIF15 is a less potent motor than Eg5, suggesting that other factors may contribute to spindle formation in KIRCs. Protein Regulator of Cytokinesis 1 (PRC1) preferentially bundles antiparallel microtubules, and we previously showed that PRC1 promotes KIF15-microtubule binding, leading us to hypothesize that PRC1 may enhance KIF15 activity in KIRCs. Here, we demonstrate that: 1) loss of PRC1 in KIRCs decreases spindle bipolarity, 2) overexpression of PRC1 increases spindle formation efficiency in KIRCs, 3) overexpression of PRC1 protects K5I naïve cells against the K5I S-trityl-L-cysteine (STLC), and 4) PRC1 overexpression promotes the establishment of K5I resistance. These effects are not fully reproduced by a TPX2, a microtubule bundler with no known preference for microtubule orientation. These results suggest a model wherein PRC1-mediated bundling of microtubules creates a more favorable microtubule architecture for KIF15-driven mitotic spindle assembly in the context of Eg5 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M. Salazar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Ryoma Ohi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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5
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Pashley SL, Papageorgiou S, O'Regan L, Barone G, Robinson SW, Lucken K, Straatman KR, Roig J, Fry AM. The mesenchymal morphology of cells expressing the EML4-ALK V3 oncogene is dependent on phosphorylation of Eg5 by NEK7. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107144. [PMID: 38458397 PMCID: PMC11061729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) oncogenic fusion proteins are found in approximately 5% of non-small cell lung cancers. Different EML4-ALK fusion variants exist with variant 3 (V3) being associated with a significantly higher risk than other common variants, such as variant 1 (V1). Patients with V3 respond less well to targeted ALK inhibitors, have accelerated rates of metastasis, and have poorer overall survival. A pathway has been described downstream of EML4-ALK V3 that is independent of ALK catalytic activity but dependent on the NEK9 and NEK7 kinases. It has been proposed that assembly of an EML4-ALK V3-NEK9-NEK7 complex on microtubules leads to cells developing a mesenchymal-like morphology and exhibiting enhanced migration. However, downstream targets of this complex remain unknown. Here, we show that the microtubule-based kinesin, Eg5, is recruited to interphase microtubules in cells expressing EML4-ALK V3, whereas chemical inhibition of Eg5 reverses the mesenchymal morphology of cells. Furthermore, we show that depletion of NEK7 interferes with Eg5 recruitment to microtubules in cells expressing EML4-ALK V3 and cell length is reduced, but this is reversed by coexpression of a phosphomimetic mutant of Eg5, in a site, S1033, phosphorylated by NEK7. Intriguingly, we also found that expression of Eg5-S1033D led to cells expressing EML4-ALK V1 adopting a more mesenchymal-like morphology. Together, we propose that Eg5 acts as a substrate of NEK7 in cells expressing EML4-ALK V3 and Eg5 phosphorylation promotes the mesenchymal morphology typical of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Pashley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Savvas Papageorgiou
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Laura O'Regan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Giancarlo Barone
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Susan W Robinson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Kellie Lucken
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Kees R Straatman
- Advanced Imaging Facility, Core Biotechnology Services, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Joan Roig
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew M Fry
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
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6
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Meißner L, Niese L, Schüring I, Mitra A, Diez S. Human kinesin-5 KIF11 drives the helical motion of anti-parallel and parallel microtubules around each other. EMBO J 2024; 43:1244-1256. [PMID: 38424239 PMCID: PMC10987665 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, motor proteins and microtubule-associated protein organize the spindle apparatus by cross-linking and sliding microtubules. Kinesin-5 plays a vital role in spindle formation and maintenance, potentially inducing twist in the spindle fibers. The off-axis power stroke of kinesin-5 could generate this twist, but its implications in microtubule organization remain unclear. Here, we investigate 3D microtubule-microtubule sliding mediated by the human kinesin-5, KIF11, and found that the motor caused right-handed helical motion of anti-parallel microtubules around each other. The sidestepping ratio increased with reduced ATP concentration, indicating that forward and sideways stepping of the motor are not strictly coupled. Further, the microtubule-microtubule distance (motor extension) during sliding decreased with increasing sliding velocity. Intriguingly, parallel microtubules cross-linked by KIF11 orbited without forward motion, with nearly full motor extension. Altering the length of the neck linker increased the forward velocity and pitch of microtubules in anti-parallel overlaps. Taken together, we suggest that helical motion and orbiting of microtubules, driven by KIF11, contributes to flexible and context-dependent filament organization, as well as torque regulation within the mitotic spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Meißner
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, TUD Dresden University of Technology, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- BASS Center, Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry Department, Yale University, 06511, New Haven, USA
| | - Lukas Niese
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, TUD Dresden University of Technology, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Irene Schüring
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, TUD Dresden University of Technology, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Aniruddha Mitra
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, TUD Dresden University of Technology, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CH, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Stefan Diez
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, TUD Dresden University of Technology, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TUD Dresden University of Technology, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
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7
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Hannaford MR, Rusan NM. Positioning centrioles and centrosomes. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202311140. [PMID: 38512059 PMCID: PMC10959756 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202311140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes are the primary microtubule organizer in eukaryotic cells. In addition to shaping the intracellular microtubule network and the mitotic spindle, centrosomes are responsible for positioning cilia and flagella. To fulfill these diverse functions, centrosomes must be properly located within cells, which requires that they undergo intracellular transport. Importantly, centrosome mispositioning has been linked to ciliopathies, cancer, and infertility. The mechanisms by which centrosomes migrate are diverse and context dependent. In many cells, centrosomes move via indirect motor transport, whereby centrosomal microtubules engage anchored motor proteins that exert forces on those microtubules, resulting in centrosome movement. However, in some cases, centrosomes move via direct motor transport, whereby the centrosome or centriole functions as cargo that directly binds molecular motors which then walk on stationary microtubules. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of centrosome motility and the consequences of centrosome mispositioning and identify key questions that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Hannaford
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nasser M. Rusan
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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8
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Laporte D, Massoni-Laporte A, Lefranc C, Dompierre J, Mauboules D, Nsamba ET, Royou A, Gal L, Schuldiner M, Gupta ML, Sagot I. A stable microtubule bundle formed through an orchestrated multistep process controls quiescence exit. eLife 2024; 12:RP89958. [PMID: 38527106 PMCID: PMC10963028 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cells fine-tune microtubule assembly in both space and time to give rise to distinct edifices with specific cellular functions. In proliferating cells, microtubules are highly dynamics, and proliferation cessation often leads to their stabilization. One of the most stable microtubule structures identified to date is the nuclear bundle assembled in quiescent yeast. In this article, we characterize the original multistep process driving the assembly of this structure. This Aurora B-dependent mechanism follows a precise temporality that relies on the sequential actions of kinesin-14, kinesin-5, and involves both microtubule-kinetochore and kinetochore-kinetochore interactions. Upon quiescence exit, the microtubule bundle is disassembled via a cooperative process involving kinesin-8 and its full disassembly is required prior to cells re-entry into proliferation. Overall, our study provides the first description, at the molecular scale, of the entire life cycle of a stable microtubule structure in vivo and sheds light on its physiological function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Emmanuel T Nsamba
- Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State UniversityAmesUnited States
| | - Anne Royou
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IBGC, UMR 5095BordeauxFrance
| | - Lihi Gal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Mohan L Gupta
- Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State UniversityAmesUnited States
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9
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Shahabipour S, Shamkhali AN, Razzaghi-Asl N. Cytotoxic monastrol derivatives as adjective inhibitors of drug-resistant Eg5: a molecular dynamics perspective. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38450658 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2326195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The mitotic kinesin Eg5 is a motor protein involved in the formation of bipolar spindle and cell division. Eg5 is overexpressed in various cancer cells and Eg5 targeting agents are promising candidates for cancer therapy. Subsequent to the discovery of monastrol as a small-molecule Eg5 modulator, numerous inhibitors/modulators have been reported from which a few entered clinical trials. Mutagenic investigations specified declined sensitivity of Eg5 allosteric site to monastrol due to the occurrence of drug-resistant mutations in some cell cultures. Accordingly, identification of tight binders to the mutant Eg5 allosteric site is an invaluable strategy to devise more efficient Eg5 modulators. We have previously synthesized a few dihydropyrimidinethione (DHPMT)-based 5-carboxamide monastrol derivatives (1-5) with higher cytotoxicities against AGS (IC50 9.90-98.48 µM) and MCF-7 (IC50 15.20-149.13 µM) cancer cell lines than monastrol. Within a current study, a structural insight was offered into the binding mechanism of intended derivatives inside the mutant Eg5 loop5/α2/α3 allosteric pocket. Molecular docking of the DHPMT R and S-enantiomers unraveled top-scored Eg5 complexes. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out on 5 superior complexes as (R)-2/D130V-Eg5, (R)-4/D130V-Eg5, (R)-5/D130V-Eg5, (R)-5/L214I-Eg5, (R)-5/R119L-Eg5, and the control groups monastrol/D130V-Eg5, monastrol/L214I-Eg5, monastrol/R119L-Eg5. Free energy calculations were conducted through conformational sampling of MD-driven binding trajectories. Our results provided structural details on probable interaction mechanism of the cytotoxic DHPMTs that are difficult to address experimentally. The outputs of the current study propose new monastrol derivatives as probable resistance-overwhelming Eg5 modulators.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shahabipour
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - A N Shamkhali
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - N Razzaghi-Asl
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
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10
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Zhou Y, Xu MF, Chen J, Zhang JL, Wang XY, Huang MH, Wei YL, She ZY. Loss-of-function of kinesin-5 KIF11 causes microcephaly, chorioretinopathy, and developmental disorders through chromosome instability and cell cycle arrest. Exp Cell Res 2024; 436:113975. [PMID: 38367657 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.113975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Kinesin motors play a fundamental role in development by controlling intracellular transport, spindle assembly, and microtubule organization. In humans, patients carrying mutations in KIF11 suffer from an autosomal dominant inheritable disease called microcephaly with or without chorioretinopathy, lymphoedema, or mental retardation (MCLMR). While mitotic functions of KIF11 proteins have been well documented in centrosome separation and spindle assembly, cellular mechanisms underlying KIF11 dysfunction and MCLMR remain unclear. In this study, we generate KIF11-inhibition chick and zebrafish models and find that KIF11 inhibition results in microcephaly, chorioretinopathy, and severe developmental defects in vivo. Notably, loss-of-function of KIF11 causes the formation of monopolar spindle and chromosome misalignment, which finally contribute to cell cycle arrest, chromosome instability, and cell death. Our results demonstrate that KIF11 is crucial for spindle assembly, chromosome alignment, and cell cycle progression of progenitor stem cells, indicating a potential link between polyploidy and MCLMR. Our data have revealed that KIF11 inhibition cause microcephaly, chorioretinopathy, and development disorders through the formation of monopolar spindle, polyploid, and cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Meng-Fei Xu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Jing-Lian Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Xin-Yao Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Min-Hui Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Ya-Lan Wei
- Medical Research Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China; College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Zhen-Yu She
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China.
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11
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Wang Y, Liu YR, Wang PY, Xie P. Computational Studies Reveal How Passive Cross-Linkers Regulate Anaphase Spindle Elongation. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:1194-1204. [PMID: 38287918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c07655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cell division, a series of events are organized to produce two daughter cells. The spindle elongation in anaphase B is essential for providing enough space to maintain cell size and distribute sister chromatids properly, which is associated with microtubules and microtubule-associated proteins such as kinesin-5 Eg5 and the Ase1-related protein, PRC1. The available experimental data indicated that after the start of anaphase B more PRC1 proteins can bind to the antiparallel microtubule pairs in the spindle but the excess amount of PRC1 proteins can lead to the failure of cell division, indicating that PRC1 proteins can regulate the spindle elongation in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the underlying mechanism of the PRC1 proteins regulating the spindle elongation has not been explained up to now. Here, we use a simplified model, where only the two important participants (kinesin-5 Eg5 motors and PRC1 proteins) are considered, to study the spindle elongation during anaphase B. We first show that only in the appropriate range of the PRC1 concentration can the spindle elongation complete properly. Furthermore, we explore the underlying mechanism of PRC1 as a regulator for spindle elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-Ru Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng-Ye Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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12
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Li W, Crellin HA, Cheerambathur D, McNally FJ. Redundant microtubule crosslinkers prevent meiotic spindle bending to ensure diploid offspring in C. elegans. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1011090. [PMID: 38150489 PMCID: PMC10775986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oocyte meiotic spindles mediate the expulsion of ¾ of the genome into polar bodies to generate diploid zygotes in nearly all animal species. Failures in this process result in aneuploid or polyploid offspring that are typically inviable. Accurate meiotic chromosome segregation and polar body extrusion require the spindle to elongate while maintaining its structural integrity. Previous studies have implicated three hypothetical activities during this process, including microtubule crosslinking, microtubule sliding and microtubule polymerization. However, how these activities regulate spindle rigidity and elongation as well as the exact proteins involved in the activities remain unclear. We discovered that C. elegans meiotic anaphase spindle integrity is maintained through redundant microtubule crosslinking activities of the Kinesin-5 family motor BMK-1, the microtubule bundling protein SPD-1/PRC1, and the Kinesin-4 family motor, KLP-19. Using time-lapse imaging, we found that single depletion of KLP-19KIF4A, SPD-1PRC1 or BMK-1Eg5 had minimal effects on anaphase B spindle elongation velocity. In contrast, double depletion of SPD-1PRC1 and BMK-1Eg5 or double depletion of KLP-19KIF4A and BMK-1Eg5 resulted in spindles that elongated faster, bent in a myosin-dependent manner, and had a high rate of polar body extrusion errors. Bending spindles frequently extruded both sets of segregating chromosomes into two separate polar bodies. Normal anaphase B velocity was observed after double depletion of KLP-19KIF4A and SPD-1PRC1. These results suggest that KLP-19KIF4A and SPD-1PRC1 act in different pathways, each redundant with a separate BMK-1Eg5 pathway in regulating meiotic spindle elongation. Depletion of ZYG-8, a doublecortin-related microtubule binding protein, led to slower anaphase B spindle elongation. We found that ZYG-8DCLK1 acts by excluding SPD-1PRC1 from the spindle. Thus, three mechanistically distinct microtubule regulation modules, two based on crosslinking, and one based on exclusion of crosslinkers, power the mechanism that drives spindle elongation and structural integrity during anaphase B of C.elegans female meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhe Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Helena A. Crellin
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology & Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Dhanya Cheerambathur
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology & Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Francis J. McNally
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
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13
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Sandeep P, Sharma P, Luhach K, Dhiman N, Kharkwal H, Sharma B. Neuron navigators: A novel frontier with physiological and pathological implications. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 127:103905. [PMID: 37972804 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuron navigators are microtubule plus-end tracking proteins containing basic and serine rich regions which are encoded by neuron navigator genes (NAVs). Neuron navigator proteins are essential for neurite outgrowth, neuronal migration, and overall neurodevelopment along with some other functions as well. The navigator proteins are substantially expressed in the developing brain and have been reported to be differentially expressed in various tissues at different ages. Over the years, the research has found neuron navigators to be implicated in a spectrum of pathological conditions such as developmental anomalies, neurodegenerative disorders, neuropathic pain, anxiety, cancers, and certain inflammatory conditions. The existing knowledge about neuron navigators remains sparse owing to their differential functions, undiscovered modulators, and unknown molecular mechanisms. Investigating the possible role of neuron navigators in various physiological processes and pathological conditions pose as a novel field that requires extensive research and might provide novel mechanistic insights and understanding of these aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth Sandeep
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Poonam Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Kanishk Luhach
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Neerupma Dhiman
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Harsha Kharkwal
- Amity Natural and Herbal Product Research, Amity Institute of Phytochemistry and Phytomedicine, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhupesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India.
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14
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Qi X, Liu Y, Peng Y, Fu Y, Fu Y, Yin L, Li X. UHRF1 promotes spindle assembly and chromosome congression by catalyzing EG5 polyubiquitination. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202210093. [PMID: 37728657 PMCID: PMC10510743 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202210093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
UHRF1 is an epigenetic coordinator bridging DNA methylation and histone modifications. Additionally, UHRF1 regulates DNA replication and cell cycle, and its deletion induces G1/S or G2/M cell cycle arrest. The roles of UHRF1 in the regulation of G2/M transition remain poorly understood. UHRF1 depletion caused chromosome misalignment, thereby inducing cell cycle arrest at mitotic metaphase, and these cells exhibited the defects of spindle geometry, prominently manifested as shorter spindles. Mechanistically, UHRF1 protein directly interacts with EG5, a kinesin motor protein, during mitosis. Furthermore, UHRF1 induced EG5 polyubiquitination at the site of K1034 and further promoted the interaction of EG5 with spindle assembly factor TPX2, thereby ensuring accurate EG5 distribution to the spindles during metaphase. Our study clarifies a novel UHRF1 function as a nuclear protein catalyzing EG5 polyubiquitination for proper spindle architecture and faithful genomic transmission, which is independent of its roles in epigenetic regulation and DNA damage repair inside the nucleus. These findings revealed a previously unknown mechanism of UHRF1 in controlling mitotic spindle architecture and chromosome behavior and provided mechanistic evidence for UHRF1 deletion-mediated G2/M arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuli Qi
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Youhong Liu
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuchong Peng
- Center for Clinical Precision Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxin Fu
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongming Fu
- Center for Clinical Precision Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linglong Yin
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Center for Clinical Precision Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiong Li
- Center for Clinical Precision Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Shah S, Mittal P, Kumar D, Mittal A, Ghosh SK. Evidence of kinesin motors involved in stable kinetochore assembly during early meiosis. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar107. [PMID: 37556230 PMCID: PMC10559306 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-12-0569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, the budding yeast, kinetochores remain attached to microtubules, except for a brief period during S phase. Sister-kinetochores separate into two clusters (bilobed organization) upon stable end-on attachment to microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles. However, in meiosis, the outer kinetochore protein (Ndc80) reassembles at the centromeres much later after prophase I, establishing new kinetochore-microtubule attachments. Perhaps due to this, despite homolog bi-orientation, we observed that the Ndc80 are linearly dispersed between spindle poles during metaphase I of meiosis. The presence of end-on attachment marker Dam1 as a cluster near each pole suggests one of the other possibilities that the pole-proximal and pole-distal kinetochores are attached end-on and laterally to the microtubules, respectively. Colocalization studies of kinetochores and kinesin motors suggest that budding yeast kinesin 5, Cin8, and Kip1 perhaps localize to the end-on attached kinetochores while kinesin 8 and Kip3 resides at all the kinetochores. Our findings, including kinesin 5 and Ndc80 coappearance after prophase I and reduced Ndc80 levels in cin8 null mutant, suggest that kinesin motors are crucial for kinetochore reassembly and stability during early meiosis. Thus, this work reports yet another meiosis specific function of kinesin motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Shah
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Priyanka Mittal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Deepanshu Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Anjani Mittal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Santanu K. Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
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16
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Nithianantham S, Iwanski MK, Gaska I, Pandey H, Bodrug T, Inagaki S, Major J, Brouhard GJ, Gheber L, Rosenfeld SS, Forth S, Hendricks AG, Al-Bassam J. The kinesin-5 tail and bipolar minifilament domains are the origin of its microtubule crosslinking and sliding activity. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar111. [PMID: 37610838 PMCID: PMC10559304 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-07-0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-5 crosslinks and slides apart microtubules to assemble, elongate, and maintain the mitotic spindle. Kinesin-5 is a tetramer, where two N-terminal motor domains are positioned at each end of the motor, and the coiled-coil stalk domains are organized into a tetrameric bundle through the bipolar assembly (BASS) domain. To dissect the function of the individual structural elements of the motor, we constructed a minimal kinesin-5 tetramer (mini-tetramer). We determined the x-ray structure of the extended, 34-nm BASS domain. Guided by these structural studies, we generated active bipolar kinesin-5 mini-tetramer motors from Drosophila melanogastor and human orthologues which are half the length of native kinesin-5. We then used these kinesin-5 mini-tetramers to examine the role of two unique structural adaptations of kinesin-5: 1) the length and flexibility of the tetramer, and 2) the C-terminal tails which interact with the motor domains to coordinate their ATPase activity. The C-terminal domain causes frequent pausing and clustering of kinesin-5. By comparing microtubule crosslinking and sliding by mini-tetramer and full-length kinesin-5, we find that both the length and flexibility of kinesin-5 and the C-terminal tails govern its ability to crosslink microtubules. Once crosslinked, stiffer mini-tetramers slide antiparallel microtubules more efficiently than full-length motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Nithianantham
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Malina K. Iwanski
- Departments of Biology and Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec Canada H3A 1B1
| | - Ignas Gaska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Himanshu Pandey
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Tatyana Bodrug
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Sayaka Inagaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224
| | - Jennifer Major
- Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224
| | - Gary J. Brouhard
- Departments of Biology and Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec Canada H3A 1B1
| | - Larissa Gheber
- Department of Chemistry, The Ben Gurion University, Ber Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Scott Forth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Adam G. Hendricks
- Departments of Biology and Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec Canada H3A 1B1
| | - Jawdat Al-Bassam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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17
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Gergely ZR, Jones MH, Zhou B, Cash C, McIntosh JR, Betterton MD. Distinct regions of the kinesin-5 C-terminal tail are essential for mitotic spindle midzone localization and sliding force. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2306480120. [PMID: 37725645 PMCID: PMC10523502 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306480120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-5 motor proteins play essential roles during mitosis in most organisms. Their tetrameric structure and plus-end-directed motility allow them to bind to and move along antiparallel microtubules, thereby pushing spindle poles apart to assemble a bipolar spindle. Recent work has shown that the C-terminal tail is particularly important to kinesin-5 function: The tail affects motor domain structure, ATP hydrolysis, motility, clustering, and sliding force measured for purified motors, as well as motility, clustering, and spindle assembly in cells. Because previous work has focused on presence or absence of the entire tail, the functionally important regions of the tail remain to be identified. We have therefore characterized a series of kinesin-5/Cut7 tail truncation alleles in fission yeast. Partial truncation causes mitotic defects and temperature-sensitive growth, while further truncation that removes the conserved BimC motif is lethal. We compared the sliding force generated by cut7 mutants using a kinesin-14 mutant background in which some microtubules detach from the spindle poles and are pushed into the nuclear envelope. These Cut7-driven protrusions decreased as more of the tail was truncated, and the most severe truncations produced no observable protrusions. Our observations suggest that the C-terminal tail of Cut7p contributes to both sliding force and midzone localization. In the context of sequential tail truncation, the BimC motif and adjacent C-terminal amino acids are particularly important for sliding force. In addition, moderate tail truncation increases midzone localization, but further truncation of residues N-terminal to the BimC motif decreases midzone localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Gergely
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Michele H Jones
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Bojun Zhou
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Cai Cash
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - J Richard McIntosh
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Meredith D Betterton
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
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18
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Kraus J, Alfaro-Aco R, Gouveia B, Petry S. Microtubule nucleation for spindle assembly: one molecule at a time. Trends Biochem Sci 2023; 48:761-775. [PMID: 37482516 PMCID: PMC10789498 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The cell orchestrates the dance of chromosome segregation with remarkable speed and fidelity. The mitotic spindle is built from scratch after interphase through microtubule (MT) nucleation, which is dependent on the γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC), the universal MT template. Although several MT nucleation pathways build the spindle framework, the question of when and how γ-TuRC is targeted to these nucleation sites in the spindle and subsequently activated remains an active area of investigation. Recent advances facilitated the discovery of new MT nucleation effectors and their mechanisms of action. In this review, we illuminate each spindle assembly pathway and subsequently consider how the pathways are merged to build a spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi Kraus
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Bernardo Gouveia
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Sabine Petry
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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19
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Li X, Bloomfield M, Bridgeland A, Cimini D, Chen J. A fine balance among key biophysical factors is required for recovery of bipolar mitotic spindle from monopolar and multipolar abnormalities. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar90. [PMID: 37342878 PMCID: PMC10398891 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-10-0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, equal partitioning of chromosomes into two daughter cells requires assembly of a bipolar mitotic spindle. Because the spindle poles are each organized by a centrosome in animal cells, centrosome defects can lead to monopolar or multipolar spindles. However, the cell can effectively recover the bipolar spindle by separating the centrosomes in monopolar spindles and clustering them in multipolar spindles. To interrogate how a cell can separate and cluster centrosomes as needed to form a bipolar spindle, we developed a biophysical model, based on experimental data, which uses effective potential energies to describe key mechanical forces driving centrosome movements during spindle assembly. Our model identified general biophysical factors crucial for robust bipolarization of spindles that start as monopolar or multipolar. These factors include appropriate force fluctuation between centrosomes, balance between repulsive and attractive forces between centrosomes, exclusion of the centrosomes from the cell center, proper cell size and geometry, and a limited centrosome number. Consistently, we found experimentally that bipolar centrosome clustering is promoted as mitotic cell aspect ratio and volume decrease in tetraploid cancer cells. Our model provides mechanistic explanations for many more experimental phenomena and a useful theoretical framework for future studies of spindle assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochu Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
- BIOTRANS Graduate Program, Virginia Tech, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Mathew Bloomfield
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
- Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Alexandra Bridgeland
- Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
- Systems Biology Program, College of Science, Virginia Tech, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Daniela Cimini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
- Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
- Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
- Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Tech, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
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20
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Valdez VA, Neahring L, Petry S, Dumont S. Mechanisms underlying spindle assembly and robustness. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:523-542. [PMID: 36977834 PMCID: PMC10642710 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The microtubule-based spindle orchestrates chromosome segregation during cell division. Following more than a century of study, many components and pathways contributing to spindle assembly have been described, but how the spindle robustly assembles remains incompletely understood. This process involves the self-organization of a large number of molecular parts - up to hundreds of thousands in vertebrate cells - whose local interactions give rise to a cellular-scale structure with emergent architecture, mechanics and function. In this Review, we discuss key concepts in our understanding of spindle assembly, focusing on recent advances and the new approaches that enabled them. We describe the pathways that generate the microtubule framework of the spindle by driving microtubule nucleation in a spatially controlled fashion and present recent insights regarding the organization of individual microtubules into structural modules. Finally, we discuss the emergent properties of the spindle that enable robust chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lila Neahring
- Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sabine Petry
- Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Sophie Dumont
- Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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21
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Gergely Z, Jones MH, Zhou B, Cash C, McIntosh R, Betterton M. Distinct regions of the kinesin-5 C-terminal tail are essential for mitotic spindle midzone localization and sliding force. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.01.538972. [PMID: 37205432 PMCID: PMC10187184 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.01.538972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Kinesin-5 motor proteins play essential roles during mitosis in most organisms. Their tetrameric structure and plus-end-directed motility allow them to bind to and move along antiparallel microtubules, thereby pushing spindle poles apart to assemble a bipolar spindle. Recent work has shown that the C-terminal tail is particularly important to kinesin-5 function: the tail affects motor domain structure, ATP hydrolysis, motility, clustering, and sliding force measured for purified motors, as well as motility, clustering, and spindle assembly in cells. Because previous work has focused on presence or absence of the entire tail, the functionally important regions of the tail remain to be identified. We have therefore characterized a series of kinesin-5/Cut7 tail truncation alleles in fission yeast. Partial truncation causes mitotic defects and temperature-sensitive growth, while further truncation that removes the conserved BimC motif is lethal. We compared the sliding force generated by cut7 mutants using a kinesin-14 mutant background in which some microtubules detach from the spindle poles and are pushed into the nuclear envelope. These Cut7-driven protrusions decreased as more of the tail was truncated, and the most severe truncations produced no observable protrusions. Our observations suggest that the C-terminal tail of Cut7p contributes to both sliding force and midzone localization. In the context of sequential tail truncation, the BimC motif and adjacent C-terminal amino acids are particularly important for sliding force. In addition, moderate tail truncation increases midzone localization, but further truncation of residues N terminal to the BimC motif decreases midzone localization.
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22
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Ghose A, Pullarkat P. The role of mechanics in axonal stability and development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 140:22-34. [PMID: 35786351 PMCID: PMC7615100 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Much of the focus of neuronal cell biology has been devoted to growth cone guidance, synaptogenesis, synaptic activity, plasticity, etc. The axonal shaft too has received much attention, mainly for its astounding ability to transmit action potentials and the transport of material over long distances. For these functions, the axonal cytoskeleton and membrane have been often assumed to play static structural roles. Recent experiments have changed this view by revealing an ultrastructure much richer in features than previously perceived and one that seems to be maintained at a dynamic steady state. The role of mechanics in this is only beginning to be broadly appreciated and appears to involve passive and active modes of coupling different biopolymer filaments, filament turnover dynamics and membrane biophysics. Axons, being unique cellular processes in terms of high aspect ratios and often extreme lengths, also exhibit unique passive mechanical properties that might have evolved to stabilize them under mechanical stress. In this review, we summarize the experiments that have exposed some of these features. It is our view that axonal mechanics deserves much more attention not only due to its significance in the development and maintenance of the nervous system but also due to the susceptibility of axons to injury and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurnab Ghose
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411 008, India.
| | - Pramod Pullarkat
- Raman Research Institute, C. V. Raman Avenue, Bengaluru 560 080, India.
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23
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Bodun DS, Omoboyowa DA, Omotuyi OI, Olugbogi EA, Balogun TA, Ezeh CJ, Omirin ES. QSAR-based virtual screening of traditional Chinese medicine for the identification of mitotic kinesin Eg5 inhibitors. Comput Biol Chem 2023; 104:107865. [PMID: 37062146 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2023.107865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell division is a crucial process for the growth and development of all living organisms. Unfortunately, uncontrolled cell division and growth is a hallmark of cancer, leading to the formation of tumors. The Human Eg5 protein, also known as the mitotic kinesin Eg5, plays a vital role in the regulation of cell division and its dysfunction has been linked to cancer development. This study aimed to identify new inhibitors of the Human Eg5 protein. Over 2000 Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) compounds were screened through a combination of virtual and structure-based screening methods. The top five compounds (Compounds 1-5) showed improved binding affinity to Human Eg5 compared to the standard drug Monastrol, as demonstrated by docking and MMGBSA scores, as well as interactions with key amino acids GLY 116 and GLY 118. The potential absorption and bioactivity of these compounds were also predicted through ADMET properties and a QSAR model, respectively, and showed improved results compared to the standard. Further quantum mechanics docking confirmed the better binding affinity of the lead compound, Compound 1. Our findings highlight Compound 1-5 as promising hits for inhibiting Human Eg5 and the need for experimental validation of their potential in treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damilola S Bodun
- Department of Biochemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria.
| | - Damilola A Omoboyowa
- Department of Biochemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Olaposi I Omotuyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Ezekiel A Olugbogi
- Department of Biochemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Toheeb A Balogun
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Chiamaka J Ezeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Micheal Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel S Omirin
- Department of Biochemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria
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24
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He S, Gillies JP, Zang JL, Córdoba-Beldad CM, Yamamoto I, Fujiwara Y, Grantham J, DeSantis ME, Shibuya H. Distinct dynein complexes defined by DYNLRB1 and DYNLRB2 regulate mitotic and male meiotic spindle bipolarity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1715. [PMID: 36973253 PMCID: PMC10042829 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37370-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Spindle formation in male meiosis relies on the canonical centrosome system, which is distinct from acentrosomal oocyte meiosis, but its specific regulatory mechanisms remain unknown. Herein, we report that DYNLRB2 (Dynein light chain roadblock-type-2) is a male meiosis-upregulated dynein light chain that is indispensable for spindle formation in meiosis I. In Dynlrb2 KO mouse testes, meiosis progression is arrested in metaphase I due to the formation of multipolar spindles with fragmented pericentriolar material (PCM). DYNLRB2 inhibits PCM fragmentation through two distinct pathways; suppressing premature centriole disengagement and targeting NuMA (nuclear mitotic apparatus) to spindle poles. The ubiquitously expressed mitotic counterpart, DYNLRB1, has similar roles in mitotic cells and maintains spindle bipolarity by targeting NuMA and suppressing centriole overduplication. Our work demonstrates that two distinct dynein complexes containing DYNLRB1 or DYNLRB2 are separately used in mitotic and meiotic spindle formations, respectively, and that both have NuMA as a common target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen He
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John P Gillies
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Juliana L Zang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Carmen M Córdoba-Beldad
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Io Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yasuhiro Fujiwara
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Julie Grantham
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Morgan E DeSantis
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Hiroki Shibuya
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-41390, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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25
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Sladewski TE, Campbell PC, Billington N, D'Ordine A, Cole JL, de Graffenried CL. Cytokinesis in Trypanosoma brucei relies on an orphan kinesin that dynamically crosslinks microtubules. Curr Biol 2023; 33:899-911.e5. [PMID: 36787745 PMCID: PMC10023446 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Many single-celled eukaryotes have complex cell morphologies defined by microtubules arranged into higher-order structures. The auger-like shape of the parasitic protist Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei) is mediated by a parallel array of microtubules that underlies the plasma membrane. The subpellicular array must be partitioned and segregated using a microtubule-based mechanism during cell division. We previously identified an orphan kinesin, KLIF, that localizes to the ingressing cleavage furrow and is essential for the completion of cytokinesis. We have characterized the biophysical properties of a truncated KLIF construct in vitro to gain mechanistic insight into the function of this novel kinesin. We find that KLIF is a non-processive dimeric kinesin that dynamically crosslinks microtubules. Microtubules crosslinked by KLIF in an antiparallel orientation are translocated relative to one another, while microtubules crosslinked parallel to one another remain static, resulting in the formation of organized parallel bundles. In addition, we find that KLIF stabilizes the alignment of microtubule plus ends. These features provide a mechanistic understanding for how KLIF functions to form a new pole of aligned microtubule plus ends that defines the shape of the new cell posterior, which is an essential requirement for the completion of cytokinesis in T. brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Sladewski
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Paul C Campbell
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Neil Billington
- Laboratory of Physiology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, USA
| | - Alexandra D'Ordine
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - James L Cole
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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26
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Gergely ZR, Ansari S, Jones MH, Zhou B, Cash C, McIntosh R, Betterton MD. The kinesin-5 protein Cut7 moves bidirectionally on fission yeast spindles with activity that increases in anaphase. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260474. [PMID: 36655493 PMCID: PMC10112985 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-5 motors are essential to separate mitotic spindle poles and assemble a bipolar spindle in many organisms. These motors crosslink and slide apart antiparallel microtubules via microtubule plus-end-directed motility. However, kinesin-5 localization is enhanced away from antiparallel overlaps. Increasing evidence suggests this localization occurs due to bidirectional motility or trafficking. The purified fission-yeast kinesin-5 protein Cut7 moves bidirectionally, but bidirectionality has not been shown in cells, and the function of the minus-end-directed movement is unknown. Here, we characterized the motility of Cut7 on bipolar and monopolar spindles and observed movement toward both plus- and minus-ends of microtubules. Notably, the activity of the motor increased at anaphase B onset. Perturbations to microtubule dynamics only modestly changed Cut7 movement, whereas Cut7 mutation reduced movement. These results suggest that the directed motility of Cut7 contributes to the movement of the motor. Comparison of the Cut7 mutant and human Eg5 (also known as KIF11) localization suggest a new hypothesis for the function of minus-end-directed motility and spindle-pole localization of kinesin-5s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R. Gergely
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Saad Ansari
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Michele H. Jones
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Bojun Zhou
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Cai Cash
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Richard McIntosh
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Meredith D. Betterton
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY 10010, USA
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27
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Xie P. Determinant factors for residence time of kinesin motors at microtubule ends. J Biol Phys 2023; 49:77-93. [PMID: 36645568 PMCID: PMC9958224 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-022-09623-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesins constitute a superfamily of microtubule (MT)-based motor proteins, which can perform diverse biological functions in cells such as transporting vesicle, regulating MT dynamics, and segregating chromosome. Some motors such as kinesin-1, kinesin-2, and kinesin-3 do the activity mainly on the MT lattice, while others such as kinesin-7 and kinesin-8 do the activity mainly at the MT plus end. To perform the different functions, it is required that the former motors can reside on the MT lattice for longer times than at the end, while the latter motors can reside at the MT plus end for long times. Here, a simple but general theory of the MT-end residence time of the kinesin motor is presented, with which the factors dictating the residence time are determined. The theory is further used to study specifically the MT-end residence times of Drosophila kinesin-1, kinesin-2/KIF3AB, kinesin-3/Unc104, kinesin-5/Eg5, kinesin-7/CENP-E, and kinesin-8/Kip3 motors, with the theoretical results being in agreement with the available experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, China.
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28
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Seneviratne AMPB, Lidagoster S, Valbuena-Castor S, Lashley K, Saha S, Alimova A, Kreitzer G. Kinesins Modify ERR1-Dependent Transcription Using a Conserved Nuclear Receptor Box Motif. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043795. [PMID: 36835206 PMCID: PMC9959666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesin family motors are microtubule (MT)-stimulated ATPases known best as transporters of cellular cargoes through the cytoplasm, regulators of MT dynamics, organizers of the mitotic spindle, and for insuring equal division of DNA during mitosis. Several kinesins have also been shown to regulate transcription by interacting with transcriptional cofactors and regulators, nuclear receptors, or with specific promotor elements on DNA. We previously showed that an LxxLL nuclear receptor box motif in the kinesin-2 family motor KIF17 mediates binding to the orphan nuclear receptor estrogen related receptor alpha (ERR1) and is responsible for the suppression of ERR1-dependent transcription by KIF17. Analysis of all kinesin family proteins revealed that multiple kinesins contain this LxxLL motif, raising the question as to whether additional kinesin motors contribute to the regulation of ERR1. In this study, we interrogate the effects of multiple kinesins with LxxLL motifs on ERR1-mediated transcription. We demonstrate that the kinesin-3 family motor KIF1B contains two LxxLL motifs, one of which binds to ERR1. In addition, we show that expression of a KIF1B fragment containing this LxxLL motif inhibits ERR1-dependent transcription by regulating nuclear entry of ERR1. We also provide evidence that the effects of expressing the KIF1B-LxxLL fragment on ERR1 activity are mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of KIF17. Since LxxLL domains are found in many kinesins, our data suggest an expanded role for kinesins in nuclear receptor mediated transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Pramodh Bandara Seneviratne
- CUNY School of Medicine, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, CUNY School of Medicine, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Correspondence: (A.M.P.B.S.); (G.K.)
| | - Sarah Lidagoster
- CUNY School of Medicine, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | | | - Kareena Lashley
- CUNY School of Medicine, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Sumit Saha
- CUNY School of Medicine, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Aleksandra Alimova
- CUNY School of Medicine, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, CUNY School of Medicine, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Geri Kreitzer
- CUNY School of Medicine, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, CUNY School of Medicine, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Correspondence: (A.M.P.B.S.); (G.K.)
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29
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Effect of the Neck Linker on Processive Stepping of Kinesin Motor. BIOPHYSICA 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/biophysica3010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Kinesin motor protein, which is composed of two catalytic domains connected together by a long coiled-coil stalk via two flexible neck linkers (NLs), can step processively on a microtubule towards the plus end by hydrolyzing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules. To understand what the role is that the NL plays in the processive stepping, the dynamics of the kinesin motor are studied theoretically here by considering the mutation or deletion of an N-terminal cover strand that contributes to the docking of the NL in kinesin-1, the extension of the NL in kinesin-1, the mutation of the NL in kinesin-1, the swapping of the NL of kinesin-2 with that of kinesin-1, the joining of the stalk and neck of Ncd that moves towards the minus end of MT to the catalytic domain of kinesin-1, the replacement of catalytic domain of kinesin-1 with that of Ncd, and so on. The theoretical results give a consistent and quantitative explanation of various available experimental results about the effects of these mutations on motor dynamics and, moreover, provide predicted results. Additionally, the processive motility of kinesin-6 MKLP2 without NL docking is also explained. The available experimental data about the effect of NL mutations on the dynamics of the bi-directional kinesin-5 Cin8 are also explained. The studies are critically implicative to the mechanism of the stepping of the kinesin motor.
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30
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Kim M, Jeong HJ, Ju HM, Song JY, Jang SJ, Choi J. Overexpression of the NEK9-EG5 axis is a novel metastatic marker in pathologic stage T3 colon cancer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:342. [PMID: 36611072 PMCID: PMC9825400 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26249-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
NEK9 is a key player in the NEK9-EG5 axis for microtubule polymerization, chromosome alignment, and mitosis. In present study, we investigated the altered expression of the NEK9, EG5 and acetyl-α-tubulin as well as common epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers (E-cadherin, vimentin, claudin-1, and β-catenin) through the immunohistochemistry analysis of 138 patients with pathologic T3 (pT3) stage colon cancers, and evaluated their metastatic potential. NEK9 expression showed an association with distant metastasis (P = 0.032) and was an independent predictive factor for distant metastasis (HR = 3.365, P < 0.001) by multivariate analysis, which was more significant than either the regional nodal metastasis (HR = 2.496, P = 0.007) or lymphovascular invasion (HR = 2.090, P = 0.153). Positive correlations were observed between NEK9 and EG5 or acetyl-α-tubulin (r = 0.236 and P = 0.007; r = 0.181 and P = 0.038, respectively) and concordant overexpression of the NEK9-EG5 axis was further confirmed in colon cancer cell lines. These findings collectively suggest that the overexpression of the NEK9-EG5 axis is present and associated with distant metastasis in colon cancer. These biomarkers might be useful for predicting metastatic potential among the patients with pT3 colon cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meejeong Kim
- grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224Department of Pathology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hui Jeong Jeong
- HiLab Clinical Laboratories, Hanaro Medical Foundation, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-min Ju
- grid.267370.70000 0004 0533 4667Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505 Korea
| | - Ji-young Song
- grid.267370.70000 0004 0533 4667Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505 Korea
| | - Se Jin Jang
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea.
| | - Jene Choi
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea.
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31
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KIF11 As a Potential Pan-Cancer Immunological Biomarker Encompassing the Disease Staging, Prognoses, Tumor Microenvironment, and Therapeutic Responses. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:2764940. [PMID: 36742345 PMCID: PMC9893523 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2764940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
KIF11 is one of the 45 family members of kinesin superfamily proteins that functions as a motor protein in mitosis. Emerging evidence revealed that KIF11 plays pivotal roles in cancer initiation, development, and progression. However, the prognostic, oncological, and immunological values of KIF11 have not been comprehensively explored in pan-cancer. In present study, we comprehensively interrogated the role of KIF11 in tumor progression, tumor stemness, genomic heterogeneity, tumor immune infiltration, immune evasion, therapy response, and prognosis of cohorts from various cancer types. In general, KIF11 was significantly upregulated in tumors compared with paired normal tissues. KIF11 showed strong relationships with pathological stage, prognosis, tumor stemness, genomic heterogeneity, neoantigens, ESTIMATE, immune checkpoint, and drug sensitivity. The methylation level of KIF11 decreased in most cancers and was correlated with the survival probability in different human cancers. The expression of KIF11 was diverse in different molecular and immune subtypes and remarkably correlated with immune cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment. Comparative study revealed that KIF11 was a powerful biomarker and associated with immune, targeted, and chemotherapeutic outcomes in various cancers. In addition, KIF11 interaction and coexpression networks mainly participated in the regulation of cell cycle, cell division, p53 signaling pathway, DNA repair and recombination, chromatin organization, antigen processing and presentation, and drug resistance. Our pan-cancer analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of the functions of KIF11 in oncogenesis, progression, and therapy in different cancers. KIF11 may serve as a potential prognostic and immunological pan-cancer biomarker. Moreover, KIF11 could be a novel target for tumor immunotherapy.
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32
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Yu WX, Li YK, Xu MF, Xu CJ, Chen J, Wei YL, She ZY. Kinesin-5 Eg5 is essential for spindle assembly, chromosome stability and organogenesis in development. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:490. [PMID: 36513626 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01281-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome stability relies on bipolar spindle assembly and faithful chromosome segregation during cell division. Kinesin-5 Eg5 is a plus-end-directed kinesin motor protein, which is essential for spindle pole separation and chromosome alignment in mitosis. Heterozygous Eg5 mutations cause autosomal-dominant microcephaly, primary lymphedema, and chorioretinal dysplasia syndrome in humans. However, the developmental roles and cellular mechanisms of Eg5 in organogenesis remain largely unknown. In this study, we have shown that Eg5 inhibition leads to the formation of the monopolar spindle, chromosome misalignment, polyploidy, and subsequent apoptosis. Strikingly, long-term inhibition of Eg5 stimulates the immune responses and the accumulation of lymphocytes in the mouse spleen through the innate and specific immunity pathways. Eg5 inhibition results in metaphase arrest and cell growth inhibition, and suppresses the formation of somite and retinal development in zebrafish embryos. Our data have revealed the essential roles of kinesin-5 Eg5 involved in cell proliferation, chromosome stability, and organogenesis during development. Our findings shed a light on the cellular basis and pathogenesis in microcephaly, primary lymphedema, and chorioretinal dysplasia syndrome of Eg5-mutation-positive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xin Yu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, 350122, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, 350122, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yu-Kun Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, 350122, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, 350122, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Meng-Fei Xu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, 350122, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, 350122, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Chen-Jie Xu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, 350122, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, 350122, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, 350122, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, 350122, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ya-Lan Wei
- Medical Research Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, 350001, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, 350122, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhen-Yu She
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, 350122, Fuzhou, Fujian, China. .,Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, 350122, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
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Matković J, Ghosh S, Ćosić M, Eibes S, Barišić M, Pavin N, Tolić IM. Kinetochore- and chromosome-driven transition of microtubules into bundles promotes spindle assembly. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7307. [PMID: 36435852 PMCID: PMC9701229 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34957-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic spindle assembly is crucial for chromosome segregation and relies on bundles of microtubules that extend from the poles and overlap in the middle. However, how these structures form remains poorly understood. Here we show that overlap bundles arise through a network-to-bundles transition driven by kinetochores and chromosomes. STED super-resolution microscopy reveals that PRC1-crosslinked microtubules initially form loose arrays, which become rearranged into bundles. Kinetochores promote microtubule bundling by lateral binding via CENP-E/kinesin-7 in an Aurora B-regulated manner. Steric interactions between the bundle-associated chromosomes at the spindle midplane drive bundle separation and spindle widening. In agreement with experiments, theoretical modeling suggests that bundles arise through competing attractive and repulsive mechanisms. Finally, perturbation of overlap bundles leads to inefficient correction of erroneous kinetochore-microtubule attachments. Thus, kinetochores and chromosomes drive coarsening of a uniform microtubule array into overlap bundles, which promote not only spindle formation but also chromosome segregation fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurica Matković
- grid.4905.80000 0004 0635 7705Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Subhadip Ghosh
- grid.4808.40000 0001 0657 4636Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mateja Ćosić
- grid.4905.80000 0004 0635 7705Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Susana Eibes
- grid.417390.80000 0001 2175 6024Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marin Barišić
- grid.417390.80000 0001 2175 6024Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark ,grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nenad Pavin
- grid.4808.40000 0001 0657 4636Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva M. Tolić
- grid.4905.80000 0004 0635 7705Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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Solon AL, Zaniewski TM, O’Brien P, Clasby M, Hancock WO, Ohi R. Synergy between inhibitors of two mitotic spindle assembly motors undermines an adaptive response. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar132. [PMID: 36200902 PMCID: PMC9727797 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-06-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitosis is the cellular process that ensures accurate segregation of the cell's genetic material into two daughter cells. Mitosis is often deregulated in cancer; thus drugs that target mitosis-specific proteins represent attractive targets for anticancer therapy. Numerous inhibitors have been developed against kinesin-5 Eg5, a kinesin essential for bipolar spindle assembly. Unfortunately, Eg5 inhibitors (K5Is) have been largely ineffective in the clinic, possibly due to the activity of a second kinesin, KIF15, that can suppress the cytotoxic effect of K5Is by driving spindle assembly through an Eg5-independent pathway. We hypothesized that pairing of K5Is with small molecule inhibitors of KIF15 will be more cytotoxic than either inhibitor alone. Here we present the results of a high-throughput screen from which we identified two inhibitors that inhibit the motor activity of KIF15 both in vitro and in cells. These inhibitors selectively inhibit KIF15 over other molecular motors and differentially affect the ability of KIF15 to bind microtubules. Finally, we find that chemical inhibition of KIF15 reduces the ability of cells to acquire resistance to K5Is, highlighting the centrality of KIF15 to K5I resistance and the value of these inhibitors as tools with which to study KIF15 in a physiological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- April L. Solon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Taylor M. Zaniewski
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Patrick O’Brien
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Martin Clasby
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - William O. Hancock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Ryoma Ohi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,*Address correspondence to: Ryoma Ohi ()
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Lucero EM, Freund RK, Smith A, Johnson NR, Dooling B, Sullivan E, Prikhodko O, Ahmed MM, Bennett DA, Hohman TJ, Dell’Acqua ML, Chial HJ, Potter H. Increased KIF11/ kinesin-5 expression offsets Alzheimer Aβ-mediated toxicity and cognitive dysfunction. iScience 2022; 25:105288. [PMID: 36304124 PMCID: PMC9593841 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we found that amyloid-beta (Aβ) competitively inhibits the kinesin motor protein KIF11 (Kinesin-5/Eg5), leading to defects in the microtubule network and in neurotransmitter and neurotrophin receptor localization and function. These biochemical and cell biological mechanisms for Aβ-induced neuronal dysfunction may underlie learning and memory defects in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we show that KIF11 overexpression rescues Aβ-mediated decreases in dendritic spine density in cultured neurons and in long-term potentiation in hippocampal slices. Furthermore, Kif11 overexpression from a transgene prevented spatial learning deficits in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD. Finally, increased KIF11 expression in neuritic plaque-positive AD patients' brains was associated with better cognitive performance and higher expression of synaptic protein mRNAs. Taken together, these mechanistic biochemical, cell biological, electrophysiological, animal model, and human data identify KIF11 as a key target of Aβ-mediated toxicity in AD, which damages synaptic structures and functions critical for learning and memory in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban M. Lucero
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- University of Colorado Program for Human Medical Genetics and Genomics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ronald K. Freund
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alexandra Smith
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer’s Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Noah R. Johnson
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Breanna Dooling
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- University of Colorado Program for Human Medical Genetics and Genomics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Emily Sullivan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Olga Prikhodko
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Md. Mahiuddin Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Timothy J. Hohman
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer’s Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mark L. Dell’Acqua
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Heidi J. Chial
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Huntington Potter
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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36
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Morphological growth dynamics, mechanical stability, and active microtubule mechanics underlying spindle self-organization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2209053119. [PMID: 36282919 PMCID: PMC9636915 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2209053119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The spindle is a dynamic intracellular structure self-organized from microtubules and microtubule-associated proteins. The spindle’s bipolar morphology is essential for the faithful segregation of chromosomes during cell division, and it is robustly maintained by multifaceted mechanisms. However, abnormally shaped spindles, such as multipolar spindles, can stochastically arise in a cell population and cause chromosome segregation errors. The physical basis of how microtubules fail in bipolarization and occasionally favor nonbipolar assembly is poorly understood. Here, using live fluorescence imaging and quantitative shape analysis in
Xenopus
egg extracts, we find that spindles of varied shape morphologies emerge through nonrandom, bistable self-organization paths, one leading to a bipolar and the other leading to a multipolar phenotype. The bistability defines the spindle’s unique morphological growth dynamics linked to each shape phenotype and can be promoted by a locally distorted microtubule flow that arises within premature structures. We also find that bipolar and multipolar spindles are stable at the steady-state in bulk but can infrequently switch between the two phenotypes. Our microneedle-based physical manipulation further demonstrates that a transient force perturbation applied near the assembled pole can trigger the phenotypic switching, revealing the mechanical plasticity of the spindle. Together with molecular perturbation of kinesin-5 and augmin, our data propose the physical and molecular bases underlying the emergence of spindle-shape variation, which influences chromosome segregation fidelity during cell division.
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Favre-Bulle IA, Scott EK. Optical tweezers across scales in cell biology. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 32:932-946. [PMID: 35672197 PMCID: PMC9588623 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Optical tweezers (OT) provide a noninvasive approach for delivering minute physical forces to targeted objects. Controlling such forces in living cells or in vitro preparations allows for the measurement and manipulation of numerous processes relevant to the form and function of cells. As such, OT have made important contributions to our understanding of the structures of proteins and nucleic acids, the interactions that occur between microscopic structures within cells, the choreography of complex processes such as mitosis, and the ways in which cells interact with each other. In this review, we highlight recent contributions made to the field of cell biology using OT and provide basic descriptions of the physics, the methods, and the equipment that made these studies possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itia A Favre-Bulle
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, 4067, Brisbane, Australia; School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, 4067, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Ethan K Scott
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, 4067, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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Stefani A, Piro G, Schietroma F, Strusi A, Vita E, Fiorani S, Barone D, Monaca F, Sparagna I, Valente G, Ferrara MG, D’Argento E, Di Salvatore M, Carbone C, Tortora G, Bria E. Unweaving the mitotic spindle: A focus on Aurora kinase inhibitors in lung cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1026020. [PMID: 36387232 PMCID: PMC9647054 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1026020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most aggressive malignancies, classified into two major histological subtypes: non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), that accounts for about 85% of new diagnosis, and small cell lung cancer (SCLC), the other 15%. In the case of NSCLC, comprehensive genome sequencing has allowed the identification of an increasing number of actionable targets, which have become the cornerstone of treatment in the advanced setting. On the other hand, the concept of oncogene-addiction is lacking in SCLC, and the only innovation of the last 30 years has been the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors in extensive stage disease. Dysregulation of cell cycle is a fundamental step in carcinogenesis, and Aurora kinases (AURKs) are a family of serine/threonine kinases that play a crucial role in the correct advance through the steps of the cycle. Hyperexpression of Aurora kinases is a common protumorigenic pathway in many cancer types, including NSCLC and SCLC; in addition, different mechanisms of resistance to anticancer drugs rely on AURK expression. Hence, small molecule inhibitors of AURKs have been developed in recent years and tested in several malignancies, with different results. The aim of this review is to analyze the current evidences of AURK inhibition in lung cancer, starting from preclinical rationale to finish with clinical trials available up to now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Stefani
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Section of Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Geny Piro
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Section of Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Schietroma
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Section of Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Strusi
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Section of Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Vita
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Section of Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Fiorani
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Section of Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Diletta Barone
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Section of Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Monaca
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Section of Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Ileana Sparagna
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Section of Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giustina Valente
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Section of Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Miriam Grazia Ferrara
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Section of Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Ettore D’Argento
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Section of Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariantonietta Di Salvatore
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Section of Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmine Carbone
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Section of Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Tortora
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Section of Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilio Bria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Section of Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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Dale KL, Armond JW, Hynds RE, Vladimirou E. Modest increase of KIF11 expression exposes fragilities in the mitotic spindle, causing chromosomal instability. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs260031. [PMID: 35929456 PMCID: PMC10500341 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN), the process of increased chromosomal alterations, compromises genomic integrity and has profound consequences on human health. Yet, our understanding of the molecular and mechanistic basis of CIN initiation remains limited. We developed a high-throughput, single-cell, image-based pipeline employing deep-learning and spot-counting models to detect CIN by automatically counting chromosomes and micronuclei. To identify CIN-initiating conditions, we used CRISPR activation in human diploid cells to upregulate, at physiologically relevant levels, 14 genes that are functionally important in cancer. We found that upregulation of CCND1, FOXA1 and NEK2 resulted in pronounced changes in chromosome counts, and KIF11 upregulation resulted in micronuclei formation. We identified KIF11-dependent fragilities within the mitotic spindle; increased levels of KIF11 caused centrosome fragmentation, higher microtubule stability, lagging chromosomes or mitotic catastrophe. Our findings demonstrate that even modest changes in the average expression of single genes in a karyotypically stable background are sufficient for initiating CIN by exposing fragilities of the mitotic spindle, which can lead to a genomically diverse cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L. Dale
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Mitotic Dynamics and Chromosomal Instability Laboratory, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jonathan W. Armond
- Mitotic Dynamics and Chromosomal Instability Laboratory, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Robert E. Hynds
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Epithelial Cell Biology in ENT Research Group, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Elina Vladimirou
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Mitotic Dynamics and Chromosomal Instability Laboratory, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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40
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She ZY, Xu MF, Jiang SY, Wei YL. Kinesin-7 CENP-E is essential for chromosome alignment and spindle assembly of mouse spermatocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119306. [PMID: 35680098 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Genome stability depends on chromosome congression and alignment during cell division. Kinesin-7 CENP-E is critical for kinetochore-microtubule attachment and chromosome alignment, which contribute to genome stability in mitosis. However, the functions and mechanisms of CENP-E in the meiotic division of male spermatocytes remain largely unknown. In this study, by combining the use of chemical inhibitors, siRNA-mediated gene knockdown, immunohistochemistry, and high-resolution microscopy, we have found that CENP-E inhibition results in chromosome misalignment and metaphase arrest in dividing spermatocyte during meiosis. Strikingly, we have revealed that CENP-E regulates spindle organization in metaphase I spermatocytes and cultured GC-2 spd cells. CENP-E depletion leads to spindle elongation, chromosome misalignment, and chromosome instability in spermatocytes. Together, these findings indicate that CENP-E mediates the kinetochore recruitment of BubR1, spindle assembly checkpoint and chromosome alignment in dividing spermatocytes, which finally contribute to faithful chromosome segregation and chromosome stability in the male meiotic division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu She
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China.
| | - Meng-Fei Xu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Sun-Ying Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Ya-Lan Wei
- Fujian Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350011, China; Medical Research Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
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41
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Cross-linker design determines microtubule network organization by opposing motors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2206398119. [PMID: 35960844 PMCID: PMC9388136 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2206398119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Inheritance of genetic material following chromosome duplication in eukaryotic cell division is coordinated by the spindle apparatus. The spindle is a highly interconnected network of microtubule filaments that are cross-linked by different types of molecular motors. How the different motors cooperate to organize the spindle network is not understood. Here, we show that an asymmetric cross-linker design can confer bifunctionality to a mitotic motor in the presence of other motors. The asymmetric motor supports both extensile and contractile microtubule network behaviors as observed in different parts of the spindle. These findings define rules controlling the generation of active microtubule networks and allow us to better understand how motors cooperate to organize the correct spindle architecture when a cell divides. During cell division, cross-linking motors determine the architecture of the spindle, a dynamic microtubule network that segregates the chromosomes in eukaryotes. It is unclear how motors with opposite directionality coordinate to drive both contractile and extensile behaviors in the spindle. Particularly, the impact of different cross-linker designs on network self-organization is not understood, limiting our understanding of self-organizing structures in cells but also our ability to engineer new active materials. Here, we use experiment and theory to examine active microtubule networks driven by mixtures of motors with opposite directionality and different cross-linker design. We find that although the kinesin-14 HSET causes network contraction when dominant, it can also assist the opposing kinesin-5 KIF11 to generate extensile networks. This bifunctionality results from HSET’s asymmetric design, distinct from symmetric KIF11. These findings expand the set of rules underlying patterning of active microtubule assemblies and allow a better understanding of motor cooperation in the spindle.
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42
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Duplication and Segregation of Centrosomes during Cell Division. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152445. [PMID: 35954289 PMCID: PMC9367774 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During its division the cell must ensure the equal distribution of its genetic material in the two newly created cells, but it must also distribute organelles such as the Golgi apparatus, the mitochondria and the centrosome. DNA, the carrier of heredity, located in the nucleus of the cell, has made it possible to define the main principles that regulate the progression of the cell cycle. The cell cycle, which includes interphase and mitosis, is essentially a nuclear cycle, or a DNA cycle, since the interphase stages names (G1, S, G2) phases are based on processes that occur exclusively with DNA. However, centrosome duplication and segregation are two equally important events for the two new cells that must inherit a single centrosome. The centrosome, long considered the center of the cell, is made up of two small cylinders, the centrioles, made up of microtubules modified to acquire a very high stability. It is the main nucleation center of microtubules in the cell. Apart from a few exceptions, each cell in G1 phase has only one centrosome, consisting in of two centrioles and pericentriolar materials (PCM), which must be duplicated before the cell divides so that the two new cells formed inherit a single centrosome. The centriole is also the origin of the primary cilia, motile cilia and flagella of some cells.
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43
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Hannaford MR, Liu R, Billington N, Swider ZT, Galletta BJ, Fagerstrom CJ, Combs C, Sellers JR, Rusan NM. Pericentrin interacts with Kinesin-1 to drive centriole motility. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2022; 221:213380. [PMID: 35929834 PMCID: PMC9361567 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202112097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosome positioning is essential for their function. Typically, centrosomes are transported to various cellular locations through the interaction of centrosomal microtubules (MTs) with motor proteins anchored at the cortex or the nuclear surface. However, it remains unknown how centrioles migrate in cellular contexts in which they do not nucleate MTs. Here, we demonstrate that during interphase, inactive centrioles move directly along the interphase MT network as Kinesin-1 cargo. We identify Pericentrin-Like-Protein (PLP) as a novel Kinesin-1 interacting molecule essential for centriole motility. In vitro assays show that PLP directly interacts with the cargo binding domain of Kinesin-1, allowing PLP to migrate on MTs. Binding assays using purified proteins revealed that relief of Kinesin-1 autoinhibition is critical for its interaction with PLP. Finally, our studies of neural stem cell asymmetric divisions in the Drosophila brain show that the PLP-Kinesin-1 interaction is essential for the timely separation of centrioles, the asymmetry of centrosome activity, and the age-dependent centrosome inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Hannaford
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Rong Liu
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Neil Billington
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Zachary T. Swider
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Brian J. Galletta
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Carey J. Fagerstrom
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Christian Combs
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - James R. Sellers
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nasser M. Rusan
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD,Correspondence to Nasser M. Rusan:
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Conway W, Kiewisz R, Fabig G, Kelleher CP, Wu HY, Anjur-Dietrich M, Müller-Reichert T, Needleman DJ. Self-organization of kinetochore-fibers in human mitotic spindles. eLife 2022; 11:75458. [PMID: 35876665 PMCID: PMC9398449 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During eukaryotic cell division, chromosomes are linked to microtubules (MTs) in the spindle by a macromolecular complex called the kinetochore. The bound kinetochore microtubules (KMTs) are crucial to ensuring accurate chromosome segregation. Recent reconstructions by electron tomography (Kiewisz et al., 2022) captured the positions and configurations of every MT in human mitotic spindles, revealing that roughly half the KMTs in these spindles do not reach the pole. Here, we investigate the processes that give rise to this distribution of KMTs using a combination of analysis of large-scale electron tomography, photoconversion experiments, quantitative polarized light microscopy, and biophysical modeling. Our results indicate that in metaphase, KMTs grow away from the kinetochores along well-defined trajectories, with the speed of the KMT minus ends continually decreasing as the minus ends approach the pole, implying that longer KMTs grow more slowly than shorter KMTs. The locations of KMT minus ends, and the turnover and movements of tubulin in KMTs, are consistent with models in which KMTs predominately nucleate de novo at kinetochores in metaphase and are inconsistent with substantial numbers of non-KMTs being recruited to the kinetochore in metaphase. Taken together, this work leads to a mathematical model of the self-organization of kinetochore-fibers in human mitotic spindles.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Conway
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Robert Kiewisz
- Experimental Center, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gunar Fabig
- Experimental Center, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Colm P Kelleher
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Hai-Yin Wu
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Maya Anjur-Dietrich
- John A Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Thomas Müller-Reichert
- Experimental Center, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniel J Needleman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
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Langlois-Lemay L, D’Amours D. Moonlighting at the Poles: Non-Canonical Functions of Centrosomes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:930355. [PMID: 35912107 PMCID: PMC9329689 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.930355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes are best known as the microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) of eukaryotic cells. In addition to their classic role in chromosome segregation, centrosomes play diverse roles unrelated to their MTOC activity during cell proliferation and quiescence. Metazoan centrosomes and their functional doppelgängers from lower eukaryotes, the spindle pole bodies (SPBs), act as important structural platforms that orchestrate signaling events essential for cell cycle progression, cellular responses to DNA damage, sensory reception and cell homeostasis. Here, we provide a critical overview of the unconventional and often overlooked roles of centrosomes/SPBs in the life cycle of eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Langlois-Lemay
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Wolff ID, Hollis JA, Wignall SM. Acentrosomal spindle assembly and maintenance in Caenorhabditis elegans oocytes requires a kinesin-12 nonmotor microtubule interaction domain. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar71. [PMID: 35594182 PMCID: PMC9635285 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-05-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During the meiotic divisions in oocytes, microtubules are sorted and organized by motor proteins to generate a bipolar spindle in the absence of centrosomes. In most organisms, kinesin-5 family members crosslink and slide microtubules to generate outward force that promotes acentrosomal spindle bipolarity. However, the mechanistic basis for how other kinesin families act on acentrosomal spindles has not been explored. We investigated this question in Caenorhabditis elegans oocytes, where kinesin-5 is not required to generate outward force and the kinesin-12 family motor KLP-18 instead performs this function. Here we use a combination of in vitro biochemical assays and in vivo mutant analysis to provide insight into the mechanism by which KLP-18 promotes acentrosomal spindle assembly. We identify a microtubule binding site on the C-terminal stalk of KLP-18 and demonstrate that a direct interaction between the KLP-18 stalk and its adaptor protein MESP-1 activates nonmotor microtubule binding. We also provide evidence that this C-terminal domain is required for KLP-18 activity during spindle assembly and show that KLP-18 is continuously required to maintain spindle bipolarity. This study thus provides new insight into the construction and maintenance of the oocyte acentrosomal spindle as well as into kinesin-12 mechanism and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Wolff
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Jeremy A Hollis
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Sarah M Wignall
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
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Wei N, Yu Y, Yang Y, Wang XL, Zhong ZJ, Chen XF, Yu YQ. Inhibitions and Down-Regulation of Motor Protein Eg5 Expression in Primary Sensory Neurons Reveal a Novel Therapeutic Target for Pathological Pain. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:1401-1413. [PMID: 35764763 PMCID: PMC9587155 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01263-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The motor protein Eg5, known as kif11 or kinesin-5, interacts with adjacent microtubules in the mitotic spindle and plays essential roles in cell division, yet the function of Eg5 in mature postmitotic neurons remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the contribution and molecular mechanism of Eg5 in pathological pain. Pharmacological inhibition of Eg5 and a specific shRNA-expressing viral vector reversed complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced pain and abrogated vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (VR1) expression in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. In the dorsal root, Eg5 inhibition promoted VR1 axonal transport and decreased VR1 expression. In the spinal cord, Eg5 inhibition suppressed VR1 expression in axon terminals and impaired synapse formation in superficial laminae I/II. Finally, we showed that Eg5 is necessary for PI3K/Akt signalling-mediated VR1 membrane trafficking and pathological pain. The present study provides compelling evidence of a noncanonical function of Eg5 in primary sensory neurons. These results suggest that Eg5 may be a potential therapeutic target for intractable pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wei
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Baqiao, Xi'an, 710038, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, People's Liberation Army, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Baqiao, Xi'an, 710038, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, People's Liberation Army, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Baqiao, Xi'an, 710038, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, People's Liberation Army, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Xiao-Liang Wang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Baqiao, Xi'an, 710038, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, People's Liberation Army, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Zhen-Juan Zhong
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Baqiao, Xi'an, 710038, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, People's Liberation Army, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Xue-Feng Chen
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Baqiao, Xi'an, 710038, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, People's Liberation Army, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Yao-Qing Yu
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Baqiao, Xi'an, 710038, China.
- Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, People's Liberation Army, Xi'an, 710038, China.
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A Multiomics Profiling Based on Online Database Revealed Prognostic Biomarkers of BLCA. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:2449449. [PMID: 35669725 PMCID: PMC9165618 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2449449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Bladder cancer (BLCA) is one of the most common urological malignancies globally, posing a severe threat to public health. In combination with protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis of proteomics, Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA) and “CancerSubtypes” package of R software for transcriptomics can help identify biomarkers related to BLCA prognosis. This will have significant implications for prevention and treatment. Method BLCA data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and GEO database (GSE13507). GSVA analysis converted the gene expression matrix to the gene set expression matrix. “CancerSubtypes” classified patients into three subtypes and established a prognostic model based on differentially expressed gene sets (DEGSs) among the three subtypes. For genes from prognosis-related DEGSs, functional and pathway enrichment analyses and PPI network analysis were carried out. The Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database was used for validation. Finally, the proportion of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) was determined using the CIBERSORT algorithm. Results In total, 414 tumor samples and 19 adjacent-tumor samples were obtained from TCGA, with 145 samples belonging to subtype A, 126 samples belonging to subtype B, and 136 samples belonging to subtype C. Then, we identified 83 DEGSs and constituted a prognostic signature with two of them: “GSE1460_CD4_THYMOCYTE_VS_THYMIC_STROMAL_CELL_DN” and “MODULE_253.” Finally, five subnets of two PPI networks were established, and nine core proteins were obtained: CDH2, COL1A1, EIF2S2, PSMA3, NAA10, DNM1L, TUBA4A, KIF11, and KIF23. The HPA database confirmed the expression of the nine core proteins in BLCA tissues. Furthermore, EIF2S2, PSMA3, DNM1L, and TUBA4A could be novel BLCA prognostic biomarkers. Conclusions In this study, we discovered two gene sets linked to BLCA prognosis. PPI analysis confirmed the network's core proteins, and several newly discovered biomarkers of BLCA prognosis were identified.
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Hao M, Zhang J, Sun M, Diao K, Wang J, Li S, Cao Q, Dai S, Mi X. TRAF4 Inhibits the Apoptosis and Promotes the Proliferation of Breast Cancer Cells by Inhibiting the Ubiquitination of Spindle Assembly-Associated Protein Eg5. Front Oncol 2022; 12:855139. [PMID: 35692762 PMCID: PMC9174544 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.855139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 4 (TRAF4) is a RING domain E3 ubiquitin ligase that mediates the ubiquitination of various proteins and plays an important role in driving tumor progression. By studying the relationship between TRAF4 and Eg5, a member of the kinesin family that plays a critical role in spindle assembly, we demonstrated that TRAF4 regulated Eg5 ubiquitination and contributed to Eg5-mediated breast cancer proliferation and inhibited breast cancer apoptosis. TRAF4 and Eg5 were both highly expressed in breast cancer and their protein level was positively correlated. Relying on its Zinc fingers domain, TRAF4 interacted with Eg5 in the cytoplasm of breast cancer cells. TRAF4 was a mitosis-related protein, and by up-regulating the protein level of Eg5 TRAF4 participated in spindle assembly. Loss of TRAF4 resulted in monopolar spindles formation, but loss of function could be rescued by Eg5. Relying on its RING domain, TRAF4 up-regulated Eg5 protein levels by inhibition of Eg5 ubiquitination, thus stabilizing Eg5 protein level during mitosis. Furthermore, we found that Smurf2, a TRAF4-targeted ubiquitination substrate, mediated the regulation of Eg5 ubiquitination by TRAF4. TRAF4 inhibited the interaction between Smurf2 and Eg5, and down-regulated the protein level of Smurf2 by promoting its ubiquitination, thereby inhibited the Smurf2-catalyzed ubiquitination of Eg5 and up-regulated Eg5 protein levels. We also demonstrate that TRAF4 plays an important role in promoting cell proliferation and in inhibiting cell apoptosis induced by Eg5. In summary, our study suggests a new direction for investigating the role of TRAF4 in driving breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Hao
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Mingfang Sun
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kexin Diao
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shiping Li
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qixue Cao
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shundong Dai
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyi Mi
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoyi Mi,
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Understanding the Underlying Molecular Mechanisms of Meiotic Arrest during In Vitro Spermatogenesis in Rat Prepubertal Testicular Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115893. [PMID: 35682573 PMCID: PMC9180380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro spermatogenesis appears to be a promising approach to restore the fertility of childhood cancer survivors. The rat model has proven to be challenging, since germ cell maturation is arrested in organotypic cultures. Here, we report that, despite a meiotic entry, abnormal synaptonemal complexes were found in spermatocytes, and in vitro matured rat prepubertal testicular tissues displayed an immature phenotype. RNA-sequencing analyses highlighted up to 600 differentially expressed genes between in vitro and in vivo conditions, including genes involved in blood-testis barrier (BTB) formation and steroidogenesis. BTB integrity, the expression of two steroidogenic enzymes, and androgen receptors were indeed altered in vitro. Moreover, most of the top 10 predicted upstream regulators of deregulated genes were involved in inflammatory processes or immune cell recruitment. However, none of the three anti-inflammatory molecules tested in this study promoted meiotic progression. By analysing for the first time in vitro matured rat prepubertal testicular tissues at the molecular level, we uncovered the deregulation of several genes and revealed that defective BTB function, altered steroidogenic pathway, and probably inflammation, could be at the origin of meiotic arrest.
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