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Zhang P, Wang T, Cui G, Ye R, Wan W, Liu T, Zheng Y, Zhong Z. Systemic Multifunctional Nanovaccines for Potent Personalized Immunotherapy of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2407189. [PMID: 39171954 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202407189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Hematological malignancies (HM) like acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are often intractable. Cancer vaccines possibly inducing robust and broad anti-tumor immune responses may be a promising treatment option for HM. Few effective vaccines against blood cancers are, however, developed to date partly owing to insufficient stimulation of dendritic cells (DCs) in the body and lacking appropriate tumor antigens (Ags). Here it is found that systemic multifunctional nanovaccines consisting of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) and Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonists - muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and CpG, and tumor cell lysate (TCL) as Ags (MCA-NV) induce potent and broad immunity against AML. MCA-NV show complementary stimulation of DCs and prime homing to lymphoid organs following systemic administration. Of note, in orthotopic AML mouse models, intravenous infusion of different vaccine formulations elicits substantially higher anti-AML efficacies than subcutaneous administration. Systemic MCA-NV cure 78% of AML mice and elicit long-term immune memory with 100% protection from rechallenging AML cells. Systemic MCA-NV can also serve as prophylactic vaccines against the same AML. These systemic nanovaccines utilizing patient TCL as Ags and dual adjuvants to elicit strong, durable, and broad immune responses can provide a personalized immunotherapeutic strategy against AML and other HM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Tanzhen Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, P. R. China
| | - Guanhong Cui
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Ruonan Ye
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Wan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou International Joint Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Tianhui Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, P. R. China
| | - Yiran Zheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou International Joint Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou International Joint Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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Poudel K, Vithiananthan T, Kim JO, Tsao H. Recent progress in cancer vaccines and nanovaccines. Biomaterials 2024; 314:122856. [PMID: 39366184 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024]
Abstract
Vaccine science, nanotechnology, and immunotherapy are at the forefront of cancer treatment strategies, each offering significant potential for enhancing tumor-specific immunity and establishing long-lasting immune memory to prevent tumor recurrence. Despite the promise of these personalized and precision-based anti-cancer approaches, challenges such as immunosuppression, suboptimal immune activation, and T-cell exhaustion continue to hinder their effectiveness. The limited clinical success of cancer vaccines often stems from difficulties in identifying effective antigens, efficiently targeting immune cells, lymphoid organs, and the tumor microenvironment, overcoming immune evasion, enhancing immunogenicity, and avoiding lysosomal degradation. However, numerous studies have demonstrated that integrating nanotechnology with immunotherapeutic strategies in vaccine development can overcome these challenges, leading to potent antitumor immune responses and significant progress in the field. This review highlights the critical components of cancer vaccine and nanovaccine strategies for immunomodulatory antitumor therapy. It covers general vaccine strategies, types of vaccines, antigen forms, nanovaccine platforms, challenges faced, potential solutions, and key findings from preclinical and clinical studies, along with future perspectives. To fully unlock the potential of cancer vaccines and nanovaccines, precise immunological monitoring during early-phase trials is essential. This approach will help identify and address obstacles, ultimately expanding the available options for patients who are resistant to conventional cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishwor Poudel
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine and Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tulasi Vithiananthan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine and Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jong Oh Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Hensin Tsao
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine and Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Naskar S, Sriraman N, Sarkar A, Mahajan N, Sarkar K. Tumor antigen presentation and the associated signal transduction during carcinogenesis. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 261:155485. [PMID: 39088877 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Numerous developments have been achieved in the study and treatment of cancer throughout the decades that it has been common. After decades of research, about 100 different kinds of cancer have been found, each with unique subgroups within certain organs. This has significantly expanded our understanding of the illness. A mix of genetic, environmental, and behavioral variables contribute to the complicated and diverse process of cancer formation. Mutations, or changes in the DNA sequence, are crucial to the development of cancer. These mutations have the ability to downregulate the expression and function of Major Histocompatibility Complex class I (MHC I) and MHCII receptors, as well as activate oncogenes and inactivate tumor suppressor genes. Cancer cells use this tactic to avoid being recognized by cytotoxic CD8+T lymphocytes, which causes issues with antigen presentation and processing. This review goes into great length into the PI3K pathway, changes to MHC I, and positive impacts of tsMHC-II on disease-free survival and overall survival and the involvement of dendritic cells (DCs) in different tumor microenvironments. The vital functions that the PI3K pathway and its link to the mTOR pathway are highlighted and difficulties in developing effective cancer targeted therapies and feedback systems has also been mentioned, where resistance mechanisms include RAS-mediated oncogenic changes and active PI3K signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohom Naskar
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Nawaneetan Sriraman
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Ankita Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Nitika Mahajan
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Koustav Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India.
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Peng S, Yan Y, Ogino K, Ma G, Xia Y. Spatiotemporal coordination of antigen presentation and co-stimulatory signal for enhanced anti-tumor vaccination. J Control Release 2024; 374:312-324. [PMID: 39153722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Controlled-release systems enhance anti-tumor effects by leveraging local antigen persistence for antigen-presenting cells (APCs) recruitment and T cell engagement. However, constant antigen presentation alone tends to induce dysfunction in tumor-specific CD8+ T cells, neglecting the synergistic effects of co-stimulatory signal. To address this, we developed a soft particle-stabilized emulsion (SPE) to deliver lipopeptides with controlled release profiles by adjusting their hydrophobic chain lengths: C6-SPE (fast release), C10-SPE (medium release), and C16-SPE (slow release). Following administration, C6-SPE release antigen rapidly, inducing early antigen presentation, whereas C16-SPE's slow-release delays antigen presentation. Both scenarios missed the critical window for coordinating with the expression of CD86, leading to either T cell apoptosis or suboptimal activation. In contrast, C10-SPE achieved a spatiotemporally synergetic effect of the MHC-I-peptide complex and co-stimulatory signal (CD86), leading to effective dendritic cell (DC) activation, enhanced T cell activation, and tumor regression in EG7-OVA bearing mice. Additionally, co-delivery of cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) with SPE provided a sustained expression of the CD86 window for DC activation, improving the immune response and producing robust anti-tumor effects with C6-SPE comparable to C10-SPE. These findings highlight that synchronizing the spatiotemporal dynamics of antigen presentation and APC activation may confer an optimal strategy for enhanced vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yumeng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Kenji Ogino
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Yufei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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Ross KA, Kelly S, Phadke KS, Peroutka-Bigus N, Fasina O, Siddoway A, Mallapragada SK, Wannemuehler MJ, Bellaire BH, Narasimhan B. Next-generation nanovaccine induces durable immunity and protects against SARS-CoV-2. Acta Biomater 2024; 183:318-329. [PMID: 38844193 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
While first generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were effective in slowing the spread and severity of disease during the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a need for vaccines capable of inducing durable and broad immunity against emerging variants of concern. Nanoparticle-based vaccines (i.e., "nanovaccines") composed of polyanhydride nanoparticles and pentablock copolymer micelles have previously been shown to protect against respiratory pathogens, including influenza A virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and Yersinia pestis. In this work, a nanovaccine containing SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid antigens was designed and optimized. The optimized nanovaccine induced long-lived systemic IgG antibody responses against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 virus. In addition, the nanovaccine induced antibody responses capable of neutralization and cross-reactivity to multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants (including B.1.1.529) and antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. Finally, the nanovaccine protected mice against a lethal SARS-CoV-2 challenge, setting the stage for advancing particle-based SARS-CoV-2 nanovaccines. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: First-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were effective in slowing the spread and limiting the severity of COVID-19. However, current vaccines target only one antigen of the virus (i.e., spike protein) and focus on the generation of neutralizing antibodies, which may be less effective against new, circulating strains. In this work, we demonstrated the ability of a novel nanovaccine platform, based on polyanhydride nanoparticles and pentablock copolymer micelles, to generate durable and broad immunity against SARS-CoV-2. These nanovaccines induced long-lasting (> 62 weeks) serum antibody responses which neutralized binding to ACE2 receptors and were cross-reactive to multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants. Additionally, mice immunized with the SARS-CoV-2 nanovaccine showed a significant increase of antigen-specific T cell responses in the draining lymph nodes and spleens. Together, these nanovaccine-induced immune responses contributed to the protection of mice against a lethal challenge of live SARS-CoV-2 virus, indicating that this nanovaccine platform is a promising next-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Ross
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Sean Kelly
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Chemical & Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Kruttika S Phadke
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Nathan Peroutka-Bigus
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Olufemi Fasina
- Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Alaric Siddoway
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Chemical & Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Surya K Mallapragada
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Chemical & Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Michael J Wannemuehler
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Bryan H Bellaire
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Chemical & Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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6
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Slepenkin A, Pal S, Rasley A, Coleman MA, de la Maza LM. Safety and efficacy of C. muridarum vaccines adjuvanted with CpG-1826 and four concentrations of Montanide-ISA-720-VG. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:104. [PMID: 38858418 PMCID: PMC11164897 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00880-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
It is recommended that the adjuvant Montanide ISA 720 VG be used at a concentration of 70% v/v. At this concentration, Montanide causes at the site of immunization a local granuloma that can last for several weeks. To determine the safety and protective efficacy of a Chlamydia muridarum MOMP vaccine, formulated with CpG-1826 and four different concentrations of Montanide (70%, 50%, 30% and 10%), BALB/c (H-2d) female mice were immunized twice intramuscularly. Local reactogenicity was significant for vaccines formulated with 70% or 50% Montanide but not for those inoculated with 30% or 10% Montanide. Robust humoral and cell mediated memory immune responses were elicited by the 70%, 50% and 30% Montanide formulations. Mice were challenged intranasally with 104 C. muridarum inclusion forming units (IFU). Based on changes in body weight, lungs's weight and number of IFU recovered, mice vaccinated with the 70%, 50% and 30% Montanide formulations were significantly protected, but not mice receiving 10% Montanide. To conclude, we recommend the 30% Montanide concentration to be tested in humans and animal models to determine its safety and efficacy, in comparison to the 70% Montanide concentration currently used. The 30% Montanide formulation could significantly facilitate licensing of this adjuvant for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoli Slepenkin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Sciences I, Room D440, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-4800, USA
| | - Sukumar Pal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Sciences I, Room D440, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-4800, USA
| | - Amy Rasley
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550-9234, USA
| | - Matthew A Coleman
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550-9234, USA
- University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sacramento, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Luis M de la Maza
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Sciences I, Room D440, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-4800, USA.
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Ngai D, Sukka SR, Tabas I. Crosstalk between efferocytic myeloid cells and T-cells and its relevance to atherosclerosis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1403150. [PMID: 38873597 PMCID: PMC11169609 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1403150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The interplay between myeloid cells and T-lymphocytes is critical to the regulation of host defense and inflammation resolution. Dysregulation of this interaction can contribute to the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. Important among these diseases is atherosclerosis, which refers to focal lesions in the arterial intima driven by elevated apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, notably low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and characterized by the formation of a plaque composed of inflammatory immune cells, a collection of dead cells and lipids called the necrotic core, and a fibrous cap. As the disease progresses, the necrotic core expands, and the fibrous cap becomes thin, which increases the risk of plaque rupture or erosion. Plaque rupture leads to a rapid thrombotic response that can give rise to heart attack, stroke, or sudden death. With marked lowering of circulating LDL, however, plaques become more stable and cardiac risk is lowered-a process known as atherosclerosis regression. A critical aspect of both atherosclerosis progression and regression is the crosstalk between innate (myeloid cells) and adaptive (T-lymphocytes) immune cells. Myeloid cells are specialized at clearing apoptotic cells by a process called efferocytosis, which is necessary for inflammation resolution. In advanced disease, efferocytosis is impaired, leading to secondary necrosis of apoptotic cells, inflammation, and, most importantly, defective tissue resolution. In regression, efferocytosis is reawakened aiding in inflammation resolution and plaque stabilization. Here, we will explore how efferocytosing myeloid cells could affect T-cell function and vice versa through antigen presentation, secreted factors, and cell-cell contacts and how this cellular crosstalk may contribute to the progression or regression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ngai
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Santosh R. Sukka
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ira Tabas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Physiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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Ross R, Hasheminasab SS, Conejeros I, Gärtner U, Kamena F, Krueger A, Taubert A, Hermosilla C. Human dendritic cell interactions with the zoonotic parasite Cryptosporidium parvum result in activation and maturation. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1388366. [PMID: 38799470 PMCID: PMC11116633 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1388366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis in humans is caused by infection of the zoonotic apicomplexan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum. In 2006, it was included by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the group of the most neglected poverty-related diseases. It is characterized by enteritis accompanied by profuse catarrhalic diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality, especially in children of developing countries under the age of 5 years and in HIV patients. The vulnerability of HIV patients indicates that a robust adaptive immune response is required to successfully fight this parasite. Little is known, however, about the adaptive immune response against C. parvum. To have an insight into the early events of the adaptive immune response, we generated primary human dendritic cells (DCs) from monocytes of healthy blood donors and exposed them to C. parvum oocysts and sporozoites in vitro. DCs are equipped with numerous receptors that detect microbial molecules and alarm signals. If stimulation is strong enough, an essential maturation process turns DCs into unique activators of naïve T cells, a prerequisite of any adaptive immune response. Parasite exposure highly induced the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 in DCs. Moreover, antigen-presenting molecules (HLA-DR and CD1a), maturation markers, and costimulatory molecules required for T-cell stimulation (CD83, CD40, and CD86) and adhesion molecules (CD11b and CD58) were all upregulated. In addition, parasite-exposed human DCs showed enhanced cell adherence, increased mobility, and a boosted but time-limited phagocytosis of C. parvum oocysts and sporozoites, representing other prerequisites for antigen presentation. Unlike several other microbial stimuli, C. parvum exposure rather led to increased oxidative consumption rates (OCRs) than extracellular acidification rates (ECARs) in DCs, indicating that different metabolic pathways were used to provide energy for DC activation. Taken together, C. parvum-exposed human DCs showed all hallmarks of successful maturation, enabling them to mount an effective adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Ross
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Seyed Sajjad Hasheminasab
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Iván Conejeros
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Gärtner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Faustin Kamena
- Laboratory for Molecular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Andreas Krueger
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Whelan AO, Flick-Smith HC, Walker NJ, Abraham A, Levitz SM, Ostroff GR, Oyston PCF. A glucan-particle based tularemia subunit vaccine induces T-cell immunity and affords partial protection in an inhalation rat infection model. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0294998. [PMID: 38713688 PMCID: PMC11075878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Tularemia is a zoonotic disease caused by the facultative intracellular gram-negative bacterium Francisella tularensis. F. tularensis has a very low infection dose by the aerosol route which can result in an acute, and potentially lethal, infection in humans. Consequently, it is classified as a Category A bioterrorism agent by the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and is a pathogen of concern for the International Biodefence community. There are currently no licenced tularemia vaccines. In this study we report on the continued assessment of a tularemia subunit vaccine utilising β-glucan particles (GPs) as a vaccine delivery platform for immunogenic F. tularensis antigens. Using a Fischer 344 rat infection model, we demonstrate that a GP based vaccine comprising the F. tularensis lipopolysaccharide antigen together with the protein antigen FTT0814 provided partial protection of F344 rats against an aerosol challenge with a high virulence strain of F. tularensis, SCHU S4. Inclusion of imiquimod as an adjuvant failed to enhance protective efficacy. Moreover, the level of protection afforded was dependant on the challenge dose. Immunological characterisation of this vaccine demonstrated that it induced strong antibody immunoglobulin responses to both polysaccharide and protein antigens. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the FTT0814 component of the GP vaccine primed CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells from immunised F344 rats to express interferon-γ, and CD4+ cells to express interleukin-17, in an antigen specific manner. These data demonstrate the development potential of this tularemia subunit vaccine and builds on a body of work highlighting GPs as a promising vaccine platform for difficult to treat pathogens including those of concern to the bio-defence community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam O. Whelan
- CBR Division, Dstl Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ambily Abraham
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stuart M. Levitz
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gary R. Ostroff
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Gilmour BC, Corthay A, Øynebråten I. High production of IL-12 by human dendritic cells stimulated with combinations of pattern-recognition receptor agonists. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:83. [PMID: 38702320 PMCID: PMC11068792 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00869-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The cytokine IL-12p70 is crucial for T helper 1 (Th1) polarization and the generation of type 1 immunity required to fight cancer and pathogens. Therefore, strategies to optimize the production of IL-12p70 by human dendritic cells (DCs) may significantly improve the efficacy of vaccines and immunotherapies. However, the rules governing the production of IL-12p70 remain obscure. Here, we stimulated pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) representing five families of PRRs, to evaluate their ability to elicit high production of IL-12p70 by monocyte-derived DCs. We used ten well-characterized agonists and stimulated DCs in vitro with either single agonists or 27 different combinations. We found that poly(I:C), which engages the RNA-sensing PRRs TLR3 and MDA5, and LPS which stimulates TLR4, were the only agonists that could elicit notable IL-12p70 production when used as single ligands. We identified six different combinations of PRR agonists, all containing either the TLR3/MDA5 agonist poly(I:C) or the TLR7/8 agonist R848, that could synergize to elicit high production of IL-12p70 by human DCs. Five of the six combinations also triggered high production of the antiviral and antitumor cytokine IFNβ. Overall, the tested PRR ligands could be divided into three groups depending on whether they triggered production of both IL-12p70 and IFNβ, only one of the two, or neither. Thus, combinations of PRR agonists were found to increase the production of IL-12p70 by human DCs in a synergistic manner, and we identified six PRR agonist combinations that may represent strong adjuvant candidates, in particular for therapeutic cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Gilmour
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexandre Corthay
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Hybrid Technology Hub - Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Øynebråten
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
- Hybrid Technology Hub - Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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11
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Carroll SL, Pasare C, Barton GM. Control of adaptive immunity by pattern recognition receptors. Immunity 2024; 57:632-648. [PMID: 38599163 PMCID: PMC11037560 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
One of the most significant conceptual advances in immunology in recent history is the recognition that signals from the innate immune system are required for induction of adaptive immune responses. Two breakthroughs were critical in establishing this paradigm: the identification of dendritic cells (DCs) as the cellular link between innate and adaptive immunity and the discovery of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) as a molecular link that controls innate immune activation as well as DC function. Here, we recount the key events leading to these discoveries and discuss our current understanding of how PRRs shape adaptive immune responses, both indirectly through control of DC function and directly through control of lymphocyte function. In this context, we provide a conceptual framework for how variation in the signals generated by PRR activation, in DCs or other cell types, can influence T cell differentiation and shape the ensuing adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaina L Carroll
- Division of Immunology & Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Chandrashekhar Pasare
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Gregory M Barton
- Division of Immunology & Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
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12
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Wang B, Liu S, Li H, Dong W, Liu H, Zhang J, Tian C, Dong S. Facile Preparation of Carbohydrate-Containing Adjuvants Based on Self-Assembling Glycopeptide Conjugates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202309140. [PMID: 37950683 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are intriguing biomolecules possessing diverse biological activities, including immune stimulating capability. However, their biomedical applications have been limited by their complex and heterogeneous structures. In this study, we have utilized a self-assembling glycopeptide conjugate (GPC) system to produce uniform nanoribbons appending homogeneous oligosaccharides with multivalency. This system successfully translates the nontrivial structural differences of oligomannoses into varied binding affinities to C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). We have shown that GPCs could promote the CLR-mediated endocytosis of ovalbumin (OVA) antigen, and two mannotriose-modified peptides F3m2 and F3m5 exhibit potent activity in inducing antigen-presenting cell maturation, as indicated by increased CD86 and MHCII expression. In vivo studies demonstrated that GPCs, combined with OVA antigen, significantly enhanced OVA-specific antibody production. Specifically, F3m2 and F3m5 exhibited the highest immunostimulatory effects, eliciting both Th1- and Th2-biased immune responses and promoting differentiation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. These findings highlight the potential of GPCs as vaccine adjuvants, and showcase their versatility in exploiting the biological functions of carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Haoting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Weidong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Haiyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Chao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Suwei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
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13
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Cao LL, Kagan JC. Targeting innate immune pathways for cancer immunotherapy. Immunity 2023; 56:2206-2217. [PMID: 37703879 PMCID: PMC10591974 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system is critical for inducing durable and protective T cell responses to infection and has been increasingly recognized as a target for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we present a framework wherein distinct innate immune signaling pathways activate five key dendritic cell activities that are important for T cell-mediated immunity. We discuss molecular pathways that can agonize these activities and highlight that no single pathway can agonize all activities needed for durable immunity. The immunological distinctions between innate immunotherapy administration to the tumor microenvironment versus administration via vaccination are examined, with particular focus on the strategies that enhance dendritic cell migration, interferon expression, and interleukin-1 family cytokine production. In this context, we argue for the importance of appreciating necessity vs. sufficiency when considering the impact of innate immune signaling in inflammation and protective immunity and offer a conceptual guideline for the development of efficacious cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longyue L Cao
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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14
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Wijfjes Z, van Dalen FJ, Le Gall CM, Verdoes M. Controlling Antigen Fate in Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines by Targeting Dendritic Cell Receptors. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:4826-4847. [PMID: 37721387 PMCID: PMC10548474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) orchestrate immune responses and are therefore of interest for the targeted delivery of therapeutic vaccines. Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional APCs that excel in presentation of exogenous antigens toward CD4+ T helper cells, as well as cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. DCs are highly heterogeneous and can be divided into subpopulations that differ in abundance, function, and phenotype, such as differential expression of endocytic receptor molecules. It is firmly established that targeting antigens to DC receptors enhances the efficacy of therapeutic vaccines. While most studies emphasize the importance of targeting a specific DC subset, we argue that the differential intracellular routing downstream of the targeted receptors within the DC subset should also be considered. Here, we review the mouse and human receptors studied as target for therapeutic vaccines, focusing on antibody and ligand conjugates and how their targeting affects antigen presentation. We aim to delineate how targeting distinct receptors affects antigen presentation and vaccine efficacy, which will guide target selection for future therapeutic vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias Wijfjes
- Chemical
Immunology group, Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Chemical Immunology, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris J. van Dalen
- Chemical
Immunology group, Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Chemical Immunology, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Camille M. Le Gall
- Chemical
Immunology group, Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Chemical Immunology, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Chemical
Immunology group, Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Chemical Immunology, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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15
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de Lavergne M, Maisonneuve L, Podsypanina K, Manoury B. The role of the antigen processing machinery in the regulation and trafficking of intracellular -Toll-like receptor molecules. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 84:102375. [PMID: 37562076 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key components of the innate immune system. Their expression in antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and in particular dendritic cells (DCs), makes them critical in the induction of the adaptive immune response. In DCs, they interact with the chaperone UNC93B1 that mediates their trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to endosomes where they are cleaved by proteases and activated. All these different steps are also shared by major histocompatibility complex class-II (MHCII) molecules. Here, we will discuss the tight relationship intracellular TLRs have with the antigen processing machinery in APCs for their trafficking and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moïse de Lavergne
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Necker, France
| | - Lucie Maisonneuve
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Necker, France
| | - Katrina Podsypanina
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Necker, France
| | - Bénédicte Manoury
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Necker, France.
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16
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Li Y, Yang P, Chen F, Tang J, He Z, Yang Z, Weng L, Guo J, Zeng L, Yin H. Ccrl2-centred immune-related lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network revealed the local skin immune activation mechanism of moxibustion on adjuvant arthritis mice. Life Sci 2023; 329:121910. [PMID: 37406766 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Moxibustion is an important external therapy of traditional medicine that operates on some acupoints on the skin and is usually used for immune-related diseases. However, whether the immune function of the skin, especially the immune-related lncRNAs, contributes to the mechanism of moxibustion remains unclear. METHODS Adjuvant arthritis (AA) was induced by injection of Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the right hind paw of mice. Moxibustion was administered on the Zusanli (ST36) acupoint for 3 weeks. The alteration of foot volume and cytokine concentration in serum was used to evaluate the anti-inflammation effect of moxibustion. CD83 expression in the local skin of ST36 was measured by immunofluorescence staining. Transcriptome RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and lncRNA-mRNA network analysis were performed to construct a moxibustion-induced Immune-related lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network. qRT-PCR was used to validate the RNA-seq data. RESULTS Moxibustion at ST36 relieved the foot swelling, decreased the TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations in serum, and obviously increased the CD83 expression at the local skin of ST36. A total of 548 differentially expressed lncRNAs and 520 linked mRNAs were screened out. The significantly and predominately enriched Go term was inflammatory and immune response, and the main pathways related to inflammatory and immune responses include Toll-like receptor, cytokine-cytokine receptor, and MAPK signaling. The immune-related lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network showed 88 lncRNAs and 36 mRNAs, and Ccrl2 is the central hub of this network. CONCLUSION Local immune activation is significantly triggered by moxibustion in ST36 of AA mice. The Ccrl2-centered immune-related lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network would be a promising target for decoding the mechanism of moxibustion for immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Li
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China.
| | - Peng Yang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Fenglin Chen
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Jinfan Tang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China.
| | - Zhaoxuan He
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China.
| | - Zhonghao Yang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China.
| | - Li Weng
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China.
| | - Jing Guo
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China.
| | - Li Zeng
- Department of Rehabilitation, Medical Center Hospital of Qionglai City, Chengdu 611530, China
| | - Haiyan Yin
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China; Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610075, China.
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17
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Liao X, He J, Wang R, Zhang J, Wei S, Xiao Y, Zhou Q, Zheng X, Zhu Z, Zheng Z, Li J, Zeng Z, Chen D, Chen J. TLR-2 agonist Pam3CSK4 has no therapeutic effect on visceral leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice and may enhance the pathogenesis of the disease. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152725. [PMID: 37562277 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Most of the existing Leishmania-related research about TLR-2 agonists was focusing on their role as adjuvants in the vaccine, few studied its therapeutic effect. This paper aims to explore the therapeutic effect of TLR-2 agonist Pam3CSK4 on Leishmania-infected mice and the underlying immune molecular mechanisms. In L. donovani-infected BALB/c mice, one group was treated with Pam3CSK4 after infection and the other group was not treated. Normal uninfected mice treated with Pam3CSK4 or untreated were used as controls. Parasite load, hepatic pathology and serum antibodies were detected to assess the severity of the infection. The expression of immune-related genes, spleen lymphocyte subsets and liver RNA-seq were employed to reveal possible molecular mechanisms. The results showed that the liver and spleen parasite load of infected mice in Pam3CSK4 treated and untreated groups had no statistical difference, indicating Pam3CSK4 might have no therapeutic effect on visceral leishmaniasis. Infected mice treated with Pam3CSK4 possessed more hepatic inflammation focus, lower IgG and IgG2a antibody titers, and a lower proportion of spleen CD3+CD4+ T cells. Transcriptome analysis revealed that Th1/Th2 differentiation, NK cells, Th17 cell, complement system and calcium signaling pathways were down-regulated post-treatment of Pam3CSK4. In this study, TLR-2 agonist Pam3CSK4 showed no therapeutic effect on visceral leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice and might enhance the pathogenesis of the disease possibly due to the down-regulation of several immune-related pathways, which can improve our understanding of the role of TLR-2 in both treatment and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechun Liao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinlei He
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruanyan Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianhui Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shulan Wei
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuying Xiao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoting Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zheying Zhu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwan Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, China
| | - Zheng Zeng
- Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, China; Chong Qing Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Dali Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jianping Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, China.
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18
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Pirillo C, Al Khalidi S, Sims A, Devlin R, Zhao H, Pinto R, Jasim S, Shearer PA, Shergold AL, Donnelly H, Bravo-Blas A, Loney C, Perona-Wright G, Hutchinson E, Roberts EW. Cotransfer of antigen and contextual information harmonizes peripheral and lymph node conventional dendritic cell activation. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadg8249. [PMID: 37478193 PMCID: PMC7616026 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adg8249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
T cell responses against infections and cancer are directed by conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) in lymph nodes distant from the site of challenge. Migratory cDCs, which travel from the tissue to the lymph node, not only drive initial T cell activation but also transfer antigen to lymph node-resident cDCs. These resident cells have essential roles defining the character of the resulting T cell response; however, it is unknown how they can appropriately process and present antigens to suitably direct responses given their spatial separation. Here, using a novel strain of influenza A and a modified melanoma model, we show that tissue and lymph node cDC activation is harmonized and that this is driven by cotransfer of contextual cues. In the tumor, incomplete cDC activation in the tumor microenvironment is mirrored by lymph node-resident cDCs, whereas during influenza infection, pathogen-associated molecular patterns cotransferred with antigen drive TLR signaling in resident cDCs and their subsequent robust activation. This cotransfer mechanism explains how individual antigens can be handled distinctly by resident cDCs and how signals driving poor tumoral cDC activation further impact the lymph node. Our findings clarify how tissue context dictates antigenic and, consequently, T cell fate in the lymph node.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pirillo
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Great Britain
| | | | - A Sims
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Great Britain
| | - R Devlin
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Great Britain
| | - H Zhao
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Great Britain
- Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - R Pinto
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Great Britain
| | - S Jasim
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Great Britain
| | - PA Shearer
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Great Britain
| | - AL Shergold
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Great Britain
| | - H Donnelly
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Great Britain
| | | | - C Loney
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Great Britain
| | - G Perona-Wright
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Great Britain
| | - E Hutchinson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Great Britain
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Great Britain
| | - EW Roberts
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Great Britain
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Great Britain
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19
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Singh AK, Malviya R, Prajapati B, Singh S, Goyal P. Utilization of Stimuli-Responsive Biomaterials in the Formulation of Cancer Vaccines. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14050247. [PMID: 37233357 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14050247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunology research has focused on developing cancer vaccines to increase the number of tumor-specific effector cells and their ability to fight cancer over the last few decades. There is a lack of professional success in vaccines compared to checkpoint blockade and adoptive T-cell treatment. The vaccine's inadequate delivery method and antigen selection are most likely to blame for the poor results. Antigen-specific vaccines have recently shown promising results in preclinical and early clinical investigations. To target particular cells and trigger the best immune response possible against malignancies, it is necessary to design a highly efficient and secure delivery method for cancer vaccines; however, enormous challenges must be overcome. Current research is focused on developing stimulus-responsive biomaterials, which are a subset of the range of levels of materials, to enhance therapeutic efficacy and safety and better regulate the transport and distribution of cancer immunotherapy in vivo. A concise analysis of current developments in the area of biomaterials that respond to stimuli has been provided in brief research. Current and anticipated future challenges and opportunities in the sector are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida 203201, India
| | - Rishabha Malviya
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida 203201, India
| | - Bhupendra Prajapati
- Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat University, Kherva 384012, India
| | - Sudarshan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Priyanshi Goyal
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida 203201, India
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20
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Shi W, Tong Z, Chen S, Qiu Q, Zhou J, Qian H. Development of novel self-assembled vaccines based on tumour-specific antigenic peptide and TLR2 agonist for effective breast cancer immunotherapy via activating CD8 + T cells and enhancing their function. Immunology 2023. [PMID: 36946150 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines based on tumour-specific antigens are a promising approach for immunotherapy. However, the clinical efficacy of tumour-specific antigens is still challenging. Twelve conjugates with self-assembly properties were designed and synthesized using MAGE-A1 peptide and TLR2 agonist, combined with different covalent bonds. All the developed conjugates formed spherical nanoparticles with a diameter of approximately 150 nm, and enhanced the efficacy of the peptide vaccines with the better targeting of lymph nodes. All the conjugates could well bind to serum albumin and improve the plasma stability of the individual antigenic peptides. In particular, conjugate 6 (N-Ac PamCS-M-6) had a more significant ability to promote dendritic cell maturation, CD8+ T cell activation, and subsequent killing of tumour cells, with an in vivo tumour inhibition rate of 70 ± 2.9%. The interaction between specific response and the different conjugation modes was further explored, thereby providing a fundamental basis for novel immune anti-tumour molecular platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Tong
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Qiu
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Yancheng Teachers' University, Yancheng, 224002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Zhou
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Qian
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
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21
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Agallou M, Margaroni M, Tsanaktsidou E, Badounas F, Kammona O, Kiparissides C, Karagouni E. A liposomal vaccine promotes strong adaptive immune responses via dendritic cell activation in draining lymph nodes. J Control Release 2023; 356:386-401. [PMID: 36893900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Subunit proteins provide a safe source of antigens for vaccine development especially for intracellular infections which require the induction of strong cellular immune responses. However, those antigens are often limited by their low immunogenicity. In order to achieve effective immune responses, they should be encapsulated into a stable antigen delivery system combined with an appropriate adjuvant. As such cationic liposomes provide an efficient platform for antigen delivery. In the present study, we describe a liposomal vaccine platform for co-delivery of antigens and adjuvants able to elicit strong antigen-specific adaptive immune responses. Liposomes are composed of the cationic lipid dimethyl dioctadecylammonium bromide (DDAB), cholesterol (CHOL) and oleic acid (OA). Physicochemical characterization of the formulations showed that their size was in the range of ∼250 nm with a positive zeta potential which was affected in some cases by the enviromental pH facilitating endosomal escape of potential vaccine cargo. In vitro, liposomes were effectively taken up by bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDCs) and when encapsulated IMQ they promoted BMDCs maturation and activation. Upon in vivo intramuscular administration, liposomes' active drainage to lymph nodes was mediated by DCs, B cells and macrophages. Thus, mice immunization with liposomes having encapsulated LiChimera, a previously characterized anti-leishmanial antigen, and IMQ elicited infiltration of CD11blow DCs populations in draining LNs followed by increased antigen-specific IgG, IgG2a and IgG1 levels production as well as indcution of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Collectively, the present work provides a proof-of-concept that cationic liposomes composed of DDAB, CHOL and OA adjuvanted with IMQ provide an efficient delivery platform for protein antigens able to induce strong adaptive immune responses via DCs targeting and induction of maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Agallou
- Immunology of Infection Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens 125 21, Greece
| | - Maritsa Margaroni
- Immunology of Infection Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens 125 21, Greece
| | - Evgenia Tsanaktsidou
- Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, P.O. Box 60361, Thessaloniki 57 001, Greece
| | - Fotis Badounas
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Transgenic Technology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens 125 21, Greece
| | - Olga Kammona
- Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, P.O. Box 60361, Thessaloniki 57 001, Greece
| | - Costas Kiparissides
- Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, P.O. Box 60361, Thessaloniki 57 001, Greece; Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 472, Thessaloniki 54 124, Greece
| | - Evdokia Karagouni
- Immunology of Infection Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens 125 21, Greece.
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22
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Cruz FM, Chan A, Rock KL. Pathways of MHC I cross-presentation of exogenous antigens. Semin Immunol 2023; 66:101729. [PMID: 36804685 PMCID: PMC10023513 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytes, particularly dendritic cells (DCs), generate peptide-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I complexes from antigens they have collected from cells in tissues and report this information to CD8 T cells in a process called cross-presentation. This process allows CD8 T cells to detect, respond and eliminate abnormal cells, such as cancers or cells infected with viruses or intracellular microbes. In some settings, cross-presentation can help tolerize CD8 T cells to self-antigens. One of the principal ways that DCs acquire tissue antigens is by ingesting this material through phagocytosis. The resulting phagosomes are key hubs in the cross-presentation (XPT) process and in fact experimentally conferring the ability to phagocytize antigens can be sufficient to allow non-professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) to cross-present. Once in phagosomes, exogenous antigens can be cross-presented (XPTed) through three distinct pathways. There is a vacuolar pathway in which peptides are generated and then bind to MHC I molecules within the confines of the vacuole. Ingested exogenous antigens can also be exported from phagosomes to the cytosol upon vesicular rupture and/or possibly transport. Once in the cytosol, the antigen is degraded by the proteasome and the resulting oligopeptides can be transported to MHC I molecule in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (a phagosome-to-cytosol (P2C) pathway) or in phagosomes (a phagosome-to-cytosol-to-phagosome (P2C2P) pathway). Here we review how phagosomes acquire the necessary molecular components that support these three mechanisms and the contribution of these pathways. We describe what is known as well as the gaps in our understanding of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freidrich M Cruz
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Amanda Chan
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Kenneth L Rock
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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23
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Blander JM. Different routes of MHC-I delivery to phagosomes and their consequences to CD8 T cell immunity. Semin Immunol 2023; 66:101713. [PMID: 36706521 PMCID: PMC10023361 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) present internalized antigens to CD8 T cells through cross-presentation by major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules. While conventional cDC1 excel at cross-presentation, cDC2 can be licensed to cross-present during infection by signals from inflammatory receptors, most prominently Toll-like receptors (TLRs). At the core of the regulation of cross-presentation by TLRs is the control of subcellular MHC-I traffic. Within DCs, MHC-I are enriched within endosomal recycling compartments (ERC) and traffic to microbe-carrying phagosomes under the control of phagosome-compartmentalized TLR signals to favor CD8 T cell cross-priming to microbial antigens. Viral blockade of the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP), known to inhibit the classic MHC-I presentation of cytoplasmic protein-derived peptides, depletes the ERC stores of MHC-I to simultaneously also block TLR-regulated cross-presentation. DCs counter this impairment in the two major pathways of MHC-I presentation to CD8 T cells by mobilizing noncanonical cross-presentation, which delivers MHC-I to phagosomes from a new location in the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) where MHC-I abnormally accumulate upon TAP blockade. Noncanonical cross-presentation thus rescues MHC-I presentation and cross-primes TAP-independent CD8 T cells best-matched against target cells infected with immune evasive viruses. Because noncanonical cross-presentation relies on a phagosome delivery route of MHC-I that is not under TLR control, it risks potential cross-presentation of self-antigens during infection. Here I review these findings to illustrate how the subcellular route of MHC-I to phagosomes critically impacts the regulation of cross-presentation and the nature of the CD8 T cell response to infection and cancer. I highlight important and novel implications to CD8 T cell vaccines and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Magarian Blander
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, USA; Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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24
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Guillaume J, Leufgen A, Hager FT, Pabst O, Cerovic V. MHCII expression on gut macrophages supports T cell homeostasis and is regulated by microbiota and ontogeny. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1509. [PMID: 36707699 PMCID: PMC9883227 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28554-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are traditionally considered antigen-presenting cells. However, their ability to present antigen and the factors regulating macrophage MHCII expression are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that MHCII expression on murine intestinal macrophages is differentially controlled by their residence in the small intestine (SI) or the colon, their ontogeny and the gut microbiota. Monocyte-derived macrophages are uniformly MHCIIhi, independently of the tissue of residence, microbial status or the age of the mouse, suggesting a common monocyte differentiation pathway. In contrast, MHCII expression on long-lived, prenatally-derived Tim4+ macrophages is low after birth but significantly increases at weaning in both SI and colon. Furthermore, MHCII expression on colonic Tim4+, but not monocyte-derived macrophages, is dependent on recognition of microbial stimuli, as MHCII expression is significantly downregulated in germ-free, antibiotic-treated and MyD88 deficient mice. To address the function of MHCII presentation by intestinal macrophages we established two models of macrophage-specific MHCII deficiency. We observed a significant reduction in the overall frequency and number of tissue-resident, but not newly arrived, SI CD4+ T cells in the absence of macrophage-expressed MHCII. Our data suggest that macrophage MHCII provides signals regulating gut CD4+ T cell maintenance with different requirements in the SI and colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Guillaume
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Center for Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Leufgen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian T Hager
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Oliver Pabst
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Vuk Cerovic
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Ding D, Wen Y, Liao CM, Yin XG, Zhang RY, Wang J, Zhou SH, Zhang ZM, Zou YK, Gao XF, Wei HW, Yang GF, Guo J. Self-Adjuvanting Protein Vaccine Conjugated with a Novel Synthetic TLR4 Agonist on Virus-Like Liposome Induces Potent Immunity against SARS-CoV-2. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1467-1483. [PMID: 36625758 PMCID: PMC9844103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Exploring potent adjuvants and new vaccine strategies is crucial for the development of protein vaccines. In this work, we synthesized a new TLR4 agonist, structurally simplified lipid A analogue GAP112, as a potent built-in adjuvant to improve the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD protein. The new TLR4 agonist GAP112 was site-selectively conjugated on the N-terminus of RBD to construct an adjuvant-protein conjugate vaccine in a liposomal formulation. It is the first time that a TLR4 agonist is site-specifically and quantitatively conjugated to a protein antigen. Compared with an unconjugated mixture of GAP112/RBD, a two-dose immunization of the GAP112-RBD conjugate vaccine strongly activated innate immune cells, elicited a 223-fold increase in RBD-specific antibodies, and markedly enhanced T-cell responses. Antibodies induced by GAP112-RBD also effectively cross-neutralized SARS-CoV-2 variants (Delta/B.1.617.2 and Omicron/B.1.1.529). This conjugate strategy provides an effective method to greatly enhance the immunogenicity of antigen in protein vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Yu Wen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Chun-Miao Liao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Xu-Guang Yin
- School of Medicine, Shaoxing
University, Shaoxing312000, China
| | - Ru-Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Shi-Hao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Yong-Ke Zou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Gao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and
Instrumentation, East China University of Technology,
Nanchang330013, China
| | - Hua-Wei Wei
- Jiangsu East-Mab Biomedical Technology
Co. Ltd, Nantong226499, China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
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26
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Tong Y, Lu G, Wang Z, Hao S, Zhang G, Sun H. Tubeimuside I improves the efficacy of a therapeutic Fusobacterium nucleatum dendritic cell-based vaccine against colorectal cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1154818. [PMID: 37207216 PMCID: PMC10189021 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1154818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) infection has been confirmed to be associated with the development, chemoresistance, and immune evasion of colorectal cancer (CRC). The complex relationship between the microorganism, host cells, and the immune system throughout all stages of CRC progression, which makes the development of new therapeutic methods difficult. Methods We developed a new dendritic cell (DC) vaccine to investigate the antitumor efficacy of CRC immunotherapy strategies. By mediating a specific mode of interaction between the bacteria, tumor, and host, we found a new plant-derived adjuvant, tubeimuside I (TBI), which simultaneously improved the DC vaccine efficacy and inhibited the F. nucleatum infection. Encapsulating TBI in a nanoemulsion greatly improved the drug efficacy and reduced the drug dosage and administration times. Results The nanoemulsion encapsulated TBI DC vaccine exhibited an excellent antibacterial and antitumor effect and improved the survival rate of CRC mice by inhibiting tumor development and progression. Discussion In this study, we provide a effective strategy for developing a DC-based vaccine against CRC and underlies the importance of further understanding the mechanism of CRC processes caused by F. nucleatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Tong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Guoxiu Lu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Shanhu Hao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Guoxu Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Guoxu Zhang, ; Hongwu Sun,
| | - Hongwu Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Guoxu Zhang, ; Hongwu Sun,
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27
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López‐Haber C, Netting DJ, Hutchins Z, Ma X, Hamilton KE, Mantegazza AR. The phagosomal solute transporter SLC15A4 promotes inflammasome activity via mTORC1 signaling and autophagy restraint in dendritic cells. EMBO J 2022; 41:e111161. [PMID: 36031853 PMCID: PMC9574736 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is the necessary first step to sense foreign microbes or particles and enables activation of innate immune pathways such as inflammasomes. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying how phagosomes modulate inflammasome activity are not fully understood. We show that in murine dendritic cells (DCs), the lysosomal histidine/peptide solute carrier transporter SLC15A4, associated with human inflammatory disorders, is recruited to phagosomes and is required for optimal inflammasome activity after infectious or sterile stimuli. Dextran sodium sulfate-treated SLC15A4-deficient mice exhibit decreased colon inflammation, reduced IL-1β production by intestinal DCs, and increased autophagy. Similarly, SLC15A4-deficient DCs infected with Salmonella typhimurium show reduced caspase-1 cleavage and IL-1β production. This correlates with peripheral NLRC4 inflammasome assembly and increased autophagy. Overexpression of constitutively active mTORC1 rescues decreased IL-1β levels and caspase1 cleavage, and restores perinuclear inflammasome positioning. Our findings support that SLC15A4 couples phagocytosis with inflammasome perinuclear assembly and inhibition of autophagy through phagosomal content sensing. Our data also reveal the previously unappreciated importance of mTORC1 signaling pathways to promote and sustain inflammasome activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia López‐Haber
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Present address:
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical CollegeThomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Daniel J Netting
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical CollegeThomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Zachary Hutchins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical CollegeThomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Xianghui Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Kathryn E Hamilton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Adriana R Mantegazza
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Present address:
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical CollegeThomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
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28
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Lee W, Suresh M. Vaccine adjuvants to engage the cross-presentation pathway. Front Immunol 2022; 13:940047. [PMID: 35979365 PMCID: PMC9376467 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.940047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants are indispensable components of vaccines for stimulating optimal immune responses to non-replicating, inactivated and subunit antigens. Eliciting balanced humoral and T cell-mediated immunity is paramount to defend against diseases caused by complex intracellular pathogens, such as tuberculosis, malaria, and AIDS. However, currently used vaccines elicit strong antibody responses, but poorly stimulate CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. To elicit potent CTL memory, vaccines need to engage the cross-presentation pathway, and this requirement has been a crucial bottleneck in the development of subunit vaccines that engender effective T cell immunity. In this review, we focus on recent insights into DC cross-presentation and the extent to which clinically relevant vaccine adjuvants, such as aluminum-based nanoparticles, water-in oil emulsion (MF59) adjuvants, saponin-based adjuvants, and Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands modulate DC cross-presentation efficiency. Further, we discuss the feasibility of using carbomer-based adjuvants as next generation of adjuvant platforms to elicit balanced antibody- and T-cell based immunity. Understanding of the molecular mechanism of DC cross-presentation and the mode of action of adjuvants will pave the way for rational design of vaccines for infectious diseases and cancer that require balanced antibody- and T cell-based immunity.
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29
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Kaur A, Baldwin J, Brar D, Salunke DB, Petrovsky N. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists as a driving force behind next-generation vaccine adjuvants and cancer therapeutics. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 70:102172. [PMID: 35785601 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, the development of new human adjuvants was held back by a poor understanding of their mechanisms of action. The field was revolutionized by the discovery of the toll-like receptors (TLRs), innate immune receptors that directly or indirectly are responsible for detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and respond to them by activating innate and adaptive immune pathways. Hundreds of ligands targeting various TLRs have since been identified and characterized as vaccine adjuvants. This work has important implications not only for the development of vaccines against infectious diseases but also for immuno-therapies against cancer, allergy, Alzheimer's disease, drug addiction and other diseases. Each TLR has its own specific tissue localization and downstream gene signalling pathways, providing researchers the opportunity to precisely tailor adjuvants with specific immune effects. TLR agonists can be combined with other TLR or alternative adjuvants to create combination adjuvants with synergistic or modulatory effects. This review provides an introduction to the various classes of TLR adjuvants and their respective signalling pathways. It provides an overview of recent advancements in the TLR field in the past 2-3 years and discusses criteria for selecting specific TLR adjuvants based on considerations, such as disease mechanisms and correlates of protection, TLR immune biasing capabilities, route of administration, antigen compatibility, new vaccine technology platforms, and age- and species-specific effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccines, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Deshkanwar Brar
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccines, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deepak B Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccines, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia.
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30
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Mitchell RA, Altszuler R, Gonzalez S, Johnson R, Frevert U, Nardin E. Innate Immune Responses and P. falciparum CS Repeat-Specific Neutralizing Antibodies Following Vaccination by Skin Scarification. Front Immunol 2022; 13:801111. [PMID: 35734173 PMCID: PMC9207416 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.801111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is the site of host invasion by the mosquito-borne Plasmodium parasite, which caused an estimated 229 million infections and 409,000 deaths in 2019 according to WHO World Malaria report 2020. In our previous studies, we have shown that skin scarification (SS) with a P. falciparum circumsporozoite (CS) peptide in the oil-in-water adjuvant AddaVax containing a combination of TLR 7/8 and TLR 9 agonists can elicit sporozoite neutralizing antibodies. SS with AddaVax + TLR agonists, but not AddaVax alone, elicited CD4+ Th1 cells and IgG2a/c anti-repeat antibody. To explore the innate immune responses that may contribute to development of adaptive immunity following SS, we examined the skin at 4h and 24h post priming with CS peptide in AddaVax with or without TLR agonists. H&E stained and IHC-labeled dorsal skin sections obtained 24h post SS demonstrated a marked difference in the pattern of infiltration with F4/80+, CD11b+ and Ly6G+ cells at the immunization site, with the lowest intensity noted following SS with AddaVax + TLR agonists. Serum collected at 4h post SS, had reproducible increases in IL-6, MIP-3α, IL-22 and IP-10 (CXCL10) following SS with AddaVax + TLR agonists, but not with AddaVax alone. To begin to decipher the complex roles of these pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, we utilized IP-10 deficient (IP-10 -/-) mice to examine the role of this chemokine in the development of anti-repeat antibody response following SS. In the absence of IP-10, the levels of Th1-type IgG2a/c antibody and kinetics of the primary anti-repeat antibody response were reduced following prime and boost. The IP-10 chemokine, present as early as 4h post prime, may provide an early serological marker for rapid screening of adjuvant formulations and delivery platforms to optimize SS-induced humoral immunity to CS repeats as well as other pathogens.
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31
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Mittal D, Ali SA. Use of Nanomaterials for Diagnosis and Treatment: The Advancement of Next-Generation Antiviral Therapy. Microb Drug Resist 2022; 28:670-697. [PMID: 35696335 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2021.0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, viral illness propagation is the leading cause of morbidity and death, causing wreaking havoc on socioeconomic development and health care systems. The rise of infected individuals has outpaced the existing critical care facilities. Early and sophisticated methods are desperately required in this respect to halt the spread of the infection. Therefore, early detection of infectious agents and an early treatment approach may help minimize viral outbreaks. Conventional point-of-care diagnostic techniques such as computed tomography scan, quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), X-ray, and immunoassay are still deemed valuable. However, the labor demanding, low sensitivity, and complex infrastructure needed for these methods preclude their use in distant areas. Nanotechnology has emerged as a potentially transformative technology due to its promise as an effective theranostic platform for diagnosing and treating viral infection, circumventing the limits of traditional techniques. Their unique physical and chemical characteristics make nanoparticles (NPs) advantageous for drug delivery platforms due to their size, encapsulation efficiency, improved bioavailability, effectiveness, immunogenicity, and antiviral response. This study discusses the recent research on nanotechnology-based treatments designed to combat new viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Mittal
- Nanosafety Lab, Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Syed Azmal Ali
- Cell Biology and Proteomics Lab, Animal Biotechnology Center, ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, Haryana, India
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32
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Duan T, Du Y, Xing C, Wang HY, Wang RF. Toll-Like Receptor Signaling and Its Role in Cell-Mediated Immunity. Front Immunol 2022. [PMID: 35309296 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first defense system against invading pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are well-defined pattern recognition receptors responsible for pathogen recognition and induction of innate immune responses. Since their discovery, TLRs have revolutionized the field of immunology by filling the gap between the initial recognition of pathogens by innate immune cells and the activation of the adaptive immune response. TLRs critically link innate immunity to adaptive immunity by regulating the activation of antigen-presenting cells and key cytokines. Furthermore, recent studies also have shown that TLR signaling can directly regulate the T cell activation, growth, differentiation, development, and function under diverse physiological conditions. This review provides an overview of TLR signaling pathways and their regulators and discusses how TLR signaling, directly and indirectly, regulates cell-mediated immunity. In addition, we also discuss how TLR signaling is critically important in the host's defense against infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Duan
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yang Du
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Changsheng Xing
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Helen Y Wang
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rong-Fu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Duan T, Du Y, Xing C, Wang HY, Wang RF. Toll-Like Receptor Signaling and Its Role in Cell-Mediated Immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:812774. [PMID: 35309296 PMCID: PMC8927970 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.812774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first defense system against invading pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are well-defined pattern recognition receptors responsible for pathogen recognition and induction of innate immune responses. Since their discovery, TLRs have revolutionized the field of immunology by filling the gap between the initial recognition of pathogens by innate immune cells and the activation of the adaptive immune response. TLRs critically link innate immunity to adaptive immunity by regulating the activation of antigen-presenting cells and key cytokines. Furthermore, recent studies also have shown that TLR signaling can directly regulate the T cell activation, growth, differentiation, development, and function under diverse physiological conditions. This review provides an overview of TLR signaling pathways and their regulators and discusses how TLR signaling, directly and indirectly, regulates cell-mediated immunity. In addition, we also discuss how TLR signaling is critically important in the host's defense against infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Duan
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yang Du
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Changsheng Xing
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Helen Y. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rong-Fu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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34
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Progress towards the Elusive Mastitis Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020296. [PMID: 35214754 PMCID: PMC8876843 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is a major problem in dairy farming. Vaccine prevention of mammary bacterial infections is of particular interest in helping to deal with this issue, all the more so as antibacterial drug inputs in dairy farms must be reduced. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of current vaccines is not satisfactory. In this review, we examine the possible reasons for the current shortcomings of mastitis vaccines. Some reasons stem from the peculiarities of the mammary gland immunobiology, others from the pathogens adapted to the mammary gland niche. Infection does not induce sterilizing protection, and recurrence is common. Efficacious vaccines will have to elicit immune mechanisms different from and more effective than those induced by infection. We propose focusing our research on a few points pertaining to either the current immune knowledge or vaccinology approaches to get out of the current deadlock. A possible solution is to focus on the contribution of cell-mediated immunity to udder protection based on the interactions of T cells with the mammary epithelium. On the vaccinology side, studies on the orientation of the immune response by adjuvants, the route of vaccine administration and the delivery systems are among the keys to success.
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35
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Mimicking Native Display of CD0873 on Liposomes Augments Its Potency as an Oral Vaccine against Clostridioides difficile. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9121453. [PMID: 34960199 PMCID: PMC8708880 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal vaccination aims to prevent infection mainly by inducing secretory IgA (sIgA) antibody, which neutralises pathogens and enterotoxins by blocking their attachment to epithelial cells. We previously demonstrated that encapsulated protein antigen CD0873 given orally to hamsters induces neutralising antibodies locally as well as systemically, affording partial protection against Clostridioides difficile infection. The aim of this study was to determine whether displaying CD0873 on liposomes, mimicking native presentation, would drive a stronger antibody response. The recombinant form we previously tested resembles the naturally cleaved lipoprotein commencing with a cysteine but lacking lipid modification. A synthetic lipid (DHPPA-Mal) was designed for conjugation of this protein via its N-terminal cysteine to the maleimide headgroup. DHPPA-Mal was first formulated with liposomes to produce MalLipo; then, CD0873 was conjugated to headgroups protruding from the outer envelope to generate CD0873-MalLipo. The immunogenicity of CD0873-MalLipo was compared to CD0873 in hamsters. Intestinal sIgA and CD0873-specific serum IgG were induced in all vaccinated animals; however, neutralising activity was greatest for the CD0873-MalLipo group. Our data hold great promise for development of a novel oral vaccine platform driving intestinal and systemic immune responses.
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36
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Wang Y, Xia L, Wang G, Lu H, Wang H, Luo S, Zhang T, Gao S, Huang J, Min X. Subcutaneous immunization with the fusion protein ΔA146Ply-SP0148 confers protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Microb Pathog 2021; 162:105325. [PMID: 34848296 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pneumococcal SP0148 and pneumolysin (Ply) derivatives are important vaccine candidates. SP0148 is a conserved lipoprotein with high immunogenicity produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae. We have previously demonstrated that SP0148 can confer protection against fatal infections caused by S. pneumoniae. ΔA146Ply is a noncytotoxic mutant of Ply that retains the TLR4 agonistic effect and has mucosal and subcutaneous adjuvant activities suggested to induce protective immunity against S. pneumoniae infection. In this study, we constructed the fusion protein ΔA146Ply-SP0148, composed of ΔA146Ply and SP0148, and evaluated the immunoprotective effect of the fusion protein. When mice were subcutaneously immunized with the fusion protein ΔA146Ply-SP0148, high levels of anti-ΔA146Ply and anti-SP0148 IgG antibodies were induced in the serum. Specific antibodies can bind to a variety of different serotypes of S. pneumoniae. Compared with mice immunized with ΔA146Ply and SP0148 alone, mice immunized subcutaneously with the fusion protein ΔA146Ply-SP0148 with Al(OH)3 had a higher survival rate when challenged by a lethal dose of S. pneumoniae, and they also had significantly lower lung bacterial loads and milder lung inflammation. In addition, mice immunized subcutaneously with the fusion protein ΔA146Ply-SP0148 stimulated strong Th1, Th2, and Th17 cell responses. In summary, these results suggest that subcutaneous immunization with the ΔA146Ply-SP0148 fusion protein can protect mice against fatal pneumococcal infection and lung infection. The fusion protein ΔA146ply-SP0148 can be a new pneumococcal vaccine target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Lingyin Xia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Guangli Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Huifang Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Shilu Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Song Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
| | - Xun Min
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
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37
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Karunia J, Niaz A, Mandwie M, Thomas Broome S, Keay KA, Waschek JA, Al-Badri G, Castorina A. PACAP and VIP Modulate LPS-Induced Microglial Activation and Trigger Distinct Phenotypic Changes in Murine BV2 Microglial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010947. [PMID: 34681607 PMCID: PMC8535941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are two structurally related immunosuppressive peptides. However, the underlying mechanisms through which these peptides regulate microglial activity are not fully understood. Using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce an inflammatory challenge, we tested whether PACAP or VIP differentially affected microglial activation, morphology and cell migration. We found that both peptides attenuated LPS-induced expression of the microglial activation markers Iba1 and iNOS (### p < 0.001), as well as the pro-inflammatory mediators IL-1β, IL-6, Itgam and CD68 (### p < 0.001). In contrast, treatment with PACAP or VIP exerted distinct effects on microglial morphology and migration. PACAP reversed LPS-induced soma enlargement and increased the percentage of small-sized, rounded cells (54.09% vs. 12.05% in LPS-treated cells), whereas VIP promoted a phenotypic shift towards cell subpopulations with mid-sized, spindle-shaped somata (48.41% vs. 31.36% in LPS-treated cells). Additionally, PACAP was more efficient than VIP in restoring LPS-induced impairment of cell migration and the expression of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) in BV2 cells compared with VIP. These results suggest that whilst both PACAP and VIP exert similar immunosuppressive effects in activated BV2 microglia, each peptide triggers distinctive shifts towards phenotypes of differing morphologies and with differing migration capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Karunia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (J.K.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (S.T.B.); (G.A.-B.)
| | - Aram Niaz
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (J.K.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (S.T.B.); (G.A.-B.)
| | - Mawj Mandwie
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (J.K.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (S.T.B.); (G.A.-B.)
| | - Sarah Thomas Broome
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (J.K.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (S.T.B.); (G.A.-B.)
| | - Kevin A. Keay
- School of Medical Science, [Neuroscience] and Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - James A. Waschek
- Intellectual Development and Disabilities Research Centre, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behaviour/Neuropsychiatric Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Ghaith Al-Badri
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (J.K.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (S.T.B.); (G.A.-B.)
| | - Alessandro Castorina
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (J.K.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (S.T.B.); (G.A.-B.)
- School of Medical Science, [Neuroscience] and Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Correspondence:
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38
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Du X, Hou Y, Huang J, Pang Y, Ruan C, Wu W, Xu C, Zhang H, Yin L, He W. Cytosolic delivery of the immunological adjuvant Poly I:C and cytotoxic drug crystals via a carrier-free strategy significantly amplifies immune response. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3272-3285. [PMID: 34729315 PMCID: PMC8546930 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-delivery of chemotherapeutics and immunostimulant or chemoimmunotherapy is an emerging strategy in cancer therapy. The precise control of the targeting and release of agents is critical in this methodology. This article proposes the asynchronous release of the chemotherapeutic agents and immunostimulants to realize the synergistic effect between chemotherapy and immunotherapy. To obtain a proof-of-concept, a co-delivery system was prepared via a drug-delivering-drug (DDD) strategy for cytosolic co-delivery of Poly I:C, a synthetic dsRNA analog to activate RIG-I signaling, and PTX, a commonly used chemotherapeutics, in which pure PTX nanorods were sequentially coated with Poly I:C and mannuronic acid via stimulating the RIG-I signaling axis. The co-delivery system with a diameter of 200 nm enables profound immunogenicity of cancer cells, exhibiting increased secretion of cytokines and chemokines, pronounced immune response in vivo, and significant inhibition of tumor growth. Also, we found that intracellularly sustained release of cytotoxic agents could elicit the immunogenicity of cancer cells. Overall, the intracellular asynchronous release of chemotherapeutics and immunomodulators is a promising strategy to promote the immunogenicity of cancer cells and augment the antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Du
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yuqi Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jia Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yan Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Chenlu Ruan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of Ministry of Education of China, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chenjie Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy–Boston, MCPHS University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lifang Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Corresponding author.
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39
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Howard GP, Bender NG, Khare P, López-Gutiérrez B, Nyasembe V, Weiss WJ, Simecka JW, Hamerly T, Mao HQ, Dinglasan RR. Immunopotentiation by Lymph-Node Targeting of a Malaria Transmission-Blocking Nanovaccine. Front Immunol 2021; 12:729086. [PMID: 34512663 PMCID: PMC8432939 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.729086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A successful malaria transmission blocking vaccine (TBV) requires the induction of a high antibody titer that leads to abrogation of parasite traversal of the mosquito midgut following ingestion of an infectious bloodmeal, thereby blocking the cascade of secondary human infections. Previously, we developed an optimized construct UF6b that elicits an antigen-specific antibody response to a neutralizing epitope of Anopheline alanyl aminopeptidase N (AnAPN1), an evolutionarily conserved pan-malaria mosquito midgut-based TBV target, as well as established a size-controlled lymph node targeting biodegradable nanoparticle delivery system that leads to efficient and durable antigen-specific antibody responses using the model antigen ovalbumin. Herein, we demonstrate that co-delivery of UF6b with the adjuvant CpG oligodeoxynucleotide immunostimulatory sequence (ODN ISS) 1018 using this biodegradable nanoparticle vaccine delivery system generates an AnAPN1-specific immune response that blocks parasite transmission in a standard membrane feeding assay. Importantly, this platform allows for antigen dose-sparing, wherein lower antigen payloads elicit higher-quality antibodies, therefore less antigen-specific IgG is needed for potent transmission-reducing activity. By targeting lymph nodes directly, the resulting immunopotentiation of AnAPN1 suggests that the de facto assumption that high antibody titers are needed for a TBV to be successful needs to be re-examined. This nanovaccine formulation is stable at -20°C storage for at least 3 months, an important consideration for vaccine transport and distribution in regions with poor healthcare infrastructure. Together, these data support further development of this nanovaccine platform for malaria TBVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P Howard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nicole G Bender
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Prachi Khare
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Borja López-Gutiérrez
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Vincent Nyasembe
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - William J Weiss
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and UNTHSC Preclinical Services, University of North Texas System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Jerry W Simecka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and UNTHSC Preclinical Services, University of North Texas System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Timothy Hamerly
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Hai-Quan Mao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, United States
| | - Rhoel R Dinglasan
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Rodríguez-Fernández JL, Criado-García O. The Actin Cytoskeleton at the Immunological Synapse of Dendritic Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:679500. [PMID: 34409027 PMCID: PMC8366227 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.679500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are considered the most potent antigen-presenting cells. DCs control the activation of T cells (TCs) in the lymph nodes. This process involves forming a specialized superstructure at the DC-TC contact zone called the immunological synapse (IS). For the sake of clarity, we call IS(DC) and IS(TC) the DC and TC sides of the IS, respectively. The IS(DC) and IS(TC) seem to organize as multicentric signaling hubs consisting of surface proteins, including adhesion and costimulatory molecules, associated with cytoplasmic components, which comprise cytoskeletal proteins and signaling molecules. Most of the studies on the IS have focused on the IS(TC), and the information on the IS(DC) is still sparse. However, the data available suggest that both IS sides are involved in the control of TC activation. The IS(DC) may govern activities of DCs that confer them the ability to activate the TCs. One key component of the IS(DC) is the actin cytoskeleton. Herein, we discuss experimental data that support the concept that actin polarized at the IS(DC) is essential to maintaining IS stability necessary to induce TC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Rodríguez-Fernández
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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41
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Ex vivo dendritic cell-based (DC) vaccine pulsed with a low dose of liposomal antigen and CpG-ODN improved PD-1 blockade immunotherapy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14661. [PMID: 34282215 PMCID: PMC8290007 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94250-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Lack of pre-existing tumor infiltrated T cells resulting in resistance to programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blockade therapies can be solved by combining with anti-cancer vaccines and CpG-ODN in increasing T cell expansion and infiltration. Therefore, we prepared an ex vivo dendritic cell-based (DC) vaccine pulsed with a low dose of either liposomal or non-liposomal gp100 antigen (2.8 µg) plus CpG-ODN (800 ng) formulations and evaluated its anti-tumor activity in combination with anti-PD-1 therapy. Our results showed a combination of liposomal peptide plus CpG-ODN pulsed DC with anti-PD-1 antibody was more efficacious, as evidenced by a significant increase in Teff/Treg TILs with a marked fourfold elevation of IFN-γ expression level in the tumor site of treated mice which reversed resistance to PD-1 blockade in a CD8 T cell-dependent manner. Furthermore, this combination also led to a remarkable tumor remission and prolonged survival rate in melanoma-bearing mice compared to non-liposomal peptide plus CpG-ODN or single-treated liposomal peptide formulations. Our results provide essential insights to devise combining regimens to improve the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockers even by a low dose of peptide and CpG-ODN.
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42
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Tifrea DF, He W, Pal S, Evans AC, Gilmore SF, Fischer NO, Rasley A, Coleman MA, de la Maza LM. Induction of Protection in Mice against a Chlamydia muridarum Respiratory Challenge by a Vaccine Formulated with the Major Outer Membrane Protein in Nanolipoprotein Particles. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:755. [PMID: 34358171 PMCID: PMC8310061 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is a sexually transmitted bacterium that infects over 130 million individuals worldwide annually. To implement a vaccine, we developed a cell-free co-translational system to express the Chlamydia muridarum major outer membrane protein (MOMP). This approach uses a nanolipoprotein particles (tNLP) made from ApoA1 protein, amphiphilic telodendrimer and lipids that self-assemble to form 10-25 nm discs. These tNLP provide a protein-encapsulated lipid support to solubilize and fold membrane proteins. The cell-free system co-translated MOMP and ApoA1 in the presence of telodendrimer mixed with lipids. The MOMP-tNLP complex was amenable to CpG and FSL-1 adjuvant addition. To investigate the ability of MOMP-tNLP+CpG+FSL-1 to induce protection against an intranasal (i.n.) C. muridarum challenge, female mice were vaccinated intramuscularly (i.m.) or i.n. and i.m. simultaneously 4 weeks apart. Following vaccination with MOMP-tNLP+CpG+FSL-1, mice mounted significant humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Following the i.n. challenge, mice vaccinated with MOMP-tNLP+CpG+FSL-1 i.n. + i.m. group were protected as determined by the percentage change in body weight and by the number of C. muridarum inclusion forming units (IFU) recovered from the lungs. To our knowledge, this is the first time a MOMP-based vaccine formulated in tNLP has been shown to protect against C. muridarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia F. Tifrea
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (D.F.T.); (S.P.)
| | - Wei He
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA; (W.H.); (A.C.E.); (S.F.G.); (N.O.F.); (A.R.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Sukumar Pal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (D.F.T.); (S.P.)
| | - Angela C. Evans
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA; (W.H.); (A.C.E.); (S.F.G.); (N.O.F.); (A.R.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Sean F. Gilmore
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA; (W.H.); (A.C.E.); (S.F.G.); (N.O.F.); (A.R.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Nicholas O. Fischer
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA; (W.H.); (A.C.E.); (S.F.G.); (N.O.F.); (A.R.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Amy Rasley
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA; (W.H.); (A.C.E.); (S.F.G.); (N.O.F.); (A.R.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Matthew A. Coleman
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA; (W.H.); (A.C.E.); (S.F.G.); (N.O.F.); (A.R.); (M.A.C.)
- School of Medicine, Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95616, USA
| | - Luis M. de la Maza
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (D.F.T.); (S.P.)
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43
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Qin L, Zhang H, Zhou Y, Umeshappa CS, Gao H. Nanovaccine-Based Strategies to Overcome Challenges in the Whole Vaccination Cascade for Tumor Immunotherapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006000. [PMID: 33768693 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanovaccine-based immunotherapy (NBI) has received greater attention recently for its potential to prime tumor-specific immunity and establish a long-term immune memory that prevents tumor recurrence. Despite encouraging results in the recent studies, there are still numerous challenges to be tackled for eliciting potent antitumor immunity using NBI strategies. Based on the principles that govern immune response, here it is proposed that these challenges need to be addressed at the five critical cascading events: Loading tumor-specific antigens by nanoscale drug delivery systems (L); Draining tumor antigens to lymph nodes (D); Internalization by dendritic cells (DCs) (I); Maturation of DCs by costimulatory signaling (M); and Presenting tumor-peptide-major histocompatibility complexes to T cells (P) (LDIMP cascade in short). This review provides a detailed and objective overview of emerging NBI strategies to improve the efficacy of nanovaccines in each step of the LDIMP cascade. It is concluded that the balance between each step must be optimized by delicate designing and modification of nanovaccines and by combining with complementary approaches to provide a synergistic immunity in the fight against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Qin
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Chongqing Vocational College of Transportation, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Huilin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Channakeshava Sokke Umeshappa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Huile Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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44
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Koerner J, Horvath D, Herrmann VL, MacKerracher A, Gander B, Yagita H, Rohayem J, Groettrup M. PLGA-particle vaccine carrying TLR3/RIG-I ligand Riboxxim synergizes with immune checkpoint blockade for effective anti-cancer immunotherapy. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2935. [PMID: 34006895 PMCID: PMC8131648 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
With emerging supremacy, cancer immunotherapy has evolved as a promising therapeutic modality compared to conventional antitumor therapies. Cancer immunotherapy composed of biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) particles containing antigens and toll-like receptor ligands induces vigorous antitumor immune responses in vivo. Here, we demonstrate the supreme adjuvant effect of the recently developed and pharmaceutically defined double-stranded (ds)RNA adjuvant Riboxxim especially when incorporated into PLGA particles. Encapsulation of Riboxxim together with antigens potently activates murine and human dendritic cells, and elevated tumor-specific CD8+ T cell responses are superior to those obtained using classical dsRNA analogues. This PLGA particle vaccine affords primary tumor growth retardation, prevention of metastases, and prolonged survival in preclinical tumor models. Its advantageous therapeutic potency was further enhanced by immune checkpoint blockade that resulted in reinvigoration of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses and tumor ablation. Thus, combining immune checkpoint blockade with immunotherapy based on Riboxxim-bearing PLGA particles strongly increases its efficacy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- DEAD Box Protein 58/immunology
- DEAD Box Protein 58/metabolism
- Drug Synergism
- Female
- Humans
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/immunology
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Ligands
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Nanoparticles/ultrastructure
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer/chemistry
- Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- THP-1 Cells
- Toll-Like Receptor 3/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 3/metabolism
- Treatment Outcome
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Koerner
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Dennis Horvath
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Valerie L Herrmann
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Cancer Immunology + Immune Modulation, Biberach/ Riß, Germany
| | - Anna MacKerracher
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Bruno Gander
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jacques Rohayem
- Riboxx GmbH, BioInnovationszentrum, Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marcus Groettrup
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz (BITg), Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.
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45
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Jean-Toussaint R, Lin Z, Tian Y, Gupta R, Pande R, Luo X, Hu H, Sacan A, Ajit SK. Therapeutic and prophylactic effects of macrophage-derived small extracellular vesicles in the attenuation of inflammatory pain. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 94:210-224. [PMID: 33607232 PMCID: PMC8058272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) derived from antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages can induce therapeutically relevant immune responses. Anti-inflammatory miRNAs are elevated in sEVs secreted by RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. We observed uptake of these sEVs by primary mouse cortical neurons, microglia and astrocytes followed by downregulation of proinflammatory miRNA target genes in recipient cells. Pre-treating primary microglia with these sEVs decreased pro-inflammatory gene expression. A single intrathecal injection of sEVs derived from LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 cells attenuated mechanical hyperalgesia in the complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) mouse model of inflammatory pain and formalin induced acute pain. Importantly, sEVs did not alter the normal pain threshold in control mice. RNA sequencing of dorsal horn of the spinal cord showed sEVs-induced modulation of immune regulatory pathways. Further, a single prophylactic intrathecal injection of sEVs two weeks prior, attenuated CFA-induced pain hypersensitivity and was ineffective in formalin model. This indicates that prophylactic sEVs administration can be beneficial in attenuating chronic pain without impacting responses to the protective physiological and acute inflammatory pain. Prophylactic administration of sEVs could form the basis for a safe and novel vaccine-like therapy for chronic pain or as an adjuvant, potentially reducing the dose of drugs needed for pain relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Jean-Toussaint
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Zhucheng Lin
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Yuzhen Tian
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Richa Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Richa Pande
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Xuan Luo
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Huijuan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Ahmet Sacan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science & Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Seena K Ajit
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
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46
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Chin AL, Wang X, Tong R. Aliphatic Polyester-Based Materials for Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100087. [PMID: 33909344 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and its copolymer, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), based aliphatic polyesters have been extensively used for biomedical applications, such as drug delivery system and tissue engineering, thanks to their biodegradability, benign toxicity, renewability, and adjustable mechanical properties. A rapidly growing field of cancer research, the development of therapeutic cancer vaccines or treatment modalities is aimed to deliver immunomodulatory signals that control the quality of immune responses against tumors. Herein, the progress and applications of PLA and PLGA are reviewed in delivering immunotherapeutics to treat cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Lin Chin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Rong Tong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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47
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Yin C, Heit B. Cellular Responses to the Efferocytosis of Apoptotic Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:631714. [PMID: 33959122 PMCID: PMC8093429 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.631714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid and efficient phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells, termed efferocytosis, is a critical mechanism in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Removal of apoptotic cells through efferocytosis prevents secondary necrosis and the resultant inflammation caused by the release of intracellular contents. The importance of efferocytosis in homeostasis is underscored by the large number of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, including atherosclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus, that are characterized by defective apoptotic cell clearance. Although mechanistically similar to the phagocytic clearance of pathogens, efferocytosis differs from phagocytosis in that it is immunologically silent and induces a tissue repair response. Efferocytes face unique challenges resulting from the internalization of apoptotic cells, including degradation of the apoptotic cell, dealing with the extra metabolic load imposed by the processing of apoptotic cell contents, and the coordination of an anti-inflammatory, pro-tissue repair response. This review will discuss recent advances in our understanding of the cellular response to apoptotic cell uptake, including trafficking of apoptotic cell cargo and antigen presentation, signaling and transcriptional events initiated by efferocytosis, the coordination of an anti-inflammatory response and tissue repair, unique cellular metabolic responses and the role of efferocytosis in host defense. A better understanding of how efferocytic cells respond to apoptotic cell uptake will be critical in unraveling the complex connections between apoptotic cell removal and inflammation resolution and maintenance of tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Yin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Center for Human Immunology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Bryan Heit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Center for Human Immunology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
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48
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Barbet G, Nair-Gupta P, Schotsaert M, Yeung ST, Moretti J, Seyffer F, Metreveli G, Gardner T, Choi A, Tortorella D, Tampé R, Khanna KM, García-Sastre A, Blander JM. TAP dysfunction in dendritic cells enables noncanonical cross-presentation for T cell priming. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:497-509. [PMID: 33790474 PMCID: PMC8981674 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00903-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Classic major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) presentation relies on shuttling cytosolic peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). Viruses disable TAP to block MHC-I presentation and evade cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Priming CD8+ T cells against these viruses is thought to rely solely on cross-presentation by uninfected TAP-functional dendritic cells. We found that protective CD8+ T cells could be mobilized during viral infection even when TAP was absent in all hematopoietic cells. TAP blockade depleted the endosomal recycling compartment of MHC-I molecules and, as such, impaired Toll-like receptor-regulated cross-presentation. Instead, MHC-I molecules accumulated in the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC), sequestered away from Toll-like receptor control, and coopted ER-SNARE Sec22b-mediated vesicular traffic to intersect with internalized antigen and rescue cross-presentation. Thus, when classic MHC-I presentation and endosomal recycling compartment-dependent cross-presentation are impaired in dendritic cells, cell-autonomous noncanonical cross-presentation relying on ERGIC-derived MHC-I counters TAP dysfunction to nevertheless mediate CD8+ T cell priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtan Barbet
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, and Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Priyanka Nair-Gupta
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Janssen Research and Development LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen T Yeung
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julien Moretti
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fabian Seyffer
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giorgi Metreveli
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Gardner
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
- ArsenalBio, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Angela Choi
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Moderna Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Domenico Tortorella
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Tampé
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kamal M Khanna
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Magarian Blander
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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49
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Dalboni LC, Alvares Saraiva AM, Konno FTDC, Perez EC, Codeceira JF, Spadacci-Morena DD, Lallo MA. Encephalitozoon cuniculi takes advantage of efferocytosis to evade the immune response. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247658. [PMID: 33667240 PMCID: PMC7935246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are recognized as opportunistic pathogens in individuals with immunodeficiencies, especially related to T cells. Although the activity of CD8+ T lymphocytes is essential to eliminate these pathogens, earlier studies have shown significant participation of macrophages at the beginning of the infection. Macrophages and other innate immunity cells play a critical role in activating the acquired immunity. After programmed cell death, the cell fragments or apoptotic bodies are cleared by phagocytic cells, a phenomenon known as efferocytosis. This process has been recognized as a way of evading immunity by intracellular pathogens. The present study evaluated the impact of efferocytosis of apoptotic cells either infected or not on macrophages and subsequently challenged with Encephalitozoon cuniculi microsporidia. Macrophages were obtained from the bone marrow monocytes from C57BL mice, pre-incubated with apoptotic Jurkat cells (ACs), and were further challenged with E. cuniculi spores. The same procedures were performed using the previously infected Jurkat cells (IACs) and challenged with E. cuniculi spores before macrophage pre-incubation. The average number of spores internalized by macrophages in phagocytosis was counted. Macrophage expression of CD40, CD206, CD80, CD86, and MHCII, as well as the cytokines released in the culture supernatants, was measured by flow cytometry. The ultrastructural study was performed to analyze the multiplication types of pathogens. Macrophages pre-incubated with ACs and challenged with E. cuniculi showed a higher percentage of phagocytosis and an average number of internalized spores. Moreover, the presence of stages of multiplication of the pathogen inside the macrophages, particularly after efferocytosis of infected apoptotic bodies, was observed. In addition, pre-incubation with ACs or IACs and/or challenge with the pathogen decreased the viability of macrophages, reflected as high percentages of apoptosis. The marked expression of CD206 and the release of large amounts of IL-10 and IL-6 indicated the polarization of macrophages to an M2 profile, compatible with efferocytosis and favorable for pathogen development. We concluded that the pathogen favored efferocytosis and polarized the macrophages to an M2 profile, allowing the survival and multiplication of E. cuniculi inside the macrophages and explaining the possibility of macrophages acting as Trojan horses in microsporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane Costa Dalboni
- Programa de Patologia Ambiental e Experimental da Universidade Paulista–Unip, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anuska Marcelino Alvares Saraiva
- Mestrado e Doutorado Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Anete Lallo
- Programa de Patologia Ambiental e Experimental da Universidade Paulista–Unip, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: ,
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50
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de Silva K. Developing smarter vaccines for paratuberculosis: From early biomarkers to vaccine design. Immunol Rev 2021; 301:145-156. [PMID: 33619731 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines for paratuberculosis have been used for over a hundred years but the disease continues to affect ruminant health and livestock industries globally. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis which causes the disease also known as Johne's disease is a subversive pathogen able to undermine both innate and adaptive host defense mechanisms. This review focuses on early protective immune pathways that lead to some animals becoming resilient to infection to provide a road map for designing better vaccines and emphasizes the need for harnessing the potential of mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumudika de Silva
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Narellan, NSW, Australia
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