1
|
Ma R, Chen L, Hu N, Caplan S, Hu G. Cilia and Extracellular Vesicles in Brain Development and Disease. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 95:1020-1029. [PMID: 37956781 PMCID: PMC11087377 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Primary and motile cilia are thin, hair-like cellular projections from the cell surface involved in movement, sensing, and communication between cells. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-bound vesicles secreted by cells and contain various proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that are delivered to and influence the behavior of other cells. Both cilia and EVs are essential for the normal functioning of brain cells, and their malfunction can lead to several neurological diseases. Cilia and EVs can interact with each other in several ways, and this interplay plays a crucial role in facilitating various biological processes, including cell-to-cell communication, tissue homeostasis, and pathogen defense. Cilia and EV crosstalk in the brain is an emerging area of research. Herein, we summarize the detailed molecular mechanisms of cilia and EV interplay and address the ciliary molecules that are involved in signaling and cellular dysfunction in brain development and diseases. Finally, we discuss the potential clinical use of cilia and EVs in brain diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ningyun Hu
- Millard West High School, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Steve Caplan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.
| | - Guoku Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Burcklé C, Raitière J, Michaux G, Kodjabachian L, Le Bivic A. Crb3 is required to organize the apical domain of multiciliated cells. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261046. [PMID: 37840525 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell shape changes mainly rely on the remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. Multiciliated cells (MCCs) of the mucociliary epidermis of Xenopus laevis embryos, as they mature, dramatically reshape their apical domain to grow cilia, in coordination with the underlying actin cytoskeleton. Crumbs (Crb) proteins are multifaceted transmembrane apical polarity proteins known to recruit actin linkers and promote apical membrane growth. Here, we identify the homeolog Crb3.L as an important player for the migration of centrioles or basal bodies (collectively centrioles/BBs) and apical domain morphogenesis in MCCs. Crb3.L is present in cytoplasmic vesicles close to the ascending centrioles/BBs, where it partially colocalizes with Rab11a. Crb3.L morpholino-mediated depletion in MCCs caused abnormal migration of centrioles/BBs, a reduction of their apical surface, disorganization of their apical actin meshwork and defective ciliogenesis. Rab11a morpholino-mediated depletion phenocopied Crb3.L loss-of-function in MCCs. Thus, the control of centrioles/BBs migration by Crb3.L might be mediated by Rab11a-dependent apical trafficking. Furthermore, we show that both phospho-activated ERM (pERM; Ezrin-Radixin-Moesin) and Crb3.L are recruited to the growing apical domain of MCCs, where Crb3.L likely anchors pERM, allowing actin-dependent expansion of the apical membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Burcklé
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, UMR 7288, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Marseille, F-13288 France
| | - Juliette Raitière
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, UMR 7288, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Marseille, F-13288 France
| | - Grégoire Michaux
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes), UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Kodjabachian
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, UMR 7288, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, F-13288 France
| | - André Le Bivic
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, UMR 7288, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Marseille, F-13288 France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shiratsuchi G, Konishi S, Yano T, Yanagihashi Y, Nakayama S, Katsuno T, Kashihara H, Tanaka H, Tsukita K, Suzuki K, Herawati E, Watanabe H, Hirai T, Yagi T, Kondoh G, Gotoh S, Tamura A, Tsukita S. Dual-color live imaging unveils stepwise organization of multiple basal body arrays by cytoskeletons. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:1176-1207. [PMID: 38316902 PMCID: PMC10933483 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
For mucociliary clearance of pathogens, tracheal multiciliated epithelial cells (MCCs) organize coordinated beating of cilia, which originate from basal bodies (BBs) with basal feet (BFs) on one side. To clarify the self-organizing mechanism of coordinated intracellular BB-arrays composed of a well-ordered BB-alignment and unidirectional BB-orientation, determined by the direction of BB to BF, we generated double transgenic mice with GFP-centrin2-labeled BBs and mRuby3-Cep128-labeled BFs for long-term, high-resolution, dual-color live-cell imaging in primary-cultured tracheal MCCs. At early timepoints of MCC differentiation, BB-orientation and BB-local alignment antecedently coordinated in an apical microtubule-dependent manner. Later during MCC differentiation, fluctuations in BB-orientation were restricted, and locally aligned BB-arrays were further coordinated to align across the entire cell (BB-global alignment), mainly in an apical intermediate-sized filament-lattice-dependent manner. Thus, the high coordination of the BB-array was established for efficient mucociliary clearance as the primary defense against pathogen infection, identifying apical cytoskeletons as potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gen Shiratsuchi
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Konishi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tomoki Yano
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Organoid Medicine, Sakaguchi Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shogo Nakayama
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Katsuno
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Anatomical Studies, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroka Kashihara
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroo Tanaka
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuto Tsukita
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koya Suzuki
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Elisa Herawati
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Hitomi Watanabe
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toyohiro Hirai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yagi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Gen Kondoh
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shimpei Gotoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tamura
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wan KY, Poon RN. Mechanisms and functions of multiciliary coordination. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 86:102286. [PMID: 38035649 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Ciliated organisms are present in virtually every branch of the eukaryotic tree of life. In diverse systems, cilia operate in a coordinated manner to drive fluid flows, or even propel entire organisms. How do groups of motile cilia coordinate their activity within a cell or across a tissue to fulfil essential functions of life? In this review, we highlight the latest developments in our understanding of the mechanisms and functions of multiciliary coordination in diverse systems. We explore new and emerging trends in bioimaging, analytical, and computational methods, which together with their application in new model systems, have conspired to deliver important insights into one of the most fundamental questions in cellular dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Y Wan
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Rebecca N Poon
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, EX4 4QD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lyu Q, Li Q, Zhou J, Zhao H. Formation and function of multiciliated cells. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202307150. [PMID: 38032388 PMCID: PMC10689204 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202307150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, multiciliated cells (MCCs) are terminally differentiated cells that line the airway tracts, brain ventricles, and reproductive ducts. Each MCC contains dozens to hundreds of motile cilia that beat in a synchronized manner to drive fluid flow across epithelia, the dysfunction of which is associated with a group of human diseases referred to as motile ciliopathies, such as primary cilia dyskinesia. Given the dynamic and complex process of multiciliogenesis, the biological events essential for forming multiple motile cilia are comparatively unelucidated. Thanks to advancements in genetic tools, omics technologies, and structural biology, significant progress has been achieved in the past decade in understanding the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of multiple motile cilia formation. In this review, we discuss recent studies with ex vivo culture MCC and animal models, summarize current knowledge of multiciliogenesis, and particularly highlight recent advances and their implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Lyu
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Qingchao Li
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huijie Zhao
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bear RM, Caspary T. Uncovering cilia function in glial development. Ann Hum Genet 2024; 88:27-44. [PMID: 37427745 PMCID: PMC10776815 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia play critical roles in regulating signaling pathways that underlie several developmental processes. In the nervous system, cilia are known to regulate signals that guide neuron development. Cilia dysregulation is implicated in neurological diseases, and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Cilia research has predominantly focused on neurons and has overlooked the diverse population of glial cells in the brain. Glial cells play essential roles during neurodevelopment, and their dysfunction contributes to neurological disease; however, the relationship between cilia function and glial development is understudied. Here we review the state of the field and highlight the glial cell types where cilia are found and the ciliary functions that are linked to glial development. This work uncovers the importance of cilia in glial development and raises outstanding questions for the field. We are poised to make progress in understanding the function of glial cilia in human development and their contribution to neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Bear
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Suite 301, Atlanta GA 30322
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience
| | - Tamara Caspary
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Suite 301, Atlanta GA 30322
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shin M, Lee J, Lee H, Kumar V, Kim J, Park S. Deup1 Expression Interferes with Multiciliated Differentiation. Mol Cells 2023; 46:746-756. [PMID: 38052490 PMCID: PMC10701303 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2023.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent study revealed that the loss of Deup1 expression does not affect either centriole amplification or multicilia formation. Therefore, the deuterosome per se is not a platform for amplification of centrioles. In this study, we examine whether gain-of-function of Deup1 affects the development of multiciliated ependymal cells. Our time-lapse study reveals that deuterosomes with an average diameter of 300 nm have two different fates during ependymal differentiation. In the first instance, deuterosomes are scattered and gradually disappear as cells become multiciliated. In the second instance, deuterosomes self-organize into a larger aggregate, called a deuterosome cluster (DC). Unlike scattered deuterosomes, DCs possess centriole components primarily within their large structure. A characteristic of DC-containing cells is that they tend to become primary ciliated rather than multiciliated. Our in utero electroporation study shows that DCs in ependymal tissue are mostly observed at early postnatal stages, but are scarce at late postnatal stages, suggesting the presence of DC antagonists within the differentiating cells. Importantly, from our bead flow assay, ectopic expression of Deup1 significantly impairs cerebrospinal fluid flow. Furthermore, we show that expression of mouse Deup1 in Xenopus embryos has an inhibitory effect on differentiation of multiciliated cells in the epidermis. Taken together, we conclude that the DC formation of Deup1 in multiciliated cells inhibits production of multiple centrioles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miram Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Jiyeon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Haeryung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Jaebong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Soochul Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Larson BT. Perspectives on Principles of Cellular Behavior from the Biophysics of Protists. Integr Comp Biol 2023; 63:1405-1421. [PMID: 37496203 PMCID: PMC10755178 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icad106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells are the fundamental unit of biological organization. Although it may be easy to think of them as little more than the simple building blocks of complex organisms such as animals, single cells are capable of behaviors of remarkable apparent sophistication. This is abundantly clear when considering the diversity of form and function among the microbial eukaryotes, the protists. How might we navigate this diversity in the search for general principles of cellular behavior? Here, we review cases in which the intensive study of protists from the perspective of cellular biophysics has driven insight into broad biological questions of morphogenesis, navigation and motility, and decision making. We argue that applying such approaches to questions of evolutionary cell biology presents rich, emerging opportunities. Integrating and expanding biophysical studies across protist diversity, exploiting the unique characteristics of each organism, will enrich our understanding of general underlying principles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben T Larson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chatzifrangkeskou M, Kouis P, Skourides PA. JNK regulates ciliogenesis through the interflagellar transport complex and actin networks. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202303052. [PMID: 37851005 PMCID: PMC10585068 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202303052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) regulates various important physiological processes. Although the JNK pathway has been under intense investigation for over 20 yr, its complexity is still perplexing, with multiple protein partners underlying the diversity of its activity. We show that JNK is associated with the basal bodies in both primary and motile cilia. Loss of JNK disrupts basal body migration and docking and leads to severe ciliogenesis defects. JNK's involvement in ciliogenesis stems from a dual role in the regulation of the actin networks of multiciliated cells (MCCs) and the establishment of the intraflagellar transport-B core complex. JNK signaling is also critical for the maintenance of the actin networks and ciliary function in mature MCCs. JNK is implicated in the development of diabetes, neurodegeneration, and liver disease, all of which have been linked to ciliary dysfunction. Our work uncovers a novel role of JNK in ciliogenesis and ciliary function that could have important implications for JNK's role in the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Panayiotis Kouis
- Respiratory Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Paris A. Skourides
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ventrella R, Kim SK, Sheridan J, Grata A, Bresteau E, Hassan OA, Suva EE, Walentek P, Mitchell BJ. Bidirectional multiciliated cell extrusion is controlled by Notch-driven basal extrusion and Piezo1-driven apical extrusion. Development 2023; 150:dev201612. [PMID: 37602491 PMCID: PMC10482390 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Xenopus embryos are covered with a complex epithelium containing numerous multiciliated cells (MCCs). During late-stage development, there is a dramatic remodeling of the epithelium that involves the complete loss of MCCs. Cell extrusion is a well-characterized process for driving cell loss while maintaining epithelial barrier function. Normal cell extrusion is typically unidirectional, whereas bidirectional extrusion is often associated with disease (e.g. cancer). We describe two distinct mechanisms for MCC extrusion, a basal extrusion driven by Notch signaling and an apical extrusion driven by Piezo1. Early in the process there is a strong bias towards basal extrusion, but as development continues there is a shift towards apical extrusion. Importantly, response to the Notch signal is age dependent and governed by the maintenance of the MCC transcriptional program such that extension of this program is protective against cell loss. In contrast, later apical extrusion is regulated by Piezo1, such that premature activation of Piezo1 leads to early extrusion while blocking Piezo1 leads to MCC maintenance. Distinct mechanisms for MCC loss underlie the importance of their removal during epithelial remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Ventrella
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Precision Medicine Program, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Sun K. Kim
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jennifer Sheridan
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Aline Grata
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Enzo Bresteau
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Osama A. Hassan
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Eve E. Suva
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Peter Walentek
- University of Freiburg, Renal Division, Internal Medicine IV, Medical Center and CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Brian J. Mitchell
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Northwestern University, Lurie Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Polino AJ, Sviben S, Melena I, Piston DW, Hughes JW. Scanning electron microscopy of human islet cilia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2302624120. [PMID: 37205712 PMCID: PMC10235940 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302624120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Human islet primary cilia are vital glucose-regulating organelles whose structure remains uncharacterized. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a useful technique for studying the surface morphology of membrane projections like cilia, but conventional sample preparation does not reveal the submembrane axonemal structure, which holds key implications for ciliary function. To overcome this challenge, we combined SEM with membrane-extraction techniques to examine primary cilia in native human islets. Our data show well-preserved cilia subdomains which demonstrate both expected and unexpected ultrastructural motifs. Morphometric features were quantified when possible, including axonemal length and diameter, microtubule conformations, and chirality. We further describe a ciliary ring, a structure that may be a specialization in human islets. Key findings are correlated with fluorescence microscopy and interpreted in the context of cilia function as a cellular sensor and communications locus in pancreatic islets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Polino
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO63110
| | - Sanja Sviben
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO63110
| | - Isabella Melena
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO63110
| | - David W. Piston
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO63110
| | - Jing W. Hughes
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO63110
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO63110
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lee J, Møller AF, Chae S, Bussek A, Park TJ, Kim Y, Lee HS, Pers TH, Kwon T, Sedzinski J, Natarajan KN. A single-cell, time-resolved profiling of Xenopus mucociliary epithelium reveals nonhierarchical model of development. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd5745. [PMID: 37027470 PMCID: PMC10081853 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add5745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The specialized cell types of the mucociliary epithelium (MCE) lining the respiratory tract enable continuous airway clearing, with its defects leading to chronic respiratory diseases. The molecular mechanisms driving cell fate acquisition and temporal specialization during mucociliary epithelial development remain largely unknown. Here, we profile the developing Xenopus MCE from pluripotent to mature stages by single-cell transcriptomics, identifying multipotent early epithelial progenitors that execute multilineage cues before specializing into late-stage ionocytes and goblet and basal cells. Combining in silico lineage inference, in situ hybridization, and single-cell multiplexed RNA imaging, we capture the initial bifurcation into early epithelial and multiciliated progenitors and chart cell type emergence and fate progression into specialized cell types. Comparative analysis of nine airway atlases reveals an evolutionary conserved transcriptional module in ciliated cells, whereas secretory and basal types execute distinct function-specific programs across vertebrates. We uncover a continuous nonhierarchical model of MCE development alongside a data resource for understanding respiratory biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lee
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Fønss Møller
- Danish Institute of Advanced Study (DIAS) and Functional Genomics and Metabolism Research Unit, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Sino-Danish College (SDC), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shinhyeok Chae
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Alexandra Bussek
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tae Joo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Youni Kim
- KNU-Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Shik Lee
- KNU-Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Tune H. Pers
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Taejoon Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jakub Sedzinski
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kedar Nath Natarajan
- Danish Institute of Advanced Study (DIAS) and Functional Genomics and Metabolism Research Unit, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Polino AJ, Sviben S, Melena I, Piston DW, Hughes J. Scanning electron microscopy of human islet cilia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.15.528685. [PMID: 36824775 PMCID: PMC9949088 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.15.528685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Human islet primary cilia are vital glucose-regulating organelles whose structure remains uncharacterized. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a useful technique for studying the surface morphology of membrane projections like primary cilia, but conventional sample preparation does not reveal the sub-membrane axonemal structure which holds key implications for cilia function. To overcome this challenge, we combined SEM with membrane-extraction techniques to examine cilia in native human islets. Our data show well-preserved cilia subdomains which demonstrate both expected and unexpected ultrastructural motifs. Morphometric features were quantified when possible, including axonemal length and diameter, microtubule conformations and chirality. We further describe a novel ciliary ring, a structure that may be a specialization in human islets. Key findings are correlated with fluorescence microscopy and interpreted in the context of cilia function as a cellular sensor and communications locus in pancreatic islets.
Collapse
|
14
|
Ventrella R, Kim SK, Sheridan J, Grata A, Bresteau E, Hassan O, Suva EE, Walentek P, Mitchell B. Bidirectional multiciliated cell extrusion is controlled by Notch driven basal extrusion and Piezo 1 driven apical extrusion. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.12.523838. [PMID: 36711534 PMCID: PMC9882179 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.12.523838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Xenopus embryos are covered with a complex epithelium containing numerous multiciliated cells (MCCs). During late stage development there is a dramatic remodeling of the epithelium that involves the complete loss of MCCs. Cell extrusion is a well-characterized process for driving cell loss while maintaining epithelial barrier function. Normal cell extrusion is typically unidirectional whereas bidirectional extrusion is often associated with disease (e.g. cancer). We describe two distinct mechanisms for MCC extrusion, a basal extrusion driven by Notch signaling and an apical extrusion driven by Piezo1. Early in the process there is a strong bias towards basal extrusion, but as development continues there is a shift towards apical extrusion. Importantly, receptivity to the Notch signal is age-dependent and governed by the maintenance of the MCC transcriptional program such that extension of this program is protective against cell loss. In contrast, later apical extrusion is regulated by Piezo 1 such that premature activation of Piezo 1 leads to early extrusion while blocking Piezo 1 leads to MCC maintenance. Distinct mechansms for MCC loss underlie the importance of their removal during epithelial remodeling. Summay Statement Cell extrusion typically occurs unidirectionally. We have identified a single population of multiciliated cells that extrudes bidirectionally: Notch-driven basal extrusion and Piezo 1-mediated apical extrusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Ventrella
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology
- Current position; Assistant professor, Precision Medicine Program, Midwestern University
| | - Sun K. Kim
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology
| | - Jennifer Sheridan
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology
| | - Aline Grata
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology
| | - Enzo Bresteau
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology
| | - Osama Hassan
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology
| | - Eve E. Suva
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology
| | - Peter Walentek
- University of Freiburg, Renal Division, Internal Medicine IV, Medical Center and CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies
| | - Brian Mitchell
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology
- Northwestern University, Lurie Cancer Center
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Analysis of motility and mucociliary function of tracheal epithelial cilia. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 176:159-180. [PMID: 37164536 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2022.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The airway epithelium contains numerous multiciliated cells. The apical surface of multiciliated cells is covered with cilia that move at 15-25Hz. Ciliary movement is not a simple reciprocal movement and distinctly has forward and reverse movements called effective and recovery strokes, respectively. These "asymmetric" ciliary strokes push away the mucus covering the mucosa of the airway epithelium. Mucus flow created by ciliary stroke is important for capturing and expelling dust, pollen, PM2.5, pathogens, and other particles that enter the airways from outside the body. This mechanism for protecting the airways produced by ciliary movement is called mucociliary function. Defects in ciliary motility lead to impairment of mucociliary function, resulting in recurrent airway infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia, and consequently, bronchiectasis. While the analysis of ciliary beat frequency is relatively easy, the analyses of the amplitude, velocities of strokes, and the asymmetric level require specific techniques and tips. In this chapter, we present methods for the analysis of ciliary movements of a group of cilia on the luminal surface of the trachea ex vivo and individually isolated and ATP-reactivated cilia in vitro. In addition, a method for the analysis of mucociliary function is also presented.
Collapse
|
16
|
Jokura K, Sato Y, Shiba K, Inaba K. Two distinct compartments of a ctenophore comb plate provide structural and functional integrity for the motility of giant multicilia. Curr Biol 2022; 32:5144-5152.e6. [PMID: 36272402 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Comb plates are large ciliary structures uniquely seen in comb jellies (ctenophores).1,2,3 A comb plate is constructed from tens of thousands of cilia that are bundled together by structures called compartmenting lamellae (CLs).4,5,6 We previously reported the first component of the CL, CTENO64, and found that it was specifically found in ctenophores and was essential for the determination of ciliary orientation.3 However, CTENO64 is localized only in the proximal region of the CL; therefore, the molecular architecture of the CL over the entire length of a comb plate has not been elucidated. Here, we identified a second CL component, CTENO189. This ctenophore-specific protein was present in the distal region of comb plates, with a localization clearly segregated from CTENO64. Knockdown of the CTENO189 gene using morpholino antisense oligonucleotides resulted in complete loss of CLs in the distal region of comb plates but did not affect the formation of comb plates or the orientation of each cilium. However, the hexagonal distribution of cilia was disarranged, and the metachronal coordination of comb plates along a comb row was lost in the CTENO189 morphants. The morphant comb plate showed asymmetric ciliary-type movement in normal seawater, and in a high-viscosity solution, it could not maintain the normal waveforms but showed a symmetric flagellar-type movement. Our findings demonstrated two distinct compartments of a comb plate: the proximal CL as the building foundation that rigidly fixes the ciliary orientation, and the distal CL that reinforces the elastic connection among cilia to overcome the hydrodynamic drag of giant multiciliary plates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Jokura
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, Shizuoka 415-0025, Japan; Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Yu Sato
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, Shizuoka 415-0025, Japan
| | - Kogiku Shiba
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, Shizuoka 415-0025, Japan
| | - Kazuo Inaba
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, Shizuoka 415-0025, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Amack JD. Structures and functions of cilia during vertebrate embryo development. Mol Reprod Dev 2022; 89:579-596. [PMID: 36367893 PMCID: PMC9805515 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are hair-like structures that project from the surface of cells. In vertebrates, most cells have an immotile primary cilium that mediates cell signaling, and some specialized cells assemble one or multiple cilia that are motile and beat synchronously to move fluids in one direction. Gene mutations that alter cilia structure or function cause a broad spectrum of disorders termed ciliopathies that impact virtually every system in the body. A wide range of birth defects associated with ciliopathies underscores critical functions for cilia during embryonic development. In many cases, the mechanisms underlying cilia functions during development and disease remain poorly understood. This review describes different types of cilia in vertebrate embryos and discusses recent research results from diverse model systems that provide novel insights into how cilia form and function during embryo development. The work discussed here not only expands our understanding of in vivo cilia biology, but also opens new questions about cilia and their roles in establishing healthy embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D. Amack
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA,,BioInspired Syracuse: Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Junker AD, Woodhams LG, Soh AWJ, O’Toole ET, Bayly PV, Pearson CG. Basal bodies bend in response to ciliary forces. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar146. [PMID: 36287828 PMCID: PMC9727800 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-10-0468-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia beat with an asymmetric waveform consisting of a power stroke that generates a propulsive force and a recovery stroke that returns the cilium back to the start. Cilia are anchored to the cell cortex by basal bodies (BBs) that are directly coupled to the ciliary doublet microtubules (MTs). We find that, consistent with ciliary forces imposing on BBs, bending patterns in BB triplet MTs are responsive to ciliary beating. BB bending varies as environmental conditions change the ciliary waveform. Bending occurs where striated fibers (SFs) attach to BBs and mutants with short SFs that fail to connect to adjacent BBs exhibit abnormal BB bending, supporting a model in which SFs couple ciliary forces between BBs. Finally, loss of the BB stability protein Poc1, which helps interconnect BB triplet MTs, prevents the normal distributed BB and ciliary bending patterns. Collectively, BBs experience ciliary forces and manage mechanical coupling of these forces to their surrounding cellular architecture for normal ciliary beating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D. Junker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Louis G. Woodhams
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Adam W. J. Soh
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Eileen T. O’Toole
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80302
| | - Philip V. Bayly
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Chad G. Pearson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045,*Address correspondence to: Chad G. Pearson ()
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Coordination of Cilia Movements in Multi-Ciliated Cells. J Dev Biol 2022; 10:jdb10040047. [PMID: 36412641 PMCID: PMC9680496 DOI: 10.3390/jdb10040047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple motile cilia are formed at the apical surface of multi-ciliated cells in the epithelium of the oviduct or the fallopian tube, the trachea, and the ventricle of the brain. Those cilia beat unidirectionally along the tissue axis, and this provides a driving force for directed movements of ovulated oocytes, mucus, and cerebrospinal fluid in each of these organs. Furthermore, cilia movements show temporal coordination between neighboring cilia. To establish such coordination of cilia movements, cilia need to sense and respond to various cues, including the organ's orientation and movements of neighboring cilia. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which cilia movements of multi-ciliated cells are coordinated, focusing on planar cell polarity and the cytoskeleton, and highlight open questions for future research.
Collapse
|
20
|
Schultz R, Elenius V, Fassad MR, Freke G, Rogers A, Shoemark A, Koistinen T, Mohamed MA, Lim JSY, Mitchison HM, Sironen AI. CFAP300 mutation causing primary ciliary dyskinesia in Finland. Front Genet 2022; 13:985227. [PMID: 36246608 PMCID: PMC9561811 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.985227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare genetic condition characterized by chronic respiratory tract infections and in some cases laterality defects and infertility. The symptoms of PCD are caused by malfunction of motile cilia, hair-like organelles protruding out of the cell that are responsible for removal of mucus from the airways and organizing internal organ positioning during embryonic development. PCD is caused by mutations in genes coding for structural or assembly proteins in motile cilia. Thus far mutations in over 50 genes have been identified and these variants explain around 70% of all known cases. Population specific genetics underlying PCD has been reported, thus highlighting the importance of characterizing gene variants in different populations for development of gene-based diagnostics. In this study, we identified a recurrent loss-of-function mutation c.198_200delinsCC in CFAP300 causing lack of the protein product. PCD patients homozygous for the identified CFAP300 mutation have immotile airway epithelial cilia associated with missing dynein arms in their ciliary axonemes. Furthermore, using super resolution microscopy we demonstrate that CFAP300 is transported along cilia in normal human airway epithelial cells suggesting a role for CFAP300 in dynein complex transport in addition to preassembly in the cytoplasm. Our results highlight the importance of CFAP300 in dynein arm assembly and improve diagnostics of PCD in Finland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Schultz
- Allergy Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Varpu Elenius
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mahmoud R. Fassad
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Human Genetics Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Grace Freke
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Rogers
- PCD Diagnostic Team and Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospita, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amelia Shoemark
- PCD Diagnostic Team and Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospita, London, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Tiina Koistinen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mai A. Mohamed
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Jacqueline S. Y. Lim
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah M. Mitchison
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anu I. Sironen
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
- *Correspondence: Anu I. Sironen,
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kunimoto K, Weiner AT, Axelrod JD, Vladar EK. Distinct overlapping functions for Prickle1 and Prickle2 in the polarization of the airway epithelium. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:976182. [PMID: 36176272 PMCID: PMC9513604 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.976182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling polarizes cells within the plane of an epithelium. In the airways, planar cell polarity signaling orients the directional beating of motile cilia required for effective mucociliary clearance. The planar cell polarity signaling mechanism is best understood from work in Drosophila, where it has been shown to both coordinate the axis of polarity between cells and to direct the morphological manifestations of polarization within cells. The ‘core’ planar cell polarity signaling mechanism comprises two protein complexes that segregate to opposite sides of each cell and interact with the opposite complex in neighboring cells. Proper subcellular localization of core planar cell polarity proteins correlates with, and is almost certainly responsible for, their ability to direct polarization. This mechanism is highly conserved from Drosophila to vertebrates, though for most of the core genes, mammals have multiple paralogs whereas Drosophila has only one. In the mouse airway epithelium, the core protein Prickle2 segregates asymmetrically, as is characteristic for core proteins, but is only present in multiciliated cells and is absent from other cell types. Furthermore, Prickle2 mutant mice show only modest ciliary polarity defects. These observations suggest that other Prickle paralogs might contribute to polarization. Here, we show that Prickle1 segregates asymmetrically in multiciliated and nonciliated airway epithelial cell types, that compared to Prickle2, Prickle1 has different spatial and temporal expression dynamics and a stronger ciliary polarity phenotype, and that Prickle1 and Prickle2 mutants genetically interact. We propose distinct and partially overlapping functions for the Prickle paralogs in polarization of the airway epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koshi Kunimoto
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Alexis T. Weiner
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Axelrod
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Eszter K. Vladar
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: Eszter K. Vladar,
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Soh AWJ, Pearson CG. Ciliate cortical organization and dynamics for cell motility: Comparing ciliates and vertebrates. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2022; 69:e12880. [PMID: 34897878 PMCID: PMC9188629 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The generation of efficient fluid flow is crucial for organismal development and homeostasis, sexual reproduction, and motility. Multi-ciliated cells possess fields of motile cilia that beat in synchrony to propel fluid. Ciliary arrays are remarkably conserved in their organization and function. Ciliates have polarized multi-ciliary arrays (MCAs) to promote fluid flow for cell motility. The ciliate cortex is decorated with hundreds of basal bodies (BB) forming linear rows along the cell's anterior-posterior axis. BBs scaffold and position cilia to form the organized ciliary array. Nascent BBs assemble at the base of BBs. As nascent BBs mature, they integrate into the cortical BB and cytoskeletal network and nucleate their own cilium. The organization of MCAs is balanced between cortical stability and cortical dynamism. The cortical cytoskeletal network both establishes and maintains a stable organization of the MCA in the face of mechanical forces exerted by ciliary beating. At the same time, MCA organization is plastic, such that it remodels for optimal ciliary mobility during development and in response to environmental conditions. Such plasticity promotes effective feeding and ecological behavior required for these organisms. Together, these properties allow an organism to effectively sense, adapt to, and move through its environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam W. J. Soh
- Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Chad G. Pearson
- Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Shibata D, Morita M, Sato Y, Shiba K, Kitanobo S, Yokoya R, Inaba K. Axonemal Growth and Alignment During Paraspermatogenesis in the Marine Gastropod Strombus luhuanus. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:905748. [PMID: 35832793 PMCID: PMC9271582 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.905748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasperm are non-fertilizing sperm that are produced simultaneously with fertile eusperm. They occur in several animal species and show considerable morphological diversity. We investigated the dynamics of axonemes during paraspermatogenesis in the marine snail S. luhuanus. Mature parasperm were characterized by two lateral undulating membranes for motility and many globular vesicles. Axonemes were first observed as brush-like structures that extruded from the anterior region. Multiple axonemes longer than the brush then started to extend inside the cytoplasm towards the posterior region. The mass of the axonemes separated into two lateral rows and formed an undulating membrane that drives bidirectional swimming in the mature parasperm. The central pair of axonemes was aligned in the undulating membrane, resulting in cooperative bend propagation. During paraspermatogenesis, centrioles were largely diminished and localized to the anterior region. CEP290, a major component of the transition zone, showed a broad distribution in the anterior area. Axonemes in the posterior region showed a 9 + 0 structure with both outer and inner arm dyneins. These observations provide a structural basis for understanding the physiological functions of parasperm in marine reproductive strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Shibata
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masaya Morita
- Sesoko Station, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yu Sato
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kogiku Shiba
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Seiya Kitanobo
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ryo Yokoya
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuo Inaba
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kazuo Inaba,
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chien YH, Kim S, Kintner C. Mechanical strain breaks planar symmetry in embryonic epithelia via polarized microtubules. Cells Dev 2022; 170:203791. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2022.203791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
25
|
Abstract
Several tissues contain cells with multiple motile cilia that generate a fluid or particle flow to support development and organ functions; defective motility causes human disease. Developmental cues orient motile cilia, but how cilia are locked into their final position to maintain a directional flow is not understood. Here we find that the actin cytoskeleton is highly dynamic during early development of multiciliated cells (MCCs). While apical actin bundles become increasingly more static, subapical actin filaments are nucleated from the distal tip of ciliary rootlets. Anchorage of these subapical actin filaments requires the presence of microridge-like structures formed during MCC development, and the activity of Nonmuscle Myosin II. Optogenetic manipulation of Ezrin, a core component of the microridge actin-anchoring complex, or inhibition of Myosin Light Chain Kinase interfere with rootlet anchorage and orientation. These observations identify microridge-like structures as an essential component of basal body rootlet anchoring in MCCs. Motile cilia beat in a defined direction to orchestrate developmental programs, but also to execute janitorial tasks such as clearing airways. Here they show that motile cilia of the Xenopus epidermis are anchored to microridge-like membrane protrusions to maintain their directionality.
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhao H, Sun J, Insinna C, Lu Q, Wang Z, Nagashima K, Stauffer J, Andresson T, Specht S, Perera S, Daar IO, Westlake CJ. Male infertility-associated Ccdc108 regulates multiciliogenesis via the intraflagellar transport machinery. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e52775. [PMID: 35201641 PMCID: PMC8982597 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia on the cell surface generate movement and directional fluid flow that is crucial for various biological processes. Dysfunction of these cilia causes human diseases such as sinopulmonary disease and infertility. Here, we show that Ccdc108, a protein linked to male infertility, has an evolutionarily conserved requirement in motile multiciliation. Using Xenopus laevis embryos, Ccdc108 is shown to be required for the migration and docking of basal bodies to the apical membrane in epidermal multiciliated cells (MCCs). We demonstrate that Ccdc108 interacts with the IFT‐B complex, and the ciliation requirement for Ift74 overlaps with Ccdc108 in MCCs. Both Ccdc108 and IFT‐B proteins localize to migrating centrioles, basal bodies, and cilia in MCCs. Importantly, Ccdc108 governs the centriolar recruitment of IFT while IFT licenses the targeting of Ccdc108 to the cilium. Moreover, Ccdc108 is required for the centriolar recruitment of Drg1 and activated RhoA, factors that help establish the apical actin network in MCCs. Together, our studies indicate that Ccdc108 and IFT‐B complex components cooperate in multiciliogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Zhao
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jian Sun
- Cancer & Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Christine Insinna
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Quanlong Lu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ziqiu Wang
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kunio Nagashima
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jimmy Stauffer
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Thorkell Andresson
- Protein Characterization Laboratory (PCL) Mass Spectrometry Center, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Suzanne Specht
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sumeth Perera
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ira O Daar
- Cancer & Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Christopher J Westlake
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nommick A, Boutin C, Rosnet O, Schirmer C, Bazellières E, Thomé V, Loiseau E, Viallat A, Kodjabachian L. Lrrcc1 and Ccdc61 are conserved effectors of multiciliated cell function. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274401. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliated epithelia perform essential functions across animal evolution, ranging from locomotion of marine organisms to mucociliary clearance of airways in mammals. These epithelia are composed of multiciliated cells (MCCs) harbouring myriads of motile cilia, which rest on modified centrioles called basal bodies (BBs), and beat coordinately to generate directed fluid flows. Thus, BB biogenesis and organization is central to MCC function. In basal eukaryotes, the coiled-coil domain proteins Lrrcc1 and Ccdc61 were shown to be required for proper BB construction and function. Here, we used the Xenopus embryonic ciliated epidermis to characterize Lrrcc1 and Ccdc61 in vertebrate MCCs. We found that they both encode BB components, localized proximally at the junction with striated rootlets. Knocking down either gene caused defects in BB docking, spacing, and polarization. Moreover, their depletion impaired the apical cytoskeleton, and altered ciliary beating. Consequently, cilia-powered fluid flow was greatly reduced in morphant tadpoles, which displayed enhanced mortality when exposed to pathogenic bacteria. This work illustrates how integration across organizational scales make elementary BB components essential for the emergence of the physiological function of ciliated epithelia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aude Nommick
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Camille Boutin
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Rosnet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Claire Schirmer
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Elsa Bazellières
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Virginie Thomé
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Etienne Loiseau
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINaM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Annie Viallat
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINaM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Kodjabachian
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
To gain a holistic understanding of cellular function, we must understand not just the role of individual organelles, but also how multiple macromolecular assemblies function collectively. Centrioles produce fundamental cellular processes through their ability to organise cytoskeletal fibres. In addition to nucleating microtubules, centrioles form lesser-known polymers, termed rootlets. Rootlets were identified over a 100 years ago and have been documented morphologically since by electron microscopy in different eukaryotic organisms. Rootlet-knockout animals have been created in various systems, providing insight into their physiological functions. However, the precise structure and function of rootlets is still enigmatic. Here, I consider common themes of rootlet function and assembly across diverse cellular systems. I suggest that the capability of rootlets to form physical links from centrioles to other cellular structures is a general principle unifying their functions in diverse cells and serves as an example of how cellular function arises from collective organellar activity. Summary: This Review discusses the structure and function of enigmatic cytoskeletal fibres termed centriolar rootlets, suggesting that they form physical links between subcellular structures to allow collective organelle function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Mahen
- The Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Liu Z, Nguyen QPH, Guan Q, Albulescu A, Erdman L, Mahdaviyeh Y, Kang J, Ouyang H, Hegele RG, Moraes T, Goldenberg A, Dell SD, Mennella V. A quantitative super-resolution imaging toolbox for diagnosis of motile ciliopathies. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/535/eaay0071. [PMID: 32188719 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Airway clearance of pathogens and particulates relies on motile cilia. Impaired cilia motility can lead to reduction in lung function, lung transplant, or death in some cases. More than 50 proteins regulating cilia motility are linked to primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a heterogeneous, mainly recessive genetic lung disease. Accurate PCD molecular diagnosis is essential for identifying therapeutic targets and for initiating therapies that can stabilize lung function, thereby reducing socioeconomic impact of the disease. To date, PCD diagnosis has mainly relied on nonquantitative methods that have limited sensitivity or require a priori knowledge of the genes involved. Here, we developed a quantitative super-resolution microscopy workflow: (i) to increase sensitivity and throughput, (ii) to detect structural defects in PCD patients' cells, and (iii) to quantify motility defects caused by yet to be found PCD genes. Toward these goals, we built a localization map of PCD proteins by three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy and implemented quantitative image analysis and machine learning to detect protein mislocalization, we analyzed axonemal structure by stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy, and we developed a high-throughput method for detecting motile cilia uncoordination by rotational polarity. Together, our data show that super-resolution methods are powerful tools for improving diagnosis of motile ciliopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada.,Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Quynh P H Nguyen
- Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada.,Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Qingxu Guan
- Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada.,Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Alexandra Albulescu
- Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada.,Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Lauren Erdman
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3A1, Canada
| | - Yasaman Mahdaviyeh
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3A1, Canada
| | - Jasmine Kang
- Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada.,Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Hong Ouyang
- Translational Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Richard G Hegele
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Theo Moraes
- Translational Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Anna Goldenberg
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3A1, Canada.,Vector Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada.,Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON M5G1M1, Canada
| | - Sharon D Dell
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto,Toronto, ON M5S1A8 , Canada
| | - Vito Mennella
- Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada. .,Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada.,Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Nakamura R, Katsuno T, Tsuji T, Oyagi S, Kishimoto Y, Suehiro A, Tateya I, Omori K. Airway ciliated cells regenerated on collagen sponge implants acquire planar polarities towards nearby edges of implanted areas. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 15:712-721. [PMID: 34010984 DOI: 10.1002/term.3220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-engineered tracheae have been developed to replace defective tracheae. However, the direction of ciliated cells in the regenerated epithelium remains unclear. We investigated planar polarity formed in the regenerated airway epithelium after tracheal graft implantation. We partially resected the rat trachea and implanted a collagen scaffold. The direction of the basal foot was assessed by transmission electron microscopy. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to examine the biased distribution of Vangl1 and Frizzled6 proteins. The direction of mucociliary transport was analyzed by video microscopy. Our results showed that the basal feet of cilia in the proximal and distal regions of the implanted areas were respectively oriented toward the proximal and distal directions. The biased distribution of Vangl1 and Frizzled6, and the directions of mucociliary transport showed that planar polarities formed in the regenerated epithelium were oriented toward the proximal, distal, left, and right directions in the proximal, distal, left, and right regions of the implanted area. These polarities persisted until nine months after implantation. Hence, the results suggest that planar polarities formed in epithelia regenerated on tracheal grafts are directed toward the nearby edges of implanted areas and are preserved for a prolonged period. The polarities can, at least partially, contribute to clearing external materials from the implanted areas by transporting them to a normal region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Nakamura
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Katsuno
- Center of Anatomical, Pathological and Forensic Medical Researches, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takuya Tsuji
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Seiji Oyagi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yo Kishimoto
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Suehiro
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tateya
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Koichi Omori
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Murtada SI, Kawamura Y, Li G, Schwartz MA, Tellides G, Humphrey JD. Developmental origins of mechanical homeostasis in the aorta. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:629-639. [PMID: 33341996 PMCID: PMC8089041 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical homeostasis promotes proper aortic structure and function. Pathological conditions may arise, in part, from compromised or lost homeostasis. There is thus a need to quantify the homeostatic state and when it emerges. Here we quantify changes in mechanical loading, geometry, structure, and function of the murine aorta from the late prenatal period into maturity. RESULTS Our data suggest that a homeostatic set-point is established by postnatal day P2 for the flow-induced shear stress experienced by endothelial cells; this value deviates from its set-point from P10 to P21 due to asynchronous changes in mechanical loading (flow, pressure) and geometry (radius, wall thickness), but is restored thereafter consistent with homeostasis. Smooth muscle contractility also decreases during this period of heightened matrix deposition but is also restored in maturity. The pressure-induced mechanical stress experienced by intramural cells initially remains low despite increasing blood pressure, and then increases while extracellular matrix accumulates. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that cell-level mechanical homeostasis emerges soon after birth to allow mechanosensitive cells to guide aortic development, with deposition of matrix after P2 increasingly stress shielding intramural cells. The associated tissue-level set-points that emerge for intramural stress can be used to assess and model the aorta that matures biomechanically by P56.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sae-Il Murtada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yuki Kawamura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Guangxin Li
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Martin A Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - George Tellides
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jay D Humphrey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Central Apparatus, the Molecular Kickstarter of Ciliary and Flagellar Nanomachines. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063013. [PMID: 33809498 PMCID: PMC7999657 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia and homologous organelles, the flagella, are an early evolutionarily invention, enabling primitive eukaryotic cells to survive and reproduce. In animals, cilia have undergone functional and structural speciation giving raise to typical motile cilia, motile nodal cilia, and sensory immotile cilia. In contrast to other cilia types, typical motile cilia are able to beat in complex, two-phase movements. Moreover, they contain many additional structures, including central apparatus, composed of two single microtubules connected by a bridge-like structure and assembling numerous complexes called projections. A growing body of evidence supports the important role of the central apparatus in the generation and regulation of the motile cilia movement. Here we review data concerning the central apparatus structure, protein composition, and the significance of its components in ciliary beating regulation.
Collapse
|
33
|
Sears PR, Bustamante-Marin XM, Gong H, Markovetz MR, Superfine R, Hill DB, Ostrowski LE. Induction of ciliary orientation by matrix patterning and characterization of mucociliary transport. Biophys J 2021; 120:1387-1395. [PMID: 33705757 PMCID: PMC8105732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired mucociliary clearance (MCC) is a key feature of many airway diseases, including asthma, bronchiectasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, and primary ciliary dyskinesia. To improve MCC and develop new treatments for these diseases requires a thorough understanding of how mucus concentration, mucus composition, and ciliary activity affect MCC, and how different therapeutics impact this process. Although differentiated cultures of human airway epithelial cells are useful for investigations of MCC, the extent of ciliary coordination in these cultures varies, and the mechanisms controlling ciliary orientation are not completely understood. By introducing a pattern of ridges and grooves into the underlying collagen substrate, we demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, that changes in the extracellular matrix can induce ciliary alignment. Remarkably, 90% of human airway epithelial cultures achieved continuous directional mucociliary transport (MCT) when grown on the patterned substrate. These cultures maintain transport for months, allowing carefully controlled investigations of MCC over a wide range of normal and pathological conditions. To characterize the system, we measured the transport of bovine submaxillary gland mucin (BSM) under several conditions. Transport of 5% BSM was significantly reduced compared with that of 2% BSM, and treatment of 5% BSM with the reducing agent tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) reduced viscosity and increased the rate of MCT by approximately twofold. Addition of a small amount of high-molecular-weight DNA increased mucus viscosity and reduced MCT by ∼75%, demonstrating that the composition of mucus, as well as the concentration, can have significant effects on MCT. Our results demonstrate that a simple patterning of the collagen substrate results in highly coordinated ciliated cultures that develop directional MCT, and can be used to investigate the mechanisms controlling the regulation of ciliary orientation. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that this method provides an improved system for studying the effects of mucus composition and therapeutic agents on MCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Sears
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Henry Gong
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Matthew R Markovetz
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Richard Superfine
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - David B Hill
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Lawrence E Ostrowski
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mikhailik A, Michurina TV, Dikranian K, Hearn S, Maxakov VI, Siller SS, Takemaru KI, Enikolopov G, Peunova N. nNOS regulates ciliated cell polarity, ciliary beat frequency, and directional flow in mouse trachea. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/5/e202000981. [PMID: 33653689 PMCID: PMC8008965 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Clearance of the airway is dependent on directional mucus flow across the mucociliary epithelium, and deficient flow is implicated in a range of human disorders. Efficient flow relies on proper polarization of the multiciliated cells and sufficient ciliary beat frequency. We show that NO, produced by nNOS in the multiciliated cells of the mouse trachea, controls both the planar polarity and the ciliary beat frequency and is thereby necessary for the generation of the robust flow. The effect of nNOS on the polarity of ciliated cells relies on its interactions with the apical networks of actin and microtubules and involves RhoA activation. The action of nNOS on the beat frequency is mediated by guanylate cyclase; both NO donors and cGMP can augment fluid flow in the trachea and rescue the deficient flow in nNOS mutants. Our results link insufficient availability of NO in ciliated cells to defects in flow and ciliary activity and may thereby explain the low levels of exhaled NO in ciliopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly Mikhailik
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Tatyana V Michurina
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Krikor Dikranian
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephen Hearn
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Vladimir I Maxakov
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Saul S Siller
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Ken-Ichi Takemaru
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Grigori Enikolopov
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Natalia Peunova
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA .,Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Aprea I, Nöthe-Menchen T, Dougherty GW, Raidt J, Loges NT, Kaiser T, Wallmeier J, Olbrich H, Strünker T, Kliesch S, Pennekamp P, Omran H. Motility of efferent duct cilia aids passage of sperm cells through the male reproductive system. Mol Hum Reprod 2021; 27:gaab009. [PMID: 33561200 PMCID: PMC7936721 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia line the efferent ducts of the mammalian male reproductive tract. Several recent mouse studies have demonstrated that a reduced generation of multiple motile cilia in efferent ducts is associated with obstructive oligozoospermia and fertility issues. However, the sole impact of efferent duct cilia dysmotility on male infertility has not been studied so far either in mice or human. Using video microscopy, histological- and ultrastructural analyses, we examined male reproductive tracts of mice deficient for the axonemal motor protein DNAH5: this defect exclusively disrupts the outer dynein arm (ODA) composition of motile cilia but not the ODA composition and motility of sperm flagella. These mice have immotile efferent duct cilia that lack ODAs, which are essential for ciliary beat generation. Furthermore, they show accumulation of sperm in the efferent duct. Notably, the ultrastructure and motility of sperm from these males are unaffected. Likewise, human individuals with loss-of-function DNAH5 mutations present with reduced sperm count in the ejaculate (oligozoospermia) and dilatations of the epididymal head but normal sperm motility, similar to DNAH5 deficient mice. The findings of this translational study demonstrate, in both mice and men, that efferent duct ciliary motility is important for male reproductive fitness and uncovers a novel pathomechanism distinct from primary defects of sperm motility (asthenozoospermia). If future work can identify environmental factors or defects in genes other than DNAH5 that cause efferent duct cilia dysmotility, this will help unravel other causes of oligozoospermia and may influence future practices in genetic and fertility counseling as well as ART.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Aprea
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
| | - Tabea Nöthe-Menchen
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
| | - Gerard W Dougherty
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
| | - Johanna Raidt
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
| | - Niki T Loges
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
| | - Thomas Kaiser
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
| | - Julia Wallmeier
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
| | - Heike Olbrich
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
| | - Timo Strünker
- Department of Clinical Andrology, Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
| | - Sabine Kliesch
- Department of Clinical Andrology, Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
| | - Petra Pennekamp
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
| | - Heymut Omran
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Walentek P. Xenopus epidermal and endodermal epithelia as models for mucociliary epithelial evolution, disease, and metaplasia. Genesis 2021; 59:e23406. [PMID: 33400364 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Xenopus embryonic epidermis is a powerful model to study mucociliary biology, development, and disease. Particularly, the Xenopus system is being used to elucidate signaling pathways, transcription factor functions, and morphogenetic mechanisms regulating cell fate specification, differentiation and cell function. Thereby, Xenopus research has provided significant insights into potential underlying molecular mechanisms for ciliopathies and chronic airway diseases. Recent studies have also established the embryonic epidermis as a model for mucociliary epithelial remodeling, multiciliated cell trans-differentiation, cilia loss, and mucus secretion. Additionally, the tadpole foregut epithelium is lined by a mucociliary epithelium, which shows remarkable features resembling mammalian airway epithelia, including its endodermal origin and a variable cell type composition along the proximal-distal axis. This review aims to summarize the advantages of the Xenopus epidermis for mucociliary epithelial biology and disease modeling. Furthermore, the potential of the foregut epithelium as novel mucociliary model system is being highlighted. Additional perspectives are presented on how to expand the range of diseases that can be modeled in the frog system, including proton pump inhibitor-associated pneumonia as well as metaplasia in epithelial cells of the airway and the gastroesophageal region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Walentek
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg University Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany.,CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Pellicciotta N, Das D, Kotar J, Faucourt M, Spassky N, Lauga E, Cicuta P. Cilia density and flow velocity affect alignment of motile cilia from brain cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:223/24/jeb229310. [PMID: 33376093 PMCID: PMC7790191 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.229310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In many organs, thousands of microscopic ‘motile cilia’ beat in a coordinated fashion generating fluid flow. Physiologically, these flows are important in both development and homeostasis of ciliated tissues. Combining experiments and simulations, we studied how cilia from brain tissue align their beating direction. We subjected cilia to a broad range of shear stresses, similar to the fluid flow that cilia themselves generate, in a microfluidic setup. In contrast to previous studies, we found that cilia from mouse ependyma respond and align to these physiological shear stress at all maturation stages. Cilia align more easily earlier in maturation, and we correlated this property with the increase in multiciliated cell density during maturation. Our numerical simulations show that cilia in densely packed clusters are hydrodynamically screened from the external flow, in agreement with our experimental observation. Cilia carpets create a hydrodynamic screening that reduces the susceptibility of individual cilia to external flows. Summary: Alignment of motile cilia in mammalian brains is essential for transport of fluids as described in an in vitro model of the developing brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Debasish Das
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
| | - Jurij Kotar
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Marion Faucourt
- Cilia biology and neurogenesis, Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale superieure (IBENS), Ecole normale superieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Universite Paris, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Spassky
- Cilia biology and neurogenesis, Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale superieure (IBENS), Ecole normale superieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Universite Paris, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Eric Lauga
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
| | - Pietro Cicuta
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Schneiter M, Halm S, Odriozola A, Mogel H, Rička J, Stoffel MH, Zuber B, Frenz M, Tschanz SA. Multi-scale alignment of respiratory cilia and its relation to mucociliary function. J Struct Biol 2020; 213:107680. [PMID: 33359072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The tracheobronchial tree is lined by a mucociliary epithelium containing millions of multiciliated cells. Their integrated oscillatory activity continuously propels an overlying pollution-protecting mucus layer in cranial direction, leading to mucociliary clearance - the primary defence mechanism of the airways. Mucociliary transport is commonly thought to co-emerge with the collective ciliary motion pattern under appropriate geometrical and rheological conditions. Proper ciliary alignment is therefore considered essential to establish mucociliary clearance in the respiratory system. Here, we used volume electron microscopy in combination with high-speed reflection contrast microscopy in order to examine ciliary orientation and its spatial organization, as well as to measure the propagation direction of metachronal waves and the direction of mucociliary transport on bovine tracheal epithelia with reference to the tracheal long axis (TLA). Ciliary orientation is measured in terms of the basal body orientation (BBO) and the axonemal orientation (AO), which are commonly considered to coincide, both equivalently indicating the effective stroke as well as the mucociliary transport direction. Our results, however, reveal that only the AO is in line with the mucociliary transport, which was found to run along a left-handed helical trajectory, whereas the BBO was found to be aligned with the TLA. Furthermore, we show that even if ciliary orientation remains consistent between adjacent cells, ciliary orientation exhibits a gradual shift within individual cells. Together with the symplectic beating geometry, this intracellular orientational pattern could provide for the propulsion of highly viscous mucus and likely constitutes a compromise between efficiency and robustness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schneiter
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, Switzerland; Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Halm
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, Switzerland
| | - Adolfo Odriozola
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, Switzerland
| | - Helga Mogel
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 120, Switzerland
| | - Jaroslav Rička
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, Switzerland
| | - Michael H Stoffel
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 120, Switzerland
| | - Benoît Zuber
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Frenz
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, Switzerland.
| | - Stefan A Tschanz
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Smith CEL, Lake AVR, Johnson CA. Primary Cilia, Ciliogenesis and the Actin Cytoskeleton: A Little Less Resorption, A Little More Actin Please. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:622822. [PMID: 33392209 PMCID: PMC7773788 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.622822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles that extend from the apical surface of most mammalian cells, forming when the basal body (derived from the mother centriole) docks at the apical cell membrane. They act as universal cellular “antennae” in vertebrates that receive and integrate mechanical and chemical signals from the extracellular environment, serving diverse roles in chemo-, mechano- and photo-sensation that control developmental signaling, cell polarity and cell proliferation. Mutations in ciliary genes cause a major group of inherited developmental disorders called ciliopathies. There are very few preventative treatments or new therapeutic interventions that modify disease progression or the long-term outlook of patients with these conditions. Recent work has identified at least four distinct but interrelated cellular processes that regulate cilia formation and maintenance, comprising the cell cycle, cellular proteostasis, signaling pathways and structural influences of the actin cytoskeleton. The actin cytoskeleton is composed of microfilaments that are formed from filamentous (F) polymers of globular G-actin subunits. Actin filaments are organized into bundles and networks, and are attached to the cell membrane, by diverse cross-linking proteins. During cell migration, actin filament bundles form either radially at the leading edge or as axial stress fibers. Early studies demonstrated that loss-of-function mutations in ciliopathy genes increased stress fiber formation and impaired ciliogenesis whereas pharmacological inhibition of actin polymerization promoted ciliogenesis. These studies suggest that polymerization of the actin cytoskeleton, F-actin branching and the formation of stress fibers all inhibit primary cilium formation, whereas depolymerization or depletion of actin enhance ciliogenesis. Here, we review the mechanistic basis for these effects on ciliogenesis, which comprise several cellular processes acting in concert at different timescales. Actin polymerization is both a physical barrier to both cilia-targeted vesicle transport and to the membrane remodeling required for ciliogenesis. In contrast, actin may cause cilia loss by localizing disassembly factors at the ciliary base, and F-actin branching may itself activate the YAP/TAZ pathway to promote cilia disassembly. The fundamental role of actin polymerization in the control of ciliogenesis may present potential new targets for disease-modifying therapeutic approaches in treating ciliopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire E L Smith
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Alice V R Lake
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Colin A Johnson
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bischof J, Day ME, Miller KA, LaPalme JV, Levin M. Nervous system and tissue polarity dynamically adapt to new morphologies in planaria. Dev Biol 2020; 467:51-65. [PMID: 32882234 PMCID: PMC10474925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The coordination of tissue-level polarity with organism-level polarity is crucial in development, disease, and regeneration. Here, we characterize a new example of large-scale control of dynamic remodeling of body polarity. Exploiting the flexibility of the body plan in regenerating planarians, we used mirror duplication of the primary axis to show how established tissue-level polarity adapts to new organism-level polarity. Characterization of epithelial planar cell polarity revealed a remarkable reorientation of tissue polarity in double-headed planarians. This reorientation of cilia occurs even following irradiation-induced loss of all stem cells, suggesting independence of the polarity change from the formation of new cells. The presence of the two heads plays an important role in regulating the rate of change in overall polarity. We further present data that suggest that the nervous system itself adapts its polarity to match the new organismal anatomy as revealed by changes in nerve transport driving distinct regenerative outcomes. Thus, in planaria tissue-level polarity can dynamically reorient to match the organism-level anatomical configuration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Bischof
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4600, Medford, MA, 01915, USA
| | - Margot E Day
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4600, Medford, MA, 01915, USA
| | - Kelsie A Miller
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4600, Medford, MA, 01915, USA
| | - Jennifer V LaPalme
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4600, Medford, MA, 01915, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4600, Medford, MA, 01915, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abdelhamed Z, Lukacs M, Cindric S, Ali S, Omran H, Stottmann RW. A novel hypomorphic allele of Spag17 causes primary ciliary dyskinesia phenotypes in mice. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm045344. [PMID: 32988999 PMCID: PMC7648611 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.045344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a human condition of dysfunctional motile cilia characterized by recurrent lung infection, infertility, organ laterality defects and partially penetrant hydrocephalus. We recovered a mouse mutant from a forward genetic screen that developed many of the hallmark phenotypes of PCD. Whole-exome sequencing identified this primary ciliary dyskinesia only (Pcdo) allele to be a nonsense mutation (c.5236A>T) in the Spag17 coding sequence creating a premature stop codon (K1746*). The Pcdo variant abolished several isoforms of SPAG17 in the Pcdo mutant testis but not in the brain. Our data indicate differential requirements for SPAG17 in different types of motile cilia. SPAG17 is essential for proper development of the sperm flagellum and is required for either development or stability of the C1 microtubule structure within the central pair apparatus of the respiratory motile cilia, but not the brain ependymal cilia. We identified changes in ependymal ciliary beating frequency, but these did not appear to alter lateral ventricle cerebrospinal fluid flow. Aqueductal stenosis resulted in significantly slower and abnormally directed cerebrospinal fluid flow, and we suggest that this is the root cause of the hydrocephalus. The Spag17Pcdo homozygous mutant mice are generally viable to adulthood but have a significantly shortened lifespan, with chronic morbidity. Our data indicate that the c.5236A>T Pcdo variant is a hypomorphic allele of Spag17 that causes phenotypes related to motile, but not primary, cilia. Spag17Pcdo is a useful new model for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying central pair PCD pathogenesis in the mouse.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zakia Abdelhamed
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine (Girl's Section), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt
| | - Marshall Lukacs
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Sandra Cindric
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Saima Ali
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Heymut Omran
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Rolf W Stottmann
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Nguyen QPH, Liu Z, Albulescu A, Ouyang H, Zlock L, Coyaud E, Laurent E, Finkbeiner W, Moraes TJ, Raught B, Mennella V. Comparative Super-Resolution Mapping of Basal Feet Reveals a Modular but Distinct Architecture in Primary and Motile Cilia. Dev Cell 2020; 55:209-223.e7. [PMID: 33038334 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In situ molecular architecture analysis of organelles and protein assemblies is essential to understanding the role of individual components and their cellular function, and to engineering new molecular functionalities. Through a super-resolution-driven approach, here we characterize the organization of the ciliary basal foot, an appendage of basal bodies whose main role is to provide a point of anchoring to the microtubule cytoskeleton. Quantitative image analysis shows that the basal foot is organized into three main regions linked by elongated coiled-coil proteins, revealing a conserved modular architecture in primary and motile cilia, but showing distinct features reflecting its specialized functions. Using domain-specific BioID proximity labeling and super-resolution imaging, we identify CEP112 as a basal foot protein and other candidate components of this assembly, aiding future investigations on the role of basal foot across different cilia systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quynh P H Nguyen
- Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada; Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Zhen Liu
- Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada; Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Alexandra Albulescu
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Hong Ouyang
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Lorna Zlock
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G1L8, Canada
| | - Estelle Laurent
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G1L8, Canada
| | - Walter Finkbeiner
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Theo J Moraes
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G1L8, Canada
| | - Vito Mennella
- Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada; Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Center, Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Super-Resolution Microscopy and FIB-SEM Imaging Reveal Parental Centriole-Derived, Hybrid Cilium in Mammalian Multiciliated Cells. Dev Cell 2020; 55:224-236.e6. [PMID: 33038333 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Motile cilia are cellular beating machines that play a critical role in mucociliary clearance, cerebrospinal fluid movement, and fertility. In the airways, hundreds of motile cilia present on the surface of a multiciliated epithelia cell beat coordinately to protect the epithelium from bacteria, viruses, and harmful particulates. During multiciliated cell differentiation, motile cilia are templated from basal bodies, each extending a basal foot-an appendage linking motile cilia together to ensure coordinated beating. Here, we demonstrate that among the many motile cilia of a multiciliated cell, a hybrid cilium with structural features of both primary and motile cilia is harbored. The hybrid cilium is conserved in mammalian multiciliated cells, originates from parental centrioles, and its cellular position is biased and dependent on ciliary beating. Furthermore, we show that the hybrid cilium emerges independently of other motile cilia and functions in regulating basal body alignment.
Collapse
|
44
|
Juan GRRS, Mathijssen AJTM, He M, Jan L, Marshall W, Prakash M. Multi-scale spatial heterogeneity enhances particle clearance in airway ciliary arrays. NATURE PHYSICS 2020; 16:958-964. [PMID: 35937969 PMCID: PMC9355487 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-020-0923-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Mucus clearance constitutes the primary defence of the respiratory system against viruses, bacteria and environmental insults [1]. This transport across the entire airway emerges from the integrated activity of thousands of multiciliated cells, each containing hundreds of cilia, which together must coordinate their spatial arrangement, alignment and motility [2, 3]. The mechanisms of fluid transport have been studied extensively at the level of an individual cilium [4, 5], collectively moving metachronal waves [6-10], and more generally the hydrodynamics of active matter [11, 12]. However, the connection between local cilia architecture and the topology of the flows they generate remains largely unexplored. Here, we image the mouse airway from the sub-cellular (nm) to the organ scales (mm), characterising quantitatively its ciliary arrangement and the generated flows. Locally we measure heterogeneity in both cilia organisation and flow structure, but across the trachea fluid transport is coherent. To examine this result, a hydrodynamic model was developed for a systematic exploration of different tissue architectures. Surprisingly, we find that disorder enhances particle clearance, whether it originates from fluctuations, heterogeneity in multiciliated cell arrangement or ciliary misalignment. This resembles elements of 'stochastic resonance' [13-15], in the sense that noise can improve the function of the system. Taken together, our results shed light on how the microstructure of an active carpet [16, 17] determines its emergent dynamics. Furthermore, this work is also directly applicable to human airway pathologies [1], which are the third leading cause of deaths worldwide [18].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermina R Ramirez-San Juan
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | - Mu He
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Lily Jan
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Wallace Marshall
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Manu Prakash
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Daems M, Peacock HM, Jones EAV. Fluid flow as a driver of embryonic morphogenesis. Development 2020; 147:147/15/dev185579. [PMID: 32769200 DOI: 10.1242/dev.185579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fluid flow is a powerful morphogenic force during embryonic development. The physical forces created by flowing fluids can either create morphogen gradients or be translated by mechanosensitive cells into biological changes in gene expression. In this Primer, we describe how fluid flow is created in different systems and highlight the important mechanosensitive signalling pathways involved for sensing and transducing flow during embryogenesis. Specifically, we describe how fluid flow helps establish left-right asymmetry in the early embryo and discuss the role of flow of blood, lymph and cerebrospinal fluid in sculpting the embryonic cardiovascular and nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margo Daems
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hanna M Peacock
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elizabeth A V Jones
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chu CW, Masak G, Yang J, Davidson LA. From biomechanics to mechanobiology: Xenopus provides direct access to the physical principles that shape the embryo. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 63:71-77. [PMID: 32563783 PMCID: PMC9972463 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Features of amphibian embryos that have served so well to elucidate the genetics of vertebrate development also enable detailed analysis of the physics that shape morphogenesis and regulate development. Biophysical tools are revealing how genes control mechanical properties of the embryo. The same tools that describe and control mechanical properties are being turned to reveal how dynamic mechanical information and feedback regulate biological programs of development. In this review we outline efforts to explore the various roles of mechanical cues in guiding cilia biology, axonal pathfinding, goblet cell regeneration, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions in neural crest, and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transitions in heart progenitors. These case studies reveal the power of Xenopus experimental embryology to expose pathways integrating mechanical cues with programs of development, organogenesis, and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wen Chu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Geneva Masak
- Integrated Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Lance A Davidson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Integrative Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Bearce EA, Grimes DT. On being the right shape: Roles for motile cilia and cerebrospinal fluid flow in body and spine morphology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 110:104-112. [PMID: 32693941 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
How developing and growing organisms attain their proper shape is a central problem of developmental biology. In this review, we investigate this question with respect to how the body axis and spine form in their characteristic linear head-to-tail fashion in vertebrates. Recent work in the zebrafish has implicated motile cilia and cerebrospinal fluid flow in axial morphogenesis and spinal straightness. We begin by introducing motile cilia, the fluid flows they generate and their roles in zebrafish development and growth. We then describe how cilia control body and spine shape through sensory cells in the spinal canal, a thread-like extracellular structure called the Reissner fiber, and expression of neuropeptide signals. Last, we discuss zebrafish mutants in which spinal straightness breaks down and three-dimensional curves form. These curves resemble the common but little-understood human disease Idiopathic Scoliosis. Zebrafish research is therefore poised to make progress in our understanding of this condition and, more generally, how body and spine shape is acquired and maintained through development and growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Bearce
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA.
| | - Daniel T Grimes
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Vu HTK, Mansour S, Kücken M, Blasse C, Basquin C, Azimzadeh J, Myers EW, Brusch L, Rink JC. Dynamic Polarization of the Multiciliated Planarian Epidermis between Body Plan Landmarks. Dev Cell 2020; 51:526-542.e6. [PMID: 31743666 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Polarity is a universal design principle of biological systems that manifests at all organizational scales, yet its coordination across scales remains poorly understood. Here, we make use of the extreme anatomical plasticity of planarian flatworms to probe the interplay between global body plan polarity and local cell polarity. Our quantitative analysis of ciliary rootlet orientation in the epidermis reveals a dynamic polarity field with head and tail as independent determinants of anteroposterior (A/P) polarization and the body margin as determinant of mediolateral (M/L) polarization. Mathematical modeling rationalizes the global polarity field and its response to experimental manipulations as superposition of separate A/P and M/L fields, and we identify the core PCP and Ft/Ds pathways as their molecular mediators. Overall, our study establishes a framework for the alignment of cellular polarity vectors relative to planarian body plan landmarks and establishes the core PCP and Ft/Ds pathways as evolutionarily conserved 2D-polarization module.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanh Thi-Kim Vu
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sarah Mansour
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Kücken
- Technische Universität Dresden, Zentrum für Informationsdienste und Hochleistungsrechnen (ZIH), Helmholtzstrasse 10, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Corinna Blasse
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Cyril Basquin
- Institut Jacques Monod, Bâtiment Buffon, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13, France
| | - Juliette Azimzadeh
- Institut Jacques Monod, Bâtiment Buffon, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13, France
| | - Eugene Wimberly Myers
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lutz Brusch
- Technische Universität Dresden, Zentrum für Informationsdienste und Hochleistungsrechnen (ZIH), Helmholtzstrasse 10, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Jochen Christian Rink
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Gsell S, Loiseau E, D'Ortona U, Viallat A, Favier J. Hydrodynamic model of directional ciliary-beat organization in human airways. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8405. [PMID: 32439925 PMCID: PMC7242329 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64695-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the lung, the airway surface is protected by mucus, whose transport and evacuation is ensured through active ciliary beating. The mechanisms governing the long-range directional organization of ciliary beats, required for effective mucus transport, are much debated. Here, we experimentally show on human bronchial epithelium reconstituted in-vitro that the dynamics of ciliary-beat orientation is closely connected to hydrodynamic effects. To examine the fundamental mechanisms of this self-organization process, we build a two-dimensional model in which the hydrodynamic coupling between cilia is provided by a streamwise-alignment rule governing the local orientation of the ciliary forcing. The model reproduces the emergence of the mucus swirls observed in the experiments. The predicted swirl sizes, which scale with the ciliary density and mucus viscosity, are in agreement with in-vitro measurements. A transition from the swirly regime to a long-range unidirectional mucus flow allowing effective clearance occurs at high ciliary density and high mucus viscosity. In the latter case, the mucus flow tends to spontaneously align with the bronchus axis due to hydrodynamic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gsell
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2, Marseille, France.
| | | | - Umberto D'Ortona
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2, Marseille, France
| | | | - Julien Favier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Pellicciotta N, Hamilton E, Kotar J, Faucourt M, Delgehyr N, Spassky N, Cicuta P. Entrainment of mammalian motile cilia in the brain with hydrodynamic forces. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:8315-8325. [PMID: 32217737 PMCID: PMC7165462 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910065117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia are widespread across the animal and plant kingdoms, displaying complex collective dynamics central to their physiology. Their coordination mechanism is not generally understood, with previous work mainly focusing on algae and protists. We study here the entrainment of cilia beat in multiciliated cells from brain ventricles. The response to controlled oscillatory external flows shows that flows at a similar frequency to the actively beating cilia can entrain cilia oscillations. We find that the hydrodynamic forces required for this entrainment strongly depend on the number of cilia per cell. Cells with few cilia (up to five) can be entrained at flows comparable to cilia-driven flows, in contrast with what was recently observed in Chlamydomonas Experimental trends are quantitatively described by a model that accounts for hydrodynamic screening of packed cilia and the chemomechanical energy efficiency of the flagellar beat. Simulations of a minimal model of cilia interacting hydrodynamically show the same trends observed in cilia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Pellicciotta
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CB3 0HE Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Evelyn Hamilton
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CB3 0HE Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jurij Kotar
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CB3 0HE Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marion Faucourt
- Cilia Biology and Neurogenesis, Institut de biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Delgehyr
- Cilia Biology and Neurogenesis, Institut de biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Spassky
- Cilia Biology and Neurogenesis, Institut de biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Pietro Cicuta
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CB3 0HE Cambridge, United Kingdom;
| |
Collapse
|