1
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Suárez-Grimalt R, Grunwald Kadow IC, Scheunemann L. An integrative sensor of body states: how the mushroom body modulates behavior depending on physiological context. Learn Mem 2024; 31:a053918. [PMID: 38876486 PMCID: PMC11199956 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053918.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
The brain constantly compares past and present experiences to predict the future, thereby enabling instantaneous and future behavioral adjustments. Integration of external information with the animal's current internal needs and behavioral state represents a key challenge of the nervous system. Recent advancements in dissecting the function of the Drosophila mushroom body (MB) at the single-cell level have uncovered its three-layered logic and parallel systems conveying positive and negative values during associative learning. This review explores a lesser-known role of the MB in detecting and integrating body states such as hunger, thirst, and sleep, ultimately modulating motivation and sensory-driven decisions based on the physiological state of the fly. State-dependent signals predominantly affect the activity of modulatory MB input neurons (dopaminergic, serotoninergic, and octopaminergic), but also induce plastic changes directly at the level of the MB intrinsic and output neurons. Thus, the MB emerges as a tightly regulated relay station in the insect brain, orchestrating neuroadaptations due to current internal and behavioral states leading to short- but also long-lasting changes in behavior. While these adaptations are crucial to ensure fitness and survival, recent findings also underscore how circuit motifs in the MB may reflect fundamental design principles that contribute to maladaptive behaviors such as addiction or depression-like symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Suárez-Grimalt
- Institute for Biology/Genetics, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Neurophysiologie and NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Lisa Scheunemann
- Institute for Biology/Genetics, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Neurophysiologie and NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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2
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Chiang MH, Lin YC, Chen SF, Lee PS, Fu TF, Wu T, Wu CL. Independent insulin signaling modulators govern hot avoidance under different feeding states. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002332. [PMID: 37847673 PMCID: PMC10581474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermosensation is critical for the survival of animals. However, mechanisms through which nutritional status modulates thermosensation remain unclear. Herein, we showed that hungry Drosophila exhibit a strong hot avoidance behavior (HAB) compared to food-sated flies. We identified that hot stimulus increases the activity of α'β' mushroom body neurons (MBns), with weak activity in the sated state and strong activity in the hungry state. Furthermore, we showed that α'β' MBn receives the same level of hot input from the mALT projection neurons via cholinergic transmission in sated and hungry states. Differences in α'β' MBn activity between food-sated and hungry flies following heat stimuli are regulated by distinct Drosophila insulin-like peptides (Dilps). Dilp2 is secreted by insulin-producing cells (IPCs) and regulates HAB during satiety, whereas Dilp6 is secreted by the fat body and regulates HAB during the hungry state. We observed that Dilp2 induces PI3K/AKT signaling, whereas Dilp6 induces Ras/ERK signaling in α'β' MBn to regulate HAB in different feeding conditions. Finally, we showed that the 2 α'β'-related MB output neurons (MBONs), MBON-α'3 and MBON-β'1, are necessary for the output of integrated hot avoidance information from α'β' MBn. Our results demonstrate the presence of dual insulin modulation pathways in α'β' MBn, which are important for suitable behavioral responses in Drosophila during thermoregulation under different feeding states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hsuan Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Fu Chen
- NHRI Institute of Biomedical Engineering & Nanomedicine, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Peng-Shiuan Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Feng Fu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Tony Wu
- Department of Neurology, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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3
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Titos I, Juginović A, Vaccaro A, Nambara K, Gorelik P, Mazor O, Rogulja D. A gut-secreted peptide suppresses arousability from sleep. Cell 2023; 186:1382-1397.e21. [PMID: 36958331 PMCID: PMC10216829 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Suppressing sensory arousal is critical for sleep, with deeper sleep requiring stronger sensory suppression. The mechanisms that enable sleeping animals to largely ignore their surroundings are not well understood. We show that the responsiveness of sleeping flies and mice to mechanical vibrations is better suppressed when the diet is protein rich. In flies, we describe a signaling pathway through which information about ingested proteins is conveyed from the gut to the brain to help suppress arousability. Higher protein concentration in the gut leads to increased activity of enteroendocrine cells that release the peptide CCHa1. CCHa1 signals to a small group of dopamine neurons in the brain to modulate their activity; the dopaminergic activity regulates the behavioral responsiveness of animals to vibrations. The CCHa1 pathway and dietary proteins do not influence responsiveness to all sensory inputs, showing that during sleep, different information streams can be gated through independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Titos
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alen Juginović
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexandra Vaccaro
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Keishi Nambara
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pavel Gorelik
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ofer Mazor
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dragana Rogulja
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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4
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Suh GSB, Yu K, Kim YJ, Oh Y, Park JJ. History of Drosophila neurogenetic research in South Korea. J Neurogenet 2022:1-7. [PMID: 36165786 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2022.2115040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenetic research using the Drosophila model has immensely expanded around the world. Likewise, scientists in South Korea have leveraged the advantages of Drosophila genetic tools to understand various neurobiological processes. In this special issue, we will overview the history of Drosophila neurogenetic research in South Korea that led to significant discoveries and notably implications. We will describe how Drosophila system was first introduced to elevate neural developmental studies in 1990s. Establishing Drosophila-related resources has been a key venture, which led to the generation of over 100,000 mutant lines and the launch of the K-Gut initiative with Korea Drosophila Research Center (KDRC). These resources have supported the pioneer studies in modeling human disease and understanding genes and neural circuits that regulate animal behavior and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg S B Suh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kweon Yu
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Metabolism and Neurophysiology Research Group, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yangkyun Oh
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Jean Park
- Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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5
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Recurrent circadian circuitry regulates central brain activity to maintain sleep. Neuron 2022; 110:2139-2154.e5. [PMID: 35525241 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Animal brains have discrete circadian neurons, but little is known about how they are coordinated to influence and maintain sleep. Here, through a systematic optogenetic screening, we identified a subtype of uncharacterized circadian DN3 neurons that is strongly sleep promoting in Drosophila. These anterior-projecting DN3s (APDN3s) receive signals from DN1 circadian neurons and then output to newly identified noncircadian "claw" neurons (CLs). CLs have a daily Ca2+ cycle, which peaks at night and correlates with DN1 and DN3 Ca2+ cycles. The CLs feedback onto a subset of DN1s to form a positive recurrent loop that maintains sleep. Using trans-synaptic photoactivatable green fluorescent protein (PA-GFP) tracing and functional in vivo imaging, we demonstrated that the CLs drive sleep by interacting with and releasing acetylcholine onto the mushroom body γ lobe. Taken together, the data identify a novel self-reinforcing loop within the circadian network and a new sleep-promoting neuropile that are both essential for maintaining normal sleep.
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6
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Li Q, Jang H, Lim KY, Lessing A, Stavropoulos N. insomniac links the development and function of a sleep-regulatory circuit. eLife 2021; 10:65437. [PMID: 34908527 PMCID: PMC8758140 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many genes are known to influence sleep, when and how they impact sleep-regulatory circuits remain ill-defined. Here, we show that insomniac (inc), a conserved adaptor for the autism-associated Cul3 ubiquitin ligase, acts in a restricted period of neuronal development to impact sleep in adult Drosophila. The loss of inc causes structural and functional alterations within the mushroom body (MB), a center for sensory integration, associative learning, and sleep regulation. In inc mutants, MB neurons are produced in excess, develop anatomical defects that impede circuit assembly, and are unable to promote sleep when activated in adulthood. Our findings link neurogenesis and postmitotic development of sleep-regulatory neurons to their adult function and suggest that developmental perturbations of circuits that couple sensory inputs and sleep may underlie sleep dysfunction in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuling Li
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Hyunsoo Jang
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Kayla Y Lim
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Alexie Lessing
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Nicholas Stavropoulos
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Waksman Institute, Rutgers UniversityPiscatawayUnited States
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7
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Phenotypical and genetical characterization of the Mad 1-2 allele during Drosophila wing development. Cells Dev 2021; 169:203761. [PMID: 34875394 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Growth and patterning of Drosophila wing depends upon the sequential organizing activities of Hedgehog (Hh) and Decapentaplegic (Dpp) signaling pathways. The Hh signaling directly activates the expression of dpp through the transcription factor cubitus interruptus (Ci). Dpp itself functions as a long-range morphogen to promote cell proliferation and differentiation through an essential transcription factor encoded by Mad. Here we report that the Mad1-2 allele exhibits phenotypes distinct from classical Dpp pathway mutants in the developing wing. The activity of Dpp signaling is attenuated in Mad1-2 mutant cells. However, activation of Dpp signaling is found in a subset of cells surrounding homozygous Mad1-2 clones when the clones are located at the anterior compartment of wing disc. Further analysis reveals that Mad1-2 mutant cells display high level of Hh signaling activity and accumulate significant amount of Ci. Unexpectedly, whole genome resequencing identifies multiple mutations in the 3'UTR region of Pka-C1 genomic loci in the Mad1-2 stock. We provide genetic and molecular evidence that the Pka-C1 mutations carried by Mad1-2 likely underlies the observed Hh signaling defects. Therefore, the contribution of Pka-C1 mutation should be taken in consideration when analyzing Mad1-2 phenotypes. The isolation of independent Mad and Pka-C1 alleles from the Mad1-2 stock further supports our conclusions.
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Wen J, Bo T, Zhao Z, Wang D. Role of transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 in behavioral thermoregulation of the Mongolian gerbil Meriones unguiculatus. Integr Zool 2021; 17:608-618. [PMID: 34498418 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Ambient temperature considerably affects the physiology and behavior of mammals. Thermosensory and thermoregulatory abilities play an important role in the response to changing ambient temperature in endotherms. However, the molecular mechanisms of behavioral thermoregulation remain poorly understood. Transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) is activated by changes in ambient temperature and is involved in acute thermoregulation. Here, we aimed to determine whether TRPV1 is involved in behavioral thermoregulation in wild rodents by conducting 2 experiments. In the first, 42 adult Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus; 14 per treatment) were randomly assigned to 3 housing temperatures (4, 23, and 36°C) for 4 weeks. In the second, 20 gerbils (10 per treatment) were randomly injected with capsaicin (TRPV1 agonist) or AMG517 (TRPV1 antagonist). The results showed a significant decrease in food intake and non-shivering thermogenesis in the gerbils housed at 36°C. Additionally, there was a significant increase in the preference of gerbils housed at 4°C to low temperatures. The expression of TRPV1 protein in the brown adipose tissue (BAT) and liver was significantly positively correlated with that of protein kinase A (PKA). The expression of TRPV1 and PKA proteins in the BAT was positively correlated with the temperature preference of the gerbils. The gerbils injected with capsaicin preferred significantly lower temperatures than the control group gerbils. These findings suggest that TRPV1 and PKA are involved in behavioral thermoregulation in Mongolian gerbils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tingbei Bo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijun Zhao
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dehua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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9
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Ichinose T, Kanno M, Wu H, Yamagata N, Sun H, Abe A, Tanimoto H. Mushroom body output differentiates memory processes and distinct memory-guided behaviors. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1294-1302.e4. [PMID: 33476556 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mushroom body (MB) of Drosophila melanogaster has multiple functions in controlling memory and behavior.1-9 However, circuit mechanisms that generate this functional diversity are largely unclear. Here, we systematically probed the behavioral contribution of each type of MB output neuron (MBON) by blocking during acquisition, retention, or retrieval of reward or punishment memories. We evaluated the contribution using two conditioned responses: memory-guided odor choice and odor source attraction. Quantitative analysis revealed that these conditioned odor responses are controlled by different sets of MBONs. We found that the valence of memory, rather than the transition of memory steps, has a larger impact on the patterns of required MBONs. Moreover, we found that the glutamatergic MBONs forming recurrent circuits commonly contribute to appetitive memory acquisition, suggesting a pivotal role of this circuit motif for reward processing. Our results provide principles how the MB output circuit processes associative memories of different valence and controls distinct memory-guided behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiharu Ichinose
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan; Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan; Department of Neuropharmacology, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan.
| | - Mai Kanno
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Hongyang Wu
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yamagata
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Huan Sun
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Ayako Abe
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Hiromu Tanimoto
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
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10
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Buhl E, Kottler B, Hodge JJL, Hirth F. Thermoresponsive motor behavior is mediated by ring neuron circuits in the central complex of Drosophila. Sci Rep 2021; 11:155. [PMID: 33420240 PMCID: PMC7794218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80103-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects are ectothermal animals that are constrained in their survival and reproduction by external temperature fluctuations which require either active avoidance of or movement towards a given heat source. In Drosophila, different thermoreceptors and neurons have been identified that mediate temperature sensation to maintain the animal’s thermal preference. However, less is known how thermosensory information is integrated to gate thermoresponsive motor behavior. Here we use transsynaptic tracing together with calcium imaging, electrophysiology and thermogenetic manipulations in freely moving Drosophila exposed to elevated temperature and identify different functions of ellipsoid body ring neurons, R1-R4, in thermoresponsive motor behavior. Our results show that warming of the external surroundings elicits calcium influx specifically in R2-R4 but not in R1, which evokes threshold-dependent neural activity in the outer layer ring neurons. In contrast to R2, R3 and R4d neurons, thermogenetic inactivation of R4m and R1 neurons expressing the temperature-sensitive mutant allele of dynamin, shibireTS, results in impaired thermoresponsive motor behavior at elevated 31 °C. trans-Tango mediated transsynaptic tracing together with physiological and behavioral analyses indicate that integrated sensory information of warming is registered by neural activity of R4m as input layer of the ellipsoid body ring neuropil and relayed on to R1 output neurons that gate an adaptive motor response. Together these findings imply that segregated activities of central complex ring neurons mediate sensory-motor transformation of external temperature changes and gate thermoresponsive motor behavior in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Buhl
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, UK.
| | - Benjamin Kottler
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - James J L Hodge
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, UK
| | - Frank Hirth
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
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11
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Siju KP, De Backer JF, Grunwald Kadow IC. Dopamine modulation of sensory processing and adaptive behavior in flies. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 383:207-225. [PMID: 33515291 PMCID: PMC7873103 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03371-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral flexibility for appropriate action selection is an advantage when animals are faced with decisions that will determine their survival or death. In order to arrive at the right decision, animals evaluate information from their external environment, internal state, and past experiences. How these different signals are integrated and modulated in the brain, and how context- and state-dependent behavioral decisions are controlled are poorly understood questions. Studying the molecules that help convey and integrate such information in neural circuits is an important way to approach these questions. Many years of work in different model organisms have shown that dopamine is a critical neuromodulator for (reward based) associative learning. However, recent findings in vertebrates and invertebrates have demonstrated the complexity and heterogeneity of dopaminergic neuron populations and their functional implications in many adaptive behaviors important for survival. For example, dopaminergic neurons can integrate external sensory information, internal and behavioral states, and learned experience in the decision making circuitry. Several recent advances in methodologies and the availability of a synaptic level connectome of the whole-brain circuitry of Drosophila melanogaster make the fly an attractive system to study the roles of dopamine in decision making and state-dependent behavior. In particular, a learning and memory center-the mushroom body-is richly innervated by dopaminergic neurons that enable it to integrate multi-modal information according to state and context, and to modulate decision-making and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. P. Siju
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Jean-Francois De Backer
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Ilona C. Grunwald Kadow
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
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12
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Siju KP, Štih V, Aimon S, Gjorgjieva J, Portugues R, Grunwald Kadow IC. Valence and State-Dependent Population Coding in Dopaminergic Neurons in the Fly Mushroom Body. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2104-2115.e4. [PMID: 32386530 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuromodulation permits flexibility of synapses, neural circuits, and ultimately behavior. One neuromodulator, dopamine, has been studied extensively in its role as a reward signal during learning and memory across animal species. Newer evidence suggests that dopaminergic neurons (DANs) can modulate sensory perception acutely, thereby allowing an animal to adapt its behavior and decision making to its internal and behavioral state. In addition, some data indicate that DANs are not homogeneous but rather convey different types of information as a heterogeneous population. We have investigated DAN population activity and how it could encode relevant information about sensory stimuli and state by taking advantage of the confined anatomy of DANs innervating the mushroom body (MB) of the fly Drosophila melanogaster. Using in vivo calcium imaging and a custom 3D image registration method, we found that the activity of the population of MB DANs encodes innate valence information of an odor or taste as well as the physiological state of the animal. Furthermore, DAN population activity is strongly correlated with movement, consistent with a role of dopamine in conveying behavioral state to the MB. Altogether, our data and analysis suggest that DAN population activities encode innate odor and taste valence, movement, and physiological state in a MB-compartment-specific manner. We propose that dopamine shapes innate perception through combinatorial population coding of sensory valence, physiological, and behavioral context.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Siju
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Vilim Štih
- Sensorimotor Control Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sophie Aimon
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Julijana Gjorgjieva
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany; Computation in Neural Circuits Group, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ruben Portugues
- Sensorimotor Control Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Ilona C Grunwald Kadow
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany; ZIEL-Institute of Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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13
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Coll-Tané M, Krebbers A, Castells-Nobau A, Zweier C, Schenck A. Intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorders 'on the fly': insights from Drosophila. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm039180. [PMID: 31088981 PMCID: PMC6550041 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.039180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are frequently co-occurring neurodevelopmental disorders and affect 2-3% of the population. Rapid advances in exome and genome sequencing have increased the number of known implicated genes by threefold, to more than a thousand. The main challenges in the field are now to understand the various pathomechanisms associated with this bewildering number of genetic disorders, to identify new genes and to establish causality of variants in still-undiagnosed cases, and to work towards causal treatment options that so far are available only for a few metabolic conditions. To meet these challenges, the research community needs highly efficient model systems. With an increasing number of relevant assays and rapidly developing novel methodologies, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is ideally positioned to change gear in ID and ASD research. The aim of this Review is to summarize some of the exciting work that already has drawn attention to Drosophila as a model for these disorders. We highlight well-established ID- and ASD-relevant fly phenotypes at the (sub)cellular, brain and behavioral levels, and discuss strategies of how this extraordinarily efficient and versatile model can contribute to 'next generation' medical genomics and to a better understanding of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Coll-Tané
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alina Krebbers
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Castells-Nobau
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christiane Zweier
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Annette Schenck
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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14
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Giraldo D, Adden A, Kuhlemann I, Gras H, Geurten BRH. Correcting locomotion dependent observation biases in thermal preference of Drosophila. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3974. [PMID: 30850647 PMCID: PMC6408449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40459-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing environmental temperatures is essential for the survival of ectothermic organisms. In Drosophila, two of the most used methodologies to study temperature preferences (TP) and the genes involved in thermosensation are two-choice assays and temperature gradients. Whereas two-choice assays reveal a relative TP, temperature gradients can identify the absolute Tp. One drawback of gradients is that small ectothermic animals are susceptible to cold-trapping: a physiological inability to move at the cold area of the gradient. Often cold-trapping cannot be avoided, biasing the resulting TP to lower temperatures. Two mathematical models were previously developed to correct for cold-trapping. These models, however, focus on group behaviour which can lead to overestimation of cold-trapping due to group aggregation. Here we present a mathematical model that simulates the behaviour of individual Drosophila in temperature gradients. The model takes the spatial dimension and temperature difference of the gradient into account, as well as the rearing temperature of the flies. Furthermore, it allows the quantification of cold-trapping and reveals unbiased TP. Additionally, our model reveals that flies have a range of tolerable temperatures, and this measure is more informative about the behaviour than commonly used TP. Online simulation is hosted at http://igloo.uni-goettingen.de. The code can be accessed at https://github.com/zerotonin/igloo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Giraldo
- Department for Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Adden
- Department for Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ilyas Kuhlemann
- Department for Biophysical Chemistry, Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Heribert Gras
- Department for Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bart R H Geurten
- Department for Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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15
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Rohith BN, Shyamala BV. Developmental Deformity Due to
scalloped
Non‐Function in
Drosophila
Brain Leads to Cognitive Impairment. Dev Neurobiol 2019; 79:236-251. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Shih MFM, Davis FP, Henry GL, Dubnau J. Nuclear Transcriptomes of the Seven Neuronal Cell Types That Constitute the Drosophila Mushroom Bodies. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2019; 9:81-94. [PMID: 30397017 PMCID: PMC6325895 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The insect mushroom body (MB) is a conserved brain structure that plays key roles in a diverse array of behaviors. The Drosophila melanogaster MB is the primary invertebrate model of neural circuits related to memory formation and storage, and its development, morphology, wiring, and function has been extensively studied. MBs consist of intrinsic Kenyon Cells that are divided into three major neuron classes (γ, α'/β' and α/β) and 7 cell subtypes (γd, γm, α'/β'ap, α'/β'm, α/βp, α/βs and α/βc) based on their birth order, morphology, and connectivity. These subtypes play distinct roles in memory processing, however the underlying transcriptional differences are unknown. Here, we used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to profile the nuclear transcriptomes of each MB neuronal cell subtypes. We identified 350 MB class- or subtype-specific genes, including the widely used α/β class marker Fas2 and the α'/β' class marker trio Immunostaining corroborates the RNA-seq measurements at the protein level for several cases. Importantly, our data provide a full accounting of the neurotransmitter receptors, transporters, neurotransmitter biosynthetic enzymes, neuropeptides, and neuropeptide receptors expressed within each of these cell types. This high-quality, cell type-level transcriptome catalog for the Drosophila MB provides a valuable resource for the fly neuroscience community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fred Pejman Davis
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA; National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Gilbert Lee Henry
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
| | - Josh Dubnau
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook School of Medicine; Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
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17
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Grunwald Kadow IC. State-dependent plasticity of innate behavior in fruit flies. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 54:60-65. [PMID: 30219668 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Behaviors are often categorized into innate or learned. Innate behaviors are thought to be genetically encoded and hardwired into the brain, while learned behavior is a product of the interaction between experience and the plasticity of synapses and neurons. Recent work in different models show that innate behavior, too, is plastic and depends on the current behavioral context and the internal state of an animal. Furthermore, these studies suggest that the neural circuits underpinning innate and learned behavior interact and even overlap. For instance, hunger modulates several innate behaviors relying in part on neural circuits required for learning and memory such as the mushroom body in the fruit fly. These new findings suggest that state-dependent innate behavior and learning rely on functionally and anatomically overlapping and shared neural circuits indicating a common evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona C Grunwald Kadow
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, ZIEL, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany.
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18
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Tumkaya T, Ott S, Claridge-Chang A. A systematic review of Drosophila short-term-memory genetics: Meta-analysis reveals robust reproducibility. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 95:361-382. [PMID: 30077573 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Geneticists use olfactory conditioning in Drosophila to identify learning genes; however, little is known about how these genes are integrated into short-term memory (STM) pathways. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that the STM evidence base is weak. We performed systematic review and meta-analysis of the field. Using metrics to quantify variation between discovery articles and follow-up studies, we found that seven genes were both highly replicated, and highly reproducible. However, ∼80% of STM genes have never been replicated. While only a few studies investigated interactions, the reviewed genes could account for >1000% memory. This large summed effect size could indicate irreproducibility, many shared pathways, or that current assay protocols lack the specificity needed to identify core plasticity genes. Mechanistic theories of memory will require the convergence of evidence from system, circuit, cellular, molecular, and genetic experiments; systematic data synthesis is an essential tool for integrated neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayfun Tumkaya
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, A(⁎)STAR, Singapore; Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stanislav Ott
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Adam Claridge-Chang
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, A(⁎)STAR, Singapore; Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
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19
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Soto-Padilla A, Ruijsink R, Sibon OCM, van Rijn H, Billeter JC. Thermosensory perception regulates speed of movement in response to temperature changes in Drosophila melanogaster. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.174151. [PMID: 29650755 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.174151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Temperature influences the physiology and behavior of all organisms. For ectotherms, which lack central temperature regulation, temperature adaptation requires sheltering from or moving to a heat source. As temperature constrains the rate of metabolic reactions, it can directly affect ectotherm physiology and thus behavioral performance. This direct effect is particularly relevant for insects, as their small bodies readily equilibrate with ambient temperature. In fact, models of enzyme kinetics applied to insect behavior predict performance at different temperatures suggesting that thermal physiology governs behavior. However, insects also possess thermosensory neurons critical for locating preferred temperatures, showing cognitive control. This suggests that temperature-related behavior can emerge directly from a physiological effect, indirectly as a consequence of thermosensory processing, or through a combination of both. To separate the roles of thermal physiology and cognitive control, we developed an arena that allows fast temperature changes in time and space, and in which animals' movements are automatically quantified. We exposed wild-type Drosophila melanogaster and thermosensory receptor mutants to a dynamic temperature environment and tracked their movements. The locomotor speed of wild-type flies closely matched models of enzyme kinetics, but the behavior of thermosensory mutants did not. Mutations in thermosensory receptor gene dTrpA1 (Transient Receptor Potential A1) expressed in the brain resulted in a complete lack of response to temperature changes, while mutations in peripheral thermosensory receptor gene Gr28b(D) resulted in a diminished response. We conclude that flies react to temperature through cognitive control, informed by interactions between various thermosensory neurons, the behavioral output of which resembles models of enzyme kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Soto-Padilla
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, PO Box 11103, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 CC, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Ruijsink
- Ruijsink Dynamic Engineering, Keizerstraat 57, 2801NK Gouda, The Netherlands
| | - Ody C M Sibon
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hedderik van Rijn
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Christophe Billeter
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, PO Box 11103, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 CC, The Netherlands
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20
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Tsao CH, Chen CC, Lin CH, Yang HY, Lin S. Drosophila mushroom bodies integrate hunger and satiety signals to control innate food-seeking behavior. eLife 2018; 7:35264. [PMID: 29547121 PMCID: PMC5910021 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruit fly can evaluate its energy state and decide whether to pursue food-related cues. Here, we reveal that the mushroom body (MB) integrates hunger and satiety signals to control food-seeking behavior. We have discovered five pathways in the MB essential for hungry flies to locate and approach food. Blocking the MB-intrinsic Kenyon cells (KCs) and the MB output neurons (MBONs) in these pathways impairs food-seeking behavior. Starvation bi-directionally modulates MBON responses to a food odor, suggesting that hunger and satiety controls occur at the KC-to-MBON synapses. These controls are mediated by six types of dopaminergic neurons (DANs). By manipulating these DANs, we could inhibit food-seeking behavior in hungry flies or promote food seeking in fed flies. Finally, we show that the DANs potentially receive multiple inputs of hunger and satiety signals. This work demonstrates an information-rich central circuit in the fly brain that controls hunger-driven food-seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hui Tsao
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chun Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Han Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Life Sciences and the Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Yu Yang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Suewei Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Life Sciences and the Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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Ørsted M, Rohde PD, Hoffmann AA, Sørensen P, Kristensen TN. Environmental variation partitioned into separate heritable components. Evolution 2017; 72:136-152. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ørsted
- Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience; Aalborg University; Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H 9220 Aalborg E Denmark
- School of Biosciences, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Palle Duun Rohde
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Aarhus University; Blichers Allé 20 8830 Tjele Denmark
- i PSYCH; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research; 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
- i SEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing; Aarhus University; Bartholins Allé 6 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Ary Anthony Hoffmann
- Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience; Aalborg University; Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H 9220 Aalborg E Denmark
- School of Biosciences, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Peter Sørensen
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Aarhus University; Blichers Allé 20 8830 Tjele Denmark
| | - Torsten Nygaard Kristensen
- Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience; Aalborg University; Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H 9220 Aalborg E Denmark
- Section of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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22
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Tripathi BK, Das R, Mukherjee A, Mutsuddi M. Interaction of Spoonbill with Prospero in Drosophila: Implications in neuroblast development. Genesis 2017; 55. [PMID: 28722203 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Identification of Spoon as a suppressor of SCA8 associated neurodegeneration provides us a hint about its role in neuronal development and maintenance. However, a detailed molecular characterization of spoon has not yet been reported. Here, we describe spatial expression pattern of Spoon during Drosophila development. Quantitative real time-PCR and fluorescent RNA-RNA in situ hybridization indicate that Spoon is expressed at relatively high levels in larval brain and photoreceptors of eye-antennal discs. Immunostaining reveals that Spoon is subcellularly localized in the cytoplasm and is also membrane bound. Strong expression is also seen in adult ovary and testes. Spoon on immunostaining exhibits unique pattern of expression in larval brain. We observed that Spoon in the neuroblasts colocalizes with Prospero, a transcription factor regulating genes involved in neuroblast self-renewal or cell-cycle control. Co-immunoprecipitation suggests that Spoon and Prospero reside in the same protein complex. Using Drosophila model of SCA8 RNA neuropathy we have also shown that loss of Prospero hinders the suppression of SCA8 associated neurodegeneration by Spoonbill, suggesting Prospero and Spoon might genetically interact and function together. Our study presents Spoon as a novel interacting partner of Prospero and this might be critical in determining the polarized localization of cell fate determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipin K Tripathi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Rituparna Das
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Ashim Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Mousumi Mutsuddi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
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23
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Seizure Suppression by High Temperature via cAMP Modulation in Drosophila. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2016; 6:3381-3387. [PMID: 27558668 PMCID: PMC5068957 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.034629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bang-sensitive (BS) Drosophila mutants display characteristic seizure-like activity (SLA) and paralysis after mechanical shock . After high-frequency electrical stimulation (HFS) of the brain, they generate robust seizures at very low threshold voltage. Here we report an important phenomenon, which effectively suppresses SLA in BS mutants. High temperature causes seizure suppression in all BS mutants (parabss1, eas, sda) examined in this study. This effect is fully reversible and flies show complete recovery from BS paralysis once the temperature effect is nullified. High temperature induces an increase in seizure threshold after a brief pulse of heat shock (HS). By genetic screening, we identified the involvement of cAMP in the suppression of seizures by high temperature. We propose that HS induces adenylyl cyclase which in turn increases cAMP concentration which eventually suppresses seizures in mutant flies. In summary, we describe an unusual phenomenon, where high temperature can suppress SLA in flies by modulating cAMP concentration.
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24
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Rajpurohit S, Schmidt PS. Measuring thermal behavior in smaller insects: A case study in Drosophila melanogaster demonstrates effects of sex, geographic origin, and rearing temperature on adult behavior. Fly (Austin) 2016; 10:149-61. [PMID: 27230726 PMCID: PMC5036927 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2016.1194145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring thermal behavior in smaller insects is particularly challenging. In this study, we describe a new horizontal thermal gradient apparatus designed to study adult thermal behavior in small insects and apply it using D. melanogaster as a model and case study. Specifically, we used this apparatus and associated methodology to examine the effects of sex, geographic origin, and developmental rearing temperature on temperature preferences exhibited by adults in a controlled laboratory environment. The thermal gradient established by the apparatus was stable over diurnal and calendar time. Furthermore, the distribution of adult flies across thermal habitats within the apparatus remained stable following the period of acclimation, as evidenced by the high degree of repeatability across both biological and technical replicates. Our data demonstrate significant and predictable variation in temperature preference for all 3 assayed variables. Behaviorally, females were more sensitive than males to higher temperatures. Flies originating from high latitude, temperate populations exhibited a greater preference for cooler temperatures; conversely, flies originating from low latitude, tropical habitats demonstrated a relative preference for higher temperatures. Similarly, larval rearing temperature was positively associated with adult thermal behavior: low culture temperatures increased the relative adult preference for cooler temperatures, and this response was distinct between the sexes and for flies from the temperate and subtropical geographic regions. Together, these results demonstrate that the temperature chamber apparatus elicits robust, predictable, and quantifiable thermal preference behavior that could readily be applied to other taxa to examine the role of temperature-mediated behavior in a variety of contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Rajpurohit
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul S. Schmidt
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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25
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Tripathi BK, Surabhi S, Bhaskar PK, Mukherjee A, Mutsuddi M. The RNA binding KH domain of Spoonbill depletes pathogenic non-coding spinocerebellar ataxia 8 transcripts and suppresses neurodegeneration in Drosophila. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:1732-41. [PMID: 27302466 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia 8 (SCA8) pathogenesis is a resultant of gain-of-function machinery that primarily results at the RNA level. It has been reported that expanded non-coding CTG trinucleotide repeat in the ATXN8OS transcripts leads to SCA8 coupled neurodegeneration. Targeted depletion of pathogenic SCA8 transcripts is a viable therapeutic approach. In this report we have focused on the suppression of toxic RNA gain-of-function associated with SCA8. We report suppression of SCA8 associated neurodegeneration by KH RNA binding domain of Spoonbill. KH domain suppresses pathogenic SCA8 associated phenotype in adult flies. Ectopic expression of KH domain leads to massive reduction in the number and size of SCA8 RNA foci. We show that Spoonbill interacts with toxic SCA8 transcripts via its KH domain and promotes its depletion. Till date, no attempts have been made for therapeutic intervention of SCA8 pathogenesis. Further characterization of Spoonbill KH domain may aid us in designing peptide based therapeutics for SCA8 associated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipin K Tripathi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Satya Surabhi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pradeep K Bhaskar
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashim Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mousumi Mutsuddi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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26
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Lewis L, Siju K, Aso Y, Friedrich A, Bulteel A, Rubin G, Grunwald Kadow I. A Higher Brain Circuit for Immediate Integration of Conflicting Sensory Information in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2015; 25:2203-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Shih HW, Wu CL, Chang SW, Liu TH, Lai JSY, Fu TF, Fu CC, Chiang AS. Parallel circuits control temperature preference in Drosophila during ageing. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7775. [PMID: 26178754 PMCID: PMC4518306 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of environmental temperature and regulation of body temperature are integral determinants of behaviour for all animals. These functions become less efficient in aged animals, particularly during exposure to cold environments, yet the cellular and molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we identify an age-related change in the temperature preference of adult fruit flies that results from a shift in the relative contributions of two parallel mushroom body (MB) circuits—the β′- and β-systems. The β′-circuit primarily controls cold avoidance through dopamine signalling in young flies, whereas the β-circuit increasingly contributes to cold avoidance as adult flies age. Elevating dopamine levels in β′-afferent neurons of aged flies restores cold sensitivity, suggesting that the alteration of cold avoidance behaviour with ageing is functionally reversible. These results provide a framework for investigating how molecules and individual neural circuits modulate homeostatic alterations during the course of senescence. The capacity for thermoregulation deteriorates with age, particularly in cold environments. Here the authors demonstrate in Drosophila that age-related changes in cold avoidance result from a shift in the relative contribution of two parallel mushroom body circuits that are modulated by dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Wen Shih
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Wu
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan. [2] Department of Medical Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Sue-Wei Chang
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ho Liu
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Jason Sih-Yu Lai
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Feng Fu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Nantou 54561, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chung Fu
- 1] Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan. [2] Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ann-Shyn Chiang
- 1] Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan. [2] Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan. [3] Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan. [4] Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80780, Taiwan. [5] Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0526, USA
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28
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Appel M, Scholz CJ, Müller T, Dittrich M, König C, Bockstaller M, Oguz T, Khalili A, Antwi-Adjei E, Schauer T, Margulies C, Tanimoto H, Yarali A. Genome-Wide Association Analyses Point to Candidate Genes for Electric Shock Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126986. [PMID: 25992709 PMCID: PMC4436303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Electric shock is a common stimulus for nociception-research and the most widely used reinforcement in aversive associative learning experiments. Yet, nothing is known about the mechanisms it recruits at the periphery. To help fill this gap, we undertook a genome-wide association analysis using 38 inbred Drosophila melanogaster strains, which avoided shock to varying extents. We identified 514 genes whose expression levels and/ or sequences co-varied with shock avoidance scores. We independently scrutinized 14 of these genes using mutants, validating the effect of 7 of them on shock avoidance. This emphasizes the value of our candidate gene list as a guide for follow-up research. In addition, by integrating our association results with external protein-protein interaction data we obtained a shock avoidance-associated network of 38 genes. Both this network and the original candidate list contained a substantial number of genes that affect mechanosensory bristles, which are hair-like organs distributed across the fly’s body. These results may point to a potential role for mechanosensory bristles in shock sensation. Thus, we not only provide a first list of candidate genes for shock avoidance, but also point to an interesting new hypothesis on nociceptive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Appel
- Research Group Molecular Systems Biology of Learning, Leibniz Institute of Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Claus-Jürgen Scholz
- Laboratory for Microarray Applications, IZKF, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Müller
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Dittrich
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian König
- Research Group Molecular Systems Biology of Learning, Leibniz Institute of Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Tuba Oguz
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Afshin Khalili
- Research Group Molecular Systems Biology of Learning, Leibniz Institute of Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Antwi-Adjei
- Research Group Molecular Systems Biology of Learning, Leibniz Institute of Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tamas Schauer
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Butenandt Institute and LMU Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Carla Margulies
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Butenandt Institute and LMU Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hiromu Tanimoto
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ayse Yarali
- Research Group Molecular Systems Biology of Learning, Leibniz Institute of Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Head LM, Tang X, Hayley SE, Goda T, Umezaki Y, Chang EC, Leslie JR, Fujiwara M, Garrity PA, Hamada FN. The influence of light on temperature preference in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2015; 25:1063-8. [PMID: 25866391 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ambient light affects multiple physiological functions and behaviors, such as circadian rhythms, sleep-wake activities, and development, from flies to mammals. Mammals exhibit a higher body temperature when exposed to acute light compared to when they are exposed to the dark, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. The body temperature of small ectotherms, such as Drosophila, relies on the temperature of their surrounding environment, and these animals exhibit a robust temperature preference behavior. Here, we demonstrate that Drosophila prefer a ∼1° higher temperature when exposed to acute light rather than the dark. This acute light response, light-dependent temperature preference (LDTP), was observed regardless of the time of day, suggesting that LDTP is regulated separately from the circadian clock. However, screening of eye and circadian clock mutants suggests that the circadian clock neurons posterior dorsal neurons 1 (DN1(p)s) and Pigment-Dispersing Factor Receptor (PDFR) play a role in LDTP. To further investigate the role of DN1(p)s in LDTP, PDFR in DN1(p)s was knocked down, resulting in an abnormal LDTP. The phenotype of the pdfr mutant was rescued sufficiently by expressing PDFR in DN1(p)s, indicating that PDFR in DN1(p)s is responsible for LDTP. These results suggest that light positively influences temperature preference via the circadian clock neurons, DN1(p)s, which may result from the integration of light and temperature information. Given that both Drosophila and mammals respond to acute light by increasing their body temperature, the effect of acute light on temperature regulation may be conserved evolutionarily between flies and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Head
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Xin Tang
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Sean E Hayley
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Tadahiro Goda
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yujiro Umezaki
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Elaine C Chang
- Department of Biology, National Center for Behavioral Genomics and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02458, USA
| | - Jennifer R Leslie
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Mana Fujiwara
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Paul A Garrity
- Department of Biology, National Center for Behavioral Genomics and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02458, USA
| | - Fumika N Hamada
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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Wu CL, Fu TF, Chou YY, Yeh SR. A single pair of neurons modulates egg-laying decisions in Drosophila. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121335. [PMID: 25781933 PMCID: PMC4363143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals have to judge environmental cues and choose the most suitable option for them from many different options. Female fruit flies selecting an optimum site to deposit their eggs is a biologically important reproductive behavior. When given the direct choice between ovipositing their eggs in a sucrose-containing medium or a caffeine-containing medium, female flies prefer the latter. However, the neural circuits and molecules that regulate this decision-making processes during egg-laying site selection remain poorly understood. In the present study, we found that amnesiac (amn) mutant flies show significant defects in egg-laying decisions, and such defects can be reversed by expressing the wild-type amn transgene in two dorsal paired medial (DPM) neurons in the brain. Silencing neuronal activity with an inward rectifier potassium channel (Kir2.1) in DPM neurons also impairs egg-laying decisions. Finally, the activity in mushroom body αβ neurons is required for the egg-laying behavior, suggesting a possible “DPM-αβ neurons” brain circuit modulating egg-laying decisions. Our results highlight the brain circuits and molecular mechanisms of egg-laying decisions in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lin Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Tsai-Feng Fu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi-Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yun Chou
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Rong Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Aso Y, Sitaraman D, Ichinose T, Kaun KR, Vogt K, Belliart-Guérin G, Plaçais PY, Robie AA, Yamagata N, Schnaitmann C, Rowell WJ, Johnston RM, Ngo TTB, Chen N, Korff W, Nitabach MN, Heberlein U, Preat T, Branson KM, Tanimoto H, Rubin GM. Mushroom body output neurons encode valence and guide memory-based action selection in Drosophila. eLife 2014; 3:e04580. [PMID: 25535794 PMCID: PMC4273436 DOI: 10.7554/elife.04580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals discriminate stimuli, learn their predictive value and use this knowledge to modify their behavior. In Drosophila, the mushroom body (MB) plays a key role in these processes. Sensory stimuli are sparsely represented by ∼2000 Kenyon cells, which converge onto 34 output neurons (MBONs) of 21 types. We studied the role of MBONs in several associative learning tasks and in sleep regulation, revealing the extent to which information flow is segregated into distinct channels and suggesting possible roles for the multi-layered MBON network. We also show that optogenetic activation of MBONs can, depending on cell type, induce repulsion or attraction in flies. The behavioral effects of MBON perturbation are combinatorial, suggesting that the MBON ensemble collectively represents valence. We propose that local, stimulus-specific dopaminergic modulation selectively alters the balance within the MBON network for those stimuli. Our results suggest that valence encoded by the MBON ensemble biases memory-based action selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Aso
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Divya Sitaraman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Toshiharu Ichinose
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Karla R Kaun
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Katrin Vogt
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ghislain Belliart-Guérin
- Genes and Dynamics of Memory Systems, Brain Plasticity Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ESPCI, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Plaçais
- Genes and Dynamics of Memory Systems, Brain Plasticity Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ESPCI, Paris, France
| | - Alice A Robie
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Nobuhiro Yamagata
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - William J Rowell
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Rebecca M Johnston
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Teri-T B Ngo
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Nan Chen
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Wyatt Korff
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Michael N Nitabach
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Ulrike Heberlein
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Thomas Preat
- Genes and Dynamics of Memory Systems, Brain Plasticity Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ESPCI, Paris, France
| | - Kristin M Branson
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Hiromu Tanimoto
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Gerald M Rubin
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
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32
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King I, Heberlein U. Tao kinases as coordinators of actin and microtubule dynamics in developing neurons. Commun Integr Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/cib.16051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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33
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Converging Circuits Mediate Temperature and Shock Aversive Olfactory Conditioning in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2014; 24:1712-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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34
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Goda T, Leslie JR, Hamada FN. Design and analysis of temperature preference behavior and its circadian rhythm in Drosophila. J Vis Exp 2014:e51097. [PMID: 24457268 DOI: 10.3791/51097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock regulates many aspects of life, including sleep, locomotor activity, and body temperature (BTR) rhythms(1) (,) (2). We recently identified a novel Drosophila circadian output, called the temperature preference rhythm (TPR), in which the preferred temperature in flies rises during the day and falls during the night (3). Surprisingly, the TPR and locomotor activity are controlled through distinct circadian neurons(3). Drosophila locomotor activity is a well known circadian behavioral output and has provided strong contributions to the discovery of many conserved mammalian circadian clock genes and mechanisms(4). Therefore, understanding TPR will lead to the identification of hitherto unknown molecular and cellular circadian mechanisms. Here, we describe how to perform and analyze the TPR assay. This technique not only allows for dissecting the molecular and neural mechanisms of TPR, but also provides new insights into the fundamental mechanisms of the brain functions that integrate different environmental signals and regulate animal behaviors. Furthermore, our recently published data suggest that the fly TPR shares features with the mammalian BTR(3). Drosophila are ectotherms, in which the body temperature is typically behaviorally regulated. Therefore, TPR is a strategy used to generate a rhythmic body temperature in these flies(5-8). We believe that further exploration of Drosophila TPR will facilitate the characterization of the mechanisms underlying body temperature control in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiro Goda
- The Visual Systems Group, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Childrens Hospital Medical Center
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35
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Choi B, Park Y, Kim Y. Suppression of Gene Expression in the Fifth Instar Larvae of Spodoptera exigua at Low Developmental Threshold Temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5656/ksae.2013.08.0.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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36
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Frolov RV, Singh S. Temperature and functional plasticity of L-type Ca2+ channels in Drosophila. Cell Calcium 2013; 54:287-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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Gonzales K, Kayıkçı O, Schaeffer DG, Magwene PM. Modeling mutant phenotypes and oscillatory dynamics in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cAMP-PKA pathway. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2013; 7:40. [PMID: 23680078 PMCID: PMC3679983 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-7-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background The cyclic AMP-Protein Kinase A (cAMP-PKA) pathway is an evolutionarily conserved signal transduction mechanism that regulates cellular growth and differentiation in animals and fungi. We present a mathematical model that recapitulates the short-term and long-term dynamics of this pathway in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our model is aimed at recapitulating the dynamics of cAMP signaling for wild-type cells as well as single (pde1Δ and pde2Δ) and double (pde1Δpde2Δ) phosphodiesterase mutants. Results Our model focuses on PKA-mediated negative feedback on the activity of phosphodiesterases and the Ras branch of the cAMP-PKA pathway. We show that both of these types of negative feedback are required to reproduce the wild-type signaling behavior that occurs on both short and long time scales, as well as the the observed responses of phosphodiesterase mutants. A novel feature of our model is that, for a wide range of parameters, it predicts that intracellular cAMP concentrations should exhibit decaying oscillatory dynamics in their approach to steady state following glucose stimulation. Experimental measurements of cAMP levels in two genetic backgrounds of S. cerevisiae confirmed the presence of decaying cAMP oscillations as predicted by the model. Conclusions Our model of the cAMP-PKA pathway provides new insights into how yeast respond to alterations in their nutrient environment. Because the model has both predictive and explanatory power it will serve as a foundation for future mathematical and experimental studies of this important signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Gonzales
- Department of Mathematics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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38
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Dopaminergic neurons encode a distributed, asymmetric representation of temperature in Drosophila. J Neurosci 2013; 33:2166-76a. [PMID: 23365252 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3933-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic circuits modulate a wide variety of innate and learned behaviors in animals, including olfactory associative learning, arousal, and temperature-preference behavior. It is not known whether distinct or overlapping sets of dopaminergic neurons modulate these behaviors. Here, I have functionally characterized the dopaminergic circuits innervating the Drosophila mushroom body with in vivo calcium imaging and conditional silencing of genetically defined subsets of neurons. Distinct subsets of PPL1 dopaminergic neurons innervating the vertical lobes of the mushroom body responded to decreases in temperature, but not increases, with rapidly adapting bursts of activity. PAM neurons innervating the horizontal lobes did not respond to temperature shifts. Ablation of the antennae and maxillary palps reduced, but did not eliminate, the responses. Genetic silencing of dopaminergic neurons innervating the vertical mushroom body lobes substantially reduced behavioral cold avoidance, but silencing smaller subsets of these neurons had no effect. These data demonstrate that overlapping dopaminergic circuits encode a broadly distributed, asymmetric representation of temperature that overlays regions implicated previously in learning, memory, and forgetting. Thus, diverse behaviors engage overlapping sets of dopaminergic neurons that encode multimodal stimuli and innervate a single anatomical target, the mushroom body.
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39
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Abstract
Temperature sensation has a strong impact on animal behavior and is necessary for animals to avoid exposure to harmful temperatures. It is now well known that thermoTRP (transient receptor potential) channels in thermosensory neurons detect a variable range of temperature stimuli. However, little is known about how a range of temperature information is relayed and integrated in the neural circuits. Here, we show novel temperature integration between two warm inputs via Drosophila TRPA channels, TRPA1 and Pyrexia (Pyx). The internal AC (anterior cell) thermosensory neurons, which express TRPA1, detect warm temperatures and mediate temperature preference behavior. We found that the AC neurons were activated twice when subjected to increasing temperatures. The first response was at ∼25°C via TRPA1 channel, which is expressed in the AC neurons. The second response was at ∼27°C via the second antennal segments, indicating that the second antennal segments are involved in the detection of warm temperatures. Further analysis reveals that pyx-Gal4-expressing neurons have synapses on the AC neurons and that mutation of pyx eliminates the second response of the AC neurons. These data suggest that AC neurons integrate both their own TRPA1-dependent temperature responses and a Pyx-dependent temperature response from the second antennal segments. Our data reveal the first identification of temperature integration, which combines warm temperature information from peripheral to central neurons and provides the possibility that temperature integration is involved in the plasticity of behavioral outputs.
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40
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Dillon ME, Liu R, Wang G, Huey RB. Disentangling thermal preference and the thermal dependence of movement in ectotherms. J Therm Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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41
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Identification of kakusei, a nuclear non-coding RNA, as an immediate early gene from the honeybee, and its application for neuroethological study. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:15496-509. [PMID: 23443077 PMCID: PMC3546645 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131215496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The honeybee is a social insect that exhibits various social behaviors. To elucidate the neural basis of honeybee behavior, we detected neural activity in freely-moving honeybee workers using an immediate early gene (IEG) that is expressed in a neural activity-dependent manner. In European honeybees (Apis mellifera), we identified a novel nuclear non-coding RNA, termed kakusei, as the first insect IEG, and revealed the neural activity pattern in foragers. In addition, we isolated a homologue of kakusei, termed Acks, from the Japanese honeybee (Apis cerana), and detected active neurons in workers fighting with the giant hornet.
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42
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Zhao XL, Campos AR. Insulin signalling in mushroom body neurons regulates feeding behaviour in Drosophila larvae. J Exp Biol 2012; 215:2696-702. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.066969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Whereas the pivotal role of insulin signalling in cell division, growth and differentiation is well documented, its role in the regulation of neuronal function and behaviour has recently become the focus of intense investigation. The simple organization of the Drosophila larval brain and the availability of genetic tools to impair the function of insulin receptor signalling in a spatially specific manner makes Drosophila an attractive model to investigate the role of the insulin pathway in specific behaviours. Here, we show that impairment of insulin signalling in the mushroom body neurons, a structure involved in associative learning, impairs feeding behaviour in the Drosophila larva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li Zhao
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, CanadaL8S 4K1
| | - Ana Regina Campos
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, CanadaL8S 4K1
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43
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Correlation of proteome-wide changes with social immunity behaviors provides insight into resistance to the parasitic mite, Varroa destructor, in the honey bee (Apis mellifera). Genome Biol 2012; 13:R81. [PMID: 23021491 PMCID: PMC3491398 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2012-13-9-r81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disease is a major factor driving the evolution of many organisms. In honey bees, selection for social behavioral responses is the primary adaptive process facilitating disease resistance. One such process, hygienic behavior, enables bees to resist multiple diseases, including the damaging parasitic mite Varroa destructor. The genetic elements and biochemical factors that drive the expression of these adaptations are currently unknown. Proteomics provides a tool to identify proteins that control behavioral processes, and these proteins can be used as biomarkers to aid identification of disease tolerant colonies. RESULTS We sampled a large cohort of commercial queen lineages, recording overall mite infestation, hygiene, and the specific hygienic response to V. destructor. We performed proteome-wide correlation analyses in larval integument and adult antennae, identifying several proteins highly predictive of behavior and reduced hive infestation. In the larva, response to wounding was identified as a key adaptive process leading to reduced infestation, and chitin biosynthesis and immune responses appear to represent important disease resistant adaptations. The speed of hygienic behavior may be underpinned by changes in the antenna proteome, and chemosensory and neurological processes could also provide specificity for detection of V. destructor in antennae. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide, for the first time, some insight into how complex behavioural adaptations manifest in the proteome of honey bees. The most important biochemical correlations provide clues as to the underlying molecular mechanisms of social and innate immunity of honey bees. Such changes are indicative of potential divergence in processes controlling the hive-worker maturation.
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Heuer CM, Kollmann M, Binzer M, Schachtner J. Neuropeptides in insect mushroom bodies. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2012; 41:199-226. [PMID: 22401884 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their experimental amenability, insect nervous systems continue to be in the foreground of investigations into information processing in - ostensibly - simple neuronal networks. Among the cerebral neuropil regions that hold a particular fascination for neurobiologists are the paired mushroom bodies, which, despite their function in other behavioral contexts, are most renowned for their role in learning and memory. The quest to understand the processes that underlie these capacities has been furthered by research focusing on unraveling neuroanatomical connections of the mushroom bodies and identifying key players that characterize the molecular machinery of mushroom body neurons. However, on a cellular level, communication between intrinsic and extrinsic mushroom body neurons still remains elusive. The present account aims to provide an overview on the repertoire of neuropeptides expressed in and utilized by mushroom body neurons. Existing data for a number of insect representatives is compiled and some open gaps in the record are filled by presenting additional original data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten M Heuer
- Philipps-University Marburg, Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Marburg, Germany.
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45
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Detection of neural activity in the brains of Japanese honeybee workers during the formation of a "hot defensive bee ball". PLoS One 2012; 7:e32902. [PMID: 22431987 PMCID: PMC3303784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-predator behaviors are essential to survival for most animals. The neural bases of such behaviors, however, remain largely unknown. Although honeybees commonly use their stingers to counterattack predators, the Japanese honeybee (Apis cerana japonica) uses a different strategy to fight against the giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia japonica). Instead of stinging the hornet, Japanese honeybees form a “hot defensive bee ball” by surrounding the hornet en masse, killing it with heat. The European honeybee (A. mellifera ligustica), on the other hand, does not exhibit this behavior, and their colonies are often destroyed by a hornet attack. In the present study, we attempted to analyze the neural basis of this behavior by mapping the active brain regions of Japanese honeybee workers during the formation of a hot defensive bee ball. First, we identified an A. cerana homolog (Acks = Apis cerana kakusei) of kakusei, an immediate early gene that we previously identified from A. mellifera, and showed that Acks has characteristics similar to kakusei and can be used to visualize active brain regions in A. cerana. Using Acks as a neural activity marker, we demonstrated that neural activity in the mushroom bodies, especially in Class II Kenyon cells, one subtype of mushroom body intrinsic neurons, and a restricted area between the dorsal lobes and the optic lobes was increased in the brains of Japanese honeybee workers involved in the formation of a hot defensive bee ball. In addition, workers exposed to 46°C heat also exhibited Acks expression patterns similar to those observed in the brains of workers involved in the formation of a hot defensive bee ball, suggesting that the neural activity observed in the brains of workers involved in the hot defensive bee ball mainly reflects thermal stimuli processing.
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46
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Innate preference in Drosophila melanogaster. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2012; 55:8-14. [PMID: 22314485 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-012-4271-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Innate preference behaviors are fundamental for animal survival. They actually form the basis for many animal complex behaviors. Recent years have seen significant progresses in disclosing the molecular and neural mechanism underlying animal innate preferences, especially in Drosophila. In this review, I will review these studies according to the sensory modalities adopted for preference assaying, such as vision, olfaction, thermal sensation. The behavioral strategies and the theoretic models for the formation of innate preferences are also reviewed and discussed.
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Ueno T, Tomita J, Kume S, Kume K. Dopamine modulates metabolic rate and temperature sensitivity in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31513. [PMID: 22347491 PMCID: PMC3274542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeothermal animals, such as mammals, maintain their body temperature by heat generation and heat dissipation, while poikilothermal animals, such as insects, accomplish it by relocating to an environment of their favored temperature. Catecholamines are known to regulate thermogenesis and metabolic rate in mammals, but their roles in other animals are poorly understood. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has been used as a model system for the genetic studies of temperature preference behavior. Here, we demonstrate that metabolic rate and temperature sensitivity of some temperature sensitive behaviors are regulated by dopamine in Drosophila. Temperature-sensitive molecules like dTrpA1 and shits induce temperature-dependent behavioral changes, and the temperature at which the changes are induced were lowered in the dopamine transporter-defective mutant, fumin. The mutant also displays a preference for lower temperatures. This thermophobic phenotype was rescued by the genetic recovery of the dopamine transporter in dopamine neurons. Flies fed with a dopamine biosynthesis inhibitor (3-iodo-L-tyrosine), which diminishes dopamine signaling, exhibited preference for a higher temperature. Furthermore, we found that the metabolic rate is up-regulated in the fumin mutant. Taken together, dopamine has functions in the temperature sensitivity of behavioral changes and metabolic rate regulation in Drosophila, as well as its previously reported functions in arousal/sleep regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Ueno
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jun Tomita
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shoen Kume
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Global COE program, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kume
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Caers J, Verlinden H, Zels S, Vandersmissen HP, Vuerinckx K, Schoofs L. More than two decades of research on insect neuropeptide GPCRs: an overview. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:151. [PMID: 23226142 PMCID: PMC3510462 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the state of the art on neuropeptide receptors in insects. Most of these receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and are involved in the regulation of virtually all physiological processes during an insect's life. More than 20 years ago a milestone in invertebrate endocrinology was achieved with the characterization of the first insect neuropeptide receptor, i.e., the Drosophila tachykinin-like receptor. However, it took until the release of the Drosophila genome in 2000 that research on neuropeptide receptors boosted. In the last decade a plethora of genomic information of other insect species also became available, leading to a better insight in the functions and evolution of the neuropeptide signaling systems and their intracellular pathways. It became clear that some of these systems are conserved among all insect species, indicating that they fulfill crucial roles in their physiological processes. Meanwhile, other signaling systems seem to be lost in several insect orders or species, suggesting that their actions were superfluous in those insects, or that other neuropeptides have taken over their functions. It is striking that the deorphanization of neuropeptide GPCRs gets much attention, but the subsequent unraveling of the intracellular pathways they elicit, or their physiological functions are often hardly examined. Especially in insects besides Drosophila this information is scarce if not absent. And although great progress made in characterizing neuropeptide signaling systems, even in Drosophila several predicted neuropeptide receptors remain orphan, awaiting for their endogenous ligand to be determined. The present review gives a précis of the insect neuropeptide receptor research of the last two decades. But it has to be emphasized that the work done so far is only the tip of the iceberg and our comprehensive understanding of these important signaling systems will still increase substantially in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Liliane Schoofs
- *Correspondence: Liliane Schoofs, Department of Biology, Research Group of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Naamsestraat 59, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. e-mail:
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Novel cytochrome P450, cyp6a17, is required for temperature preference behavior in Drosophila. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29800. [PMID: 22216356 PMCID: PMC3247289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Perception of temperature is an important brain function for organisms to survive. Evidence suggests that temperature preference behavior (TPB) in Drosophila melanogaster, one of poikilothermal animals, is regulated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) signaling in mushroom bodies of the brain. However, downstream targets for the PKA signaling in this behavior have not been identified. From a genome-wide search for the genes regulated by PKA activity in the mushroom bodies, we identified the cyp6a17 Cytochrome P450 gene as a new target for PKA. Our detailed analysis of mutants by genetic, molecular and behavioral assays shows that cyp6a17 is essential for temperature preference behavior. cyp6a17 expression is enriched in the mushroom bodies of the adult brain. Tissue-specific knockdown and rescue experiments demonstrate that cyp6a17 is required in the mushroom bodies for normal temperature preference behavior. This is the first study, to our knowledge, to show PKA-dependent expression of a cytochrome P450 gene in the mushroom bodies and its role as a key factor for temperature preference behavior. Taken together, this study reveals a new PKA-Cytochrome P450 pathway that regulates the temperature preference behavior.
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Im SH, Galko MJ. Pokes, sunburn, and hot sauce: Drosophila as an emerging model for the biology of nociception. Dev Dyn 2011; 241:16-26. [PMID: 21932321 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The word "nociception" is derived from the Latin "nocere," which means "to harm." Nociception refers to the sensory perception of noxious stimuli that have the potential to cause tissue damage. Since the perception of such potentially harmful stimuli often results in behavioral escape responses, nociception provides a protective mechanism that allows an organism to avoid incipient (or further) damage to the tissue. It appears to be universal in metazoans as a variety of escape responses can be observed in both mammalian and non-mammalian vertebrates, as well as diverse invertebrates such as leeches, nematodes, and fruit flies (Sneddon [2004] Brain Research Review 46:123-130; Tobin and Bargmann [2004] Journal of Neurobiology 61:161-174; Smith and Lewin [2009] Journal of Comparative Physiology 195:1089-1106). Several types of stimuli can trigger nociceptive sensory transduction, including noxious heat, noxious chemicals, and harsh mechanical stimulation. Such high-threshold stimuli induce the firing of action potentials in peripheral nociceptors, the sensory neurons specialized for their detection (Basbaum et al. [2009] Cell 139:267-284). In vertebrates, these action potentials can either be relayed directly to a spinal motor neuron to provoke escape behavior (the so-called monosynaptic reflex) or can travel via spinal cord interneurons to higher-order processing centers in the brain. This review will cover the establishment of Drosophila as a system to study various aspects of nociceptive sensory perception. We will cover development of the neurons responsible for detecting noxious stimuli in larvae, the assays used to assess the function(s) of these neurons, and the genes that have been found to be required for both thermal and mechanical nociception. Along the way, we will highlight some of the genetic tools that make the fly such a powerful system for studies of nociception. Finally, we will cover recent studies that introduce new assays employing adult Drosophila to study both chemical and thermal nociception and provide an overview of important unanswered questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seol Hee Im
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. R01 NS069828
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