1
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Yi D, An N, Li Q, Liu Q, Shao H, Zhou R, Wang J, Zhang Y, Ma L, Guo F, Li X, Liu Z, Cen S. Interferon-induced MXB protein restricts vimentin-dependent viral infection. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:2520-2536. [PMID: 38828143 PMCID: PMC11143536 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) inhibits a wide spectrum of viruses through stimulating the expression of antiviral proteins. As an IFN-induced protein, myxovirus resistance B (MXB) protein was reported to inhibit multiple highly pathogenic human viruses. It remains to be determined whether MXB employs a common mechanism to restrict different viruses. Here, we find that IFN alters the subcellular localization of hundreds of host proteins, and this IFN effect is partially lost upon MXB depletion. The results of our mechanistic study reveal that MXB recognizes vimentin (VIM) and recruits protein kinase B (AKT) to phosphorylate VIM at amino acid S38, which leads to reorganization of the VIM network and impairment of intracellular trafficking of virus protein complexes, hence causing a restriction of virus infection. These results highlight a new function of MXB in modulating VIM-mediated trafficking, which may lead towards a novel broad-spectrum antiviral strategy to control a large group of viruses that depend on VIM for successful replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongrong Yi
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ni An
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Quanjie Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Huihan Shao
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yongxin Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Fei Guo
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhenlong Liu
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100050, China
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2
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Drury RE, Camara S, Chelysheva I, Bibi S, Sanders K, Felle S, Emary K, Phillips D, Voysey M, Ferreira DM, Klenerman P, Gilbert SC, Lambe T, Pollard AJ, O'Connor D. Multi-omics analysis reveals COVID-19 vaccine induced attenuation of inflammatory responses during breakthrough disease. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3402. [PMID: 38649734 PMCID: PMC11035709 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47463-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune mechanisms mediating COVID-19 vaccine attenuation of COVID-19 remain undescribed. We conducted comprehensive analyses detailing immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 virus in blood post-vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or a placebo. Samples from randomised placebo-controlled trials (NCT04324606 and NCT04400838) were taken at baseline, onset of COVID-19-like symptoms, and 7 days later, confirming COVID-19 using nucleic amplification test (NAAT test) via real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Serum cytokines were measured with multiplexed immunoassays. The transcriptome was analysed with long, short and small RNA sequencing. We found attenuation of RNA inflammatory signatures in ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 compared with placebo vaccinees and reduced levels of serum proteins associated with COVID-19 severity. KREMEN1, a putative alternative SARS-CoV-2 receptor, was downregulated in placebo compared with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccinees. Vaccination ameliorates reductions in cell counts across leukocyte populations and platelets noted at COVID-19 onset, without inducing potentially deleterious Th2-skewed immune responses. Multi-omics integration links a global reduction in miRNA expression at COVID-19 onset to increased pro-inflammatory responses at the mRNA level. This study reveals insights into the role of COVID-19 vaccines in mitigating disease severity by abrogating pro-inflammatory responses associated with severe COVID-19, affirming vaccine-mediated benefit in breakthrough infection, and highlighting the importance of clinically relevant endpoints in vaccine evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E Drury
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Susana Camara
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Irina Chelysheva
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Sagida Bibi
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Katherine Sanders
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Salle Felle
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Katherine Emary
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel Phillips
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Merryn Voysey
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniela M Ferreira
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah C Gilbert
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel O'Connor
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
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3
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Panda SP, Roy P, Soren D, Ranjan Sahoo D, Dehury B, Rout AK, Behera BK, Das BK. Structural insights of Labeo catla (catla) myxovirus resistance protein,GTP binding recognition and constitutive expression induced with Poly I:C. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:3520-3534. [PMID: 37227778 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2213345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Myxovirus resistance (Mx) proteins are critical effectors belonging to the super-family of guanidine triphosphatase, often stimulated by type I interferon (IFN) and mediates antiviral responses to restrict the replication of numerous viral genes in fishes. In teleosts, Mx proteins display diverse and complicated antiviral activity in different species. The present investigation seeks to characterize the Mx gene from Labeo catla upon induction by double-stranded (ds) RNA, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, (poly I: C). Molecular modeling and all-atoms molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to understand the architecture of the GTPase domain and its plausible mode of GTP recognition in Mx protein. The full-length L. catla Mx (LcMx) gene sequence (1821 bp nucleotides) encodes an open reading frame of 606 amino acids. Domain search indicated conserved tripartite domain architecture of LcMx and forms a major cluster with the Mx from other teleosts. The positively charged Arginine and polar Glutamine residues from helix 3 and 4 of stalk region LcMx aid in homo-oligomerization. MD simulation portrayed the role of conserved critical residues aid in GTP recognition by the GTPase domain which perfectly corroborates with experimental findings and prior MD studies. After injection of poly I:C, the temporal mRNA profile showed that LcMx expression was significantly elevated in the spleen, brain, kidney, liver, muscle, heart, intestine, and gill tissues. Collectively, these results suggest that the elevated expression of the major innate immune defense gene Mx was able to inhibit the poly I: C mediated virulence in fish.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Prasad Panda
- Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Department of Zoology, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Pragyan Roy
- Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Dhananjay Soren
- Department of Zoology, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | | | - Budheswar Dehury
- Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Ajaya Kumar Rout
- Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Bijay Kumar Behera
- Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Basanta Kumar Das
- Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Rochon K, Bauer BL, Roethler NA, Buckley Y, Su CC, Huang W, Ramachandran R, Stoll MSK, Yu EW, Taylor DJ, Mears JA. Structural basis for regulated assembly of the mitochondrial fission GTPase Drp1. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1328. [PMID: 38351080 PMCID: PMC10864337 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45524-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial fission is a critical cellular event to maintain organelle function. This multistep process is initiated by the enhanced recruitment and oligomerization of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) at the surface of mitochondria. As such, Drp1 is essential for inducing mitochondrial division in mammalian cells, and homologous proteins are found in all eukaryotes. As a member of the dynamin superfamily of proteins (DSPs), controlled Drp1 self-assembly into large helical polymers stimulates its GTPase activity to promote membrane constriction. Still, little is known about the mechanisms that regulate correct spatial and temporal assembly of the fission machinery. Here we present a cryo-EM structure of a full-length Drp1 dimer in an auto-inhibited state. This dimer reveals two key conformational rearrangements that must be unlocked through intramolecular rearrangements to achieve the assembly-competent state observed in previous structures. This structural insight provides understanding into the mechanism for regulated self-assembly of the mitochondrial fission machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy Rochon
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Brianna L Bauer
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Nathaniel A Roethler
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Yuli Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Chih-Chia Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Rajesh Ramachandran
- Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Maria S K Stoll
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Center for Mitochondrial Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Edward W Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Derek J Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Jason A Mears
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
- Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
- Center for Mitochondrial Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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5
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Husain M. Influenza Virus Host Restriction Factors: The ISGs and Non-ISGs. Pathogens 2024; 13:127. [PMID: 38392865 PMCID: PMC10893265 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus has been one of the most prevalent and researched viruses globally. Consequently, there is ample information available about influenza virus lifecycle and pathogenesis. However, there is plenty yet to be known about the determinants of influenza virus pathogenesis and disease severity. Influenza virus exploits host factors to promote each step of its lifecycle. In turn, the host deploys antiviral or restriction factors that inhibit or restrict the influenza virus lifecycle at each of those steps. Two broad categories of host restriction factors can exist in virus-infected cells: (1) encoded by the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and (2) encoded by the constitutively expressed genes that are not stimulated by interferons (non-ISGs). There are hundreds of ISGs known, and many, e.g., Mx, IFITMs, and TRIMs, have been characterized to restrict influenza virus infection at different stages of its lifecycle by (1) blocking viral entry or progeny release, (2) sequestering or degrading viral components and interfering with viral synthesis and assembly, or (3) bolstering host innate defenses. Also, many non-ISGs, e.g., cyclophilins, ncRNAs, and HDACs, have been identified and characterized to restrict influenza virus infection at different lifecycle stages by similar mechanisms. This review provides an overview of those ISGs and non-ISGs and how the influenza virus escapes the restriction imposed by them and aims to improve our understanding of the host restriction mechanisms of the influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matloob Husain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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6
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Chang M, Min YQ, Xu Z, Deng F, Wang H, Ning YJ. Host factor MxA restricts Dabie bandavirus infection by targeting the viral NP protein to inhibit NP-RdRp interaction and ribonucleoprotein activity. J Virol 2024; 98:e0156823. [PMID: 38054738 PMCID: PMC10805036 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01568-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease with high case mortality rates, which is caused by Dabie bandavirus (DBV), a novel pathogen also termed as SFTS virus (SFTSV). Currently, no specific therapeutic drugs or vaccines are available for SFTS. Myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA) has been shown to inhibit multiple viral pathogens; however, the role of MxA in DBV infection is unknown. Here, we demonstrated that DBV stimulates MxA expression which, in turn, restricts DBV infection. Mechanistic target analysis revealed that MxA specifically interacts with the viral nucleocapsid protein (NP) in a manner independent of RNA. Minigenome reporter assay showed that in agreement with its targeting of NP, MxA inhibits DBV ribonucleoprotein (RNP) activity. In detail, MxA interacts with the NP N-terminal and disrupts the interaction of NP with the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) but not NP multimerization, the critical activities of NP for RNP formation and function. Furthermore, MxA N-terminal domain was identified as the functional domain inhibiting DBV infection, and, consistently, then was shown to interact with NP and obstruct the NP-RdRp interaction. Additionally, threonine 103 within the N-terminal domain is important for MxA inhibition to DBV, and its mutation (T103A) attenuates MxA binding to NP and obstruction of the NP-RdRp interaction. This study uncovers MxA inhibition of DBV with a series of functional and mechanistical analyses, providing insights into the virus-host interactions and probably helping inform the development of antiviral agents in the future.IMPORTANCEDBV/SFTSV is an emerging high-pathogenic virus. Since its first identification in China in 2009, cases of DBV infection have been reported in many other countries, posing a significant threat to public health. Uncovering the mechanisms of DBV-host interactions is necessary to understand the viral pathogenesis and host response and may advance the development of antiviral therapeutics. Here, we found that host factor MxA whose expression is induced by DBV restricts the virus infection. Mechanistically, MxA specifically interacts with the viral NP and blocks the NP-RdRp interaction, inhibiting the viral RNP activity. Further studies identified the key domain and amino acid residue required for MxA inhibition to DBV. Consistently, they were then shown to be important for MxA targeting of NP and obstruction of the NP-RdRp association. These findings unravel the restrictive role of MxA in DBV infection and the underlying mechanism, expanding our knowledge of the virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chang
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Qin Min
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hualin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun-Jia Ning
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, China
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7
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Kim GW, Ha JW. Direct Observation of In-Focus Plasmonic Cargos via Breaking Angular Degeneracy in Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy. JACS AU 2023; 3:3436-3445. [PMID: 38155657 PMCID: PMC10751767 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Breaking the angular degeneracy arising from the 2-fold optical symmetry of plasmonic anisotropic nanoprobes is critical in biological studies. In this study, we propose differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy-based focused orientation and position imaging (dFOPI) to break the angular degeneracy of single gold nanorods (AuNRs). Single in-focus AuNRs (39 nm × 123 nm) within a spherical mesoporous silica shell were characterized with high throughput and produced distinct doughnut-shaped DIC image patterns featuring two lobes in the peripheral region, attributed to the scattering contribution of the AuNRs with large scattering cross sections. Interestingly, rotation of the lobes was observed in the focal plane for a large AuNR (>100 nm) tilted by more than ∼20° from the horizontal plane as the rotational stage was moved by 10° in a rotational study. From the rotation-dependent characteristic patterns, we directly visualized counterclockwise/clockwise rotations without the angular degeneracy at the localized surface plasmon resonance wavelength. Therefore, our dFOPI method can be applied for in vivo studies of important biological systems. To validate this claim, we tracked the three-dimensional rotational behavior of transferrin-modified in-focus AuNRs during clathrin-mediated endocytosis in real time without sacrificing the temporal and spatial resolution. In the invagination and scission stage, one or two directed twist motions of the AuNR cargos detached the AuNR-containing vesicles from the cell membrane. Furthermore, the dFOPI method directly visualized and revealed the right-handed twisting action along the dynamin helix in dynamin-catalyzed fission in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun Wan Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, 93 Daehak-ro, Nam-gu, Ulsan 44610, South Korea
| | - Ji Won Ha
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, 93 Daehak-ro, Nam-gu, Ulsan 44610, South Korea
- Energy
Harvest-Storage Research Center (EHSRC), University of Ulsan, 93 Daehak-ro, Nam-gu, Ulsan 44610, South Korea
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8
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Hao S, Huang H, Ma RY, Zeng X, Duan CY. Multifaceted functions of Drp1 in hypoxia/ischemia-induced mitochondrial quality imbalance: from regulatory mechanism to targeted therapeutic strategy. Mil Med Res 2023; 10:46. [PMID: 37833768 PMCID: PMC10571487 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-023-00482-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic injury is a common pathological dysfunction in clinical settings. Mitochondria are sensitive organelles that are readily damaged following ischemia and hypoxia. Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) regulates mitochondrial quality and cellular functions via its oligomeric changes and multiple modifications, which plays a role in mediating the induction of multiple organ damage during hypoxic-ischemic injury. However, there is active controversy and gaps in knowledge regarding the modification, protein interaction, and functions of Drp1, which both hinder and promote development of Drp1 as a novel therapeutic target. Here, we summarize recent findings on the oligomeric changes, modification types, and protein interactions of Drp1 in various hypoxic-ischemic diseases, as well as the Drp1-mediated regulation of mitochondrial quality and cell functions following ischemia and hypoxia. Additionally, potential clinical translation prospects for targeting Drp1 are discussed. This review provides new ideas and targets for proactive interventions on multiple organ damage induced by various hypoxic-ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Hao
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010 China
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002 China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010 China
| | - Rui-Yan Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010 China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037 China
| | - Xue Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010 China
- Institute for Brain Science and Disease, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010 China
| | - Chen-Yang Duan
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010 China
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9
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Caielli S, Balasubramanian P, Rodriguez-Alcazar J, Balaji U, Wan Z, Baisch J, Smitherman C, Walters L, Sparagana P, Nehar-Belaid D, Marches R, Nassi L, Stewart K, Fuller J, Banchereau JF, Gu J, Wright T, Pascual V. An unconventional mechanism of IL-1β secretion that requires Type I IFN in lupus monocytes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.03.551696. [PMID: 37577613 PMCID: PMC10418156 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.03.551696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by autoreactive B cell activation, upregulation of Type I Interferon (IFN) and widespread inflammation. Mitochondrial nucleic acids (NAs) are increasingly recognized as triggers of IFN 1 . Thus, defective removal of mitochondria from mature red blood cells (Mito + RBCs), a feature of SLE, contributes to IFN production by myeloid cells 2 . Here we identify blood monocytes (Mo) that have internalized RBCs and co-express IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in SLE patients with active disease. We show that ISG expression requires the interaction between Mito + RBC-derived mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and cGAS, while IL-1β production entails Mito + RBC-derived mitochondrial RNA (mtRNA) triggering of RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs). This leads to the cytosolic release of Mo-derived mtDNA that activates the NLRP3 inflammasome. Importantly, IL-1β release depends on the IFN-inducible myxovirus resistant protein 1 (MxA), which enables the translocation of this cytokine into a trans-Golgi network (TGN)-mediated unconventional secretory pathway. Our study highlights a novel and synergistic pathway involving IFN and the NLRP3 inflammasome in SLE.
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10
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von der Malsburg A, Sapp GM, Zuccaro KE, von Appen A, Moss FR, Kalia R, Bennett JA, Abriata LA, Dal Peraro M, van der Laan M, Frost A, Aydin H. Structural mechanism of mitochondrial membrane remodelling by human OPA1. Nature 2023; 620:1101-1108. [PMID: 37612504 PMCID: PMC10875962 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06441-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Distinct morphologies of the mitochondrial network support divergent metabolic and regulatory processes that determine cell function and fate1-3. The mechanochemical GTPase optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) influences the architecture of cristae and catalyses the fusion of the mitochondrial inner membrane4,5. Despite its fundamental importance, the molecular mechanisms by which OPA1 modulates mitochondrial morphology are unclear. Here, using a combination of cellular and structural analyses, we illuminate the molecular mechanisms that are key to OPA1-dependent membrane remodelling and fusion. Human OPA1 embeds itself into cardiolipin-containing membranes through a lipid-binding paddle domain. A conserved loop within the paddle domain inserts deeply into the bilayer, further stabilizing the interactions with cardiolipin-enriched membranes. OPA1 dimerization through the paddle domain promotes the helical assembly of a flexible OPA1 lattice on the membrane, which drives mitochondrial fusion in cells. Moreover, the membrane-bending OPA1 oligomer undergoes conformational changes that pull the membrane-inserting loop out of the outer leaflet and contribute to the mechanics of membrane remodelling. Our findings provide a structural framework for understanding how human OPA1 shapes mitochondrial morphology and show us how human disease mutations compromise OPA1 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander von der Malsburg
- Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Signaling, PZMS, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg, Germany
| | - Gracie M Sapp
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kelly E Zuccaro
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Alexander von Appen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank R Moss
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Altos Labs, Bay Area Institute of Science, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Raghav Kalia
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy A Bennett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Luciano A Abriata
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Protein Production and Structure Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Dal Peraro
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martin van der Laan
- Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Signaling, PZMS, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg, Germany
| | - Adam Frost
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Altos Labs, Bay Area Institute of Science, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Halil Aydin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
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11
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Betancor G. You Shall Not Pass: MX2 Proteins Are Versatile Viral Inhibitors. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050930. [PMID: 37243034 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Myxovirus resistance (MX) proteins are pivotal players in the innate immune response to viral infections. Less than 10 years ago, three independent groups simultaneously showed that human MX2 is an interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene (ISG) with potent anti-human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) activity. Thenceforth, multiple research works have been published highlighting the ability of MX2 to inhibit RNA and DNA viruses. These growing bodies of evidence have identified some of the key determinants regulating its antiviral activity. Therefore, the importance of the protein amino-terminal domain, the oligomerization state, or the ability to interact with viral components is now well recognized. Nonetheless, there are still several unknown aspects of MX2 antiviral activity asking for further research, such as the role of cellular localization or the effect of post-translational modifications. This work aims to provide a comprehensive review of our current knowledge on the molecular determinants governing the antiviral activity of this versatile ISG, using human MX2 and HIV-1 inhibition as a reference, but drawing parallelisms and noting divergent mechanisms with other proteins and viruses when necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Betancor
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
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12
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Gewehr L, Junglas B, Jilly R, Franz J, Zhu WE, Weidner T, Bonn M, Sachse C, Schneider D. SynDLP is a dynamin-like protein of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 with eukaryotic features. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2156. [PMID: 37059718 PMCID: PMC10104851 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37746-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamin-like proteins are membrane remodeling GTPases with well-understood functions in eukaryotic cells. However, bacterial dynamin-like proteins are still poorly investigated. SynDLP, the dynamin-like protein of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, forms ordered oligomers in solution. The 3.7 Å resolution cryo-EM structure of SynDLP oligomers reveals the presence of oligomeric stalk interfaces typical for eukaryotic dynamin-like proteins. The bundle signaling element domain shows distinct features, such as an intramolecular disulfide bridge that affects the GTPase activity, or an expanded intermolecular interface with the GTPase domain. In addition to typical GD-GD contacts, such atypical GTPase domain interfaces might be a GTPase activity regulating tool in oligomerized SynDLP. Furthermore, we show that SynDLP interacts with and intercalates into membranes containing negatively charged thylakoid membrane lipids independent of nucleotides. The structural characteristics of SynDLP oligomers suggest it to be the closest known bacterial ancestor of eukaryotic dynamin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Gewehr
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Benedikt Junglas
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons (ER-C-3): Structural Biology, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Biological Information Processing (IBI-6): Cellular Structural Biology, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ruven Jilly
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes Franz
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wenyu Eva Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Carsten Sachse
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons (ER-C-3): Structural Biology, Jülich, Germany.
- Institute for Biological Information Processing (IBI-6): Cellular Structural Biology, Jülich, Germany.
- Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Dirk Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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13
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Role of Innate Interferon Responses at the Ocular Surface in Herpes Simplex Virus-1-Induced Herpetic Stromal Keratitis. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030437. [PMID: 36986359 PMCID: PMC10058014 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a highly successful pathogen that primarily infects epithelial cells of the orofacial mucosa. After initial lytic replication, HSV-1 enters sensory neurons and undergoes lifelong latency in the trigeminal ganglion (TG). Reactivation from latency occurs throughout the host’s life and is more common in people with a compromised immune system. HSV-1 causes various diseases depending on the site of lytic HSV-1 replication. These include herpes labialis, herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK), meningitis, and herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE). HSK is an immunopathological condition and is usually the consequence of HSV-1 reactivation, anterograde transport to the corneal surface, lytic replication in the epithelial cells, and activation of the host’s innate and adaptive immune responses in the cornea. HSV-1 is recognized by cell surface, endosomal, and cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and activates innate immune responses that include interferons (IFNs), chemokine and cytokine production, as well as the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the site of replication. In the cornea, HSV-1 replication promotes type I (IFN-α/β) and type III (IFN-λ) IFN production. This review summarizes our current understanding of HSV-1 recognition by PRRs and innate IFN-mediated antiviral immunity during HSV-1 infection of the cornea. We also discuss the immunopathogenesis of HSK, current HSK therapeutics and challenges, proposed experimental approaches, and benefits of promoting local IFN-λ responses.
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14
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Loo L, Waller MA, Moreno CL, Cole AJ, Stella AO, Pop OT, Jochum AK, Ali OH, Denes CE, Hamoudi Z, Chung F, Aggarwal A, Low JKK, Patel K, Siddiquee R, Kang T, Mathivanan S, Mackay JP, Jochum W, Flatz L, Hesselson D, Turville S, Neely GG. Fibroblast-expressed LRRC15 is a receptor for SARS-CoV-2 spike and controls antiviral and antifibrotic transcriptional programs. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3001967. [PMID: 36757924 PMCID: PMC9910744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although ACE2 is the primary receptor for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, a systematic assessment of host factors that regulate binding to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein has not been described. Here, we use whole-genome CRISPR activation to identify host factors controlling cellular interactions with SARS-CoV-2. Our top hit was a TLR-related cell surface receptor called leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 15 (LRRC15). LRRC15 expression was sufficient to promote SARS-CoV-2 spike binding where they form a cell surface complex. LRRC15 mRNA is expressed in human collagen-producing lung myofibroblasts and LRRC15 protein is induced in severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection where it can be found lining the airways. Mechanistically, LRRC15 does not itself support SARS-CoV-2 infection, but fibroblasts expressing LRRC15 can suppress both pseudotyped and authentic SARS-CoV-2 infection in trans. Moreover, LRRC15 expression in fibroblasts suppresses collagen production and promotes expression of IFIT, OAS, and MX-family antiviral factors. Overall, LRRC15 is a novel SARS-CoV-2 spike-binding receptor that can help control viral load and regulate antiviral and antifibrotic transcriptional programs in the context of COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipin Loo
- Charles Perkins Centre, Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Centenary Institute, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Waller
- Charles Perkins Centre, Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Centenary Institute, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cesar L. Moreno
- Charles Perkins Centre, Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Centenary Institute, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alexander J. Cole
- Centenary Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Oltin-Tiberiu Pop
- Institute for Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Ann-Kristin Jochum
- Institute for Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Institute for Pathology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Omar Hasan Ali
- Institute for Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher E. Denes
- Charles Perkins Centre, Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Centenary Institute, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zina Hamoudi
- Charles Perkins Centre, Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Centenary Institute, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Felicity Chung
- Charles Perkins Centre, Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Centenary Institute, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anupriya Aggarwal
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jason K. K. Low
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karishma Patel
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rezwan Siddiquee
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Taeyoung Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suresh Mathivanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joel P. Mackay
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wolfram Jochum
- Institute for Pathology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Flatz
- Institute for Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Center for Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Hesselson
- Centenary Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stuart Turville
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - G. Gregory Neely
- Charles Perkins Centre, Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Centenary Institute, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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15
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McKellar J, Arnaud-Arnould M, Chaloin L, Tauziet M, Arpin-André C, Pourcelot O, Blaise M, Moncorgé O, Goujon C. An evolutionarily conserved N-terminal leucine is essential for MX1 GTPase antiviral activity against different families of RNA viruses. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102747. [PMID: 36436557 PMCID: PMC9808005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Myxovirus resistance protein 1 (MX1) and MX2 are homologous, dynamin-like large GTPases, induced upon interferon exposure. Human MX1 (HsMX1) is known to inhibit many viruses, including influenza A virus, by likely acting at various steps of their life cycles. Despite decades of studies, the mechanism(s) of action with which MX1 proteins manage to inhibit target viruses is not fully understood. MX1 proteins are mechano-enzymes and share a similar organization to dynamin, with a GTPase domain and a carboxy-terminal stalk domain, connected by a bundle signaling element. These three elements are known to be essential for antiviral activity. HsMX1 has two unstructured regions, the L4 loop, also essential for antiviral activity, and a short amino (N)-terminal region, which greatly varies between MX1 proteins of different species. The role of this N-terminal domain in antiviral activity is not known. Herein, using mutagenesis, imaging, and biochemical approaches, we demonstrate that the N-terminal domain of HsMX1 is essential for antiviral activity against influenza A virus, Vesicular Stomatitis Virus, and La Crosse virus. Furthermore, we pinpoint a highly conserved leucine within this region, which is absolutely crucial for human, mouse, and bat MX1 protein antiviral activity. Importantly, mutation of this leucine does not compromise GTPase activity or oligomerization capabilities but does modify MX1 protein subcellular localization. The discovery of this essential and highly conserved residue defines this region as key for antiviral activity and may reveal insights as to the mechanism(s) of action of MX1 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe McKellar
- IRIM, CNRS, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
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16
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Min J, Liu W, Li J. Emerging Role of Interferon-Induced Noncoding RNA in Innate Antiviral Immunity. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122607. [PMID: 36560611 PMCID: PMC9780829 DOI: 10.3390/v14122607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Thousands of unique noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) exist within the genomes of higher eukaryotes. Upon virus infection, the host generates interferons (IFNs), which initiate the expression of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) through IFN receptors on the cell surface, establishing a barrier as the host's antiviral innate immunity. With the development of novel RNA-sequencing technology, many IFN-induced ncRNAs have been identified, and increasing attention has been given to their functions as regulators involved in the antiviral innate immune response. IFN-induced ncRNAs regulate the expression of viral proteins, IFNs, and ISGs, as well as host genes that are critical for viral replication, cytokine and chemokine production, and signaling pathway activation. This review summarizes the complex regulatory role of IFN-induced ncRNAs in antiviral innate immunity from the above aspects, aiming to improve understanding of ncRNAs and provide reference for the basic research of antiviral innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Min
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (J.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-10-6480-7503 (J.L.)
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (J.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-10-6480-7503 (J.L.)
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17
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Erb A, Zissler UM, Oelsner M, Chaker AM, Schmidt-Weber CB, Jakwerth CA. Genome-Wide Gene Expression Analysis Reveals Unique Genes Signatures of Epithelial Reorganization in Primary Airway Epithelium Induced by Type-I, -II and -III Interferons. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:929. [PMID: 36354438 PMCID: PMC9688329 DOI: 10.3390/bios12110929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors such as toll-like receptors (TLR) induce the expression of interferons (IFNs) after viral infection that are critical to the first step in cell-intrinsic host defense mechanisms. Their differential influence on epithelial integrity genes, however, remains elusive. A genome-wide gene expression biosensor chip for gene expression sensing was used to examine the effects of type-I, -II, and -III IFN stimulation on the epithelial expression profiles of primary organotypic 3D air-liquid interface airway cultures. All types of IFNs induced similar interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs): OAS1, OAS2, and IFIT2. However, they differentially induced transcription factors, epithelial modulators, and pro-inflammatory genes. Type-I IFN-induced genes were associated with cell-cell adhesion and tight junctions, while type-III IFNs promoted genes important for transepithelial transport. In contrast, type-II IFN stimulated proliferation-triggering genes associated and enhanced pro-inflammatory mediator secretion. In conclusion, with our microarray system, we provide evidence that the three IFN types exceed their antiviral ISG-response by inducing distinct remodeling processes, thereby likely strengthening the epithelial airway barrier by enhancing cross-cell-integrity (I), transepithelial transport (III) and finally reconstruction through proliferation (II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Erb
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), CPC-M, Member of the Helmholtz I&I Initiative, 85746 Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich M. Zissler
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), CPC-M, Member of the Helmholtz I&I Initiative, 85746 Munich, Germany
| | - Madlen Oelsner
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), CPC-M, Member of the Helmholtz I&I Initiative, 85746 Munich, Germany
| | - Adam M. Chaker
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), CPC-M, Member of the Helmholtz I&I Initiative, 85746 Munich, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical School, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Carsten B. Schmidt-Weber
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), CPC-M, Member of the Helmholtz I&I Initiative, 85746 Munich, Germany
| | - Constanze A. Jakwerth
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), CPC-M, Member of the Helmholtz I&I Initiative, 85746 Munich, Germany
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18
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Bock-Bierbaum T, Funck K, Wollweber F, Lisicki E, von der Malsburg K, von der Malsburg A, Laborenz J, Noel JK, Hessenberger M, Jungbluth S, Bernert C, Kunz S, Riedel D, Lilie H, Jakobs S, van der Laan M, Daumke O. Structural insights into crista junction formation by the Mic60-Mic19 complex. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo4946. [PMID: 36044574 PMCID: PMC9432830 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo4946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial cristae membranes are the oxidative phosphorylation sites in cells. Crista junctions (CJs) form the highly curved neck regions of cristae and are thought to function as selective entry gates into the cristae space. Little is known about how CJs are generated and maintained. We show that the central coiled-coil (CC) domain of the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system subunit Mic60 forms an elongated, bow tie-shaped tetrameric assembly. Mic19 promotes Mic60 tetramerization via a conserved interface between the Mic60 mitofilin and Mic19 CHCH (CC-helix-CC-helix) domains. Dimerization of mitofilin domains exposes a crescent-shaped membrane-binding site with convex curvature tailored to interact with the curved CJ neck. Our study suggests that the Mic60-Mic19 subcomplex traverses CJs as a molecular strut, thereby controlling CJ architecture and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bock-Bierbaum
- Structural Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathrin Funck
- Structural Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Wollweber
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Elisa Lisicki
- Structural Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karina von der Malsburg
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Alexander von der Malsburg
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Janina Laborenz
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Jeffrey K. Noel
- Structural Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuel Hessenberger
- Structural Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sibylle Jungbluth
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Carola Bernert
- Structural Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Séverine Kunz
- Technology Platform for Electron Microscopy, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietmar Riedel
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hauke Lilie
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Section of Protein Biochemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Stefan Jakobs
- Research Group Mitochondrial Structure and Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Clinic for Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Translational Neuroinflammation and Automated Microscopy, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin van der Laan
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Oliver Daumke
- Structural Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Nolden KA, Egner JM, Collier JJ, Russell OM, Alston CL, Harwig MC, Widlansky ME, Sasorith S, Barbosa IA, Douglas AG, Baptista J, Walker M, Donnelly DE, Morris AA, Tan HJ, Kurian MA, Gorman K, Mordekar S, Deshpande C, Samanta R, McFarland R, Hill RB, Taylor RW, Oláhová M. Novel DNM1L variants impair mitochondrial dynamics through divergent mechanisms. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:e202101284. [PMID: 35914810 PMCID: PMC9354038 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Imbalances in mitochondrial and peroxisomal dynamics are associated with a spectrum of human neurological disorders. Mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission both involve dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) oligomerisation and membrane constriction, although the precise biophysical mechanisms by which distinct DRP1 variants affect the assembly and activity of different DRP1 domains remains largely unexplored. We analysed four unreported de novo heterozygous variants in the dynamin-1-like gene DNM1L affecting different highly conserved DRP1 domains, leading to developmental delay, seizures, hypotonia, and/or rare cardiac complications in infancy. Single-nucleotide DRP1 stalk domain variants were found to correlate with more severe clinical phenotypes, with in vitro recombinant human DRP1 mutants demonstrating greater impairments in protein oligomerisation, DRP1-peroxisomal recruitment, and both mitochondrial and peroxisomal hyperfusion compared to GTPase or GTPase-effector domain variants. Importantly, we identified a novel mechanism of pathogenesis, where a p.Arg710Gly variant uncouples DRP1 assembly from assembly-stimulated GTP hydrolysis, providing mechanistic insight into how assembly-state information is transmitted to the GTPase domain. Together, these data reveal that discrete, pathological DNM1L variants impair mitochondrial network maintenance by divergent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A Nolden
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - John M Egner
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jack J Collier
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Newcastle University, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Oliver M Russell
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Newcastle University, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Charlotte L Alston
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Newcastle University, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- The National Health Service (NHS) Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Megan C Harwig
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Michael E Widlansky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Souphatta Sasorith
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire and PhyMedExp, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Montpellier, France
| | - Inês A Barbosa
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Gl Douglas
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Julia Baptista
- Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Mark Walker
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Deirdre E Donnelly
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - Andrew A Morris
- Willink Metabolic Unit, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Hui Jeen Tan
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Developmental Neurosciences Department, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Diseases in Children, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, London, UK
| | - Kathleen Gorman
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Santosh Mordekar
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Charu Deshpande
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rajib Samanta
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Robert McFarland
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Newcastle University, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- The National Health Service (NHS) Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - R Blake Hill
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Robert W Taylor
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Newcastle University, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- The National Health Service (NHS) Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Monika Oláhová
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Newcastle University, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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MX2 Viral Substrate Breadth and Inhibitory Activity Are Regulated by Protein Phosphorylation. mBio 2022; 13:e0171422. [PMID: 35880880 PMCID: PMC9426416 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01714-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection is potently inhibited by human myxovirus resistance 2 (MX2/MxB), which binds to the viral capsid and blocks the nuclear import of viral DNA. We have recently shown that phosphorylation is a key regulator of MX2 antiviral activity, with phosphorylation of serine residues at positions 14, 17, and 18 repressing MX2 function. Here, we extend the study of MX2 posttranslational modifications and identify serine and threonine phosphorylation in all domains of MX2. By substituting these residues with aspartic acid or alanine, hence mimicking the presence or absence of a phosphate group, respectively, we identified key positions that control MX2 antiviral activity. Aspartic acid substitutions of residues Ser306 or Thr334 and alanine substitutions of Thr343 yielded proteins with substantially reduced antiviral activity, whereas the presence of aspartic acid at positions Ser28, Thr151, or Thr343 resulted in enhanced activity: referred to as hypermorphic mutants. In some cases, these hypermorphic mutations, particularly when paired with other MX2 mutations (e.g., S28D/T151D or T151D/T343A) acquired the capacity to inhibit HIV-1 capsid mutants known to be insensitive to wild-type MX2, such as P90A or T210K, as well as MX2-resistant retroviruses such as equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) and murine leukemia virus (MLV). This work highlights the complexity and importance of MX2 phosphorylation in the regulation of antiviral activity and in the selection of susceptible viral substrates.
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21
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Chen L, Niu Y, Sun J, Lin H, Liang G, Xiao M, Shi D, Wang J, Zhu H, Guan Y. Oncolytic Activity of Wild-type Newcastle Disease Virus HK84 Against Hepatocellular Carcinoma Associated with Activation of Type I Interferon Signaling. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2022; 10:284-296. [PMID: 35528990 PMCID: PMC9039698 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2021.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is listed as one of the most common causes of cancer-related death. Oncolytic therapy has become a promising treatment because of novel immunotherapies and gene editing technology, but biosafety concerns remain the biggest limitation for clinical application. We studied the the antitumor activity and biosafety of the wild-type Newcastle disease virus HK84 strain (NDV/HK84) and 10 other NDV strains. METHODS Cell proliferation and apoptosis were determined by cell counting Kit-8 and fluorescein isothiocyanate Annexin V apoptosis assays. Colony formation, wound healing, and a xenograft mouse model were used to evaluate in vivo and in vitro oncolytic effectiveness. The safety of NDV/HK84 was tested in nude mice by an in vivo luciferase imaging system. The replication kinetics of NDV/HK84 in normal tissues and tumors were evaluated by infectious-dose assays in eggs. RNA sequencing analysis was performed to explore NDV/HK84 activity and was validated by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS The cell counting Kit-8 assays of viability found that the oncolytic activity of the NDV strains differed with the multiplicity of infection (MOI). At an MOI of 20, the oncolytic activity of all NDV strains except the DK/JX/21358/08 strain was >80%. The oncolytic activities of the NDV/HK84 and DK/JX/8224/04 strains were >80% at both MOI=20 and MOI=2. Only NDV/HK84 had >80% oncolytic activities at both MOI=20 and MOI=2. We chose NDV/HK84 as the candidate virus to test the oncolytic effect of NDV in HCC in the in vitro and in vivo experiments. NDV/HK84 killed human SK-HEP-1 HCC cells without affecting healthy cells. CONCLUSIONS Intratumor infection with NDV/HK84 strains compared with vehicle controls or positive controls indicated that NDV/HK84 strain specifically inhibited HCC without affecting healthy mice. High-throughput RNA sequencing showed that the oncolytic activity of NDV/HK84 was dependent on the activation of type I interferon signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Chen
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology of STU/HKU, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongdong Niu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiating Sun
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology of STU/HKU, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong Lin
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology of STU/HKU, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoxi Liang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology of STU/HKU, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Xiao
- International Joint Laboratory for Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology of STU/HKU, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongmei Shi
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology of STU/HKU, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia Wang
- International Joint Laboratory for Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology of STU/HKU, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huachen Zhu
- International Joint Laboratory for Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology of STU/HKU, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Guan
- International Joint Laboratory for Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology of STU/HKU, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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22
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Abstract
Vertebrate immune systems suppress viral infection using both innate restriction factors and adaptive immunity. Viruses mutate to escape these defenses, driving hosts to counterevolve to regain fitness. This cycle recurs repeatedly, resulting in an evolutionary arms race whose outcome depends on the pace and likelihood of adaptation by host and viral genes. Although viruses evolve faster than their vertebrate hosts, their proteins are subject to numerous functional constraints that impact the probability of adaptation. These constraints are globally defined by evolutionary landscapes, which describe the fitness and adaptive potential of all possible mutations. We review deep mutational scanning experiments mapping the evolutionary landscapes of both host and viral proteins engaged in arms races. For restriction factors and some broadly neutralizing antibodies, landscapes favor the host, which may help to level the evolutionary playing field against rapidly evolving viruses. We discuss the biophysical underpinnings of these landscapes and their therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette L Tenthorey
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA; , ,
| | - Michael Emerman
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA; , , .,Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Harmit S Malik
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA; , , .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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23
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STAT1 and Its Crucial Role in the Control of Viral Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084095. [PMID: 35456913 PMCID: PMC9028532 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 protein plays a key role in the immune response against viruses and other pathogens by transducing, in the nucleus, the signal from type I, type II and type III IFNs. STAT1 activates the transcription of hundreds of genes, some of which have been well characterized for their antiviral properties. STAT1 gene deletion in mice and complete STAT1 deficiency in humans both cause rapid death from severe infections. STAT1 plays a key role in the immunoglobulin class-switch recombination through the upregulation of T-bet; it also plays a key role in the production of T-bet+ memory B cells that contribute to tissue-resident humoral memory by mounting an IgG response during re-infection. Considering the key role of STAT1 in the antiviral immune response, many viruses, including dangerous viruses such as Ebola and SARS-CoV-2, have developed different mechanisms to inhibit this transcription factor. The search for drugs capable of targeting the viral proteins implicated in both viral replication and IFN/STAT1 inhibition is important for the treatment of the most dangerous viral infections and for future viral pandemics, as shown by the clinical results obtained with Paxlovid in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.
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24
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Ding J, Maxwell A, Adzibolosu N, Hu A, You Y, Liao A, Mor G. Mechanisms of immune regulation by the placenta: Role of type I interferon and interferon‐stimulated genes signaling during pregnancy*. Immunol Rev 2022; 308:9-24. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Ding
- C.S Mott Center for Human Growth and Development Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Wayne State University Detroit Michigan USA
| | - Anthony Maxwell
- C.S Mott Center for Human Growth and Development Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Wayne State University Detroit Michigan USA
- Department of Physiology Wayne State University Detroit Michigan USA
| | - Nicholas Adzibolosu
- C.S Mott Center for Human Growth and Development Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Wayne State University Detroit Michigan USA
- Department of Physiology Wayne State University Detroit Michigan USA
| | - Anna Hu
- C.S Mott Center for Human Growth and Development Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Wayne State University Detroit Michigan USA
| | - Yuan You
- C.S Mott Center for Human Growth and Development Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Wayne State University Detroit Michigan USA
| | - Aihua Liao
- Institute of Reproductive Health Center for Reproductive Medicine Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Gil Mor
- C.S Mott Center for Human Growth and Development Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Wayne State University Detroit Michigan USA
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25
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Xue W, Ding C, Qian K, Liao Y. The Interplay Between Coronavirus and Type I IFN Response. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:805472. [PMID: 35317429 PMCID: PMC8934427 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.805472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few decades, newly evolved coronaviruses have posed a global threat to public health and animal breeding. To control and prevent the coronavirus-related diseases, understanding the interaction of the coronavirus and the host immune system is the top priority. Coronaviruses have evolved multiple mechanisms to evade or antagonize the host immune response to ensure their replication. As the first line and main component of innate immune response, type I IFN response is able to restrict virus in the initial infection stage; it is thus not surprising that the primary aim of the virus is to evade or antagonize the IFN response. Gaining a profound understanding of the interaction between coronaviruses and type I IFN response will shed light on vaccine development and therapeutics. In this review, we provide an update on the current knowledge on strategies employed by coronaviruses to evade type I IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Xue
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kun Qian
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ying Liao
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Liao,
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26
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Li Y, Qiao X, Liu Z, Wang L, Song L. A myxovirus resistance like protein involved in CgIFNLP mediated immune response of oyster Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:318-328. [PMID: 34655740 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The myxovirus resistance (Mx) proteins belong to interferon (IFN)-induced dynamin GTPase and play a pivotal role in the inhibition of replication of numerous viruses. In the present study, an Mx homologue (designated as CgMx1) was identified from oyster Crassostrea gigas. The open reading frame (ORF) of CgMx1 cDNA was of 1689 bp encoding a peptide of 562 amino acid residues. There was an N-terminal dynamin GTPase domain in the predicted peptide, which consisted of a tripartite GTP-binding motif (GDXXSGKS, DLPG and T/NKXD). The deduced amino acid sequence of CgMx1 shared 30-39% similarity with other Mx family members. And CgMx1 was clustered with Mx from H. discus, and then assigned into the invertebrate branch of the phylogenetic tree. The mRNA transcripts of CgMx1 were constitutively distributed in all the tested tissues, with the highest level in haemocytes (1342.45-fold of labial palps, p < 0.05). The mRNA expression of CgMx1 in haemocytes was significantly up-regulated to the highest level at 6 h (13.14-fold, p < 0.001) after poly (I:C) treatment and at 24 h (66.28-fold, p < 0.001) after recombinant IFN-like protein (rCgIFNLP) stimulation, respectively. CgMx1 protein was found to distribute in both the cytoplasm and nucleus of haemocytes. In the oysters with CgIFNLP and signal transducer and activator of transcription (CgSTAT) silenced by RNAi, the mRNA expression of CgMx1 decreased significantly in the haemocytes at 12 h after poly (I:C) stimulation, which was 0.02-fold and 0.04-fold of that in EGFP-RNAi oysters (p < 0.001), respectively. Meanwhile, EMSA assay revealed that CgSTAT was able to transactivate CgMx1 promoter through directly binding to its interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) and gamma interferon activation site (GAS). The above results indicated that CgMx1 participated in the immune response of C. gigas through the signal pathway mediated by CgIFNLP and CgSTAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanmei Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xue Qiao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zhaoqun Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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27
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Kutsch M, Coers J. Human guanylate binding proteins: nanomachines orchestrating host defense. FEBS J 2021; 288:5826-5849. [PMID: 33314740 PMCID: PMC8196077 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Disease-causing microorganisms not only breach anatomical barriers and invade tissues but also frequently enter host cells, nutrient-enriched environments amenable to support parasitic microbial growth. Protection from many infectious diseases is therefore reliant on the ability of individual host cells to combat intracellular infections through the execution of cell-autonomous defense programs. Central players in human cell-autonomous immunity are members of the family of dynamin-related guanylate binding proteins (GBPs). The importance of these interferon-inducible GTPases in host defense to viral, bacterial, and protozoan pathogens has been established for some time; only recently, cell biological and biochemical studies that largely focused on the prenylated paralogs GBP1, GBP2, and GBP5 have provided us with robust molecular frameworks for GBP-mediated immunity. Specifically, the recent characterization of GBP1 as a bona fide pattern recognition receptor for bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) disrupting the integrity of bacterial outer membranes through LPS aggregation, the discovery of a link between hydrolysis-induced GMP production by GBP1 and inflammasome activation, and the classification of GBP2 and GBP5 as inhibitors of viral envelope glycoprotein processing via suppression of the host endoprotease furin have paved the way for a vastly improved conceptual understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which GBP nanomachines execute cell-autonomous immunity. The herein discussed models incorporate our current knowledge of the antimicrobial, proinflammatory, and biochemical properties of human GBPs and thereby provide testable hypotheses that will guide future studies into the intricacies of GBP-controlled host defense and their role in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Kutsch
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 22710, USA
| | - Jörn Coers
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 22710, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 22710, USA
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28
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Wubben R, Efstathiou C, Stevenson NJ. The interplay between the immune system and viruses. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 117:1-15. [PMID: 34420576 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The human immune response can be divided into two arms: innate and adaptive immunity. The innate immune system consists of "hard-wired" responses encoded by host germline genes. In contrast, the adaptive response consists of gene elements that are somatically rearranged to assemble antigen-binding molecules with specificity for individual foreign structures. In contrast to the adaptive immune system, which depends upon T and B lymphocytes, innate immune protection is a task performed by cells of both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic origin. Hematopoietic cells involved in innate immune responses include macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cell, neutrophils, eosinophils, natural killer (NK) cells and natural killer T cells. The induction of an adaptive immune response begins when a pathogen is ingested by an Antigen Presenting Cell (APC), such as the Dendritic cell (DC), in the infected tissue. DCs bridge the gap between first line innate responses and powerful adaptive immune responses, by internalizing, processing and presenting antigens on Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and MHC-like molecules to the adaptive immune cells In addition to DCs, macrophages and B cells are deemed antigen presenting cells (Llewelyn & Cohen, 2002).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wubben
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - N J Stevenson
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Kingdom of Bahrain; Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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29
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Fan C, Su H, Liao Z, Su J, Yang C, Zhang Y, Su J. Teleost-Specific MxG, a Traitor in the Mx Family, Negatively Regulates Antiviral Responses by Targeting IPS-1 for Proteasomal Degradation and STING for Lysosomal Degradation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:281-295. [PMID: 34135063 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IFN-β promoter stimulator-1 (IPS-1)- and stimulator of IFN genes (STING)-mediated type I IFNs play a critical role in antiviral responses. Myxovirus resistance (Mx) proteins are pivotal components of the antiviral effectors induced by IFNs in many species. An unprecedented expansion of Mx genes has occurred in fish. However, the functions and mechanisms of Mx family members remain largely unknown in fish. In this study, we found that grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) MxG, a teleost-specific Mx protein, is induced by IFNs and viruses, and it negatively regulates both IPS-1- and STING-mediated antiviral responses to facilitate grass carp reovirus, spring viremia of carp virus, and cyprinid herpesvirus-2 replication. MxG binds and degrades IPS-1 via the proteasomal pathway and STING through the lysosomal pathway, thereby negatively regulating IFN1 antiviral responses and NF-κB proinflammatory cytokines. MxG also suppresses the phosphorylation of STING IFN regulatory factor 3/7, and it subsequently downregulates IFN1 and NF-κB1 at the promoter, transcription, and protein levels. GTPase and GTPase effector domains of MxG contribute to the negative regulatory function. On the contrary, MxG knockdown weakens virus replication and cytopathic effect. Therefore, MxG can be an ISG molecule induced by IFNs and viruses, and degrade IPS-1 and STING proteins in a negative feedback manner to maintain homeostasis and avoid excessive immune responses after virus infection. To our knowledge, this is the first identification of a negative regulator in the Mx family, and our findings clarify a novel mechanism by which the IFN response is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjian Fan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Hang Su
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiwei Liao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Juanjuan Su
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs (Ministry of Education), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; and
| | - Chunrong Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongan Zhang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianguo Su
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; .,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Wang Z, Chai K, Liu Q, Yi DR, Pan Q, Huang Y, Tan J, Qiao W, Guo F, Cen S, Liang C. HIV-1 resists MxB inhibition of viral Rev protein. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 9:2030-2045. [PMID: 32873191 PMCID: PMC7534208 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1818633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The interferon-inducible myxovirus resistance B (MxB) protein has been reported to inhibit HIV-1 and herpesviruses by blocking the nuclear import of viral DNA. Here, we report a new antiviral mechanism in which MxB restricts the nuclear import of HIV-1 regulatory protein Rev, and as a result, diminishes Rev-dependent expression of HIV-1 Gag protein. Specifically, MxB disrupts the interaction of Rev with the nuclear transport receptor, transportin 1 (TNPO1). Supporting this, the TNPO1-independent Rev variants become less restricted by MxB. In addition, HIV-1 can overcome this inhibition by MxB through increasing the expression of multiply spliced viral RNA and hence Rev protein. Therefore, MxB exerts its anti-HIV-1 function through interfering with the nuclear import of both viral DNA and viral Rev protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Keli Chai
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Rong Yi
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Pan
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Yu Huang
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Tan
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentao Qiao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Guo
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Liang
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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McKellar J, Rebendenne A, Wencker M, Moncorgé O, Goujon C. Mammalian and Avian Host Cell Influenza A Restriction Factors. Viruses 2021; 13:522. [PMID: 33810083 PMCID: PMC8005160 DOI: 10.3390/v13030522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The threat of a new influenza pandemic is real. With past pandemics claiming millions of lives, finding new ways to combat this virus is essential. Host cells have developed a multi-modular system to detect incoming pathogens, a phenomenon called sensing. The signaling cascade triggered by sensing subsequently induces protection for themselves and their surrounding neighbors, termed interferon (IFN) response. This response induces the upregulation of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), including antiviral effectors, establishing an antiviral state. As well as the antiviral proteins induced through the IFN system, cells also possess a so-called intrinsic immunity, constituted of antiviral proteins that are constitutively expressed, creating a first barrier preceding the induction of the interferon system. All these combined antiviral effectors inhibit the virus at various stages of the viral lifecycle, using a wide array of mechanisms. Here, we provide a review of mammalian and avian influenza A restriction factors, detailing their mechanism of action and in vivo relevance, when known. Understanding their mode of action might help pave the way for the development of new influenza treatments, which are absolutely required if we want to be prepared to face a new pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe McKellar
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Antoine Rebendenne
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Mélanie Wencker
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM/CNRS/UCBL1/ENS de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France;
| | - Olivier Moncorgé
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Caroline Goujon
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.M.); (A.R.)
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Abstract
Mitochondria are signaling hubs responsible for the generation of energy through oxidative phosphorylation, the production of key metabolites that serve the bioenergetic and biosynthetic needs of the cell, calcium (Ca2+) buffering and the initiation/execution of apoptosis. The ability of mitochondria to coordinate this myriad of functions is achieved through the exquisite regulation of fundamental dynamic properties, including remodeling of the mitochondrial network via fission and fusion, motility and mitophagy. In this Review, we summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms by which these dynamic properties of the mitochondria support mitochondrial function, review their impact on human cortical development and highlight areas in need of further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tierney Baum
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Vivian Gama
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Wilbourne M, Zhang P. Visualizing HIV-1 Capsid and Its Interactions with Antivirals and Host Factors. Viruses 2021; 13:246. [PMID: 33557422 PMCID: PMC7914784 DOI: 10.3390/v13020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding of the construction and function of the HIV capsid has advanced considerably in the last decade. This is due in large part to the development of more sophisticated structural techniques, particularly cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) and cryo-electron tomography (cryoET). The capsid is known to be a pleomorphic fullerene cone comprised of capsid protein monomers arranged into 200-250 hexamers and 12 pentamers. The latter of these induce high curvature necessary to close the cone at both ends. CryoEM/cryoET, NMR, and X-ray crystallography have collectively described these interactions to atomic or near-atomic resolutions. Further, these techniques have helped to clarify the role the HIV capsid plays in several parts of the viral life cycle, from reverse transcription to nuclear entry and integration into the host chromosome. This includes visualizing the capsid bound to host factors. Multiple proteins have been shown to interact with the capsid. Cyclophilin A, nucleoporins, and CPSF6 promote viral infectivity, while MxB and Trim5α diminish the viral infectivity. Finally, structural insights into the intra- and intermolecular interactions that govern capsid function have enabled development of small molecules, peptides, and truncated proteins to disrupt or stabilize the capsid to inhibit HIV replication. The most promising of these, GS6207, is now in clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peijun Zhang
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Electron Bio-Imaging Centre, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
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Jain A, Jain T, Chandrakar K, Singh M, Shakya S. Myxovirus resistance 1 (Mx1) gene: Molecular characterization of complete coding sequence and expression profile in the endometrium of goat (Capra hircus). J Reprod Immunol 2020; 143:103247. [PMID: 33260042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2020.103247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Myxovirus resistance 1 (Mx1) gene plays an important role in uterine receptivity and conceptus development by creating a strong defense mechanism in the uterine environment. However, the specific role of Mx1 gene is not yet documented in the goat. Therefore, in the present study, full-length coding sequence (CDS) of the Mx1 gene was amplified, sequenced and characterized through various Bioinformatic tools. Temporal expression profile of Mx1 mRNA and protein was also examined by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and western blot, respectively, in the endometrium of cyclic stage (non-pregnant), pregnancy stage I (16-24 days of gestation) and pregnancy stage II (25-40 days of gestation) of caprine (cp). A fragment of the cpMx1 gene, 2144 bp in length, was amplified from complementary DNA (cDNA) with a 1965 bp open reading frame. Coding and deduced amino acid sequences of the cpMx1 were aligned with other species and it exhibited 98.8-81.5 % identities with different species. On phylogenetic analysis, sheep and goat were found belonging to the same clade but differing from large ruminants. The cpMx1 protein possess the conserved signature motif (LPRGTGIVTR) of dynamin superfamily and the tripartite guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP) binding motif (GDQSSGKS, DLPG, TKPD) at the N-terminal end, and the leucine zipper motifs at the C-terminal end. Both cpMx1 mRNA and protein were found to be expressed maximally (P < 0.05) in the pregnancy stage I as compared to cyclic stage. It was concluded that the cpMx1 gene shares major structural and probably functional similarities with other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asit Jain
- College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, CGKV, Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Tripti Jain
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, CGKV, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India
| | | | - Mohan Singh
- College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, CGKV, Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Sanjay Shakya
- College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, CGKV, Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India
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35
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Fuchs J, Oschwald A, Graf L, Kochs G. Tick-transmitted thogotovirus gains high virulence by a single MxA escape mutation in the viral nucleoprotein. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009038. [PMID: 33196685 PMCID: PMC7704052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with emerging and re-emerging arboviruses are of increasing concern for global health. Tick-transmitted RNA viruses of the genus Thogotovirus in the Orthomyxoviridae family have considerable zoonotic potential, as indicated by the recent emergence of Bourbon virus in the USA. To successfully infect humans, arboviruses have to escape the restrictive power of the interferon defense system. This is exemplified by the high sensitivity of thogotoviruses to the antiviral action of the interferon-induced myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA) that inhibits the polymerase activity of incoming viral ribonucleoprotein complexes. Acquiring resistance to human MxA would be expected to enhance the zoonotic potential of these pathogens. Therefore, we screened a panel of 10 different thogotovirus isolates obtained from various parts of the world for their sensitivity to MxA. A single isolate from Nigeria, Jos virus, showed resistance to the antiviral action of MxA in cell culture and in MxA-transgenic mice, whereas the prototypic Sicilian isolate SiAr126 was fully MxA-sensitive. Further analysis identified two amino acid substitutions (G327R and R328V) in the viral nucleoprotein as determinants for MxA resistance. Importantly, when introduced into SiAr126, the R328V mutation resulted in complete MxA escape of the recombinant virus, without causing any viral fitness loss. The escape mutation abolished viral nucleoprotein recognition by MxA and allowed unhindered viral growth in MxA-expressing cells and in MxA-transgenic mice. These findings demonstrate that thogotoviruses can overcome the species barrier by escaping MxA restriction and reveal that these tick-transmitted viruses may have a greater zoonotic potential than previously suspected. Thogotovirus infections are known to cause isolated human fatalities, yet the zoonotic potential of these tick-transmitted pathogens is still largely unexplored. In the present study, we examined if these viruses are able to escape the interferon-induced human MxA, thereby overcoming the human innate antiviral defense. Mx proteins constitute a class of interferon-induced antiviral effector molecules that efficiently block the intracellular replication of many viruses. Here, we studied the MxA sensitivity of various thogotovirus isolates and identified two amino acid residues in the viral nucleoprotein that caused resistance to MxA. One of these exchanges was sufficient to enable an otherwise MxA-sensitive thogotovirus to fully escape MxA restriction without causing any fitness loss. Our study explores the interplay of thogotoviruses with the innate antiviral host defense and sheds light on their zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Fuchs
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Oschwald
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura Graf
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Georg Kochs
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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36
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Zhao J, Zhu L, Xu L, Huang J, Sun X, Xu Z. Porcine interferon lambda 3 (IFN-λ3) shows potent anti-PRRSV activity in primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:408. [PMID: 33115475 PMCID: PMC7594293 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02627-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a serious viral disease of swine. At present, there are vaccines for the control of PRRSV infection, but the effect is not satisfactory. The recombination of attenuated vaccines causes significant difficulties with the prevention and control of PRRSV. Type III interferons (IFNs), also called IFN-λs, were newly identified and showed potent antiviral activity within the mucosal surface and immune organs. Results Therefore, primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) were used for this investigation. To this end, we found that the replication of PRRSV in PAMs was significantly reduced after pre-treatment with IFN-λ3, and such inhibition was dose- and time-dependent. The plaque formation of PRRSV abrogated entirely, and virus yields were reduced by four orders of magnitude when the primary PAMs were treated with IFN-λ3 at 1000 ng/ml. In addition, IFN-λ3 in our study was able to induce the expression of interferon-stimulated genes 15 (ISG15), 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthase 1 (OAS1), IFN-inducible transmembrane 3 (IFITM3), and myxoma resistance protein 1(Mx1) in primary PAMs. Conclusions IFN-λ3 had antiviral activity against PRRSV and can stimulate the expression of pivotal interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), i.e., ISG15, Mx1, OAS1, and IFITM3. So, IFN-λ3 may serve as a useful antiviral agent. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-020-02627-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, Sichuan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lei Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jianbo Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiangang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, Sichuan Province, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, Sichuan Province, China.
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37
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Gao S, Hu J. Mitochondrial Fusion: The Machineries In and Out. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 31:62-74. [PMID: 33092941 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that constantly undergo fission and fusion. Disruption of mitochondrial dynamics undermines their function and causes several human diseases. The fusion of the outer (OMM) and inner mitochondrial membranes (IMM) is mediated by two classes of dynamin-like protein (DLP): mitofusin (MFN)/fuzzy onions 1 (Fzo1) and optic atrophy 1/mitochondria genome maintenance 1 (OPA1/Mgm1). Given the lack of structural information on these fusogens, the molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial fusion remain unclear, even after 20 years. Here, we review recent advances in structural studies of the mitochondrial fusion machinery, discuss their implication for DLPs, and summarize the pathogenic mechanisms of disease-causing mutations in mitochondrial fusion DLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060 Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, 510530 Guangzhou, China.
| | - Junjie Hu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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38
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Betancor G, Dicks MDJ, Jimenez-Guardeño JM, Ali NH, Apolonia L, Malim MH. The GTPase Domain of MX2 Interacts with the HIV-1 Capsid, Enabling Its Short Isoform to Moderate Antiviral Restriction. Cell Rep 2020; 29:1923-1933.e3. [PMID: 31722207 PMCID: PMC7391006 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Myxovirus resistance 2 (MX2/MXB) is an interferon (IFN)-induced HIV-1 restriction factor that inhibits viral nuclear DNA accumulation. The amino-terminal domain of MX2 binds the viral capsid and is essential for inhibition. Using in vitro assembled Capsid-Nucleocapsid (CANC) complexes as a surrogate for the HIV-1 capsid lattice, we reveal that the GTPase (G) domain of MX2 contains a second, independent capsid-binding site. The importance of this interaction was addressed in competition assays using the naturally occurring non-antiviral short isoform of MX2 that lacks the amino-terminal 25 amino acids. Specifically, these experiments show that the G domain enhances MX2 function, and the foreshortened isoform acts as a functional suppressor of the full-length protein in a G-domain-dependent manner. The interaction of MX2 with its HIV-1 capsid substrate is therefore multi-faceted: there are dual points of contact that, together with protein oligomerization, contribute to the complexity of MX2 regulation. MX2 interacts with the HIV-1 capsid via N-terminal and GTPase (G) domains The G-domain interaction enhances MX2 binding to the viral capsid The MX2 short isoform is not antiviral and binds the capsid through its G domain The MX2 short isoform suppresses the antiviral activity of the long isoform
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Betancor
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Matthew D J Dicks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jose M Jimenez-Guardeño
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Nabil H Ali
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Luis Apolonia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Michael H Malim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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Bo Z, Miao Y, Xi R, Zhong Q, Bao C, Chen H, Sun L, Qian Y, Jung YS, Dai J. PRV UL13 inhibits cGAS-STING-mediated IFN-β production by phosphorylating IRF3. Vet Res 2020; 51:118. [PMID: 32933581 PMCID: PMC7493860 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00843-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) is an intracellular sensor of cytoplasmic viral DNA created during virus infection, which subsequently activates the stimulator of interferon gene (STING)-dependent type I interferon response to eliminate pathogens. In contrast, viruses have developed different strategies to modulate this signalling pathway. Pseudorabies virus (PRV), an alphaherpesvirus, is the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease (AD), a notable disease that causes substantial economic loss to the swine industry globally. Previous reports have shown that PRV infection induces cGAS-dependent IFN-β production, conversely hydrolysing cGAMP, a second messenger synthesized by cGAS, and attenuates PRV-induced IRF3 activation and IFN-β secretion. However, it is not clear whether PRV open reading frames (ORFs) modulate the cGAS-STING-IRF3 pathway. Here, 50 PRV ORFs were screened, showing that PRV UL13 serine/threonine kinase blocks the cGAS-STING-IRF3-, poly(I:C)- or VSV-mediated transcriptional activation of the IFN-β gene. Importantly, it was discovered that UL13 phosphorylates IRF3, and its kinase activity is indispensable for such an inhibitory effect. Moreover, UL13 does not affect IRF3 dimerization, nuclear translocation or association with CREB-binding protein (CBP) but attenuates the binding of IRF3 to the IRF3-responsive promoter. Consistent with this, it was discovered that UL13 inhibits the expression of multiple interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) induced by cGAS-STING or poly(I:C). Finally, it was determined that PRV infection can activate IRF3 by recruiting it to the nucleus, and PRVΔUL13 mutants enhance the transactivation level of the IFN-β gene. Taken together, the data from the present study demonstrated that PRV UL13 inhibits cGAS-STING-mediated IFN-β production by phosphorylating IRF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyi Bo
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yurun Miao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Rui Xi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qiuping Zhong
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chenyi Bao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huan Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Liumei Sun
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yingjuan Qian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yong-Sam Jung
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Jianjun Dai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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40
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Severe DNM1 encephalopathy with dysmyelination due to recurrent splice site pathogenic variant. Hum Genet 2020; 139:1575-1578. [PMID: 32909139 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02224-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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41
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Bhave M, Mettlen M, Wang X, Schmid SL. Early and nonredundant functions of dynamin isoforms in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:2035-2047. [PMID: 32579424 PMCID: PMC7543069 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-06-0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamin GTPases (Dyn1 and Dyn2) are indispensable proteins of the core clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) machinery. Best known for their role in fission at the late stages of CME, many studies have suggested that dynamin also plays a regulatory role during the early stages of CME; however, detailed studies regarding isoform-specific early regulatory functions of the dynamins are lacking. With a recent understanding of the regulation of Dyn1 in nonneuronal cells and improved algorithms for highly sensitive and quantitative analysis of clathrin-coated pit (CCP) dynamics, we have evaluated the differential functions of dynamin isoforms in CME using domain swap chimeras. We report that Dyn1 and Dyn2 play nonredundant, early regulatory roles during CME in nonneuronal cells. The proline/arginine-rich domain of Dyn2 is important for its targeting to nascent and growing CCPs, whereas the membrane-binding and curvature-generating pleckstrin homology domain of Dyn1 plays an important role in stabilizing nascent CCPs. We confirm the enhanced ability of dephosphorylated Dyn1 to support CME, even at substoichiometric levels compared with Dyn2. Domain swap chimeras also revealed previously unknown functional differences in the GTPase and stalk domains. Our study significantly extends the current understanding of the regulatory roles played by dynamin isoforms during early stages of CME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhura Bhave
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, TX 75390
| | - Marcel Mettlen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, TX 75390
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, TX 75390.,Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, TX 75390
| | - Sandra L Schmid
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, TX 75390
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Kalia R, Frost A. Open and cut: allosteric motion and membrane fission by dynamin superfamily proteins. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 30:2097-2104. [PMID: 31365329 PMCID: PMC6743466 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-10-0709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells have evolved diverse protein-based machinery to reshape, cut, or fuse their membrane-delimited compartments. Dynamin superfamily proteins are principal components of this machinery and use their ability to hydrolyze GTP and to polymerize into helices and rings to achieve these goals. Nucleotide-binding, hydrolysis, and exchange reactions drive significant conformational changes across the dynamin family, and these changes alter the shape and stability of supramolecular dynamin oligomers, as well as the ability of dynamins to bind receptors and membranes. Mutations that interfere with the conformational repertoire of these enzymes, and hence with membrane fission, exist in several inherited human diseases. Here, we discuss insights from new x-ray crystal structures and cryo-EM reconstructions that have enabled us to infer some of the allosteric dynamics for these proteins. Together, these studies help us to understand how dynamins perform mechanical work, as well as how specific mutants of dynamin family proteins exhibit pathogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghav Kalia
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
| | - Adam Frost
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132.,Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158
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43
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Balla KM, Rice MC, Gagnon JA, Elde NC. Linking Virus Discovery to Immune Responses Visualized during Zebrafish Infections. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2092-2103.e5. [PMID: 32413307 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of new viruses currently outpaces our capacity for experimental examination of infection biology. To better couple virus discovery with immunology, we genetically modified zebrafish to visually report on virus infections. After generating a strain that expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) under an interferon-stimulated gene promoter, we repeatedly observed transgenic larvae spontaneously expressing GFP days after hatching. RNA sequencing comparisons of co-housed GFP-positive and GFP-negative zebrafish revealed a naturally occurring picornavirus that induced a canonical interferon-mediated response and hundreds of antiviral defense genes not observed following immunostimulatory treatments or experimental infections with other viruses. Among the many genes induced by picornavirus infection was a large set encoding guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) of immunity-associated proteins (GIMAPs). The GIMAP gene family is massively expanded in fish genomes and may also play a crucial role in antiviral responses in mammals, including humans. We subsequently detected zebrafish picornavirus in publicly available sequencing data from seemingly asymptomatic zebrafish in many research institutes and found that it altered gene expression in a previous study of zebrafish development. Experiments revealed a horizontal mode of virus transmission, highlighting a system for studying the spread of picornavirus infections within and between individuals. Our study describes a naturally occurring picornavirus that elicits strong antiviral responses in zebrafish and provides new strategies for simultaneously discovering viruses and their impact on vertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keir M Balla
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Marlen C Rice
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - James A Gagnon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Nels C Elde
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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44
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Xu F, Zhao F, Zhao X, Zhang D, Liu X, Hu S, Mei S, Fan Z, Huang Y, Sun H, Wei L, Wu C, Li Q, Wang J, Cen S, Liang C, Guo F. Pro-515 of the dynamin-like GTPase MxB contributes to HIV-1 inhibition by regulating MxB oligomerization and binding to HIV-1 capsid. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:6447-6456. [PMID: 32217692 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-regulated myxovirus resistance protein B (MxB) is an interferon-induced GTPase belonging to the dynamin superfamily. It inhibits infection with a wide range of different viruses, including HIV-1, by impairing viral DNA entry into the nucleus. Unlike the related antiviral GTPase MxA, MxB possesses an N-terminal region that contains a nuclear localization signal and is crucial for inhibiting HIV-1. Because MxB previously has been shown to reside in both the nuclear envelope and the cytoplasm, here we used bioinformatics and biochemical approaches to identify a nuclear export signal (NES) responsible for MxB's cytoplasmic location. Using the online computational tool LocNES (Locating Nuclear Export Signals or NESs), we identified five putative NES candidates in MxB and investigated whether their deletion caused nuclear localization of MxB. Our results revealed that none of the five deletion variants relocates to the nucleus, suggesting that these five predicted NES sequences do not confer NES activity. Interestingly, deletion of one sequence, encompassing amino acids 505-527, abrogated the anti-HIV-1 activity of MxB. Further mutation experiments disclosed that amino acids 515-519, and Pro-515 in particular, regulate MxB oligomerization and its binding to HIV-1 capsid, thereby playing an important role in MxB-mediated restriction of HIV-1 infection. In summary, our results indicate that none of the five predicted NES sequences in MxB appears to be required for its nuclear export. Our findings also reveal several residues in MxB, including Pro-515, critical for its oligomerization and anti-HIV-1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengwen Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Di Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaoman Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Siqi Hu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shan Mei
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhangling Fan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yu Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hong Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Liang Wei
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Chao Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Quanjie Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chen Liang
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal H3T 1E2, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fei Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China .,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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45
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Chen J, Wu Y, Wu XD, Zhou J, Liang XD, Baloch AS, Qiu YF, Gao S, Zhou B. The R614E mutation of mouse Mx1 protein contributes to the novel antiviral activity against classical swine fever virus. Vet Microbiol 2020; 243:108621. [PMID: 32273007 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mx proteins are interferon-induced GTPases that have broad antiviral activity against a wide range of RNA and DNA viruses. We previously demonstrated that porcine Mx1 protein (poMx1) inhibited the replication of classical swine fever virus (CSFV), an economically important Pestivirus, and that mouse Mx1 did so as well. It is unknown why the nucleus-localizing mouse Mx1 inhibits CSFV replication which occurs in the cytoplasm. To the end, we assessed the anti-CSFV actions of wild type mouse Mx1 and seven previously reported mutants (K49A, G83R, A222V, A516V, G540E, R614E and ΔL4) and identified the molecular mechanism of R614E action against CSFV replication. A series of experiments revealed that mmMx1 (R614E) mutant reposted to the cytoplasm and interacted with the CSFV nucleocapsid protein (Core), thereby inhibiting viral replication. These findings broaden our understanding of the function of Mx protein family members against CSFV and suggest that the relative conservation of Mx1 among species is the basis of broad-spectrum antiviral properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yue Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xu-Dan Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Liang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Abdul Sattar Baloch
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ya-Feng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Song Gao
- the Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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46
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Rasmussen ML, Gama V. A connection in life and death: The BCL-2 family coordinates mitochondrial network dynamics and stem cell fate. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 353:255-284. [PMID: 32381177 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The B cell CLL/lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) family of proteins control the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, also known as intrinsic apoptosis. Direct binding between members of the BCL-2 family regulates mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) after an apoptotic insult. The ability of the cell to sense stress and translate it into a death signal has been a major theme of research for nearly three decades; however, other mechanisms by which the BCL-2 family coordinates cellular homeostasis beyond its role in initiating apoptosis are emerging. One developing area of research is understanding how the BCL-2 family of proteins regulate development using pluripotent stem cells as a model system. Understanding BCL-2 family-mediated regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis in cell death and beyond would uncover new facets of stem cell maintenance and differentiation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Rasmussen
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Vivian Gama
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Neuroscience Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.
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47
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Sirisena DMKP, Tharuka MDN, Liyanage DS, Jung S, Kim MJ, Lee J. An interferon-induced GTP-binding protein, Mx, from the redlip mullet, Liza haematocheila: Deciphering its structural features and immune function. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 96:279-289. [PMID: 31783148 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx is responsible for a specific antiviral state against a broad spectrum of viral infections that are induced by type-I interferons (IFN α/β) in different vertebrates. In this study, the Mx gene was isolated from the constructed mullet cDNA database. Structural features of mullet Mx (MuMx) were analyzed using different in-silico tools. The pairwise comparison revealed that the MuMx sequence was related to Stegastes partitus Mx with an 83.7% sequence identity, whereas MuMx was clustered into the teleost category in the phylogentic analysis. Sequence alignment showed that the dynamin-type guanine nucleotide-binding domain (G_DYNAMIN_2), central interactive domain (CID), and GTPase effector domain (GED) were conserved among Mx counterparts. The transcriptional expression of MuMx was the highest in blood cells from unchallenged fish. The temporal mRNA profile showed that MuMx expression was significantly elevated in all tissues, including blood, spleen, head kidney, liver, and gills after the injection of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) at many time points. Moreover, MuMx expression increased slightly, in the blood, spleen, and head kidney at a few time points after the injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Lactococcus garvieae (L. garvieae). Results of the subcellular localization analysis confirmed that the MuMx protein was highly expressed in the cytoplasm. The analysis of the gene expression of the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) under conditions of MuMx overexpression confirmed the significant inhibition of viral transcripts. The cell viability (MTT) assay and VHSV titer quantification with the presence of MuMx indicated a significant reduction in virus replication. Collectively, these findings suggest that Mx is a specific immune-related gene that elicits crucial antiviral functions against viral antigens in the mullet fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M K P Sirisena
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - M D Neranjan Tharuka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - D S Liyanage
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumi Jung
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Jin Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea.
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48
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Abstract
Purification of dynamin-related proteins is complicated by their oligomeric tendencies. In this chapter, we describe an established purification regime to isolate the mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 using bacterial expression. Key attributes of dynamins include their ability to hydrolyze GTP and self-assemble into larger polymers under specific conditions. Therefore, the GTPase activity of Drp1 should be examined to confirm isolation of functional protein, and we describe a conventional colorimetric assay to assess enzyme activity. To determine the ability of Drp1 to self-assemble, we induce Drp1 polymerization through addition of a non-hydrolyzable GTP analogue. A sedimentation assay provides a quantitative measure of polymerization that complements a qualitative assessment through visualization of Drp1 oligomers using negative-stain electron microscopy (EM). Importantly, we highlight the caveats of affinity tags and the influence that these peptide sequences can have on Drp1 function given their proximity to functional domains.
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49
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Equine Mx1 Restricts Influenza A Virus Replication by Targeting at Distinct Site of its Nucleoprotein. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121114. [PMID: 31810278 PMCID: PMC6950424 DOI: 10.3390/v11121114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-mediated host factors myxovirus (Mx) proteins are key features in regulating influenza A virus (IAV) infections. Viral polymerases are essential for viral replication. The Mx1 protein has been known to interact with viral nucleoprotein (NP) and PB2, resulting in the influence of polymerase activity and providing interspecies restriction. The equine influenza virus has evolved as an independent lineage to influenza viruses from other species. We estimated the differences in antiviral activities between human MxA (huMxA) and equine Mx1 (eqMx1) against a broad range of IAV strains. We found that huMxA has antiviral potential against IAV strains from non-human species, whereas eqMx1 could only inhibit the polymerase activity of non-equine species. Here, we demonstrated that NP is the main target of eqMx1. Subsequently, we found adaptive mutations in the NP of strains A/equine/Jilin/1/1989 (H3N8JL89) and A/chicken/Zhejiang/DTID-ZJU01/2013 (H7N9ZJ13) that confer eqMx1 resistance and sensitivity respectively. A substantial reduction in Mx1 resistance was observed for the two mutations G34S and H52N in H3N8JL89 NP. Thus, eqMx1 is an important dynamic force in IAV nucleoprotein evolution. We, therefore, suggest that the amino acids responsible for Mx1 resistance should be regarded as a robust indicator for the pandemic potential of lately evolving IAVs.
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50
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Haller O, Kochs G. Mx genes: host determinants controlling influenza virus infection and trans-species transmission. Hum Genet 2019; 139:695-705. [PMID: 31773252 PMCID: PMC7087808 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The human MxA protein, encoded by the interferon-inducible MX1 gene, is an intracellular influenza A virus (IAV) restriction factor. It can protect transgenic mice from severe IAV-induced disease, indicating a key role of human MxA for host survival and suggesting that natural variations in MX1 may account for inter-individual differences in disease severity among humans. MxA also provides a robust barrier against zoonotic transmissions of avian and swine IAV strains. Therefore, zoonotic IAV must acquire MxA escape mutations to achieve sustained human-to-human transmission. Here, we discuss recent progress in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Haller
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Georg Kochs
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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