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Polvani LM, Keeble J, Banerjee A, Checa-Garcia R, Chiodo G, Rieder HE, Rosenlof KH. No evidence of worsening Arctic springtime ozone losses over the 21st century. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1608. [PMID: 36964124 PMCID: PMC10039004 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37134-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L M Polvani
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA.
| | - J Keeble
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Banerjee
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - R Checa-Garcia
- Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - G Chiodo
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H E Rieder
- Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - K H Rosenlof
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
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2
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von der Gathen P, Kivi R, Wohltmann I, Salawitch RJ, Rex M. Reply to: No evidence of worsening Arctic springtime ozone losses over the 21st century. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1609. [PMID: 36964181 PMCID: PMC10039039 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter von der Gathen
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Rigel Kivi
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Space and Earth Observation Centre, Sodankylä, Finland
| | - Ingo Wohltmann
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ross J Salawitch
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Markus Rex
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Potsdam, Germany
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3
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Sørhus E, Donald CE, Nakken CL, Perrichon P, Durif CMF, Shema S, Browman HI, Skiftesvik AB, Lie KK, Rasinger JD, Müller MHB, Meier S. Co-exposure to UV radiation and crude oil increases acute embryotoxicity and sublethal malformations in the early life stages of Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160080. [PMID: 36375555 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Crude oil causes severe abnormalities in developing fish. Photomodification of constituents in crude oil increases its toxicity several fold. We report on the effect of crude oil, in combination with ultraviolet (UV) radiation, on Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) embryos. Accumulation of crude oil on the eggshell makes haddock embryos particularly susceptible to exposure. At high latitudes, they can be exposed to UV radiation many hours a day. Haddock embryos were exposed to crude oil (5-300 μg oil/L nominal loading concentrations) for three days in the presence and absence of UV radiation (290-400 nm). UV radiation partly degraded the eggs' outer membrane resulting in less accumulation of oil droplets in the treatment with highest oil concentration (300 μg oil/L). The co-exposure treatments resulted in acute toxicity, manifested by massive tissue necrosis and subsequent mortality, reducing LC50 at hatching stage by 60 % to 0.24 μg totPAH/L compared to 0.62 μg totPAH/L in crude oil only. In the treatment with nominal low oil concentrations (5-30 μg oil/L), only co-exposure to UV led to sublethal morphological heart defects. Including phototoxicity as a parameter in risk assessments of accidental oil spills is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Sørhus
- Institute of Marine Research, Marine Toxicology Group, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Carey E Donald
- Institute of Marine Research, Marine Toxicology Group, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005 Bergen, Norway
| | - Charlotte L Nakken
- University of Bergen, Department of Chemistry, Allégaten 41, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Prescilla Perrichon
- Institute of Marine Research, Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, 5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Caroline M F Durif
- Institute of Marine Research, Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, 5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Steven Shema
- Grótti ehf, Melabraut 22, 220 Hafnarfirði, Iceland
| | - Howard I Browman
- Institute of Marine Research, Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, 5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Anne Berit Skiftesvik
- Institute of Marine Research, Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, 5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Kai K Lie
- Institute of Marine Research, Marine Toxicology Group, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005 Bergen, Norway
| | - Josef D Rasinger
- Institute of Marine Research, Marine Toxicology Group, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005 Bergen, Norway
| | - Mette H B Müller
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Section for Experimental Biomedicine, Universitetstunet 3, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Sonnich Meier
- Institute of Marine Research, Marine Toxicology Group, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005 Bergen, Norway
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4
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Akiyoshi H, Kadowaki M, Yamashita Y, Nagatomo T. Dependence of column ozone on future ODSs and GHGs in the variability of 500-ensemble members. Sci Rep 2023; 13:320. [PMID: 36609500 PMCID: PMC9822909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
State-of-the-art chemistry-climate models (CCMs) have indicated that a future decrease in ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) combined with an increase in greenhouse gases (GHGs) would increase the column ozone amount in most regions except the tropics and Antarctic. However, large Arctic ozone losses have occurred at a frequency of approximately once per decade since the 1990s (1997, 2011 and 2020), despite the ODS concentration peaking in the mid-1990s. To understand this, CCMs were used to conduct 24 experiments with ODS and GHG concentrations set based on predicted values for future years; each experiment consisted of 500-member ensembles. The 50 ensemble members with the lowest column ozone in the mid- and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere showed a clear ODS dependence associated with low temperatures and a strong westerly zonal mean zonal wind. Even with high GHG concentrations, several ensemble members showed extremely low spring column ozone in the Arctic when ODS concentration remained above the 1980-1985 level. Hence, ODS concentrations should be reduced to avoid large ozone losses in the presence of a stable Arctic polar vortex. The average of the lowest 50 members indicates that GHG increase towards the end of the twenty-first century will not cause worse Arctic ozone depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideharu Akiyoshi
- Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Masanao Kadowaki
- grid.20256.330000 0001 0372 1485Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 765-1 Funaishikawa, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1184 Japan
| | - Yousuke Yamashita
- grid.140139.e0000 0001 0746 5933Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506 Japan ,grid.410588.00000 0001 2191 0132Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0001 Japan
| | - Toshiharu Nagatomo
- grid.140139.e0000 0001 0746 5933Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506 Japan
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5
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Lu QB. Response to “Comment on ‘Observation of large and all-season ozone losses over the tropics’” [AIP Adv. 12, 075006 (2022)]. AIP ADVANCES 2022; 12. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0129344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Bin Lu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Departments of Biology and Chemistry, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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6
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Yang CL, Meng JY, Zhou L, Zhang CY. Induced heat shock protein 70 confers biological tolerance in UV-B stress-adapted Myzus persicae (Hemiptera). Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 220:1146-1154. [PMID: 36041575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
As an environmental stress factor, ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation directly affects insect growth, development, and reproduction. Heat shock protein 70s kDa (Hsp70s) plays an important role in the environmental adaptation of insects. To determine the role of MpHsp70s in the UV-B tolerance of Myzus persicae (Sulzer), we identified the complete complementary DNA sequences of seven MpHsp70s. They were found to be ubiquitously expressed during different developmental stages and were highly expressed in second-instar nymphs and wingless adults. The expression levels of the MpHsp70s were significantly upregulated when exposed to different durations of UV-B stress. Nanocarrier-mediated dsMpHsp70 suppressed the expression of the MpHsp70s and reduced the body length, weight, survival rate, and fecundity of M. persicae under UV-B exposure. When the combinational RNAi approach was adopted, the effects on the survival rate and fecundity were greater under UV-B stress, except for MpHsc70-4. These results suggest that MpHsp70s are essential for the resistance of M. persicae to UV-B stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Li Yang
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Jian-Yu Meng
- Guizhou Tobacco Science Research Institute, Guiyang, Guizhou 550081, China
| | - Lv Zhou
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Chang-Yu Zhang
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China.
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7
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Lu QB. Observation of large and all-season ozone losses over the tropics. AIP ADVANCES 2022; 12. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0094629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper reveals a large and all-season ozone hole in the lower stratosphere over the tropics (30°N–30°S) existing since the 1980s, where an O3 hole is defined as an area of O3 loss larger than 25% compared with the undisturbed atmosphere. The depth of this tropical O3 hole is comparable to that of the well-known springtime Antarctic O3 hole, whereas its area is about seven times that of the latter. Similar to the Antarctic O3 hole, approximately 80% of the normal O3 value is depleted at the center of the tropical O3 hole. The results strongly indicate that both Antarctic and tropical O3 holes must arise from an identical physical mechanism, for which the cosmic-ray-driven electron reaction model shows good agreement with observations. The whole-year large tropical O3 hole could cause a great global concern as it can lead to increases in ground-level ultraviolet radiation and affect 50% of the Earth’s surface area, which is home to approximately 50% of the world’s population. Moreover, the presence of the tropical and polar O3 holes is equivalent to the formation of three “temperature holes” observed in the stratosphere. These findings will have significances in understanding planetary physics, ozone depletion, climate change, and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Bin Lu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Departments of Biology and Chemistry, University of Waterloo , 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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8
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Revisiting the Contrasting Response of Polar Stratosphere to the Eastern and Central Pacific El Niños. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) invokes the release of a large amount of heat and moisture into the tropical atmosphere, inducing circulation anomalies. The circulation response to ENSO propagates both horizontally poleward and vertically into the stratosphere. Here, we investigate the remote response of the polar stratosphere to ENSO using reanalysis data, along with composite and regression analysis. In particular, we focus on inter-event variability resulting from two ENSO types (the Eastern Pacific (EP) and the Central Pacific (CP) El Niño) and the inter-hemispheric difference in the ENSO responses. Consistent with previous results, we show that ENSO is associated with a weakening in the stratospheric polar vortex but emphasize that the polar stratosphere response strongly depends on the ENSO types, differs between the hemispheres, and changes from the lower to middle stratosphere. The main inter-hemispheric asymmetry manifests in response to the EP El Niño, which is not significant in the Southern Hemisphere, while CP events are associated with pronounced weakening in the polar vortex in both hemispheres. The weakening in the stratospheric polar vortex arguably results from the intensification in the wave flux from the troposphere into the stratosphere and is accompanied by increased heat transport. The latter causes stratospheric warming in the Artic and Antarctic and slows zonal currents. The response of the lower stratosphere circulation to ENSO is approximately the opposite to that of the middle stratosphere.
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9
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The dynamical evolution of Sudden Stratospheric Warmings of the Arctic winters in the past decade 2011–2021. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-022-04983-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIn this study, we analyse the dynamical evolution, and identify the major warming (MW) and minor warming events of the past 11 Arctic winters (2010/11–2020/21). During the period, MW is found in 4 winters and is in January for 2012/13, 2018/19 and 2020/21 and in February for 2017/18. A major final warming is observed in the year 2015/16. The most severe MW occurred in the 2012/13 winter, for which a rise in temperature of about 30 K is found at 60° N. The investigation of tropospheric wave forcings for the period reveals that the MW in 2012/13 and 2017/18 is forced by the combined activity of waves 1 and 2, whereas the MW in 2018/19 and 2020/21 is driven by wave 1. Studies have shown that the frequency of Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) in the Arctic has been increasing since 1957/58, which is about 1.1 MWs/winter during 1998/99–2009/10. However, this frequency decreases to 0.36 MWs/winter in the period 2010/11–2020/21 and 0.74 MWs/winter in 1998/99–2020/21. An inverse relationship is observed between the period of occurrence of SSWs and total column ozone (TCO) in the Arctic for the past 11 winters (2010/11–2020/21). For instance, the temperature in the lower stratosphere in January, in which most warmings occur, shows a statistically significant high positive correlation (0.79) with the average TCO in January–March. Therefore, this study assists in understanding the relationship between inter-annual variability of ozone and the occurrence of SSWs.
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Arctic Stratosphere Circulation Changes in the 21st Century in Simulations of INM CM5. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simulations of Institute of Numerical Mathematics (INM) coupled climate model 5th version for the period from 2015 to 2100 under moderate (SSP2-4.5) and severe (SSP5-8.5) scenarios of greenhouse gases growth are analyzed to investigate changes of Arctic polar stratospheric vortex, planetary wave propagation, Sudden Stratospheric Warming frequency, Final Warming dates, and meridional circulation. Strengthening of wave activity propagation and a stationary planetary wave number 1 in the middle and upper stratosphere, acceleration of meridional circulation, an increase of winter mean polar stratospheric volume (Vpsc) and strengthening of Arctic stratosphere interannual variability after the middle of 21st century, especially under a severe scenario, were revealed. March monthly values of Vpsc in some winters could be about two times more than observed ones in the Arctic stratosphere in the spring of 2011 and 2020, which in turn could lead to large ozone layer destruction. Composite analysis shows that “warm” winters with the least winter mean Vpsc values are characterized by strengthening of wave activity propagation from the troposphere into the stratosphere in December but weaker propagation in January–February in comparison with winters having the largest Vpsc values.
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11
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Lu QB. Fingerprints of the cosmic ray driven mechanism of the ozone hole. AIP ADVANCES 2021; 11. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0047661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
There is long research interest in electron-induced reactions of halogenated molecules. It has been two decades since the cosmic-ray (CR) driven electron-induced reaction (CRE) mechanism for the ozone hole formation was proposed. The derived CRE equation with the stratospheric equivalent chlorine level and CR intensity as the only two variables has well reproduced the observed data of stratospheric O3 and temperatures over the past 40 years. The CRE predictions of 11-year cyclic variations of the Antarctic O3 hole and associated stratospheric cooling have also been well confirmed. Measured altitude profiles of the ozone and temperatures in Antarctic ozone holes provide convincing fingerprints of the CRE mechanism. A quantitative estimate indicates that the CRE-produced Cl atoms could completely deplete or even overkill the ozone in the CR-peak polar stratospheric region, consistent with the observed altitude profiles of the severest Antarctic ozone holes. After removing the natural CR effect, the hidden recovery in the Antarctic O3 hole since ∼1995 is clearly discovered, while the recovery of O3 loss at mid-latitudes is being delayed by ≥10 years. These results have provided strong evidence of the CRE mechanism. If the CR intensity keeps the current rising trend, the Antarctic O3 hole will return to the 1980 level by ∼2060, while the returning of the O3 layer at mid-latitudes to the 1980 level will largely be delayed or will not even occur by the end of this century. The results strongly indicate that the CRE mechanism must be considered as a key factor in evaluating the O3 hole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Bin Lu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Departments of Biology and Chemistry, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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12
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Mycosporine-like amino acids: Algal metabolites shaping the safety and sustainability profiles of commercial sunscreens. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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13
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Petkov B, Vitale V, Di Carlo P, Mazzola M, Lupi A, Diémoz H, Fountoulakis I, Drofa O, Mastrangelo D, Casale GR, Siani AM. The 2020 Arctic ozone depletion and signs of its effect on the ozone column at lower latitudes. BULLETIN OF ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 2:8. [PMID: 38624617 PMCID: PMC8406651 DOI: 10.1007/s42865-021-00040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study discusses the effect of the ozone depletion that occurred over the Arctic in 2020 on the ozone column in central and southern Europe by analysing a data set obtained from ground-based measurements at six stations placed from 79 to 42°N. Over the northernmost site (Ny-Ålesund), the ozone column decreased by about 45% compared to the climatological average at the beginning of April, and its values returned to the normal levels at the end of the month. Southwards, the anomaly gradually reduced to nearly 15% at 42°N (Rome) and the ozone minimum was detected with a delay from about 6 days at 65°N to 20 days at 42°N. At the same time, the evolution of the ozone column at the considered stations placed below the polar circle corresponded to that observed at Ny-Ålesund, but at 42°-46°N, the ozone column turned back to the typical values at the end of May. This similarity in the ozone evolutional patterns at different latitudes and the gradually increasing delay of the minimum occurrences towards the south allows the assumption that the ozone columns at lower latitudes were affected by the phenomenon in the Arctic. The ozone decrease observed at Aosta (46°N) combined with predominantly cloud-free conditions resulted in about an 18% increase in the erythemally weighted solar ultraviolet irradiance reaching the Earth's surface in May.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyan Petkov
- Department of Advanced Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University G. d’Annunzio, Via dei Vestini, 30–66100, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Via P. Gobetti 104, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vito Vitale
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Via P. Gobetti 104, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Piero Di Carlo
- Department of Advanced Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University G. d’Annunzio, Via dei Vestini, 30–66100, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology-CAST, Chieti, Italy
| | - Mauro Mazzola
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Via P. Gobetti 104, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Angelo Lupi
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Via P. Gobetti 104, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Henri Diémoz
- ARPA Valle d’Aosta, Loc. Grande Charrière, Saint-Christophe, Aosta, Italy
| | - Ilias Fountoulakis
- ARPA Valle d’Aosta, Loc. Grande Charrière, Saint-Christophe, Aosta, Italy
| | - Oxana Drofa
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council (CNR-ISAC), Via P. Gobetti 104, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Mastrangelo
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council (CNR-ISAC), Via P. Gobetti 104, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rocco Casale
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University, Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Siani
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University, Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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14
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von der Gathen P, Kivi R, Wohltmann I, Salawitch RJ, Rex M. Climate change favours large seasonal loss of Arctic ozone. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3886. [PMID: 34162857 PMCID: PMC8222337 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical loss of Arctic ozone due to anthropogenic halogens is driven by temperature, with more loss occurring during cold winters favourable for formation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). We show that a positive, statistically significant rise in the local maxima of PSC formation potential (PFPLM) for cold winters is apparent in meteorological data collected over the past half century. Output from numerous General Circulation Models (GCMs) also exhibits positive trends in PFPLM over 1950 to 2100, with highest values occurring at end of century, for simulations driven by a large rise in the radiative forcing of climate from greenhouse gases (GHGs). We combine projections of stratospheric halogen loading and humidity with GCM-based forecasts of temperature to suggest that conditions favourable for large, seasonal loss of Arctic column O3 could persist or even worsen until the end of this century, if future abundances of GHGs continue to steeply rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter von der Gathen
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Rigel Kivi
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Space and Earth Observation Centre, Sodankylä, Finland
| | - Ingo Wohltmann
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ross J Salawitch
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Markus Rex
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Potsdam, Germany
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15
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Sun Y, Chen Y, Wei J, Zhang X, Zhang L, Yang Z, Huang Y. Ultraviolet-B radiation stress alters the competitive outcome of algae: Based on analyzing population dynamics and photosynthesis. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 272:129645. [PMID: 33465615 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The solar ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB) is increasingly affecting the aquatic ecosystems due to the long-term antropic damage to the stratospheric ozone. The distrupted interspecies competition is one of the primary causes driving the plankton community composition shifts under UVB stress. To reveal the competitive responses to enhanced UVB radiation, we grew two green algae Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella pyrenoidosa, and the unicellular cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa in monocultures and in cocultures under differerent UVB intensities (0, 0.3 and 0.7 W m-2), respectively. Results showed that elevated UVB radiation consistently decreased the population carrying capacies and the photosynthesis of the three species in monocultures. While cocultivated, C. pyrenoidosa was competively excluded by the presence of S. obliquus, and the competitive outcome was not affected by UVB exposure. By contrast, unicellular M. aeruginosa overwhelmingly suppressed the population growth of S. obliquus under no UVB, yet S. obliquus tended to be a better competitor under 0.3-0.7 W m-2 UVB exposure. The species-specific photosynthesis sensitivity to UVB can partly explain the different tolerance of the algae to UVB and the change of competition outcome under elevated UVB. The present study elucidated the potential role of increased UVB radiation in determining the competitions between phytoplankton species, contributing to the understanding of phytoplankton community shifts under enhanced UVB stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yitong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Junjun Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Gao G, Liu W, Zhao X, Gao K. Ultraviolet Radiation Stimulates Activity of CO 2 Concentrating Mechanisms in a Bloom-Forming Diatom Under Reduced CO 2 Availability. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:651567. [PMID: 33796095 PMCID: PMC8008072 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.651567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The diatom Skeletonema costatum is cosmopolitan and forms algal blooms in coastal waters, being exposed to varying levels of solar UV radiation (UVR) and reduced levels of carbon dioxide (CO2). While reduced CO2 availability is known to enhance CO2 concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) in this diatom and others, little is known on the effects of UV on microalgal CCMs, especially when CO2 levels fluctuate in coastal waters. Here, we show that S. costatum upregulated its CCMs in response to UVR (295–395 nm), especially to UVA (320–395 nm) in the presence and absence of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). The intensity rise of UVA and/or UVR alone resulted in an increase of the activity of extracellular carbonic anhydrase (CAe); and the addition of UVA enhanced the activity of CCMs-related CAe by 23–27% when PAR levels were low. Such UV-stimulated CCMs activity was only significant at the reduced CO2 level (3.4 μmol L−1). In addition, UVA alone drove active HCO3− uptake although it was not as obvious as CAe activity, another evidence for its role in enhancing CCMs activity. In parallel, the addition of UVA enhanced photosynthetic carbon fixation only at the lower CO2 level compared to PAR alone. In the absence of PAR, carbon fixation increased linearly with increased intensities of UVA or UVR regardless of the CO2 levels. These findings imply that during S. costatum blooming period when CO2 and PAR availability becomes lower, solar UVR (mainly UVA) helps to upregulate its CCMs and thus carbon fixation, enabling its success of frequent algal blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Technology and Resource Management, Guangdong Jiangmen Chinese White Dolphin Provincial Nature Reserve Management Bureau, Jiangmen, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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17
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Thitz P, Hagerman AE, Randriamanana TR, Virjamo V, Kosonen M, Lännenpää M, Nyman T, Mehtätalo L, Kontunen‐Soppela S, Julkunen‐Tiitto R. Genetic modification of the flavonoid pathway alters growth and reveals flexible responses to enhanced UVB - Role of foliar condensed tannins. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2021; 2:1-15. [PMID: 37283848 PMCID: PMC10168092 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of certain phenolics is a well-known response of plants to enhanced UVB radiation (280-315 nm), but few experiments have compared the relative importance of different phenolic groups for UVB resilience. To study how an altered phenolic profile affects the responses and resilience of silver birch (Betula pendula) to enhanced UVB, we used RNA interference (RNAi) targeting dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), or anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) to change the accumulation of phenolics. The unmodified control line and RNAi-modified plants were grown for 51 days under ambient or +32% enhanced UVB dose in a greenhouse. RNAi greatly affected phenolic profile and plant growth. There were no interactive effects of RNAi and UVB on growth or photosynthesis, which indicates that the RNAi and unmodified control plants were equally resilient. UVB enhancement led to an accumulation of foliar flavonoids and condensed tannins, and an increase in the density of stem glands and glandular trichomes on upper leaf surfaces in both the control and RNAi-modified plants. Our results do not indicate a photoprotective role for condensed tannins. However, decreased growth of high-flavonoid low-tannin DFRi and ANRi plants implies that the balance of flavonoids and condensed tannins might be important for normal plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Thitz
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
| | - Ann E. Hagerman
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryMiami UniversityOxfordOHUSA
| | - Tendry R. Randriamanana
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
| | - Virpi Virjamo
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
- Present address:
School of Forest SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
| | - Minna Kosonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
- Present address:
Natural Resources Institute FinlandMikkeliFinland
| | - Mika Lännenpää
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
- Present address:
Biocarelia Research LaboratoryJuurikkaFinland
| | - Tommi Nyman
- Department of Ecosystems in the Barents RegionNorwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchSvanvikNorway
| | - Lauri Mehtätalo
- School of ComputingUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
| | - Sari Kontunen‐Soppela
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
| | - Riitta Julkunen‐Tiitto
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
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18
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Li D, Liu X, Li W, Lin Z, Zhu B, Li Z, Li J, Li B, Fan S, Xie J, Zhu J. Scalable and hierarchically designed polymer film as a selective thermal emitter for high-performance all-day radiative cooling. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:153-158. [PMID: 33199884 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-00800-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Traditional cooling systems consume tremendous amounts of energy and thus aggravate the greenhouse effect1,2. Passive radiative cooling, dissipating an object's heat through an atmospheric transparency window (8-13 μm) to outer space without any energy consumption, has attracted much attention3-9. The unique feature of radiative cooling lies in the high emissivity in the atmospheric transparency window through which heat can be dissipated to the universe. Therefore, for achieving high cooling performance, the design and fabrication of selective emitters, with emission strongly dominant in the transparency window, is of essential importance, as such spectral selection suppresses parasitic absorption from the surrounding thermal radiation. Recently, various materials and structures with tailored spectrum responses have been investigated to achieve the effect of daytime radiative cooling6-8,10-15. However, most of the radiative cooling materials reported possess broad-band absorption/emission covering the whole mid-infrared wavelength11-15. Here we demonstrate that a hierarchically designed polymer nanofibre-based film, produced by a scalable electrostatic spinning process, enables selective mid-infrared emission, effective sunlight reflection and therefore excellent all-day radiative cooling performance. Specifically, the C-O-C (1,260-1,110 cm-1) and C-OH (1,239-1,030 cm-1) bonding endows the selective emissivity of 78% in 8-13 μm wavelength range, and the design of nanofibres with a controlled diameter allows for a high reflectivity of 96.3% in 0.3-2.5 μm wavelength range. As a result, we observe ~3 °C cooling improvement of this selective thermal emitter as compared to that of a non-selective emitter at night, and 5 °C sub-ambient cooling under sunlight. The impact of this hierarchically designed selective thermal emitter on alleviating global warming and temperature regulating an Earth-like planet is also analysed, with a significant advantage demonstrated. With its excellent cooling performance and a scalable process, this hierarchically designed selective thermal emitter opens a new pathway towards large-scale applications of all-day radiative cooling materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Ginzton Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenhui Lin
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.
| | - Zizhong Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jinlei Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Bo Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Shanhui Fan
- Ginzton Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jiwei Xie
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jia Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.
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19
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Abstract
This study compares and analyzes simulations of ozone under different scenarios by three CMIP6 models (IPSL-CM6A, MRI-ESM2 and CESM-WACCM). Results indicate that as the social vulnerability and anthropogenic radiative forcing is increasing, the change of total column ozone in the tropical stratosphere is not linear. Compared to the SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios, the SSP1-2.6 and SSP3-7.0 are more favorable for the increase in stratospheric ozone mass in the tropics. Arctic ozone would never recover under the SSP1-2.6 scenario; however, the Antarctica ozone would gradually recover in all scenarios. Under the SSP1-2.6 and SSP2-4.5 scenarios, the trend of tropical total column ozone is mainly determined by the trend of column ozone in the tropical troposphere. Under the SSP3-7.0 scenario, tropospheric ozone concentration will significantly increase; under the SSP5-8.5 scenario, ozone concentration will distinctly increase in the middle and lower troposphere.
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20
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Zhang Y, Shi K, Zhou Q, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Qin B, Deng J. Decreasing underwater ultraviolet radiation exposure strongly driven by increasing ultraviolet attenuation in lakes in eastern and southwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137694. [PMID: 32325604 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Underwater light attenuation plays an important role in modulating aquatic ecosystems and is considered a sentinel of climate change and human activity. However, knowledge of the long-term exposure of underwater ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in aquatic ecosystem is still very limited. We carried out extensive UVR measurements in different seasons in five lakes at different altitudes, collected long-term Secchi disk depth (SDD) data, developed the models between UVR diffuse attenuation coefficient (Kd) and SDD, and further assessed the long-term underwater UVR exposure. Observation results from five lakes including 259 samples showed large spatial variabilities of Kd(313) (UVB) from 0.83 to 5.91 m-1 and Kd(340) (UVA) from 0.51 to 4.67 m-1. Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption coefficients were significantly correlated with Kd(313) and Kd(340). Thus, the effects of climate change and human activity on CDOM abundance, source and composition may significantly alter UVR attenuation in aquatic environments. The long-term underwater UVR exposure, which was estimated from significant positive correlations between 1/SDD and Kd(313) and Kd(340), and incident UVR, significantly decreased in Lake Fuxianhu, Lake Erhai, and Lake Qiandaohu. The regime shift from clear water state to turbid state in Lake Erhai around 2001-2003 dramatically decreased underwater UVR exposure. In conclusion, increasing UVR attenuation played a more important role in determining underwater UVR exposure than decreasing incident UVR with the relative contributions of 89.9% and 87.7% in Lake Fuxianhu, 98.0% and 97.7% in Lake Erhai, 94.4% and 92.5% in Lake Qiandaohu for UVB and UVA exposure, respectively. This is the first study to elucidate the long-term trend of underwater UVR exposure considering both increasing UVR attenuation and decreasing incident UVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlin Zhang
- Taihu Laboratory for Lake Ecosystem Research, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Kun Shi
- Taihu Laboratory for Lake Ecosystem Research, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qichao Zhou
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yongqiang Zhou
- Taihu Laboratory for Lake Ecosystem Research, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yibo Zhang
- Taihu Laboratory for Lake Ecosystem Research, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Boqiang Qin
- Taihu Laboratory for Lake Ecosystem Research, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianming Deng
- Taihu Laboratory for Lake Ecosystem Research, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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21
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Resilience and self-regulation processes of microalgae under UV radiation stress. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2019.100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Wu Y, Zhang M, Li Z, Xu J, Beardall J. Differential Responses of Growth and Photochemical Performance of Marine Diatoms to Ocean Warming and High Light Irradiance. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:1074-1082. [DOI: 10.1111/php.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wu
- College of Marine Life and Fisheries Jiangsu Ocean University Lianyungang China
- Co‐Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio‐industry Technology Jiangsu Ocean University Lianyungang China
| | - Mengjuan Zhang
- College of Marine Life and Fisheries Jiangsu Ocean University Lianyungang China
| | - Zhenzhen Li
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Juntian Xu
- College of Marine Life and Fisheries Jiangsu Ocean University Lianyungang China
- Co‐Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio‐industry Technology Jiangsu Ocean University Lianyungang China
| | - John Beardall
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Vic. Australia
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Sun Y, Zhang X, Zhang L, Huang Y, Yang Z, Montagnes D. UVB Radiation Suppresses Antigrazer Morphological Defense in Scenedesmus obliquus by Inhibiting Algal Growth and Carbohydrate-Regulated Gene Expression. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:4495-4503. [PMID: 32108484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation reaching the earth's surface is increasing due to stratospheric ozone depletion. How the elevated UVB affects the trophic interactions is critical for predicting the ecosystem functioning under this global-scale stressor. Usually, inducible defenses in phytoplankton stabilize community dynamics within aquatic environments. To assess the effects of elevated UVB on induced defense, we examined the changes in antigrazer colony formation in Scenedesmus obliquus under environmentally relevant UVB. S. obliquus exposed to Daphnia infochemicals consistently formed multicelled colonies, traits confirmed to be adaptive under predation risk. However, the suppressed photochemical activity and the metabolic cost from colony formation resulted in the severer reductions in algal growth by UVB under predation risk. The transcriptions of key enzyme-encoding genes, regulating the precursor synthesis during polysaccharide production, were also inhibited by UVB. Combination of the reduced production of daughter cells and the ability of daughter cells to remain attached, the antigrazing colony formation was interrupted, leading to the dominant morphs of algal population shifting from larger-sized colonies to smaller ones at raised UVB. The present study revealed that elevated UVB will not only reduce the phytoplankton growth but also increase their vulnerability to predation, probably leading to potential shifts in plankton food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - David Montagnes
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
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24
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25
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Abstract
The atmosphere is composed of nitrogen, oxygen and argon, a variety of trace gases, and particles or aerosols from a variety of sources. Reactive, trace gases have short mean residence time in the atmosphere and large spatial and temporal variations in concentration. Many trace gases are removed by reaction with hydroxyl radical and deposition in rainfall or dryfall at the Earth's surface. The upper atmosphere, the stratosphere, contains ozone that screens ultraviolet light from the Earth's surface. Chlorofluorocarbons released by humans lead to the loss of stratospheric ozone, which might eventually render the Earth's land surface uninhabitable. Changes in the composition of the atmosphere, especially rising concentrations of CO2, CH4, and N2O, will lead to climatic changes over much of the Earth's surface.
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26
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Dhomse SS, Feng W, Montzka SA, Hossaini R, Keeble J, Pyle JA, Daniel JS, Chipperfield MP. Delay in recovery of the Antarctic ozone hole from unexpected CFC-11 emissions. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5781. [PMID: 31857594 PMCID: PMC6923372 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Antarctic ozone hole is decreasing in size but this recovery will be affected by atmospheric variability and any unexpected changes in chlorinated source gas emissions. Here, using model simulations, we show that the ozone hole will largely cease to occur by 2065 given compliance with the Montreal Protocol. If the unusual meteorology of 2002 is repeated, an ozone-hole-free-year could occur as soon as the early 2020s by some metrics. The recently discovered increase in CFC-11 emissions of ~ 13 Gg yr-1 may delay recovery. So far the impact on ozone is small, but if these emissions indicate production for foam use much more CFC-11 may be leaked in the future. Assuming such production over 10 years, disappearance of the ozone hole will be delayed by a few years, although there are significant uncertainties. Continued, substantial future CFC-11 emissions of 67 Gg yr-1 would delay Antarctic ozone recovery by well over a decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Dhomse
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO), University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - W Feng
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - S A Montzka
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Boulder, USA
| | - R Hossaini
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - J Keeble
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - J A Pyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - J S Daniel
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Boulder, USA
| | - M P Chipperfield
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
- National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO), University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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27
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Solar UV Irradiance in a Changing Climate: Trends in Europe and the Significance of Spectral Monitoring in Italy. ENVIRONMENTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/environments7010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Review of the existing bibliography shows that the direction and magnitude of the long-term trends of UV irradiance, and their main drivers, vary significantly throughout Europe. Analysis of total ozone and spectral UV data recorded at four European stations during 1996–2017 reveals that long-term changes in UV are mainly driven by changes in aerosols, cloudiness, and surface albedo, while changes in total ozone play a less significant role. The variability of UV irradiance is large throughout Italy due to the complex topography and large latitudinal extension of the country. Analysis of the spectral UV records of the urban site of Rome, and the alpine site of Aosta reveals that differences between the two sites follow the annual cycle of the differences in cloudiness and surface albedo. Comparisons between the noon UV index measured at the ground at the same stations and the corresponding estimates from the Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD) forecast model and the ozone monitoring instrument (OMI)/Aura observations reveal differences of up to 6 units between individual measurements, which are likely due to the different spatial resolution of the different datasets, and average differences of 0.5–1 unit, possibly related to the use of climatological surface albedo and aerosol optical properties in the retrieval algorithms.
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28
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Lin YJ, Cakmakyapan S, Wang N, Lee D, Spearrin M, Jarrahi M. Plasmonic heterodyne spectrometry for resolving the spectral signatures of ammonia over a 1-4.5 THz frequency range. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:36838-36845. [PMID: 31873455 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.036838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a heterodyne terahertz spectrometry platform based on plasmonic photomixing, which enables the resolution of narrow spectral signatures of gases over a broad terahertz frequency range. This plasmonic heterodyne spectrometer replaces the terahertz mixer and local oscillator of conventional heterodyne spectrometers with a plasmonic photomixer and a heterodyning optical pump beam, respectively. The heterodyning optical pump beam is formed by two continuous-wave, wavelength-tunable lasers with a broadly tunable terahertz beat frequency. This broadly tunable terahertz beat frequency enables spectrometry over a broad bandwidth, which is not restricted by the bandwidth limitations of conventional terahertz mixers and local oscillators. We use this plasmonic heterodyne spectrometry platform to resolve the spectral signatures of ammonia over a 1-4.5 THz frequency range.
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29
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Post E, Alley RB, Christensen TR, Macias-Fauria M, Forbes BC, Gooseff MN, Iler A, Kerby JT, Laidre KL, Mann ME, Olofsson J, Stroeve JC, Ulmer F, Virginia RA, Wang M. The polar regions in a 2°C warmer world. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw9883. [PMID: 31840060 PMCID: PMC6892626 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw9883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the Arctic has warmed by 0.75°C, far outpacing the global average, while Antarctic temperatures have remained comparatively stable. As Earth approaches 2°C warming, the Arctic and Antarctic may reach 4°C and 2°C mean annual warming, and 7°C and 3°C winter warming, respectively. Expected consequences of increased Arctic warming include ongoing loss of land and sea ice, threats to wildlife and traditional human livelihoods, increased methane emissions, and extreme weather at lower latitudes. With low biodiversity, Antarctic ecosystems may be vulnerable to state shifts and species invasions. Land ice loss in both regions will contribute substantially to global sea level rise, with up to 3 m rise possible if certain thresholds are crossed. Mitigation efforts can slow or reduce warming, but without them northern high latitude warming may accelerate in the next two to four decades. International cooperation will be crucial to foreseeing and adapting to expected changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Post
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Richard B. Alley
- Department of Geosciences, and Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Torben R. Christensen
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Marc Macias-Fauria
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Bruce C. Forbes
- Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Box 122, FI-96101 Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Michael N. Gooseff
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Amy Iler
- Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL 60022, USA
| | - Jeffrey T. Kerby
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Neukom Institute for Computational Science, Institute of Arctic Studies, and Environmental Studies Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Kristin L. Laidre
- Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, 1013 NE 40th Street, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Michael E. Mann
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science and Department of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Johan Olofsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Julienne C. Stroeve
- University College London, Bloomsbury, London, UK
- National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Fran Ulmer
- Chair, U.S. Arctic Research Commission, 420 L Street, Suite 315 Anchorage, AK 99501, USA
- Chair, U.S. Artic Research Commission, 4350 N. Fairfax Drive, Suite 510, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
- Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ross A. Virginia
- Institute of Arctic Studies, and Environmental Studies Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Muyin Wang
- Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
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Ding J, Zhang L, Sun J, Shi D, Chi X, Yang M, Chang Y, Zhao C. Transgenerational effects of UV-B radiation on egg size, fertilization, hatching and larval size of sea urchins Strongylocentrotus intermedius. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7598. [PMID: 31523520 PMCID: PMC6714959 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenerational effects are important for phenotypic plasticity and adaptation of marine invertebrates in the changing ocean. Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation is an increasing threat to marine invertebrates. For the first time, we reported positive and negative transgenerational effects of UV-B radiation on egg size, fertilization, hatchability and larval size of a marine invertebrate. Strongylocentrotus intermedius exposed to UV-B radiation showed positive transgenerational effects and adaptation on egg size, hatching rate and post-oral arm length of larvae. Negative transgenerational effects were found in body length, stomach length and stomach width of larvae whose parents were exposed to UV-B radiation. Sires probably play important roles in transgenerational effects of UV-B. The present study provides valuable information into transgenerational effects of UV-B radiation on fitness related traits of sea urchins (at least Strongylocentrotus intermedius).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Jiangnan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Dongtao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaomei Chi
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Mingfang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Yaqing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Chong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
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Laeseke P, Bartsch I, Bischof K. Effects of kelp canopy on underwater light climate and viability of brown algal spores in Kongsfjorden (Spitsbergen). Polar Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-019-02537-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rae CD, Keeble J, Hitchcock P, Pyle JA. Prescribing Zonally Asymmetric Ozone Climatologies in Climate Models: Performance Compared to a Chemistry-Climate Model. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2019; 11:918-933. [PMID: 31423294 PMCID: PMC6686983 DOI: 10.1029/2018ms001478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Three different methods of specifying ozone in an atmosphere-only version of the HadGEM3-A global circulation model are compared to the coupled chemistry configuration of this model. These methods include a specified zonal-mean ozone climatology, a specified 3-D ozone climatology, and a calculated-asymmetry scheme in which a specified zonal-mean ozone field is adapted online to be consistent with dynamically produced zonal asymmetries. These simulations all use identical boundary conditions and, by construction, have the same climatological zonal-mean ozone, that of the coupled chemistry configuration of the model. Prescribing ozone, regardless of scheme, results in a simulation which is 3-4 times faster than the coupled chemistry-climate model (CCM). Prescribing climatological zonal asymmetries leads to a vortex which is the correct intensity but which is systematically displaced over regions with lower prescribed ozone. When zonal asymmetries in ozone are free to evolve interactively with model dynamics, the modeled wintertime stratospheric vortex shape and mean sea level pressure patterns closely resemble that produced by the full CCM in both hemispheres, in terms of statistically significant differences. Further, we separate out the two distinct pathways by which zonal ozone asymmetries influence modeled dynamics. We present this interactive-ozone zonal-asymmetry scheme as an inexpensive tool for accurately modeling the impacts of dynamically consistent ozone fields as seen in a CCM which ultimately influence mean sea level pressure and tropospheric circulation (particularly during wintertime in the Northern Hemisphere, when ozone asymmetries are generally largest), without the computational burden of simulating interactive chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron D. Rae
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - James Keeble
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- NCASUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Peter Hitchcock
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical PhysicsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Now at Earth and Atmospheric Sciences DepartmentCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - John A. Pyle
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical PhysicsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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Zhu Z, Wu Y, Xu J, Beardall J. High copper and UVR synergistically reduce the photochemical activity in the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 192:97-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Bais AF, Bernhard G, McKenzie RL, Aucamp PJ, Young PJ, Ilyas M, Jöckel P, Deushi M. Ozone-climate interactions and effects on solar ultraviolet radiation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:602-640. [PMID: 30810565 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp90059k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This report assesses the effects of stratospheric ozone depletion and anticipated ozone recovery on the intensity of ultraviolet (UV) radiation at the Earth's surface. Interactions between changes in ozone and changes in climate, as well as their effects on UV radiation, are also considered. These evaluations focus mainly on new knowledge gained from research conducted during the last four years. Furthermore, drivers of changes in UV radiation other than ozone are discussed and their relative importance is assessed. The most important of these factors, namely clouds, aerosols and surface reflectivity, are related to changes in climate, and some of their effects on short- and long-term variations of UV radiation have already been identified from measurements. Finally, projected future developments in stratospheric ozone, climate, and other factors affecting UV radiation have been used to estimate changes in solar UV radiation from the present to the end of the 21st century. New instruments and methods have been assessed with respect to their ability to provide useful and accurate information for monitoring solar UV radiation at the Earth's surface and for determining relevant exposures of humans. Evidence since the last assessment reconfirms that systematic and accurate long-term measurements of UV radiation and stratospheric ozone are essential for assessing the effectiveness of the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments and adjustments. Finally, we have assessed aspects of UV radiation related to biological effects and human health, as well as implications for UV radiation from possible solar radiation management (geoengineering) methods to mitigate climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Bais
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Campus Box 149, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - G Bernhard
- Biospherical Instruments Inc., 5340 Riley Street, San Diego, California, USA
| | - R L McKenzie
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, NIWA Lauder, PB 50061 Omakau, Central Otago, New Zealand
| | - P J Aucamp
- Ptersa Environmental Management Consultants, PO Box 915751, Faerie Glen, 0043, South Africa
| | - P J Young
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK and Pentland Centre for Sustainability in Business, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - M Ilyas
- School of Environmental Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis, Kangar, Malaysia
| | - P Jöckel
- Deutsches Zentrum fuer Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut fuer Physik der Atmosphaere, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - M Deushi
- Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Tsukuba, Japan
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Triplett CC, Li J, Collins RL, Lehmacher GA, Barjatya A, Fritts DC, Strelnikov B, Lübken FJ, Thurairajah B, Harvey VL, Hampton DL, Varney RH. Observations of Reduced Turbulence and Wave Activity in the Arctic Middle Atmosphere Following the January 2015 Sudden Stratospheric Warming. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2018; 123:13259-13276. [PMID: 31187016 PMCID: PMC6557582 DOI: 10.1029/2018jd028788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of turbulence and waves were made as part of the Mesosphere-Lower Thermosphere Turbulence Experiment (MTeX) on the night of 25-26 January 2015 at Poker Flat Research Range, Chatanika, Alaska (65°N, 147°W). Rocket-borne ionization gauge measurements revealed turbulence in the 70- to 88-km altitude region with energy dissipation rates between 0.1 and 24 mW/kg with an average value of 2.6 mW/kg. The eddy diffusion coefficient varied between 0.3 and 134 m2/s with an average value of 10 m2/s. Turbulence was detected around mesospheric inversion layers (MILs) in both the topside and bottomside of the MILs. These low levels of turbulence were measured after a minor sudden stratospheric warming when the circulation continued to be disturbed by planetary waves and winds remained weak in the stratosphere and mesosphere. Ground-based lidar measurements characterized the ensemble of inertia-gravity waves and monochromatic gravity waves. The ensemble of inertia-gravity waves had a specific potential energy of 0.8 J/kg over the 40- to 50-km altitude region, one of the lowest values recorded at Chatanika. The turbulence measurements coincided with the overturning of a 2.5-hr monochromatic gravity wave in a depth of 3 km at 85 km. The energy dissipation rates were estimated to be 3 mW/kg for the ensemble of waves and 18 mW/kg for the monochromatic wave. The MTeX observations reveal low levels of turbulence associated with low levels of gravity wave activity. In the light of other Arctic observations and model studies, these observations suggest that there may be reduced turbulence during disturbed winters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin C Triplett
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jintai Li
- Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Richard L Collins
- Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Gerald A Lehmacher
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Aroh Barjatya
- Physical Sciences Department, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL, USA
| | | | - Boris Strelnikov
- Leibniz-Institute of Atmospheric Physics, University of Rostock, Kühlungsborn, Germany
| | - Franz-Josef Lübken
- Leibniz-Institute of Atmospheric Physics, University of Rostock, Kühlungsborn, Germany
| | - Brentha Thurairajah
- Center for Space Science and Engineering Research, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - V Lynn Harvey
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Donald L Hampton
- Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Roger H Varney
- Center for Geospace Studies, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
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Improved Global Surface Temperature Simulation using Stratospheric Ozone Forcing with More Accurate Variability. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14474. [PMID: 30262911 PMCID: PMC6160484 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32656-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly, studies have pointed out that variations of stratospheric ozone significantly influence climate change in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. This leads us to consider whether making the variations of stratospheric ozone in a climate model closer to real ozone changes would improve the simulation of global climate change. It is found that replacing the original specified stratospheric ozone forcing with more accurate stratospheric ozone variations improves the simulated variations of surface temperature in a climate model. The improved stratospheric ozone variations in the Northern Hemisphere lead to better simulation of variations in Northern Hemisphere circulation. As a result, the simulated variabilities of surface temperature in the middle of the Eurasian continent and in lower latitudes are improved. In the Southern Hemisphere, improvements in surface temperature variations that result from improved stratospheric ozone variations influence the simulation of westerly winds. The simulations also suggest that the decreasing trend of stratospheric ozone may have enhanced the warming trend at high latitudes in the second half of the 20th century. Our results not only reinforce the importance of accurately simulating the stratospheric ozone but also imply the need for including fully coupled stratospheric dynamical–radiative–chemical processes in climate models to predict future climate changes.
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Lawrence ZD, Manney GL, Wargan K. Reanalysis intercomparisons of stratospheric polar processing diagnostics. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2018; 18:13547-13579. [PMID: 30581457 PMCID: PMC6299841 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-13547-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We compare herein polar processing diagnostics derived from the four most recent full-input reanalysis datasets: the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Forecast System Reanalysis / Climate Forecast System, version 2 (CFSR/CFSv2), the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Interim Reanalysis (ERA-Interim), the Japanese Meteorological Agency's Japanese 55-year Reanalysis (JRA-55), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Modern Era Retrospective-analysis for Research and Applications version 2 (MERRA-2). We focus on diagnostics based on temperatures and potential vorticity (PV) in the lower to middle stratosphere that are related to formation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), chlorine activation, and the strength, size, and longevity of the stratospheric polar vortex. Polar minimum temperatures (Tmin) and the area of regions having temperatures below PSC formation thresholds (APSC) show large persistent differences between the reanalyses, especially in the southern hemisphere (SH), for years prior to 1999. Average absolute differences of the reanalyses from the reanalysis ensemble mean (REM) in Tmin are as large as 3 K at some levels in the SH (1.5 K in the NH), and absolute differences of reanalysis APSC from the REM up to 1.5% of a hemisphere (0.75% of a hemisphere in the NH). After 1999, the reanalyses converge toward better agreement in both hemispheres, dramatically so in the SH: Average Tmin differences from the REM are generally less than 1 K in both hemispheres, and average APSC differences less than 0.3% of a hemisphere. The comparisons of diagnostics based on isentropic PV for assessing polar vortex characteristics, including maximum PV gradients (MPVG) and the area of the vortex in sunlight (or sunlit vortex area, SVA), show more complex behavior: SH MPVG showed convergence toward better agreement with the REM after 1999, while NH MPVG differences remained largely constant over time; differences in SVA remained relatively constant in both hemispheres. While the average differences from the REM are generally small for these vortex diagnostics, understanding such differences among the reanalyses is complicated by the need to use different methods to obtain vertically-resolved PV for the different reanalyses. We also evaluated other winter season summary diagnostics, including the winter mean volume of air below PSC thresholds, and vortex decay dates. For the volume of air below PSC thresholds, the reanalyses generally agree best in the SH, where relatively small interannual variability has led to many winter seasons with similar polar processing potential and duration, and thus low sensitivity to differences in meteorological conditions among the reanalyses. In contrast, the large interannual variability of NH winters has given rise to many seasons with marginal conditions that are more sensitive to reanalysis differences. For vortex decay dates, larger differences are seen in the SH than in the NH; in general the differences in decay dates among the reanalyses follow from persistent differences in their vortex areas. Our results indicate that the transition from the reanalyses assimilating Tiros Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) data to Advanced TOVS and other data around 1998 - 2000 resulted in a profound improvement in the agreement of the temperature diagnostics presented (especially in the SH) and to a lesser extent the agreement of the vortex diagnostics. We present several recommendations for using reanalyses in polar processing studies, particularly related to the sensitivity to changes in data inputs and assimilation. Because of these sensitivities, we urge great caution for studies aiming to assess trends derived from reanalysis temperatures. We also argue that one of the best ways to assess the sensitivity of scientific results on polar processing is to use multiple reanalysis datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D Lawrence
- New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM USA
- NorthWest Research Associates, Socorro, NM USA
| | - Gloria L Manney
- NorthWest Research Associates, Socorro, NM USA
- New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM USA
| | - Krzysztof Wargan
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
- Science Systems and Applications Inc., Lanham, MD, USA
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Synthesis of mycosporine-like amino acids by a size-fractionated marine phytoplankton community of the arctic beaufort sea. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 188:87-94. [PMID: 30237008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
During the RV-ARAON cruise, a comparative study on the biosynthesis of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) was conducted for the size-fractionated phytoplankton of the Beaufort Sea (Arctic). The MAAs contents in the micro-phytoplankton community (>20 μm size) is considerably higher than that observed in the nano- (20-2 μm size) and pico-phytoplankton (<2 μm size) communities. The micro-phytoplankton of the Mackenzie Shelf had a relatively higher Chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration. Considering the total phytoplankton community, the MAAs concentration as well as net production of individual MAAs (such as shinorine and palythine) were higher at the Mackenzie Shelf rather than at the sites located beyond the Beaufort Sea; precisely, the highest net production rates of shinorine and palythine were 0.211 (±0.02) ng C L-1 d-1 and 0.136 (±0.001) ng C L-1 d-1 respectively (No other MAAs were detected). The micro-phytoplankton used around 0.5% of the total carbon uptake for the synthesis of MAAs. Compared to the smaller phytoplankton community, the micro-phytoplankton utilized more of their energy for the biosynthesis of MAAs; on the other hand, nano- and pico-phytoplankton focused on cellular activity and had poor biosynthesis of MAAs. This clearly indicates the phytoplankton size-dependent variation in the biosynthesis of MAA in the natural phytoplankton community. This study revealed the environmental adaptation of the various sizes of phytoplankton community as well as their physiological response in the Arctic Beaufort Sea.
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Núñez-Pons L, Avila C, Romano G, Verde C, Giordano D. UV-Protective Compounds in Marine Organisms from the Southern Ocean. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E336. [PMID: 30223486 PMCID: PMC6165330 DOI: 10.3390/md16090336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Solar radiation represents a key abiotic factor in the evolution of life in the oceans. In general, marine, biota-particularly in euphotic and dysphotic zones-depends directly or indirectly on light, but ultraviolet radiation (UV-R) can damage vital molecular machineries. UV-R induces the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impairs intracellular structures and enzymatic reactions. It can also affect organismal physiologies and eventually alter trophic chains at the ecosystem level. In Antarctica, physical drivers, such as sunlight, sea-ice, seasonality and low temperature are particularly influencing as compared to other regions. The springtime ozone depletion over the Southern Ocean makes organisms be more vulnerable to UV-R. Nonetheless, Antarctic species seem to possess analogous UV photoprotection and repair mechanisms as those found in organisms from other latitudes. The lack of data on species-specific responses towards increased UV-B still limits the understanding about the ecological impact and the tolerance levels related to ozone depletion in this region. The photobiology of Antarctic biota is largely unknown, in spite of representing a highly promising reservoir in the discovery of novel cosmeceutical products. This review compiles the most relevant information on photoprotection and UV-repair processes described in organisms from the Southern Ocean, in the context of this unique marine polar environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Núñez-Pons
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), 80121 Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Conxita Avila
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, and Biodiversity Research Institute (IrBIO), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Giovanna Romano
- Department of Marine Biotechnology (Biotech), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), 80121 Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italia.
| | - Cinzia Verde
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), 80121 Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy.
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Daniela Giordano
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), 80121 Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy.
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
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40
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Pan C, Zhu B, Gao J, Hou X, Kang H, Wang D. Quantifying Arctic lower stratospheric ozone sources in winter and spring. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8934. [PMID: 29895951 PMCID: PMC5997751 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamical and chemical characteristics of unusually low Arctic ozone events in 2005 and 2011 have been well-studied. However, the quantitative identification of Arctic ozone sources is lacking. Here, we use tagged ozone tracers in a numerical simulation to quantify the contributions to Arctic lower stratospheric ozone (ARCLS_O3) at diverse latitudes in winter and spring from 2005-2011. We demonstrate that the northern mid-latitudinal stratosphere steadily contributes approximately half of ARCLS_O3. The absolute contributions during February have evident variations, which are smaller in cold years (151.3 ± 7.0 Dobson units (DU) in 2005 and 139.0 ± 7.4 DU in 2011) and greater in warm years (182.6 ± 7.3 DU in 2006 and 164.6 ± 7.4 DU in 2009). The tropical stratosphere is also an important source. During February, its absolute contributions are 66.5 ± 11.5 DU (2005), 73.1 ± 4.7 DU (2011), 146.0 ± 9.0 DU (2006), and 153.7 ± 7.0 DU (2009). Before and after stratospheric warming, variations in the tropical components of ARCLS_O3 (51.8 DU in 2006 and 77.0 DU in 2009) are significantly larger than those in the mid-latitudinal components (17.6 DU in 2006 and 18.1 DU in 2009). These results imply that although the mid-latitudinal components of ARCLS_O3 are larger, the tropical components control stratospheric temperature-induced ARCLS_O3 anomalies in winter and spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Pan
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jinhui Gao
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuewei Hou
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanqing Kang
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
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41
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Anderson JG, Clapp CE. Coupling free radical catalysis, climate change, and human health. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:10569-10587. [PMID: 29638230 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp08331a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present the chain of mechanisms linking free radical catalytic loss of stratospheric ozone, specifically over the central United States in summer, to increased climate forcing by CO2 and CH4 from fossil fuel use. This case directly engages detailed knowledge, emerging from in situ aircraft observations over the polar regions in winter, defining the temperature and water vapor dependence of the kinetics of heterogeneous catalytic conversion of inorganic chlorine (HCl and ClONO2) to free radical form (ClO). Analysis is placed in the context of irreversible changes to specific subsystems of the climate, most notably coupled feedbacks that link rapid changes in the Arctic with the discovery that convective storms over the central US in summer both suppress temperatures and inject water vapor deep into the stratosphere. This places the lower stratosphere over the US in summer within the same photochemical catalytic domain as the lower stratosphere of the Arctic in winter engaging the risk of amplifying the rate limiting step in the ClO dimer catalytic mechanism by some six orders of magnitude. This transitions the catalytic loss rate of ozone in lower stratosphere over the United States in summer from HOx radical control to ClOx radical control, increasing the overall ozone loss rate by some two orders of magnitude over that of the unperturbed state. Thus we address, through a combination of observations and modeling, the mechanistic foundation defining why stratospheric ozone, vulnerable to increased climate forcing, is one of the most delicate aspects of habitability on the planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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42
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Kang M, Park SH, Oh SW, Lee SE, Yoo JA, Nho YH, Lee S, Han BS, Cho JY, Lee J. Anti-melanogenic effects of resorcinol are mediated by suppression of cAMP signaling and activation of p38 MAPK signaling. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1188-1196. [PMID: 29621941 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1459176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the inhibitory mechanisms of resorcinol in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. We found that resorcinol reduced both the melanin content and tyrosinase activity in these cells. In addition, resorcinol suppressed the expression of melanogenic gene microphthalmia-associated transcriptional factor (MITF) and its downstream target genes tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1, and TRP-2. In addition, we found that resorcinol reduced intracellular cAMP levels and protein kinase A (PKA) activity, and increased phosphorylation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Resorcinol was also found to directly inhibit tyrosinase activity. However, resorcinol-induced decrease in melanin content, tyrosinase activity, and tyrosinase protein levels were attenuated by SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor. Taken together, these data indicate that anti-melanogenic activity of resorcinol is be mediated through the inhibition of cAMP signaling and activation of p38 MAPK, indicating that resorcinol may be a possible ameliorating agent in the treatment of hyperpigmentation skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyeong Kang
- a Molecular Dermatology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon City , Republic of Korea
| | - See-Hyoung Park
- b Department of Bio and Chemical Engineering , Hongik University , Sejong City , Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Woong Oh
- a Molecular Dermatology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon City , Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- a Molecular Dermatology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon City , Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Ah Yoo
- a Molecular Dermatology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon City , Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Hwa Nho
- c COSMAX R&I Center , COSMAX Inc. , Seongnam City , Republic of Korea
| | - Sukyeon Lee
- d AMI Cosmetic Co., Ltd. , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jae Youl Cho
- e Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon City , Republic of Korea.,f Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon City , Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsung Lee
- a Molecular Dermatology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon City , Republic of Korea.,g Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon City , Republic of Korea
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43
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Detecting recovery of the stratospheric ozone layer. Nature 2018; 549:211-218. [PMID: 28905899 DOI: 10.1038/nature23681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
As a result of the 1987 Montreal Protocol and its amendments, the atmospheric loading of anthropogenic ozone-depleting substances is decreasing. Accordingly, the stratospheric ozone layer is expected to recover. However, short data records and atmospheric variability confound the search for early signs of recovery, and climate change is masking ozone recovery from ozone-depleting substances in some regions and will increasingly affect the extent of recovery. Here we discuss the nature and timescales of ozone recovery, and explore the extent to which it can be currently detected in different atmospheric regions.
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Stratospheric ozone loss over the Eurasian continent induced by the polar vortex shift. Nat Commun 2018; 9:206. [PMID: 29335470 PMCID: PMC5768802 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02565-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Montreal Protocol has succeeded in limiting major ozone-depleting substance emissions, and consequently stratospheric ozone concentrations are expected to recover this century. However, there is a large uncertainty in the rate of regional ozone recovery in the Northern Hemisphere. Here we identify a Eurasia-North America dipole mode in the total column ozone over the Northern Hemisphere, showing negative and positive total column ozone anomaly centres over Eurasia and North America, respectively. The positive trend of this mode explains an enhanced total column ozone decline over the Eurasian continent in the past three decades, which is closely related to the polar vortex shift towards Eurasia. Multiple chemistry-climate-model simulations indicate that the positive Eurasia-North America dipole trend in late winter is likely to continue in the near future. Our findings suggest that the anticipated ozone recovery in late winter will be sensitive not only to the ozone-depleting substance decline but also to the polar vortex changes, and could be substantially delayed in some regions of the Northern Hemisphere extratropics. Climate change can exert a significant effect on the ozone recovery. Here, the authors show that the Arctic polar vortex shift associated with Arctic sea-ice loss could slow down ozone recovery over the Eurasian continent.
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45
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Anderson JG, Weisenstein DK, Bowman KP, Homeyer CR, Smith JB, Wilmouth DM, Sayres DS, Klobas JE, Leroy SS, Dykema JA, Wofsy SC. Stratospheric ozone over the United States in summer linked to observations of convection and temperature via chlorine and bromine catalysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E4905-E4913. [PMID: 28584119 PMCID: PMC5488921 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1619318114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We present observations defining (i) the frequency and depth of convective penetration of water into the stratosphere over the United States in summer using the Next-Generation Radar system; (ii) the altitude-dependent distribution of inorganic chlorine established in the same coordinate system as the radar observations; (iii) the high resolution temperature structure in the stratosphere over the United States in summer that resolves spatial and structural variability, including the impact of gravity waves; and (iv) the resulting amplification in the catalytic loss rates of ozone for the dominant halogen, hydrogen, and nitrogen catalytic cycles. The weather radar observations of ∼2,000 storms, on average, each summer that reach the altitude of rapidly increasing available inorganic chlorine, coupled with observed temperatures, portend a risk of initiating rapid heterogeneous catalytic conversion of inorganic chlorine to free radical form on ubiquitous sulfate-water aerosols; this, in turn, engages the element of risk associated with ozone loss in the stratosphere over the central United States in summer based upon the same reaction network that reduces stratospheric ozone over the Arctic. The summertime development of the upper-level anticyclonic flow over the United States, driven by the North American Monsoon, provides a means of retaining convectively injected water, thereby extending the time for catalytic ozone loss over the Great Plains. Trusted decadal forecasts of UV dosage over the United States in summer require understanding the response of this dynamical and photochemical system to increased forcing of the climate by increasing levels of CO2 and CH4.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138;
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Debra K Weisenstein
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Kenneth P Bowman
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | | | - Jessica B Smith
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - David M Wilmouth
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - David S Sayres
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - J Eric Klobas
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Stephen S Leroy
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - John A Dykema
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Steven C Wofsy
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
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46
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Li ZK, Dai GZ, Juneau P, Qiu BS. Different physiological responses of cyanobacteria to ultraviolet-B radiation under iron-replete and iron-deficient conditions: Implications for underestimating the negative effects of UV-B radiation. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2017; 53:425-436. [PMID: 28164281 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Iron deficiency has been considered one of the main limiting factors of phytoplankton productivity in some aquatic systems including oceans and lakes. Concomitantly, solar ultraviolet-B radiation has been shown to have both deleterious and positive impacts on phytoplankton productivity. However, how iron-deficient cyanobacteria respond to UV-B radiation has been largely overlooked in aquatic systems. In this study, physiological responses of four cyanobacterial strains (Microcystis and Synechococcus), which are widely distributed in freshwater or marine systems, were investigated under different UV-B irradiances and iron conditions. The growth, photosynthetic pigment composition, photosynthetic activity, and nonphotochemical quenching of the different cyanobacterial strains were drastically altered by enhanced UV-B radiation under iron-deficient conditions, but were less affected under iron-replete conditions. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and iron content increased and decreased, respectively, with increased UV-B radiation under iron-deficient conditions for both Microcystis aeruginosa FACHB 912 and Synechococcus sp. WH8102. On the contrary, intracellular ROS and iron content of these two strains remained constant and increased, respectively, with increased UV-B radiation under iron-replete conditions. These results indicate that iron-deficient cyanobacteria are more susceptible to enhanced UV-B radiation. Therefore, UV-B radiation probably plays an important role in influencing primary productivity in iron-deficient aquatic systems, suggesting that its effects on the phytoplankton productivity may be underestimated in iron-deficient regions around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Ke Li
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, China
| | - Guo-Zheng Dai
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, China
| | - Philippe Juneau
- Department of Biological Sciences, GRIL-TOXEN, Ecotoxicology of Aquatic Microorganisms Laboratory, Université du Québec à Montréal, CP8888 Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3P8
| | - Bao-Sheng Qiu
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, China
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Long B, Tan XF, Bao JL, Wang DM, Long ZW. Theoretical Study of the Reaction Mechanism and Kinetics of HO2with XCHO (X = F, Cl). INT J CHEM KINET 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Long
- College of Computer and Information Engineering; Guizhou MinZu University; Guiyang 550025 People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Feng Tan
- College of Computer and Information Engineering; Guizhou MinZu University; Guiyang 550025 People's Republic of China
| | - Junwei Lucas Bao
- Department of Chemistry; Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis MN 55455
| | - Ding-Mei Wang
- Department of Physics; Guizhou University; Guiyang 550025 People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Wen Long
- Department of Physics; Guizhou University; Guiyang 550025 People's Republic of China
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48
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Li Y, Gao L, Han R. A combination of He-Ne laser irradiation and exogenous NO application efficiently protect wheat seedling from oxidative stress caused by elevated UV-B stress. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:23675-23682. [PMID: 27619371 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7567-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The elevated ultraviolet-B (UV-B) stress induces the accumulation of a variety of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which seems to cause oxidative stress for plants. To date, very little work has been done to evaluate the biological effects of a combined treatment with He-Ne laser irradiation and exogenous nitric oxide (NO) application on oxidative stress resulting from UV-B radiation. Thus, our study investigated the effects of a combination with He-Ne laser irradiation and exogenous NO treatment on oxidative damages in wheat seedlings under elevated UV-B stress. Our data showed that the reductions in ROS levels, membrane damage parameters, while the increments in antioxidant contents and antioxidant enzyme activity caused by a combination with He-Ne laser and exogenous NO treatment were greater than those of each individual treatment. Furthermore, these treatments had a similar effect on transcriptional activities of plant antioxidant enzymes. This implied that the protective effects of a combination with He-Ne laser irradiation and exogenous NO treatment on oxidative stress resulting from UV-B radiation was more efficient than each individual treatment with He-Ne laser or NO molecule. Our findings might provide beneficial theoretical references for identifying some effective new pathways for plant UV-B protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Li
- Analysis and Testing Center, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041004, China
- Higher Education Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Environmental Stress Response, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041004, China
| | - Limei Gao
- Higher Education Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Environmental Stress Response, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041004, China.
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041004, China.
| | - Rong Han
- Higher Education Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Environmental Stress Response, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041004, China.
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041004, China.
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49
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Kannaujiya VK, Sinha RP. Detection of Free Thiols and Fluorescence Response of Phycoerythrin Chromophore after Ultraviolet-B Radiation Stress. J Fluoresc 2016; 27:561-567. [PMID: 27858299 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-016-1983-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of thiol-chromophore linkage plays a central role in the nature of fluorescence of phycoerythrin (PE). Interaction of thiol and chromophore is crucial for the energy transfer, redox signal and inhibition of oxidative damage. In the present investigation the effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on an emission fluorescence intensity and wavelength shift in PE due to interaction between thiol and chromophore by remarkable strategy of detection technique was studied. Purification of PE was done by using a gel permeation and ion exchange chromatography that yielded a quite high purity index (6.40) in a monomeric (αβ) form. UV-B radiation accelerated the quenching efficiency (24.9 ± 1.52%) by reducing fluorescence emission intensity of thiol linked chromophore after 240 min of UV-B exposure. However, after blocking of transiently released free thiol by N-ethylmaleimide, quenching efficiency was increased (36.8 ± 2.80%) with marked emission wavelength shift towards shorter wavelengths up to 562 nm as compared to 575 nm in control. Emission fluorescence of free thiol was at maximum after 240 min that was detected specifically by monobromobimane (mBrB) molecular probe. The association/dissociation of bilin chromophore was analyzed by SDS- and Native-PAGE that also indicated a complete reduction in emission fluorescence. Our work clearly shows an early detection of free thiols and relative interaction with chromophore after UV-B radiation which might play a significant role in structural and functional integrity of terminal PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod K Kannaujiya
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Microbiology, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Rajeshwar P Sinha
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Microbiology, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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50
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