1
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Yang Y, Sheng Y, Zheng J, Ma A, Chen S, Lin J, Yang X, Liang Y, Zhang Y, Zheng X. Upregulation of ESPL1 is associated with poor prognostic outcomes in endometrial cancer. Biomarkers 2024; 29:185-193. [PMID: 38568742 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2024.2339288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extra spindle pole bodies-like 1 (ESPL1) is known to play a crucial role in the segregation of sister chromatids during mitosis. Overexpression of ESPL1 is considered to have oncogenic effects in various human cancers. However, the specific biological function of ESPL1 in endometrial cancer (EC) remains unclear. METHODS The TCGA and GEO databases were utilized to assess the expression of ESPL1 in EC. Immunohistochemistry was utilized to detect separase expression in EC samples. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression analysis were performed to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic significance of ESPL1 in EC. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was employed to explore the potential signaling pathway of ESPL1 in EC. Cell proliferation and colony formation ability were analyzed using CCK-8 and colony formation assay. RESULTS Our analysis revealed that ESPL1 is significantly upregulated in EC, and its overexpression is associated with advanced clinical characteristics and unfavourable prognostic outcomes. Suppression of ESPL1 attenuated proliferation of EC cell line. CONCLUSION The upregulation of ESPL1 is associated with advanced disease and poor prognosis in EC patients. These findings suggest that ESPL1 has the potential to serve as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in EC, highlighting its significance in the management of EC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhong Yang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Ying Sheng
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jinhua Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Aiyu Ma
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Liuzhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaozhen Yang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuanna Liang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiang Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
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2
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Xu JJ, Viny AD. Chromatin organization in myelodysplastic syndrome. Exp Hematol 2024; 134:104216. [PMID: 38582293 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2024.104216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Disordered chromatin organization has emerged as a new aspect of the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Characterized by lineage dysplasia and a high transformation rate to acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the genetic determinant of MDS is thought to be the main driver of the disease's progression. Among the recurrently mutated pathways, alterations in chromatin organization, such as the cohesin complex, have a profound impact on hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function and lineage commitment. The cohesin complex is a ring-like structure comprised of structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC), RAD21, and STAG proteins that involve three-dimensional (3D) genome organization via loop extrusion in mammalian cells. The partial loss of the functional cohesin ring leads to altered chromatin accessibility specific to key hematopoietic transcription factors, which is thought to be the molecular mechanism of cohesin dysfunction. Currently, there are no specific targeting agents for cohesin mutant MDS/AML. Potential therapeutic strategies have been proposed based on the current understanding of cohesin mutant leukemogenesis. Here, we will review the recent advances in investigation and targeting approaches against cohesin mutant MDS/AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Jialu Xu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, New York
| | - Aaron D Viny
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, New York.
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3
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Rahman MS, Shindo Y, Oka K, Ikeda W, Suzuki M. Live Cell Monitoring of Separase Activity, a Key Enzymatic Reaction for Chromosome Segregation, with Chimeric FRET-Based Molecular Sensor upon Cell Cycle Progression. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:192. [PMID: 38667185 PMCID: PMC11048197 DOI: 10.3390/bios14040192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Separase is a key cysteine protease in the separation of sister chromatids through the digestion of the cohesin ring that inhibits chromosome segregation as a trigger of the metaphase-anaphase transition in eukaryotes. Its activity is highly regulated by binding with securin and cyclinB-CDK1 complex. These bindings prevent the proteolytic activity of separase until the onset of anaphase. Chromosome missegregation and aneuploidy are frequently observed in malignancies. However, there are some difficulties in biochemical examinations due to the instability of separase in vitro and the fact that few spatiotemporal resolution approaches exist for monitoring live separase activity throughout mitotic processes. Here, we have developed FRET-based molecular sensors, including GFP variants, with separase-cleavable sequences as donors and covalently attached fluorescent dyes as acceptor molecules. These are applicable to conventional live cell imaging and flow cytometric analysis because of efficient live cell uptake. We investigated the performance of equivalent molecular sensors, either localized or not localized inside the nucleus under cell cycle control, using flow cytometry. Synchronized cell cycle progression rendered significant separase activity detections in both molecular sensors. We obtained consistent outcomes with localized molecular sensor introduction and cell cycle control by fluorescent microscopic observations. We thus established live cell separase activity monitoring systems that can be used specifically or statistically, which could lead to the elucidation of separase properties in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Shazadur Rahman
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; (M.S.R.); (W.I.)
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh
| | - Yutaka Shindo
- Department of Bioscience and informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-0061, Japan; (Y.S.); (K.O.)
| | - Kotaro Oka
- Department of Bioscience and informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-0061, Japan; (Y.S.); (K.O.)
- School of Frontier Engineering, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan
| | - Wataru Ikeda
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; (M.S.R.); (W.I.)
| | - Miho Suzuki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; (M.S.R.); (W.I.)
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4
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Christiani E, Naumann N, Weiss C, Spiess B, Kleiner H, Fabarius A, Hofmann WK, Saussele S, Seifarth W. Gene Expression Pattern of ESPL1, PTTG1 and PTTG1IP Can Potentially Predict Response to TKI First-Line Treatment of Patients with Newly Diagnosed CML. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092652. [PMID: 37174118 PMCID: PMC10177117 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The achievement of major molecular response (MMR, BCR::ABL1 ≤ 0.1% IS) within the first year of treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) is a milestone in the therapeutic management of patients with newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). We analyzed the predictive value of gene expression levels of ESPL1/Separase, PTTG1/Securin and PTTG1IP/Securin interacting protein for MMR achievement within 12 months. Relative expression levels (normalized to GUSB) of ESPL1, PTTG1 and PTTG1IP in white blood cells of patients (responders n = 46, non-responders n = 51) at the time of diagnosis were comparatively analyzed by qRT-PCR. 3D scatter plot analysis combined with a distance analysis performed with respect to a commonly calculated centroid center resulted in a trend to larger distances for non-responders compared to the responder cohort (p = 0.0187). Logistic regression and analysis of maximum likelihood estimates revealed a positive correlation of distance (cut-off) with non-achieving MMR within 12 months (p = 0.0388, odds ratio 1.479, 95%CI: 1.020 to 2.143). Thus, 10% of the tested non-responders (cut-off ≥ 5.9) could have been predicted already at the time of diagnosis. Future scoring of ESPL1, PTTG1 and PTTG1IP transcript levels may be a helpful tool in risk stratification of CML patients before initiation of TKI first = line treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Christiani
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nicole Naumann
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christel Weiss
- Department of Medical Statistics and Biomathematics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Birgit Spiess
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Helga Kleiner
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alice Fabarius
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolf-Karsten Hofmann
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Susanne Saussele
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Seifarth
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
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5
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Sandoval C, Calle Y, Godoy K, Farías J. An Updated Overview of the Role of CYP450 during Xenobiotic Metabolization in Regulating the Acute Myeloid Leukemia Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076031. [PMID: 37047003 PMCID: PMC10094375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is associated with several acute and chronic disorders, including hematological malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia, the most prevalent acute leukemia in adults. Xenobiotics are usually harmless compounds that may be detrimental, such as pharmaceuticals, environmental pollutants, cosmetics, and even food additives. The storage of xenobiotics can serve as a defense mechanism or a means of bioaccumulation, leading to adverse effects. During the absorption, metabolism, and cellular excretion of xenobiotics, three steps may be distinguished: (i) inflow by transporter enzymes, (ii) phases I and II, and (iii) phase III. Phase I enzymes, such as those in the cytochrome P450 superfamily, catalyze the conversion of xenobiotics into more polar compounds, contributing to an elevated acute myeloid leukemia risk. Furthermore, genetic polymorphism influences the variability and susceptibility of related myeloid neoplasms, infant leukemias associated with mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) gene rearrangements, and a subset of de novo acute myeloid leukemia. Recent research has shown a sustained interest in determining the regulators of cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily E, member 1 (CYP2E1) expression and activity as an emerging field that requires further investigation in acute myeloid leukemia evolution. Therefore, this review suggests that CYP2E1 and its mutations can be a therapeutic or diagnostic target in acute myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Sandoval
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Los Carreras 753, Osorno 5310431, Chile
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Preclínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Yolanda Calle
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4JD, UK
| | - Karina Godoy
- Núcleo Científico y Tecnológico en Biorecursos (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Jorge Farías
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
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6
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Kabirova E, Nurislamov A, Shadskiy A, Smirnov A, Popov A, Salnikov P, Battulin N, Fishman V. Function and Evolution of the Loop Extrusion Machinery in Animals. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24055017. [PMID: 36902449 PMCID: PMC10003631 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24055017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) complexes are essential proteins found in genomes of all cellular organisms. Essential functions of these proteins, such as mitotic chromosome formation and sister chromatid cohesion, were discovered a long time ago. Recent advances in chromatin biology showed that SMC proteins are involved in many other genomic processes, acting as active motors extruding DNA, which leads to the formation of chromatin loops. Some loops formed by SMC proteins are highly cell type and developmental stage specific, such as SMC-mediated DNA loops required for VDJ recombination in B-cell progenitors, or dosage compensation in Caenorhabditis elegans and X-chromosome inactivation in mice. In this review, we focus on the extrusion-based mechanisms that are common for multiple cell types and species. We will first describe an anatomy of SMC complexes and their accessory proteins. Next, we provide biochemical details of the extrusion process. We follow this by the sections describing the role of SMC complexes in gene regulation, DNA repair, and chromatin topology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Kabirova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Artem Nurislamov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Artem Shadskiy
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Smirnov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Andrey Popov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Pavel Salnikov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nariman Battulin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Veniamin Fishman
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Artificial Intelligence Research Institute (AIRI), 121108 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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7
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Konecna M, Abbasi Sani S, Anger M. Separase and Roads to Disengage Sister Chromatids during Anaphase. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054604. [PMID: 36902034 PMCID: PMC10003635 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Receiving complete and undamaged genetic information is vital for the survival of daughter cells after chromosome segregation. The most critical steps in this process are accurate DNA replication during S phase and a faithful chromosome segregation during anaphase. Any errors in DNA replication or chromosome segregation have dire consequences, since cells arising after division might have either changed or incomplete genetic information. Accurate chromosome segregation during anaphase requires a protein complex called cohesin, which holds together sister chromatids. This complex unifies sister chromatids from their synthesis during S phase, until separation in anaphase. Upon entry into mitosis, the spindle apparatus is assembled, which eventually engages kinetochores of all chromosomes. Additionally, when kinetochores of sister chromatids assume amphitelic attachment to the spindle microtubules, cells are finally ready for the separation of sister chromatids. This is achieved by the enzymatic cleavage of cohesin subunits Scc1 or Rec8 by an enzyme called Separase. After cohesin cleavage, sister chromatids remain attached to the spindle apparatus and their poleward movement on the spindle is initiated. The removal of cohesion between sister chromatids is an irreversible step and therefore it must be synchronized with assembly of the spindle apparatus, since precocious separation of sister chromatids might lead into aneuploidy and tumorigenesis. In this review, we focus on recent discoveries concerning the regulation of Separase activity during the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Konecna
- Department of Genetics and Reproduction, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Science, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Soodabeh Abbasi Sani
- Department of Genetics and Reproduction, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Anger
- Department of Genetics and Reproduction, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Science, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
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8
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Boukaba A, Wu Q, Liu J, Chen C, Liang J, Li J, Strunnikov A. Mapping separase-mediated cleavage in situ. NAR Genom Bioinform 2022; 4:lqac085. [PMID: 36415827 PMCID: PMC9673495 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqac085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Separase is a protease that performs critical functions in the maintenance of genetic homeostasis. Among them, the cleavage of the meiotic cohesin during meiosis is a key step in producing gametes in eukaryotes. However, the exact chromosomal localization of this proteolytic cleavage was not addressed due to the lack of experimental tools. To this end, we developed a method based on monoclonal antibodies capable of recognizing the predicted neo-epitopes produced by separase-mediated proteolysis in the RAD21 and REC8 cohesin subunits. To validate the epigenomic strategy of mapping cohesin proteolysis, anti-RAD21 neo-epitopes antibodies were used in ChIP-On-ChEPseq analysis of human cells undergoing mitotic anaphase. Second, a similar analysis applied for mapping of REC8 cleavage in germline cells in Macaque showed a correlation with a subset of alpha-satellites and other repeats, directly demonstrating that the site-specific mei-cohesin proteolysis hotspots are coincident but not identical with centromeres. The sequences for the corresponding immunoglobulin genes show a convergence of antibodies with close specificity. This approach could be potentially used to investigate cohesin ring opening events in other chromosomal locations, if applied to single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhalim Boukaba
- Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Guangzhou , Guangdong , 510530 , China
| | - Qiongfang Wu
- Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Guangzhou , Guangdong , 510530 , China
| | - Jian Liu
- Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Guangzhou , Guangdong , 510530 , China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Guangzhou , Guangdong , 510530 , China
| | - Jierong Liang
- Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Guangzhou , Guangdong , 510530 , China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Guangzhou , Guangdong , 510530 , China
| | - Alexander V Strunnikov
- Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Guangzhou , Guangdong , 510530 , China
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9
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Hou W, Li Y, Zhang J, Xia Y, Wang X, Chen H, Lou H. Cohesin in DNA damage response and double-strand break repair. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 57:333-350. [PMID: 35112600 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2022.2027336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cohesin, a four-subunit ring comprising SMC1, SMC3, RAD21 and SA1/2, tethers sister chromatids by DNA replication-coupled cohesion (RC-cohesion) to guarantee correct chromosome segregation during cell proliferation. Postreplicative cohesion, also called damage-induced cohesion (DI-cohesion), is an emerging critical player in DNA damage response (DDR). In this review, we sum up recent progress on how cohesin regulates the DNA damage checkpoint activation and repair pathway choice, emphasizing postreplicative cohesin loading and DI-cohesion establishment in yeasts and mammals. DI-cohesion and RC-cohesion show distinct features in many aspects. DI-cohesion near or far from the break sites might undergo different regulations and execute different tasks in DDR and DSB repair. Furthermore, some open questions in this field and the significance of this new scenario to our understanding of genome stability maintenance and cohesinopathies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenya Hou
- Shenzhen University General Hospital, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Li
- Shenzhen University General Hospital, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Shenzhen University General Hospital, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yisui Xia
- Shenzhen University General Hospital, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xueting Wang
- Shenzhen University General Hospital, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Union Shenzhen Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Nanshan Hospital), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongxiang Chen
- Union Shenzhen Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Nanshan Hospital), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Huiqiang Lou
- Shenzhen University General Hospital, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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10
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Cdc48 influence on separase levels is independent of mitosis and suggests translational sensitivity of separase. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110554. [PMID: 35320724 PMCID: PMC8995007 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdc48 (p97/VCP) is a AAA-ATPase that can extract ubiquitinated proteins from their binding partners and can cooperate with the proteasome for their degradation. A fission yeast cdc48 mutant (cdc48-353) shows low levels of the cohesin protease, separase, and pronounced chromosome segregation defects in mitosis. Separase initiates chromosome segregation when its binding partner securin is ubiquitinated and degraded. The low separase levels in the cdc48-353 mutant have been attributed to a failure to extract ubiquitinated securin from separase, resulting in co-degradation of separase along with securin. If true, Cdc48 would be important in mitosis. In contrast, we show here that low separase levels in the cdc48-353 mutant are independent of mitosis. Moreover, we find no evidence of enhanced separase degradation in the mutant. Instead, we suggest that the cdc48-353 mutant uncovers specific requirements for separase translation. Our results highlight a need to better understand how this key mitotic enzyme is synthesized.
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11
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van Schie JJM, de Lange J. The Interplay of Cohesin and the Replisome at Processive and Stressed DNA Replication Forks. Cells 2021; 10:3455. [PMID: 34943967 PMCID: PMC8700348 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cohesin complex facilitates faithful chromosome segregation by pairing the sister chromatids after DNA replication until mitosis. In addition, cohesin contributes to proficient and error-free DNA replication. Replisome progression and establishment of sister chromatid cohesion are intimately intertwined processes. Here, we review how the key factors in DNA replication and cohesion establishment cooperate in unperturbed conditions and during DNA replication stress. We discuss the detailed molecular mechanisms of cohesin recruitment and the entrapment of replicated sister chromatids at the replisome, the subsequent stabilization of sister chromatid cohesion via SMC3 acetylation, as well as the role and regulation of cohesin in the response to DNA replication stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne J. M. van Schie
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Human Genetics, Section Oncogenetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Job de Lange
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Human Genetics, Section Oncogenetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Han C, Gao X, Li Y, Zhang J, Yang E, Zhang L, Yu L. Characteristics of Cohesin Mutation in Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Its Clinical Significance. Front Oncol 2021; 11:579881. [PMID: 33928020 PMCID: PMC8076553 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.579881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of gene mutation is a major contributor to the initiation and propagation of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Accumulating evidence suggests that genes encoding cohesin subunits have a high prevalence of mutations in AML, especially in the t(8;21) subtype. Therefore, it is important to understand how cohesin mutations contribute to leukemogenesis. However, the fundamental understanding of cohesin mutation in clonal expansion and myeloid transformation in hematopoietic cells remains ambiguous. Previous studies briefly introduced the cohesin mutation in AML; however, an in-depth summary of mutations in AML was not provided, and the correlation between cohesin and AML1-ETO in t (8;21) AML was also not analyzed. By summarizing the major findings regarding the cohesin mutation in AML, this review aims to define the characteristics of the cohesin complex mutation, identify its relationships with co-occurring gene mutations, assess its roles in clonal evolution, and discuss its potential for the prognosis of AML. In particular, we focus on the function of cohesin mutations in RUNX1-RUNX1T1 fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Han
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Hematological Malignancies, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuefeng Gao
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Hematological Malignancies, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yonghui Li
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Hematological Malignancies, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Hematological Malignancies, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Erna Yang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Hematological Malignancies, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Hematological Malignancies, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Hematological Malignancies, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
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13
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Abstract
Separase is a large cysteine protease in eukaryotes and has crucial roles in many cellular processes, especially chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis, apoptosis, DNA damage repair, centrosome disengagement and duplication, spindle stabilization and elongation. It dissolves the cohesion between sister chromatids by cleaving one of the subunits of the cohesin ring for chromosome segregation. The activity of separase is tightly controlled at many levels, through direct binding of inhibitory proteins as well as posttranslational modification. Dysregulation of separase activity is linked to cancer and genome instability, making it a target for drug discovery. One of the best-known inhibitors of separase is securin, which has been identified in yeast, plants, and animals. Securin forms a tight complex with separase and potently inhibits its catalytic activity. Recent structures of the separase-securin complex have revealed the molecular mechanism for the inhibitory activity of securin. A segment of securin is bound in the active site of separase, thereby blocking substrate binding. Securin itself is not cleaved by separase as its binding mode is not compatible with catalysis. Securin also has extensive interactions with separase outside the active site, consistent with its function as a chaperone to stabilize this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukun Luo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Liang Tong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
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14
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Kumar P, Cheng H, Paudyal S, Nakamura LV, Zhang N, Li JT, Sasidharan R, Jeong M, Pati D. Haploinsufficiency of cohesin protease, Separase, promotes regeneration of hematopoietic stem cells in mice. Stem Cells 2020; 38:1624-1636. [PMID: 32997844 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cohesin recently emerged as a new regulator of hematopoiesis and leukemia. In addition to cohesin, whether proteins that regulate cohesin's function have any direct role in hematopoiesis and hematologic diseases have not been fully examined. Separase, encoded by the ESPL1 gene, is an important regulator of cohesin's function. Canonically, protease activity of Separase resolves sister chromatid cohesion by cleaving cohesin subunit-Rad21 at the onset of anaphase. Using a Separase haploinsufficient mouse model, we have uncovered a novel role of Separase in hematopoiesis. We report that partial disruption of Separase distinctly alters the functional characteristics of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). Although analyses of peripheral blood and bone marrow of Espl1+/Hyp mice broadly displayed unperturbed hematopoietic parameters during normal hematopoiesis, further probing of the composition of early hematopoietic cells in Espl1+/Hyp bone marrow revealed a mild reduction in the frequencies of the Lin- Sca1+ Kit- (LSK) or LSK CD48+ CD150- multipotent hematopoietic progenitors population without a significant change in either long-term or short-term hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) subsets at steady state. Surprisingly, however, we found that Separase haploinsufficiency promotes regeneration activity of HSCs in serial in vivo repopulation assays. In vitro colony formation assays also revealed an enhanced serial replating capacity of hematopoietic progenitors isolated from Espl1+/Hyp mice. Microarray analysis of differentially expressed genes showed that Separase haploinsufficiency in HSCs (SP-KSL) leads to enrichment of gene signatures that are upregulated in HSCs compared to committed progenitors and mature cells. Taken together, our findings demonstrate a key role of Separase in promoting hematopoietic regeneration of HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kumar
- Texas Childrens Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Haizi Cheng
- Texas Childrens Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Samridhdi Paudyal
- Texas Childrens Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lanelle V Nakamura
- Texas Childrens Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nenggang Zhang
- Texas Childrens Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jessica T Li
- Texas Childrens Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Mira Jeong
- Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Debananda Pati
- Texas Childrens Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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15
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Lawrimore CJ, Lawrimore J, He Y, Chavez S, Bloom K. Polymer perspective of genome mobilization. Mutat Res 2020; 821:111706. [PMID: 32516654 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2020.111706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome motion is an intrinsic feature of all DNA-based metabolic processes and is a particularly well-documented response to both DNA damage and repair. By using both biological and polymer physics approaches, many of the contributing factors of chromatin motility have been elucidated. These include the intrinsic properties of chromatin, such as stiffness, as well as the loop modulators condensin and cohesin. Various biological factors such as external tethering to nuclear domains, ATP-dependent processes, and nucleofilaments further impact chromatin motion. DNA damaging agents that induce double-stranded breaks also cause increased chromatin motion that is modulated by recruitment of repair and checkpoint proteins. Approaches that integrate biological experimentation in conjunction with models from polymer physics provide mechanistic insights into the role of chromatin dynamics in biological function. In this review we discuss the polymer models and the effects of both DNA damage and repair on chromatin motion as well as mechanisms that may underlie these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen J Lawrimore
- Department of Biology, 623 Fordham Hall CB#3280, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, United States
| | - Josh Lawrimore
- Department of Biology, 623 Fordham Hall CB#3280, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, United States
| | - Yunyan He
- Department of Biology, 623 Fordham Hall CB#3280, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, United States
| | - Sergio Chavez
- Department of Biology, 623 Fordham Hall CB#3280, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, United States
| | - Kerry Bloom
- Department of Biology, 623 Fordham Hall CB#3280, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, United States.
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16
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Ming Sun S, Batté A, Elmer M, van der Horst SC, van Welsem T, Bean G, Ideker T, van Leeuwen F, van Attikum H. A genetic interaction map centered on cohesin reveals auxiliary factors involved in sister chromatid cohesion in S. cerevisiae. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs237628. [PMID: 32299836 PMCID: PMC7325435 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.237628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic chromosomes are replicated in interphase and the two newly duplicated sister chromatids are held together by the cohesin complex and several cohesin auxiliary factors. Sister chromatid cohesion is essential for accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis, yet has also been implicated in other processes, including DNA damage repair, transcription and DNA replication. To assess how cohesin and associated factors functionally interconnect and coordinate with other cellular processes, we systematically mapped the genetic interactions of 17 cohesin genes centered on quantitative growth measurements of >52,000 gene pairs in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Integration of synthetic genetic interactions unveiled a cohesin functional map that constitutes 373 genetic interactions, revealing novel functional connections with post-replication repair, microtubule organization and protein folding. Accordingly, we show that the microtubule-associated protein Irc15 and the prefoldin complex members Gim3, Gim4 and Yke2 are new factors involved in sister chromatid cohesion. Our genetic interaction map thus provides a unique resource for further identification and functional interrogation of cohesin proteins. Since mutations in cohesin proteins have been associated with cohesinopathies and cancer, it may also help in identifying cohesin interactions relevant in disease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Ming Sun
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Amandine Batté
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mireille Elmer
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, Netherlands
- Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, 2600 AA, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Sophie C van der Horst
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Tibor van Welsem
- Division of Gene Regulation, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gordon Bean
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Trey Ideker
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Cancer Cell Map Initiative (CCMI), Moores UCSD Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Fred van Leeuwen
- Division of Gene Regulation, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Haico van Attikum
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, Netherlands
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17
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Spiess B, Kleiner H, Flach J, Fabarius A, Saussele S, Hofmann WK, Seifarth W. Separase activity distribution can be a marker of major molecular response and proliferation of CD34 + cells in TKI-treated chronic myeloid leukemia patients. Ann Hematol 2020; 99:991-1006. [PMID: 32253454 PMCID: PMC7196950 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-020-04007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Separase, a cysteine endopeptidase, is a key player in mitotic sister chromatid separation, replication fork dynamics, and DNA repair. Aberrant expression and/or altered separase proteolytic activity are associated with aneuploidy, tumorigenesis, and disease progression. Since genomic instability and clonal evolution are hallmarks of progressing chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), we have comparatively examined separase proteolytic activity in TKI-treated chronic phase CML. Separase proteolytic activity was analyzed on single cell level in 88 clinical samples and in 14 healthy controls by a flow cytometric assay. In parallel, BCR-ABL1 gene expression and replication fork velocity were measured by qRT-PCR and DNA fiber assays, respectively. The separase activity distribution (SAD) value indicating the occurrence of MNCs with elevated separase proteolytic activity within samples was found to positively correlate with BCR-ABL1 gene expression levels and loss of MMR (relapse) throughout routine BCR-ABL1 monitoring. Analyses of CD34+ cells and MNCs fractionized by flow cytometric cell sorting according to their separase activity levels (H- and L-fractions) revealed that CD34+ cells with elevated separase activity levels (H-fractions) displayed enhanced proliferation/viability when compared with cells with regular (L-fraction) separase activity (mean 3.3-fold, p = 0.0011). BCR-ABL1 gene expression positivity prevailed in MNC H-fractions over L-fractions (42% vs. 8%, respectively). Moreover, expanding CD34+ cells of H-fractions showed decreased replication fork velocity compared with cells of L-fractions (p < 0.0001). Our data suggests an association between high separase activity, residual BCR-ABL1 gene expression, and enhanced proliferative capacity in hematopoietic cells within the leukemic niche of TKI-treated chronic phase CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Spiess
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany. .,Hämatologie und Onkologie, III. Medizinische Klinik, Wissenschaftliches Labor, Universitätsklinikum Mannheim GmbH, Pettenkoferstraße 22, 68169, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Helga Kleiner
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Johanna Flach
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alice Fabarius
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Susanne Saussele
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolf-Karsten Hofmann
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Seifarth
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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18
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Zhang N, Sarkar AK, Li F, Demerzhan SA, Gilbertson SR, Pati D. Stability and pharmacokinetics of separase inhibitor-Sepin-1 in Sprague-Dawley rats. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 174:113808. [PMID: 31930961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Separase, a sister chromatid cohesion-resolving enzyme, is an oncogene and overexpressed in many human cancers. Sepin-1 (2,2-dimethyl-5-nitro-2H-benzimidazole-1,3-dioxide) is a potent separase inhibitor that impedes cancer cell growth, cell migration, and wound healing, suggesting that Sepin-1 possesses a great potential to target separase-overexpressing tumors. As a part of the IND-enabling studies to bring Sepin-1 to clinic, herein we report the results from a 28-day repeat-dose pharmacokinetic study of Sepin-1 in rats. Sepin-1 was intravenously administered to Sprague-Dawley rats once daily for 28 days at three different (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) doses. Blood samples were collected after administration of doses on days 1 and 28. Sepin-1 is unstable and isomerizes in basic solutions, but it is stable in acidic buffer such as citrate-buffered saline (pH 4.0). UHPLC-MS analysis indicated Sepin-1 was rapidly metabolized in vivo. One of the major metabolites was an amine adduct of 2,2-dimethyl-5-nitro-2H-benzimidazole (named Sepin-1.55). The concentration of Sepin-1.55 in blood samples was Sepin-1 dose-dependent and used for pharmacokinetic analysis of Sepin-1. Tmax was approximately 5-15 min. The data suggest that no Sepin-1 accumulation occurred from daily repeat dosing and similar exposures on the first and final day of dosing. Data also suggest a gender difference, namely that female rats have more exposure and slower clearance than male rats. The data support that Sepin-1 is a potential drug candidate that can be further developed to treat Separase-overexpressing human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenggang Zhang
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Asis K Sarkar
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Center for Drug Discovery, Departments of Pathology and Immunology, Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Debananda Pati
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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19
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Toxicity study of separase inhibitor-Sepin-1 in Sprague-Dawley rats. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 216:152730. [PMID: 31784093 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.152730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sepin-1 is a small compound that inhibits enzymatic activity of Separase and growth of cancer cells. As part of the IND-enabling studies to develop Sepin-1 as a chemotherapeutic agent, herein we have profiled the toxicity of Sepin-1 in Sprague-Dawley rats in a good laboratory practice (GLP) setting. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of Sepin-1 in rats is 40 mg/kg in single dose study and 20 mg/kg in the study dosed for 7 consecutive days. The toxicity study consists of two parts-Main Study and Recovery Study. Sepin-1 with 0 (control), 5 (low dose), 10 (median dose), and 20 (high dose) mg/kg was administered by bolus intravenous injection to rats once daily for 28 consecutive days. The animals in the Main Study were euthanized on Day 29, whereas animals in the Recovery Study were allowed to recover for 28 days following the 28-day Sepin-1 dose before they were euthanized on Day 29 of the off-dose period. Although the effects of Sepin-1 at low and median doses are minimal, hematological analysis shows that high-dose Sepin-1 is associated with decrease of red blood cells and hemoglobin, and increase in the number of reticulocytes and platelets as well as mean corpuscular volume. Clinical chemistry indicates that Sepin-1 causes increase of total bilirubin and decrease of creatine kinase. Histopathology analysis indicates Sepin-1 results in minimal bone marrow erythroid hyperplasia, minimal to moderate splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis, minimal splenic lymphoid depletion, minimal to mild thymic lymphoid depletion, and minimal to mild mandibular lymph node lymphoid hyperplasia in male and female rats in the Main Study. Those abnormal changes are Sepin-1 dose-dependent and mostly reversible after a 28-day recovery period in animals from the Recovery Study. Based on our results, we conclude that Sepin-1 at pharmacologic doses (5-10 mg/kg) is well tolerable, with no significant rates of mortality or morbidity, and can further be developed as a potential new drug to treat Separase-overexpressed tumors.
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20
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Cuartero S, Innes AJ, Merkenschlager M. Towards a Better Understanding of Cohesin Mutations in AML. Front Oncol 2019; 9:867. [PMID: 31552185 PMCID: PMC6746210 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical driver mutations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) typically affect regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. The selective advantage of increased proliferation, improved survival, and reduced differentiation on leukemia progression is immediately obvious. Recent large-scale sequencing efforts have uncovered numerous novel AML-associated mutations. Interestingly, a substantial fraction of the most frequently mutated genes encode general regulators of transcription and chromatin state. Understanding the selective advantage conferred by these mutations remains a major challenge. A striking example are mutations in genes of the cohesin complex, a major regulator of three-dimensional genome organization. Several landmark studies have shown that cohesin mutations perturb the balance between self-renewal and differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC). Emerging data now begin to uncover the molecular mechanisms that underpin this phenotype. Among these mechanisms is a role for cohesin in the control of inflammatory responses in HSPCs and myeloid cells. Inflammatory signals limit HSPC self-renewal and drive HSPC differentiation. Consistent with this, cohesin mutations promote resistance to inflammatory signals, and may provide a selective advantage for AML progression. In this review, we discuss recent progress in understanding cohesin mutations in AML, and speculate whether vulnerabilities associated with these mutations could be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Cuartero
- Faculty of Medicine, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew J Innes
- Faculty of Medicine, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Merkenschlager
- Faculty of Medicine, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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21
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Peng CA, Gaertner AAE, Henriquez SA, Fang D, Colon-Reyes RJ, Brumaghim JL, Kozubowski L. Fluconazole induces ROS in Cryptococcus neoformans and contributes to DNA damage in vitro. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208471. [PMID: 30532246 PMCID: PMC6286144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic basidiomycetous yeast, Cryptococcus neoformans, causes fatal meningitis in immunocompromised individuals. Fluconazole (FLC) is a fungistatic drug commonly administered to treat cryptococcosis. Unfortunately, FLC-resistant strains characterized by various degree of chromosomal instability were isolated from clinical patients. Importantly, the underlying mechanisms that lead to chromosomal instability in FLC-treated C. neoformans remain elusive. Previous studies in fungal and mammalian cells link chromosomal instability to the reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study provides the evidence that exposure of C. neoformans to FLC induces accumulation of intracellular ROS, which correlates with plasma membrane damage. FLC caused transcription changes of oxidative stress related genes encoding superoxide dismutase (SOD1), catalase (CAT3), and thioredoxin reductase (TRR1). Strikingly, FLC contributed to an increase of the DNA damage in vitro, when complexed with iron or copper in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Strains with isogenic deletion of copper response protein metallothionein were more susceptible to FLC. Addition of ascorbic acid (AA), an anti-oxidant at 10 mM, reduced the inhibitory effects of FLC. Consistent with potential effects of FLC on DNA integrity and chromosomal segregation, FLC treatment led to elevated transcription of RAD54 and repression of cohesin-encoding gene SCC1. We propose that FLC forms complexes with metals and contributes to elevated ROS, which may lead to chromosomal instability in C. neoformans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congyue Annie Peng
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrea A. E. Gaertner
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sarah Ana Henriquez
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Diana Fang
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rodney J. Colon-Reyes
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Julia L. Brumaghim
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lukasz Kozubowski
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Litwin I, Pilarczyk E, Wysocki R. The Emerging Role of Cohesin in the DNA Damage Response. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9120581. [PMID: 30487431 PMCID: PMC6316000 DOI: 10.3390/genes9120581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Faithful transmission of genetic material is crucial for all organisms since changes in genetic information may result in genomic instability that causes developmental disorders and cancers. Thus, understanding the mechanisms that preserve genome integrity is of fundamental importance. Cohesin is a multiprotein complex whose canonical function is to hold sister chromatids together from S-phase until the onset of anaphase to ensure the equal division of chromosomes. However, recent research points to a crucial function of cohesin in the DNA damage response (DDR). In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of cohesin function in DNA damage signaling and repair. First, we focus on cohesin architecture and molecular mechanisms that govern sister chromatid cohesion. Next, we briefly characterize the main DDR pathways. Finally, we describe mechanisms that determine cohesin accumulation at DNA damage sites and discuss possible roles of cohesin in DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ireneusz Litwin
- Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, 50-328 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Pilarczyk
- Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, 50-328 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Robert Wysocki
- Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, 50-328 Wroclaw, Poland.
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23
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Hellmuth S, Gutiérrez-Caballero C, Llano E, Pendás AM, Stemmann O. Local activation of mammalian separase in interphase promotes double-strand break repair and prevents oncogenic transformation. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201899184. [PMID: 30305303 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Separase halves eukaryotic chromosomes in M-phase by cleaving cohesin complexes holding sister chromatids together. Whether this essential protease functions also in interphase and/or impacts carcinogenesis remains largely unknown. Here, we show that mammalian separase is recruited to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) where it is activated to locally cleave cohesin and facilitate homology-directed repair (HDR). Inactivating phosphorylation of its NES, arginine methylation of its RG-repeats, and sumoylation redirect separase from the cytosol to DSBs. In vitro assays suggest that DNA damage response-relevant ATM, PRMT1, and Mms21 represent the corresponding kinase, methyltransferase, and SUMO ligase, respectively. SEPARASE heterozygosity not only debilitates HDR but also predisposes primary embryonic fibroblasts to neoplasia and mice to chemically induced skin cancer. Thus, tethering of separase to DSBs and confined cohesin cleavage promote DSB repair in G2 cells. Importantly, this conserved interphase function of separase protects mammalian cells from oncogenic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elena Llano
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto M Pendás
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Olaf Stemmann
- Chair of Genetics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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24
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Kim D, Kim S, Oh Y, Park S, Jeon Y, Kim H, Lee H, Kim S. AIMP3 Deletion Induces Acute Radiation Syndrome-like Phenotype in Mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15025. [PMID: 30302025 PMCID: PMC6177475 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33303-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomes are mostly protected from constant DNA-damaging threats, either internal or external, which ultimately sustain the organism. Herein, we report that AIMP3, a previously demonstrated tumour suppressor, plays an essential role in maintaining genome integrity in adult mice. Upon induction of the temporal systemic deletion of AIMP3 by tamoxifen in adult mice, the animals developed an acute radiation syndrome-like phenotype, typified by scleroderma, hypotrophy of haematopoietic cells and organs, and intestinal failure. Induction of γH2AX, an early marker of DNA double-strand breaks, was observed in the spleen, intestine, and the highly replicating embryonic cortex. In addition, sub-lethal irradiation of AIMP3 mKO mice dramatically affected organ damage and survival. Using isolated MEFs from conditional KO mice or AIMP3 knockdown cells, we confirmed the presence of spontaneously occurring DNA double-strand breaks by COMET assay and γH2AX induction. Furthermore, γH2AX removal was delayed, and homologous DNA repair activity was significantly reduced. Reduction of RPA foci formation and subsequent Rad51 foci formation probably underlie the significant reduction in homologous recombination activity in the absence of AIMP3. Together, our data demonstrate that AIMP3 plays a role in genome stability through the DNA repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doyeun Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunmi Kim
- Division of Convergence Technology, Research Institute National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Youngsun Oh
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Songhwa Park
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Jeon
- Division of Convergence Technology, Research Institute National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hongtae Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ho Lee
- Division of Convergence Technology, Research Institute National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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25
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Villa-Hernández S, Bermejo R. Cohesin dynamic association to chromatin and interfacing with replication forks in genome integrity maintenance. Curr Genet 2018; 64:1005-1013. [PMID: 29549581 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-018-0824-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Proliferating cells need to accurately duplicate and pass their genetic material on to daughter cells. Problems during replication and partition challenge the structural and numerical integrity of chromosomes. Diverse mechanisms, as the DNA replication checkpoint, survey the correct progression of replication and couple it with other cell cycle events to preserve genome integrity. The structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) cohesin complex primarily contributes to chromosome duplication by mediating the tethering of newly replicated sister chromatids, thus assisting their equal segregation in mitosis. In addition, cohesin exerts important functions in genome organization, gene expression and DNA repair. These are determined by cohesin's ability to bring together different DNA segments and, hence, by the fashion and dynamics of its interaction with chromatin. It recently emerged that cohesin contributes to the protection of stalled replication forks through a mechanism requiring its timely mobilization from unreplicated DNA and relocation to nascent strands. This mechanism relies on DNA replication checkpoint-dependent cohesin ubiquitylation and promotes nascent sister chromatid entrapment, likely contributing to preserve stalled replisome-fork architectural integrity. Here we review how cohesin dynamic association to chromatin is controlled through post-translational modifications to dictate its functions during chromosome duplication. We also discuss recent insights on the mechanism that mediates interfacing of replisome components with chromatin-bound cohesin and its contribution to the establishment of sister chromatid cohesion and the protection of stalled replication forks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Villa-Hernández
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Calle Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Rodrigo Bermejo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Calle Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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26
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Li F, Zhang N, Gorantla S, Gilbertson SR, Pati D. The Metabolism of Separase Inhibitor Sepin-1 in Human, Mouse, and Rat Liver Microsomes. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:313. [PMID: 29867452 PMCID: PMC5949348 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Separase, a known oncogene, is widely overexpressed in numerous human tumors of breast, bone, brain, blood, and prostate. Separase is an emerging target for cancer therapy, and separase enzymatic inhibitors such as sepin-1 are currently being developed to treat separase-overexpressed tumors. Drug metabolism plays a critical role in the efficacy and safety of drug development, as well as possible drug–drug interactions. In this study, we investigated the in vitro metabolism of sepin-1 in human, mouse, and rat liver microsomes (RLM) using metabolomic approaches. In human liver microsomes (HLM), we identified seven metabolites including one cysteine–sepin-1 adduct and one glutathione–sepin-1 adduct. All the sepin-1 metabolites in HLM were also found in both mouse and RLM. Using recombinant CYP450 isoenzymes, we demonstrated that multiple enzymes contributed to the metabolism of sepin-1, including CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 as the major metabolizing enzymes. Inhibitory effects of sepin-1 on seven major CYP450s were also evaluated using the corresponding substrates recommended by the US Food and Drug Administration. Our studies indicated that sepin-1 moderately inhibits CYP1A2, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4 with IC50 < 10 μM but weakly inhibits CYP2B6, CYP2C8/9, and CYP2D6 with IC50 > 10 μM. This information can be used to optimize the structures of sepin-1 for more suitable pharmacological properties and to predict the possible sepin-1 interactions with other chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Advance Technology Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nenggang Zhang
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Siddharth Gorantla
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Scott R Gilbertson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Debananda Pati
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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27
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Zhang N, Pati D. Separase Inhibitor Sepin-1 Inhibits Foxm1 Expression and Breast Cancer Cell Growth. JOURNAL OF CANCER SCIENCE & THERAPY 2018; 10:517. [PMID: 29780443 PMCID: PMC5959057 DOI: 10.4172/1948-5956.1000517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sepin-1, a potent non-competitive inhibitor of separase, inhibits cancer cell growth, but the mechanisms of Sepin-1-mediated growth inhibition are not fully understood. Here we report that Sepin-1 hinders growth of breast cancer cells, cell migration, and wound healing. Inhibition of cell growth induced by Sepin-1 in vitro doesn't appear to be through apoptosis but rather due to growth inhibition. Following Sepin-1 treatment caspases 3 and 7 are not activated and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (Parp) is not cleaved. The expression of Forkhead box protein M1 (FoxM1), a transcription factor, and its target genes in the cell cycle, including Plk1, Cdk1, Aurora A, and Lamin B1, are reduced in a Sepin-1-dependent manner. Expressions of Raf kinase family members A-Raf, B-Raf, and C-Raf also are inhibited following treatment with Sepin-1. Raf is an intermediator in the Raf-Mek-Erk signaling pathway that phosphorylates FoxM1. Activated FoxM1 can promote its own transcription via a positive feedback loop. Sepin-1-induced downregulation of Raf and FoxM1 may inhibit expression of cell cycle-driving genes, resulting in inhibition of cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenggang Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Debananda Pati
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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28
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Role of CTCF in DNA damage response. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2018; 780:61-68. [PMID: 31395350 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is a highly conserved, ubiquitously expressed zinc finger protein. CTCF is a multifunctional protein, associated with a number of vital cellular processes such as transcriptional activation, repression, insulation, imprinting and genome organization. Emerging evidence indicates that CTCF is also involved in DNA damage response. In this review, we focus on the newly identified role of CTCF in facilitating DNA double-strand break repair. Due to the large number of cellular processes in which CTCF is involved, factors that functionally affect CTCF could have serious implications on genomic stability. It is becoming increasingly clear that exposure to environmental toxicants could have adverse effects on CTCF functions. Here we discuss the various ways that environmental toxicants could impact CTCF functions and the potential consequences on DNA damage response.
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29
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Cucco F, Palumbo E, Camerini S, D’Alessio B, Quarantotti V, Casella ML, Rizzo IM, Cukrov D, Delia D, Russo A, Crescenzi M, Musio A. Separase prevents genomic instability by controlling replication fork speed. Nucleic Acids Res 2018; 46:267-278. [PMID: 29165708 PMCID: PMC5758895 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper chromosome segregation is crucial for preserving genomic integrity, and errors in this process cause chromosome mis-segregation, which may contribute to cancer development. Sister chromatid separation is triggered by Separase, an evolutionary conserved protease that cleaves the cohesin complex, allowing the dissolution of sister chromatid cohesion. Here we provide evidence that Separase participates in genomic stability maintenance by controlling replication fork speed. We found that Separase interacted with the replication licensing factors MCM2-7, and genome-wide data showed that Separase co-localized with MCM complex and cohesin. Unexpectedly, the depletion of Separase increased the fork velocity about 1.5-fold and caused a strong acetylation of cohesin's SMC3 subunit and altered checkpoint response. Notably, Separase silencing triggered genomic instability in both HeLa and human primary fibroblast cells. Our results show a novel mechanism for fork progression mediated by Separase and thus the basis for genomic instability associated with tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cucco
- Institute for Biomedical and Genetic Research, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Palumbo
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Serena Camerini
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara D’Alessio
- Institute for Biomedical and Genetic Research, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Quarantotti
- Institute for Biomedical and Genetic Research, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Casella
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Maria Rizzo
- Institute for Biomedical and Genetic Research, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Dubravka Cukrov
- Institute for Biomedical and Genetic Research, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Domenico Delia
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Department of Experimental Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Russo
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Crescenzi
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Musio
- Institute for Biomedical and Genetic Research, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
- Tumour Institute of Tuscany, Florence, Italy
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30
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Gruber S. Shaping chromosomes by DNA capture and release: gating the SMC rings. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 46:87-93. [PMID: 28460277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
SMC proteins organize chromosomes to coordinate essential nuclear processes such as gene expression and DNA recombination as well as to segregate chromosomes during cell division. SMC mediated DNA bridging keeps sister chromatids aligned for much of the cell cycle, while the active extrusion of DNA loops by SMC presumably compacts chromosomes. Chromosome superstructure is thus given by the number of DNA linkages and the size of chromosomal DNA loops, which in turn depend on the dynamics of SMC loading and unloading. The latter is regulated by the intrinsic SMC ATPase activity, multiple external factors and post-translational modification. Here, I highlight recent advances in our understanding of DNA capture and release by SMC-with a focus on cohesin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Gruber
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Bâtiment Biophore, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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31
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Zhang N, Pati D. Biology and insights into the role of cohesin protease separase in human malignancies. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 92:2070-2083. [PMID: 28177203 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Separase, an enzyme that resolves sister chromatid cohesion during the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, plays a pivotal role in chromosomal segregation and cell division. Separase protein, encoded by the extra spindle pole bodies like 1 (ESPL1) gene, is overexpressed in numerous human cancers including breast, bone, brain, and prostate. Separase is oncogenic, and its overexpression is sufficient to induce mammary tumours in mice. Either acute or chronic overexpression of separase in mouse mammary glands leads to aneuploidy and tumorigenesis, and inhibition of separase enzymatic activity decreases the growth of human breast tumour xenografts in mice. This review focuses on the biology of and insights into the molecular mechanisms of separase as an oncogene, and its significance and implications for human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenggang Zhang
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates St., FC1220, Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A
| | - Debananda Pati
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates St., FC1220, Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A
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32
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Kumar R. Separase: Function Beyond Cohesion Cleavage and an Emerging Oncogene. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:1283-1299. [PMID: 27966791 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Proper and timely segregation of genetic endowment is necessary for survival and perpetuation of every species. Mis-segregation of chromosomes and resulting aneuploidy leads to genetic instability, which can jeopardize the survival of an individual or population as a whole. Abnormality with segregation of genetic contents has been associated with several medical consequences including cancer, sterility, mental retardation, spontaneous abortion, miscarriages, and other birth related defects. Separase, by irreversible cleavage of cohesin complex subunit, paves the way for metaphase/anaphase transition during the cell cycle. Both over or reduced expression and altered level of separase have been associated with several medical consequences including cancer, as a result separase now emerges as an important oncogene and potential molecular target for medical intervenes. Recently, separase is also found to be essential in separation and duplication of centrioles. Here, I review the role of separase in mitosis, meiosis, non-canonical roles of separase, separase regulation, as a regulator of centriole disengagement, nonproteolytic roles, diverse substrates, structural insights, and association of separase with cancer. At the ends, I proposed a model which showed that separase is active throughout the cell cycle and there is a mere increase in separase activity during metaphase contrary to the common believes that separase is inactive throughout cell cycle except for metaphase. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1283-1299, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400 076, Maharashtra, India
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33
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Kamenz J, Hauf S. Time To Split Up: Dynamics of Chromosome Separation. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:42-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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34
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Bolaños-Villegas P, De K, Pradillo M, Liu D, Makaroff CA. In Favor of Establishment: Regulation of Chromatid Cohesion in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:846. [PMID: 28588601 PMCID: PMC5440745 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotic organisms, the correct regulation of sister chromatid cohesion, whereby sister chromatids are paired and held together, is essential for accurate segregation of the sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes into daughter cells during mitosis and meiosis, respectively. Sister chromatid cohesion requires a cohesin complex comprised of structural maintenance of chromosome adenosine triphosphatases and accessory proteins that regulate the association of the complex with chromosomes or that are involved in the establishment or release of cohesion. The cohesin complex also plays important roles in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks, regulation of gene expression and chromosome condensation. In this review, we summarize progress in understanding cohesion dynamics in plants, with the aim of uncovering differences at specific stages. We also highlight dissimilarities between plants and other eukaryotes with respect to the key players involved in the achievement of cohesion, pointing out areas that require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Bolaños-Villegas
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Fabio Baudrit Agricultural Research Station, University of Costa RicaAlajuela, Costa Rica
- *Correspondence: Christopher A. Makaroff, Pablo Bolaños-Villegas,
| | - Kuntal De
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Cancer Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner School of Medicine, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Mónica Pradillo
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Desheng Liu
- Hughes Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, OxfordOH, United States
| | - Christopher A. Makaroff
- Hughes Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, OxfordOH, United States
- *Correspondence: Christopher A. Makaroff, Pablo Bolaños-Villegas,
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35
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Replication-Associated Recombinational Repair: Lessons from Budding Yeast. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7080048. [PMID: 27548223 PMCID: PMC4999836 DOI: 10.3390/genes7080048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinational repair processes multiple types of DNA lesions. Though best understood in the repair of DNA breaks, recombinational repair is intimately linked to other situations encountered during replication. As DNA strands are decorated with many types of blocks that impede the replication machinery, a great number of genomic regions cannot be duplicated without the help of recombinational repair. This replication-associated recombinational repair employs both the core recombination proteins used for DNA break repair and the specialized factors that couple replication with repair. Studies from multiple organisms have provided insights into the roles of these specialized factors, with the findings in budding yeast being advanced through use of powerful genetics and methods for detecting DNA replication and repair intermediates. In this review, we summarize recent progress made in this organism, ranging from our understanding of the classical template switch mechanisms to gap filling and replication fork regression pathways. As many of the protein factors and biological principles uncovered in budding yeast are conserved in higher eukaryotes, these findings are crucial for stimulating studies in more complex organisms.
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36
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Cucco F, Musio A. Genome stability: What we have learned from cohesinopathies. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. PART C, SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2016; 172:171-8. [PMID: 27091086 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cohesin is a multiprotein complex involved in many DNA-related processes such as proper chromosome segregation, replication, transcription, and repair. Mutations in cohesin gene pathways are responsible for human diseases, collectively referred to as cohesinopathies. In addition, both cohesin gene expression dysregulation and mutations have been identified in cancer. Cohesinopathy cells are characterized by genome instability (GIN) visualized by a constellation of markers such as chromosome aneuploidies, chromosome aberrations, precocious sister chromatid separation, premature centromere separation, micronuclei formation, and sensitivity to genotoxic drugs. The emerging picture suggests that GIN observed in cohesinopathies may result from the synergistic effects of the multiple cohesin dysfunctions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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37
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Liu YJ, Liu C, Chang Z, Wadas B, Brower CS, Song ZH, Xu ZL, Shang YL, Liu WX, Wang LN, Dong W, Varshavsky A, Hu RG, Li W. Degradation of the Separase-cleaved Rec8, a Meiotic Cohesin Subunit, by the N-end Rule Pathway. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:7426-38. [PMID: 26858254 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.714964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ate1 arginyltransferase (R-transferase) is a component of the N-end rule pathway, which recognizes proteins containing N-terminal degradation signals called N-degrons, polyubiquitylates these proteins, and thereby causes their degradation by the proteasome. Ate1 arginylates N-terminal Asp, Glu, or (oxidized) Cys. The resulting N-terminal Arg is recognized by ubiquitin ligases of the N-end rule pathway. In the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae, the separase-mediated cleavage of the Scc1/Rad21/Mcd1 cohesin subunit generates a C-terminal fragment that bears N-terminal Arg and is destroyed by the N-end rule pathway without a requirement for arginylation. In contrast, the separase-mediated cleavage of Rec8, the mammalian meiotic cohesin subunit, yields a fragment bearing N-terminal Glu, a substrate of the Ate1 R-transferase. Here we constructed and used a germ cell-confinedAte1(-/-)mouse strain to analyze the separase-generated C-terminal fragment of Rec8. We show that this fragment is a short-lived N-end rule substrate, that its degradation requires N-terminal arginylation, and that maleAte1(-/-)mice are nearly infertile, due to massive apoptotic death ofAte1(-/-)spermatocytes during the metaphase of meiosis I. These effects ofAte1ablation are inferred to be caused, at least in part, by the failure to destroy the C-terminal fragment of Rec8 in the absence of N-terminal arginylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jiao Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, the College of Marine Life, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China, and
| | - Chao Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - ZeNan Chang
- the Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Brandon Wadas
- the Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Christopher S Brower
- the Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, the Department of Biology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, Texas 76204
| | - Zhen-Hua Song
- From the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi-Liang Xu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong-Liang Shang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei-Xiao Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Li-Na Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wen Dong
- the College of Marine Life, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China, and
| | - Alexander Varshavsky
- the Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125,
| | - Rong-Gui Hu
- the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wei Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China,
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38
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Shimizu Y, Nagai M, Yeasmin AMST, Koike N, Talukdar MW, Ushimaru T. Elucidation of novel budding yeast separase mutants. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 80:473-8. [PMID: 26523765 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1101337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The mitotic separase cleaves Scc1 in cohesin to allow sister chromatids to separate from each other upon anaphase onset. Separase is also required for DNA damage repair. Here, we isolated and characterized 10 temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of separase ESP1 in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. All mutants were defective in sister chromatid separation at the restricted temperature. Some esp1-ts mutants were hypersensitive to the microtubule poison benomyl and/or the DNA-damaging agent bleomycin. Overexpression of securin alleviated the growth defect in some esp1-ts mutants, whereas it rather exacerbated it in others. The Drosophila Pumilio homolog MPT5 was isolated as a high-dosage suppressor of esp1-ts cells. We discuss various features of separase based on these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihito Shimizu
- a Graduate School of Science and Technology , Shizuoka University , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nagai
- a Graduate School of Science and Technology , Shizuoka University , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Akter M S T Yeasmin
- b Faculty of Science, Graduate School of Science , Shizuoka University , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Naoki Koike
- a Graduate School of Science and Technology , Shizuoka University , Shizuoka , Japan
| | | | - Takashi Ushimaru
- a Graduate School of Science and Technology , Shizuoka University , Shizuoka , Japan.,b Faculty of Science, Graduate School of Science , Shizuoka University , Shizuoka , Japan
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39
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Abstract
Homology-dependent exchange of genetic information between DNA molecules has a profound impact on the maintenance of genome integrity by facilitating error-free DNA repair, replication, and chromosome segregation during cell division as well as programmed cell developmental events. This chapter will focus on homologous mitotic recombination in budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, there is an important link between mitotic and meiotic recombination (covered in the forthcoming chapter by Hunter et al. 2015) and many of the functions are evolutionarily conserved. Here we will discuss several models that have been proposed to explain the mechanism of mitotic recombination, the genes and proteins involved in various pathways, the genetic and physical assays used to discover and study these genes, and the roles of many of these proteins inside the cell.
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40
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Ho KL, Ma L, Cheung S, Manhas S, Fang N, Wang K, Young B, Loewen C, Mayor T, Measday V. A role for the budding yeast separase, Esp1, in Ty1 element retrotransposition. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005109. [PMID: 25822502 PMCID: PMC4378997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Separase/Esp1 is a protease required at the onset of anaphase to cleave cohesin and thereby enable sister chromatid separation. Esp1 also promotes release of the Cdc14 phosphatase from the nucleolus to enable mitotic exit. To uncover other potential roles for separase, we performed two complementary genome-wide genetic interaction screens with a strain carrying the budding yeast esp1-1 separase mutation. We identified 161 genes that when mutated aggravate esp1-1 growth and 44 genes that upon increased dosage are detrimental to esp1-1 viability. In addition to the expected cell cycle and sister chromatid segregation genes that were identified, 24% of the genes identified in the esp1-1 genetic screens have a role in Ty1 element retrotransposition. Retrotransposons, like retroviruses, replicate through reverse transcription of an mRNA intermediate and the resultant cDNA product is integrated into the genome by a conserved transposon or retrovirus encoded integrase protein. We purified Esp1 from yeast and identified an interaction between Esp1 and Ty1 integrase using mass spectrometry that was subsequently confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation analysis. Ty1 transposon mobility and insertion upstream of the SUF16 tRNA gene are both reduced in an esp1-1 strain but increased in cohesin mutant strains. Securin/Pds1, which is required for efficient localization of Esp1 to the nucleus, is also required for efficient Ty1 transposition. We propose that Esp1 serves two roles to mediate Ty1 transposition - one to remove cohesin and the second to target Ty1-IN to chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystina L. Ho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Wine Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lina Ma
- Wine Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephanie Cheung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Wine Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Savrina Manhas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Wine Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nancy Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kaiqian Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Wine Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Barry Young
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher Loewen
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Thibault Mayor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vivien Measday
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Wine Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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41
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Elg1, a central player in genome stability. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2014; 763:267-79. [PMID: 25795125 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ELG1 is a conserved gene uncovered in a number of genetic screens in yeast aimed at identifying factors important in the maintenance of genome stability. Elg1's activity prevents gross chromosomal rearrangements, maintains proper telomere length regulation, helps repairing DNA damage created by a number of genotoxins and participates in sister chromatid cohesion. Elg1 is evolutionarily conserved, and its mammalian ortholog (also known as ATAD5) is embryonic lethal when lost in mice, acts as a tumor suppressor in mice and humans, exhibits physical interactions with components of the human Fanconi Anemia pathway and may be responsible for some of the phenotypes associated with neurofibromatosis. In this review, we summarize the information available on Elg1-related activities in yeast and mammals, and present models to explain how the different phenotypes observed in the absence of Elg1 activity are related.
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42
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Tapia-Alveal C, Lin SJ, Yeoh A, Jabado OJ, O'Connell MJ. H2A.Z-dependent regulation of cohesin dynamics on chromosome arms. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:2092-104. [PMID: 24687850 PMCID: PMC4019066 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00193-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) complexes and DNA topoisomerases are major determinants of chromosome structure and dynamics. The cohesin complex embraces sister chromatids throughout interphase, but during mitosis most cohesin is stripped from chromosome arms by early prophase, while the remaining cohesin at kinetochores is cleaved at anaphase. This two-step removal of cohesin is required for sister chromatids to separate. The cohesin-related Smc5/6 complex has been studied mostly as a determinant of DNA repair via homologous recombination. However, chromosome segregation fails in Smc5/6 null mutants or cells treated with small interfering RNAs. This also occurs in Smc5/6 hypomorphs in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe following genotoxic and replication stress, or topoisomerase II dysfunction, and these mitotic defects are due to the postanaphase retention of cohesin on chromosome arms. Here we show that mitotic and repair roles for Smc5/6 are genetically separable in S. pombe. Further, we identified the histone variant H2A.Z as a critical factor to modulate cohesin dynamics, and cells lacking H2A.Z suppress the mitotic defects conferred by Smc5/6 dysfunction. Together, H2A.Z and the SMC complexes ensure genome integrity through accurate chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tapia-Alveal
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Su-Jiun Lin
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aaron Yeoh
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Omar J. Jabado
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Matthew J. O'Connell
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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43
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Overexpression and constitutive nuclear localization of cohesin protease Separase protein correlates with high incidence of relapse and reduced overall survival in glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurooncol 2014; 119:27-35. [PMID: 24792645 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1458-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Separase, an enzyme that cleaves the chromosomal cohesin during mitosis, is overexpressed in a wide range of human epithelial cancers of breast, bone and prostate (Meyer et al., Clin Cancer Res 15(8):2703-2710, 2009). Overexpression of Separase in animal models results in aneuploidy and tumorigenesis. We have examined the expression and localization of Separase protein in adult and pediatric glioblastoma and normal brain specimens. Immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blot analysis showed significant overexpression of Separase in all adult and a subset of pediatric glioblastoma cells. Tumor status and patient survival strongly correlate with the mislocalization of Separase into the nucleus throughout all stages of the cell cycle. Unlike exclusively nuclear localization in mitotic control cells, glioblastoma samples have a significantly higher number of resting (interphase) cells with strong nuclear Separase staining. Additionally, patient survival analysis demonstrated a strong correlation between overexpression of Separase protein in adult glioblastoma and a high incidence of relapse and reduced overall survival. These results further strengthen our hypothesis that Separase is an oncogene whose overexpression induces tumorigenesis, and indicate that Separase overexpression and aberrant nuclear localization are common in many tumor types and may predict outcome in some human malignancies.
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44
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Covo S, Puccia CM, Argueso JL, Gordenin DA, Resnick MA. The sister chromatid cohesion pathway suppresses multiple chromosome gain and chromosome amplification. Genetics 2014; 196:373-84. [PMID: 24298060 PMCID: PMC3914611 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.113.159202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gain or loss of chromosomes resulting in aneuploidy can be important factors in cancer and adaptive evolution. Although chromosome gain is a frequent event in eukaryotes, there is limited information on its genetic control. Here we measured the rates of chromosome gain in wild-type yeast and sister chromatid cohesion (SCC) compromised strains. SCC tethers the newly replicated chromatids until anaphase via the cohesin complex. Chromosome gain was measured by selecting and characterizing copper-resistant colonies that emerged due to increased copies of the metallothionein gene CUP1. Although all defective SCC diploid strains exhibited increased rates of chromosome gain, there were 15-fold differences between them. Of all mutants examined, a hypomorphic mutation at the cohesin complex caused the highest rate of chromosome gain while disruption of WPL1, an important regulator of SCC and chromosome condensation, resulted in the smallest increase in chromosome gain. In addition to defects in SCC, yeast cell type contributed significantly to chromosome gain, with the greatest rates observed for homozygous mating-type diploids, followed by heterozygous mating type, and smallest in haploids. In fact, wpl1-deficient haploids did not show any difference in chromosome gain rates compared to wild-type haploids. Genomic analysis of copper-resistant colonies revealed that the "driver" chromosome for which selection was applied could be amplified to over five copies per diploid cell. In addition, an increase in the expected driver chromosome was often accompanied by a gain of a small number of other chromosomes. We suggest that while chromosome gain due to SCC malfunction can have negative effects through gene imbalance, it could also facilitate opportunities for adaptive changes. In multicellular organisms, both factors could lead to somatic diseases including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shay Covo
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Christopher M. Puccia
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Juan Lucas Argueso
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Dmitry A. Gordenin
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Michael A. Resnick
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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45
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D'Ambrosio LM, Lavoie BD. Pds5 prevents the PolySUMO-dependent separation of sister chromatids. Curr Biol 2014; 24:361-71. [PMID: 24485833 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The establishment, maintenance, and dissolution of sister chromatid cohesion are sequentially coordinated during the cell cycle to ensure faithful chromosome transmission. This cell-cycle-dependent regulation of cohesion is mediated, in part, by distinct posttranslational modifications of cohesin, a protein complex consisting of the Smc1-Smc3 ATPase, the Mcd1/Scc1 α-kleisin, and Scc3. Although cohesion is established in S phase, cohesins are not sufficient to maintain cohesion as cells progress from G2 to the metaphase-to-anaphase transition. Rather, the cohesin-associated factor Pds5 is also required to keep sisters paired until anaphase onset. How Pds5 maintains cohesion at the molecular level and whether this maintenance involves the regulation of cohesin modifications remains to be defined. RESULTS In pds5 mutants, we find that Mcd1 is extensively SUMOylated and that premature sister separation requires Siz2-dependent polySUMOylation. Moreover, abrogation of Pds5 function promotes the proteasome-dependent degradation of Mcd1 and a significant loss of cohesin from chromatin independently of anaphase onset. We further demonstrate that inactivation of the Slx5-Slx8 SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase, required for targeting polySUMOylated factors for proteasome-mediated destruction, limits Mcd1 turnover and restores both cell growth and cohesion in metaphase cells defective for Pds5 function. CONCLUSIONS We propose that Pds5 maintains cohesion, at least in part, by antagonizing the polySUMO-dependent degradation of cohesin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M D'Ambrosio
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 4278, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Brigitte D Lavoie
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 4278, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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46
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Marston AL. Chromosome segregation in budding yeast: sister chromatid cohesion and related mechanisms. Genetics 2014; 196:31-63. [PMID: 24395824 PMCID: PMC3872193 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.112.145144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on budding yeast have exposed the highly conserved mechanisms by which duplicated chromosomes are evenly distributed to daughter cells at the metaphase-anaphase transition. The establishment of proteinaceous bridges between sister chromatids, a function provided by a ring-shaped complex known as cohesin, is central to accurate segregation. It is the destruction of this cohesin that triggers the segregation of chromosomes following their proper attachment to microtubules. Since it is irreversible, this process must be tightly controlled and driven to completion. Furthermore, during meiosis, modifications must be put in place to allow the segregation of maternal and paternal chromosomes in the first division for gamete formation. Here, I review the pioneering work from budding yeast that has led to a molecular understanding of the establishment and destruction of cohesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele L Marston
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, United Kingdom
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47
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Lindgren E, Hägg S, Giordano F, Björkegren J, Ström L. Inactivation of the budding yeast cohesin loader Scc2 alters gene expression both globally and in response to a single DNA double strand break. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:3645-58. [PMID: 25483075 PMCID: PMC4612677 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.964108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome integrity is fundamental for cell survival and cell cycle progression. Important mechanisms for keeping the genome intact are proper sister chromatid segregation, correct gene regulation and efficient repair of damaged DNA. Cohesin and its DNA loader, the Scc2/4 complex have been implicated in all these cellular actions. The gene regulation role has been described in several organisms. In yeast it has been suggested that the proteins in the cohesin network would effect transcription based on its role as insulator. More recently, data are emerging indicating direct roles for gene regulation also in yeast. Here we extend these studies by investigating whether the cohesin loader Scc2 is involved in regulation of gene expression. We performed global gene expression profiling in the absence and presence of DNA damage, in wild type and Scc2 deficient G2/M arrested cells, when it is known that Scc2 is important for DNA double strand break repair and formation of damage induced cohesion. We found that not only the DNA damage specific transcriptional response is distorted after inactivation of Scc2 but also the overall transcription profile. Interestingly, these alterations did not correlate with changes in cohesin binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Lindgren
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Hägg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden
- Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory; Department of Medical Sciences; Uppsala University; Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fosco Giordano
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Björkegren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Vascular Biology Unit; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Pathology and Forensic Medicine; University of Tartu; Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences; Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York, NY USA
| | - Lena Ström
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden
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48
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Schröder-Heurich B, Wieland B, Lavin MF, Schindler D, Dörk T. Protective role of RAD50 on chromatin bridges during abnormal cytokinesis. FASEB J 2013; 28:1331-41. [PMID: 24344331 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-236984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Faithful chromosome segregation is required for preserving genomic integrity. Failure of this process may entail chromatin bridges preventing normal cytokinesis. To test whether RAD50, a protein normally involved in DNA double-strand break repair, is involved in abnormal cytokinesis and formation of chromatin bridges, we used immunocytochemical and protein interaction assays. RAD50 localizes to chromatin bridges during aberrant cytokinesis and subsequent stages of the cell cycle, either decorating the entire bridge or focally accumulating at the midbody zone. Ionizing radiation led to an ∼4-fold increase in the rate of chromatin bridges in an ataxia telangiectatica mutated (ATM)-dependent manner in human RAD50-proficient fibroblasts but not in RAD50-deficient cells. Cells with a RAD50-positive chromatin bridge were able to continue cell cycling and to progress through S phase (44%), whereas RAD50 knockdown caused a deficiency in chromatin bridges as well as an ∼4-fold prolonged duration of mitosis. RAD50 colocalized and directly interacted with Aurora B kinase and phospho-histone H3, and Aurora B kinase inhibition led to a deficiency in RAD50-positive bridges. Based on these observations, we propose that RAD50 is a crucial factor for the stabilization and shielding of chromatin bridges. Our study provides evidence for a hitherto unknown role of RAD50 in abnormal cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Schröder-Heurich
- 1Hannover Medical School, Gynaecology Research Unit (OE 6411), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
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