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Ni M, Liu R, Luo W, Pu J, Wu S, Wang Z, Zhang J, Wang X, Ma Y. A comprehensive conceptual framework for signaling in-lake CO 2 through dissolved organic matter. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 264:122228. [PMID: 39142047 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Organic carbon (C) and CO2 pools are closely interactive in aquatic environments. While there are strong indications linking freshwater CO2 to dissolved organic matter (DOM), the specific mechanisms underlying their common pathways remain unclear. Here, we present an extensive investigation from 20 subtropical lakes in China, establishing a comprehensive conceptual framework for identifying CO2 drivers and retrieving CO2 magnitude through co-trajectories of DOM evolution. Based on this framework, we show that lake CO2 during wet period is constrained by a combination of biogeochemical processes, while photo-mineralization of activated aromatic compounds fuels CO2 during dry period. We clearly determine that biological degradation of DOM governs temporal variations in CO2 rather than terrestrial C inputs within the subtropical lakes. Specifically, our results identify a shared route for the uptake of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic compounds and CO2 by lakes. Using machine learning, in-lake CO2 levels are well modelled through DOM signaling regardless of varying CO2 mechanisms. This study unravels the mechanistic underpinnings of causal links between lake CO2 and DOM, with important implications for understanding obscure aquatic CO2 drivers amidst the ongoing impacts of global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maofei Ni
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Geography and Tourism, Chongqing Normal University, University Town, Shapingba District, Chongqing 401331, China; The Key Laboratory of GIS Application Research, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Weijun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Junbing Pu
- School of Geography and Tourism, Chongqing Normal University, University Town, Shapingba District, Chongqing 401331, China; Karst Research Team, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycle and Carbon Regulation of Mountain Ecosystem, School of Geography and Tourism, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 40133, China
| | - Shengjun Wu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266, Fangzheng Avenue, Shuitu High-tech Park, Beibei, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Zhikang Wang
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Chongqing Normal University, University Town, Shapingba District, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yongmei Ma
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266, Fangzheng Avenue, Shuitu High-tech Park, Beibei, Chongqing 400714, China.
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2
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He H, Liu Z, Li D, Liu X, Han Y, Sun H, Zhao M, Shao M, Shi L, Hao P, Lai C. Effects of carbon limitation and carbon fertilization on karst lake-reservoir productivity. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 261:122036. [PMID: 38981350 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen and phosphorus are universally recognized as limiting elements in the eutrophication processes affecting the majority of the world's lakes, reservoirs, and coastal ecosystems. However, despite extensive research spanning several decades, critical questions in eutrophication science remain unanswered. For example, there is still much to understand about the interactions between carbon limitation and ecosystem stability, and the availability of carbon components adds significant complexity to aquatic resource management. Mounting evidence suggests that aqueous CO2 could be a limiting factor, influencing the structure and succession of aquatic plant communities, especially in karstic lake and reservoir ecosystems. Moreover, the fertilization effect of aqueous CO2 has the potential to enhance carbon sequestration and phosphorus removal. Therefore, it is important to address these uncertainties to achieve multiple positive outcomes, including improved water quality and increased carbon sinks in karst lakes and reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Zaihua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guiyang 550081, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Dongli Li
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongqiang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hailong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Min Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Mingyu Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Liangxing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengyun Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chaowei Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guiyang 550081, China
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3
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Rose KC, Ferrer EM, Carpenter SR, Crowe SA, Donelan SC, Garçon VC, Grégoire M, Jane SF, Leavitt PR, Levin LA, Oschlies A, Breitburg D. Aquatic deoxygenation as a planetary boundary and key regulator of Earth system stability. Nat Ecol Evol 2024; 8:1400-1406. [PMID: 39009849 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-024-02448-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Planetary boundaries represent thresholds in major Earth system processes that are sensitive to human activity and control global-scale habitability and stability. These processes are interconnected such that movement of one planetary boundary process can alter the likelihood of crossing other boundaries. Here we argue that the observed deoxygenation of the Earth's freshwater and marine ecosystems represents an additional planetary boundary process that is critical to the integrity of Earth's ecological and social systems, and both regulates and responds to ongoing changes in other planetary boundary processes. Research on the rapid and ongoing deoxygenation of Earth's aquatic habitats indicates that relevant, critical oxygen thresholds are being approached at rates comparable to other planetary boundary processes. Concerted global monitoring, research and policy efforts are needed to address the challenges brought on by rapid deoxygenation, and the expansion of the planetary boundaries framework to include deoxygenation as a boundary helps to focus those efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
| | - Erica M Ferrer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
- Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Sean A Crowe
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sarah C Donelan
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA, USA
| | - Véronique C Garçon
- CNRS-Laboratoire d'Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales, Toulouse, France
- CNRS - Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marilaure Grégoire
- MAST-FOCUS, Department of Astrophysics, Geophysics and Oceanography, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Stephen F Jane
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Peter R Leavitt
- Institute of Environmental Change and Society, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Lisa A Levin
- Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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4
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Kai J, Wang J, Ju J, Huang L, Daut G, Zhu L. High thermodynamical sensitivity of CO 2 emissions from a large oligotrophic-hardwater lake (Nam Co) on the Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 947:174682. [PMID: 39002583 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
The Tibetan Plateau (TP) has the world's largest distribution of high-alpine and saline (generally hardwater) lakes, which are expected to affect regional carbon cycling profoundly. However, the variability, and especially underlying factors controlling CO2 dynamics, across widespread hardwater lakes is poorly understood on the TP. Here, we present year-round records of surface water pCO2 from a representative hardwater lake (Nam Co) on the TP, and analyze relationships between ambient variables and pCO2 during open water (i.e., ice-free) and ice-covered months. Surface pCO2 (233.3 μatm on average) was a little oversaturated to atmosphere (219 μatm on average) during the open water season. As a CO2 source, Nam Co emitted 8.73 ± 1.06 Gg C annually, but this flux only accounted for 0.53 ± 0.06 ‰ of its total dissolved inorganic carbon pool (1.64 × 1013 g C). Regression results indicate that, during open water months, both seasonal and diurnal varying patterns of surface pCO2 were influenced predominantly by water temperature, in a quasi-marine mode, by controlling gas solubility and dissolved carbonate equilibria. Therefore, CO2 evasion was elevated during summer months, despite the lake being autotrophic (i.e., CO2 consumption via photosynthesis). By contrast, during ice-covered months the surface pCO2 was strongly related to under-ice thermodynamics, and declined nonlinear with increased inversed stratification. In the hypolimnion, as a result of extremely weak metabolism (as indicated by low dissolved oxygen depletion rates) and a combined high carbonate buffering effect, accumulation of CO2 was negligible, leading to an absence of peak effluxes of CO2 during turnover periods, compared to eutrophic freshwater lakes. We argue that, under future global warming scenarios, consideration of the impact of gradually warming lake water on thermodynamics and dissolved carbonate equilibria are vital in order to understand the future CO2 dynamics of these widespread high-altitude oligotrophic-hardwater lakes situated across the TP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlei Kai
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Nam Co Observation and Research Station (NAMORS), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Junbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Nam Co Observation and Research Station (NAMORS), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Jianting Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Nam Co Observation and Research Station (NAMORS), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Nam Co Observation and Research Station (NAMORS), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Gerhard Daut
- Physical Geography, Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany
| | - Liping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Nam Co Observation and Research Station (NAMORS), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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5
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Liu X, Li X, Shi F, Wang Z, Liu M, Zhang X, Zhang Z. Thermal structure regulates the dynamics of carbon dioxide flux in alpine saline lake on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 931:172700. [PMID: 38657815 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Thermal stratification and mixing play important roles in the physicochemical composition of lakes and affect the geochemical cycle. However, the regulation of lake carbon exchange at the water-air interface by seasonal thermal structures remains unclear, especially for alpine saline lake on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). Based on continuous field sampling, carbon dioxide flux (FCO2) at the water-air interface in Qinghai Lake during the ice-free period was quantitatively analyzed by thin boundary layer model, as well as the driving factors of the change in FCO2 at the water-air interface. The findings revealed that the FCO2 was -22.16 ± 11.73 mmol m-2d-1 during the stratification period, and - 45.32 ± 29.67 mmol m-2d-1 during the mixing period. We found that thermal stratification limits the matter-energy exchange between the upper and bottom water columns, and carbonate precipitation results in a higher FCO2 than during mixing stage. However, the mixing process reduces the limiting effect of thermal stratification. During the carbonate process, water with higher salinity and pH at the bottom of the water column enters the upper part of the water column, reducing the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in the water column and causing the absorption of CO2 by the lake. Thermal stratification affects the vertical material-energy exchange and atmospheric CO2 uptake of lake. The present study further explains the possible underlying regulation of CO2 uptake in saline lake on the QTP involving the varied thermal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810016, China; College of Geographical Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810016, China.
| | - Fangzhong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Research and Development Center for Watershed Environmental Eco-Engineering, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519085, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Menglin Liu
- College of Geographical Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhanfei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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6
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Lai C, Liu Z, Yu Q, Sun H, Xia F, He X, Ma Z, Han Y, Liu X, Hao P, Bao Q, Shao M, He H. Control of carbon dioxide exchange fluxes by rainfall and biological carbon pump in karst river-lake systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 937:173486. [PMID: 38796009 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
As an important component of inland water, the primary factors affecting the carbon cycle in karst river-lake systems require further investigation. In particular, the impacts of climatic factors and the biological carbon pump (BCP) on carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange fluxes in karst rivers and lakes deserve considerable attention. Using quarterly sampling, field monitoring, and meteorological data collection, the spatiotemporal characteristics of CO2 exchange fluxes in Erhai Lake (a typical karst lake in Yunnan, SW China) and its inflow rivers were investigated and the primary influencing factors were analyzed. The average river CO2 exchange flux reached 346.80 mg m-2 h-1, compared to -6.93 mg m-2 h-1 for the lake. The carbon cycle in rivers was strongly influenced by land use within the basin; cultivated and construction land were the main contributors to organic carbon (OC) in the river (r = 0.66, p < 0.01) and the mineralization of OC was a major factor in CO2 oversaturation in most rivers (r = 0.76, p < 0.01). In addition, the BCP effect of aquatic plants and the high pH in karst river-lake systems enhance the ability of water body to absorb CO2, resulting in undersaturated CO2 levels in the lake. Notably, under rainfall regulation, riverine OC and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) flux inputs controlled the level of CO2 exchange fluxes in the lake (rOC = 0.78, p < 0.05; rDIC = 0.97, p < 0.01). We speculate that under future climate and human activity scenarios, the DIC and OC input from rivers may alleviate the CO2 limitation of BCP effects in karst eutrophication lakes, possibly enabling aquatic plants to convert more CO2 into OC for burial. The results of this research can help advance our understanding of CO2 emissions and absorption mechanisms in karst river-lake systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaowei Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, CAS, Guiyang 550081, China; School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zaihua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, CAS, Guiyang 550081, China.
| | - Qingchun Yu
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hailong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, CAS, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Fan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, CAS, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuejun He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, CAS, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, CAS, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Yongqiang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, CAS, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, CAS, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengyun Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, CAS, Guiyang 550081, China; School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qian Bao
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Mingyu Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, CAS, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Haibo He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, CAS, Guiyang 550081, China
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7
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Wen Z, Shang Y, Lyu L, Tao H, Liu G, Fang C, Li S, Song K. Re-estimating China's lake CO 2 flux considering spatiotemporal variability. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 19:100337. [PMID: 38107556 PMCID: PMC10724546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2023.100337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The spatiotemporal variability of lake partial carbon dioxide pressure (pCO2) introduces uncertainty into CO2 flux estimates at the lake water-air interface. Knowing the variation pattern of pCO2 is important for obtaining accurate global estimation. Here we examine seasonal and trophic variations in lake pCO2 based on 13 field campaigns conducted in Chinese lakes from 2017 to 2021. We found significant seasonal fluctuations in pCO2, with decreasing values as trophic states intensify within the same region. Saline lakes exhibit lower pCO2 levels than freshwater lakes. These pCO2 dynamics result in variable areal CO2 emissions, with lakes exhibiting different trophic states (oligotrophication > mesotrophication > eutrophication) and saline lakes differing from freshwater lakes (-23.1 ± 17.4 vs. 19.3 ± 18.3 mmol m-2 d-1). These spatiotemporal pCO2 variations complicate total CO2 emission estimations. Using area proportions of lakes with varying trophic states and salinity in China, we estimate China's lake CO2 flux at 8.07 Tg C yr-1. In future studies, the importance of accounting for lake salinity, seasonal dynamics, and trophic states must be noticed to enhance the accuracy of large-scale carbon emission estimates from lake ecosystems in the context of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidan Wen
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Yingxin Shang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Lili Lyu
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Hui Tao
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Ge Liu
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Chong Fang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Sijia Li
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Kaishan Song
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
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8
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Chan CN, Gushulak CAC, Leavitt PR, Logozzo LA, Finlay K, Bogard MJ. Experimental Ecosystem Eutrophication Causes Offsetting Effects on Emissions of CO 2, CH 4, and N 2O from Agricultural Reservoirs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7045-7055. [PMID: 38587903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Despite decades of research and management efforts, eutrophication remains a persistent threat to inland waters. As nutrient pollution intensifies in the coming decades, the implications for aquatic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are poorly defined, particularly the responses of individual GHGs: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). The biogeochemical controls of each gas can differ, making it difficult to predict the overall effect of nutrient pollution on the net radiative forcing of aquatic ecosystems. Here, we induced eutrophication of small nitrogen (N)-limited agricultural reservoirs and measured changes in diffusive GHG emissions within a before-after-control-impact (BACI) study design during June to September 2021. Each gas exhibited a unique response to 300% increases in primary production, with a shift from an overall CO2 source to a sink, a modest increase in N2O flux, and, unexpectedly, no significant change in CH4 emissions. The lack of net directional change in CO2-equivalent GHG emissions in fertilized reservoirs during the summer contrasts findings from empirical studies of eutrophic lakes. Our findings illustrate the difficulty in extrapolating among different sized ecosystems and suggest that forecast 2-fold increases in agricultural N fertilization by 2050 may not result in consistently elevated GHG emissions during summer, at least from small reservoirs in continental grassland regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Ngai Chan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Cale A C Gushulak
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
- Institute of Environmental Change and Society, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Peter R Leavitt
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
- Institute of Environmental Change and Society, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Laura A Logozzo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Kerri Finlay
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
- Institute of Environmental Change and Society, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Matthew J Bogard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
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9
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Jiang M, Xiao Q, Deng J, Zhang M, Zhang X, Hu C, Xiao W. Ecological water diversion activity changes the fate of carbon in a eutrophic lake. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 245:117959. [PMID: 38123047 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Lake eutrophication mitigation measures have been implemented by ecological water diversion, however, the responses of carbon cycle to the human-derived hydrologic process still remains unclear. With a famous river-to-lake water diversion activity at eutrophic Lake Taihu, we attempted to fill the knowledge gap with integrative field measurements (2011-2017) of gas carbon (CO2 and CH4) flux, including CO2-equivalent, and dissolved carbon (DOC and DIC) at water-receiving zone and reference zone. Overall, results showed the artificial water diversion activity increased gas carbon emissions. At water-receiving zone, total gas carbon (expressed as CO2-equivalent) emissions increased significantly due to the occurring of water diversion, with CO2 flux increasing from 9.31 ± 16.28 to 18.16 ± 12.96 mmol C m-2 d-1. Meanwhile, CH4 emissions at water-receiving zone (0.06 ± 0.05 mmol C m-2 d-1) was double of that at reference zone. Water diversion decreased DOC but increased DIC especially at inflowing river mouth. Temporal variability of carbon emissions and dissolved carbon were linked to water temperature, chlorophyll a, and nutrient, but less or negligible dependency on these environment variables were found with diversion occurring. Water diversion may increase gas carbon production via stimulating DOC mineralization with nutrient enrichment, which potentially contribute to increasing carbon emissions and decreasing DOC at the same time and the significant correlation between CO2 flux and CH4 flux. Our study provided new insights into carbon biogeochemical processes, which may help to predict carbon fate under hydrologic changes of lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minliang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Qitao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Jianming Deng
- Taihu Laboratory for Lake Ecosystem Research, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Mi Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- College of Ecology and the Environment, Joint Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Wei Xiao
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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10
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Soued C, Bogard MJ, Finlay K, Bortolotti LE, Leavitt PR, Badiou P, Knox SH, Jensen S, Mueller P, Lee SC, Ng D, Wissel B, Chan CN, Page B, Kowal P. Salinity causes widespread restriction of methane emissions from small inland waters. Nat Commun 2024; 15:717. [PMID: 38267478 PMCID: PMC10808391 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44715-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Inland waters are one of the largest natural sources of methane (CH4), a potent greenhouse gas, but emissions models and estimates were developed for solute-poor ecosystems and may not apply to salt-rich inland waters. Here we combine field surveys and eddy covariance measurements to show that salinity constrains microbial CH4 cycling through complex mechanisms, restricting aquatic emissions from one of the largest global hardwater regions (the Canadian Prairies). Existing models overestimated CH4 emissions from ponds and wetlands by up to several orders of magnitude, with discrepancies linked to salinity. While not significant for rivers and larger lakes, salinity interacted with organic matter availability to shape CH4 patterns in small lentic habitats. We estimate that excluding salinity leads to overestimation of emissions from small Canadian Prairie waterbodies by at least 81% ( ~ 1 Tg yr-1 CO2 equivalent), a quantity comparable to other major national emissions sources. Our findings are consistent with patterns in other hardwater landscapes, likely leading to an overestimation of global lentic CH4 emissions. Widespread salinization of inland waters may impact CH4 cycling and should be considered in future projections of aquatic emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Soued
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Matthew J Bogard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.
| | - Kerri Finlay
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada
- Institute of Environmental Change and Society, University of Regina, S4S 0A2, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Lauren E Bortolotti
- Institute for Wetland & Waterfowl Research, Ducks Unlimited Canada, PO Box 1160, R0C 2Z0, Stonewall, MB, Canada
| | - Peter R Leavitt
- Institute of Environmental Change and Society, University of Regina, S4S 0A2, Regina, SK, Canada
- Limnology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Pascal Badiou
- Institute for Wetland & Waterfowl Research, Ducks Unlimited Canada, PO Box 1160, R0C 2Z0, Stonewall, MB, Canada
| | - Sara H Knox
- Department of Geography, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sydney Jensen
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Peka Mueller
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Sung Ching Lee
- Department of Geography, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Darian Ng
- Department of Geography, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Björn Wissel
- Institute of Environmental Change and Society, University of Regina, S4S 0A2, Regina, SK, Canada
- LEHNA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622, Villeurbanne, Cedex, France
| | - Chun Ngai Chan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Bryan Page
- Institute for Wetland & Waterfowl Research, Ducks Unlimited Canada, PO Box 1160, R0C 2Z0, Stonewall, MB, Canada
| | - Paige Kowal
- Institute for Wetland & Waterfowl Research, Ducks Unlimited Canada, PO Box 1160, R0C 2Z0, Stonewall, MB, Canada
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11
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Liao Y, Xiao Q, Li Y, Yang C, Li J, Duan H. Salinity is an important factor in carbon emissions from an inland lake in arid region. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167721. [PMID: 37832686 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Saline lakes, serving as the ultimate destination for most hydrological systems, accumulate substantial amounts of nutrients and organic matter from basins, and act as vast carbon reservoirs. These lakes exhibit exceptionally active biogeochemical cycling processes of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), and constitute integral components of the global carbon cycle. However, understanding of greenhouse gas emissions from saline lakes remains unclear mostly due to scarce data. In this study, we obtained CO2 and CH4 diffusive fluxes and biogeochemical parameters during ice-free period of 2021 at Bosten Lake, which is a representative inland saline lake located in China's arid region. Results revealed that Bosten Lake was a significant source of atmospheric gas carbon emissions, with average diffusion emissions of 12.645 ± 3.475 mmol m-2 d-1 for CO2 and 0.279 ± 0.069 mmol m-2 d-1 for CH4. Temporally, field measurements found a positive correlation between conductivity (Spc, a proxy of salinity) and CO2 emissions (R2 = 0.50, p < 0.01). Furthermore, the CH4 diffusive fluxes increased with the trophic state index (TSI, R2 = 0.31, p < 0.01). Spatially, exogenous inputs led to the spatial heterogeneity of carbon emissions. Our results highlighted that temporal variations in salinity constitute a crucial factor influencing CO2 emissions, and the saline lake has greater global warming potential compared to freshwater. The study provides an in-depth analysis of greenhouse gas emissions and driving factors in saline lakes of arid regions, and supports a further understanding of the carbon cycle in different types of lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanshan Liao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China; Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Qitao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Yimin Li
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China; Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Chen Yang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China; Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Junli Li
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Hongtao Duan
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China; Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 211135, China.
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12
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Xiao Q, Xiao W, Luo J, Qiu Y, Hu C, Zhang M, Qi T, Duan H. Management actions mitigate the risk of carbon dioxide emissions from urban lakes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 344:118626. [PMID: 37453296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Lakes are recognized as important sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, which vary greatly across land use type. However, CO2 emissions from lakes in urban landscapes are generally overlooked despite their daily connections to human activity. Furthermore, the role of management actions in CO2 emissions remained unclear mostly because of the lack of long-term observations. Here, the CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) from two urban lakes (Lake Wuli and Lake Donghu) in eastern China were investigated based on 16-year (2002-2017) field measurements. This long-term measurements showed the annual mean pCO2 were 1150 ± 612 μatm for Lake Wuli and 1143 ± 887 μatm for Lake Donghu, with corresponding estimated flux of 21.12 ± 19.60 mmol m-2 d-1 and 16.42 ± 20.39 mmol m-2 d-1, respectively. This indicates significant CO2 evasion into the atmosphere. Strong links between CO2 and human-derived nutrients (e.g., ammonium) and dissolved organic carbon, dissolved oxygen, and trophic state index were found. Although pCO2 was relatively uniform across sites and seasons in each lake, substantial inter-annual variability with significant decreasing trends were found. The decrease in annual CO2 can be partly explained by the reduction of pollutant loadings with management actions, which held the hypotheses that management actions mitigated the CO2 emission risks. Overall, management actions (e.g., ecological restoration and municipal engineering) should be considered for better understanding the roles of anthropogenic aquatic ecosystems in carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qitao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Juhua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 211135, China
| | - Yinguo Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Joint Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Mi Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Tianci Qi
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Hongtao Duan
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 211135, China.
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13
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Gao S, Huang G, Zhang P, Xin X, Yin J, Han D, Song T, Rosendahl S, Read S. Rethinking the effects of micro/nanoplastics from the global environmental change and systematic perspective: An aquatic environmental system-based comprehensive assessment approach of micro/nanoplastic impacts. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131695. [PMID: 37257375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The study on micro/nanoplastic pollution should embrace complexity. Here, we aim to develop an aquatic environmental system-based comprehensive assessment approach of micro/nanoplastic impacts (ACAM) to evaluate the effects of micro/nanoplastics on aquatic ecosystems from the global environmental change (GEC) and systematic perspective. A case study for freshwater systems in Saskatchewan, Canada was conducted to evaluate the comprehensive effects of multiple GEC factors (polystyrene-nanoplastics (PS-NPs), N, P, salinity, dissolved organic matter (DOM), pH, hardness) on Asterococcus superbus based on ten ecologically relevant endpoints. It is found that at the cellular level, PS-NPs and N had an antagonistic interaction on microalgal growth in the Saskatchewan freshwater ecosystem; at the molecular level, the PS-NP-induced changes in lipid composition in microalgae were regulated by P, DOM, and pH. The significance ranking of factor effects suggested that instead of PS-NPs pollution, the fluctuations in pH level, DOM and N concentrations should be paid attention to first in Saskatchewan. Under the combined impact of PS-NPs and other GEC factors, microalgae at station 14 (Qu'Appelle River near highway 56) might have the minimum growth rate with [-0.048, 0.094] d-1 in Saskatchewan. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of the developed ACAM in a more comprehensive and context-specific assessment of MNP risks, providing new insight for the management of MNP pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sichen Gao
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Gordon Huang
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Xiaying Xin
- Department of Civil Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3Z6, Canada
| | - Jianan Yin
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Dengcheng Han
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Tangnyu Song
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Scott Rosendahl
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Stuart Read
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2V3, Canada
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14
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Huang J, Yang J, Han M, Wang B, Sun X, Jiang H. Microbial carbon fixation and its influencing factors in saline lake water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 877:162922. [PMID: 36933719 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbial carbon fixation in saline lakes constitutes an important part of the global lacustrine carbon budget. However, the microbial inorganic carbon uptake rates in saline lake water and its influencing factors are still not fully understood. Here, we studied in situ microbial carbon uptake rates under light-dependent and dark conditions in the saline water of Qinghai Lake using a carbon isotopic labeling (14C-bicarbonate) technique, followed by geochemical and microbial analyses. The results showed that the light-dependent inorganic carbon uptake rates were 135.17-293.02 μg C L-1 h-1 during the summer cruise, while dark inorganic carbon uptake rates ranged from 4.27 to 14.10 μg C L-1 h-1. Photoautotrophic prokaryotes and algae (e.g. Oxyphotobacteria, Chlorophyta, Cryptophyta and Ochrophyta) may be the major contributors to light-dependent carbon fixation processes. Microbial inorganic carbon uptake rates were mainly influenced by the level of nutrients (e.g., ammonium, dissolved inorganic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, total nitrogen), with dissolved inorganic carbon content being predominant. Environmental and microbial factors jointly regulate the total, light-dependent and dark inorganic carbon uptake rates in the studied saline lake water. In summary, microbial light-dependent and dark carbon fixation processes are active and contribute significantly to carbon sequestration in saline lake water. Therefore, more attention should be given to microbial carbon fixation and its response to climate and environmental changes of the lake carbon cycle in the context of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Mingxian Han
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Beichen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaoxi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hongchen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Geology and Environment of Salt Lakes, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China.
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15
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Chan CN, Bogard MJ, Ma FC, Ip YC, Liu B, Chen S, Ran L. CO 2 dynamics in a small and old subtropical reservoir in East Asia: Environmental controls driving seasonal and spatial variability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159047. [PMID: 36174694 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Inland waters have been increasingly viewed as hotspots for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions owing to their strong capability to intercept and mineralize carbon from the terrestrial environment. Although small waterbodies in humid subtropical climates have the potential to emit considerable amounts of GHG, their emission patterns have remained understudied. This study involved intensive measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from a small reservoir and its upstream and downstream reaches located in subtropical Hong Kong. Our results revealed that a variety of metabolic, hydrological, and hydrochemical processes play a critical role in regulating its CO2 dynamics. The reservoir was an overall source of CO2 to the atmosphere with an average areal flux of 24.6 mmol m-2 d-1, and it occasionally functioned as a sink for atmospheric CO2 under intense solar radiation when primary productivity was high. This flux is on the low side relative to that of global (sub)tropical reservoirs, which was likely attributable to the prolonged history of the reservoir (>150 years) and the occasional undersaturation of CO2 in the water column. We also noticed pronounced differences in the underlying controls of CO2 dynamics between the reservoir and its upstream and downstream reaches, emphasizing the importance of taking into account the distinct characteristics of both lentic and lotic waters when evaluating catchment-scale CO2 fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Ngai Chan
- Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Matthew J Bogard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Fong Ching Ma
- Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yu Ching Ip
- Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Boyi Liu
- Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lishan Ran
- Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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16
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Guo Y, Zhang Y, Ma N, Wang T, Yang D. Significant CO 2 sink over the Tibet's largest lake: Implication for carbon neutrality across the Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:156792. [PMID: 35738366 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the CO2 flux over Siling Co Lake, the largest lake in Tibet, was analyzed employing the eddy covariance observation from 26 April 2014 to 22 March 2015. The results showed that Siling Co Lake acts as a net sink of CO2 with annual absorption of 315.5 g C m-2 a-1. The inorganic processes might be the main reason of CO2 absorption in Siling Co Lake owing to its high pH as an endorheic lake. Therefore, it is essential to consider the carbon absorption of lakes when assessing the carbon sink function of the Tibetan Plateau (TP). There would be more carbon surplus on the TP when the carbon absorption by lakes is considered, which will greatly contribute to the realization of carbon neutralization across TP. This study highlights the need to strengthen the systematic observation of long-term series of CO2 flux in lakes on the TP, and further analyse the mechanism of CO2 exchange between lakes and the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Guo
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Yinsheng Zhang
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Daqing Yang
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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17
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Wang S, Gao Y, Jia J, Lu Y, Wang J, Ha X, Li Z, Sun K. Determining whether hydrological processes drive carbon source and sink conversion shifts in a large floodplain-lake system in China. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 224:119105. [PMID: 36122449 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lake carbon (C) cycling is a key component of the global C cycle and associated C source and sink processes. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange flux at the lake-air interface (Fc) are controlled by complex physical, chemical, and biological mechanisms. It would be instructively significant to determine whether hydrological processes drive conversion shifts between C sources and sinks in floodplain-lake systems. Findings from this study show that exogenous input and in situ metabolism related to photosynthesis, respiration, and organic matter degradation were the main driving mechanisms of CO2 absorption and release in a large floodplain-lake system (i.e., Lake Poyang). Moreover, the intense and frequent water-level fluctuations inherent to floodplain-lakes may also have a direct or indirect impact on C cycling processes and CO2 exchange rates in floodplain-lake systems via their effect on physical processes, inorganic C transport, in-situ metabolic processes. We confirmed the potential of C source and sink conversion in floodplain-lakes under hydrological fluctuations, and strengthen the understanding of driving mechanisms of C source and sink conversion in floodplain systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Junjie Jia
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xianrui Ha
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Zhaoxi Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Kun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
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18
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He H, Wang Y, Liu Z, Bao Q, Wei Y, Chen C, Sun H. Lake metabolic processes and their effects on the carbonate weathering CO 2 sink: Insights from diel variations in the hydrochemistry of a typical karst lake in SW China. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 222:118907. [PMID: 35944408 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The precipitation of carbonate minerals does not invariably result in CO2 emission to the atmosphere, because dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) can be partially utilized by terrestrial aquatic phototrophs, thus generating an autochthonous organic carbon (AOC) sink. However, little is known about the potential effects of this mechanism on carbon cycles in DIC-rich lakes, mainly due to the lack of detailed documentation of the related processes, which limits our ability to accurately evaluate and predict the magnitude of this carbon sink. We conducted field observations in Fuxian Lake, a large and representative karst lake in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, SW China. Continuous diel monitoring was conducted to quantitatively assess the coupled relationship between lake metabolism and DIC cycling and its influence on the carbonate weathering-related CO2 sink. We found that the diel physicochemical variations and isotopic characteristics were mainly controlled by the metabolism of aquatic phototrophs, evidenced by a significant relationship between net ecosystem production and diel DIC cycling, and demonstrating the significance of DIC fertilization in supporting high primary production in karst lakes. The data showed that a reduction in photosynthesis occurred in the afternoon of almost every day, which can be explained by the lower CO2/O2 ratio that increased the potential for the photorespiration of aquatic plants, thus reducing photosynthesis. We found that a net autotrophic ecosystem prevailed in Fuxian Lake, suggesting that the lake functions more as a sink than a source of atmospheric CO2. Considering carbonate weathering, the estimated AOC sink amounted to 650-704 t C km-2 yr-1, demonstrating both the potentially significant role of metabolism in lacustrine carbon cycling and the potential of the combination of photosynthesis and carbonate weathering for carbon sequestration. Our findings may help to quantitatively estimate the future impact of lake metabolism on carbon cycling, with implications for formulating management policies needed to regulate the magnitude of this carbon sink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 99 Lincheng West Road, Guiyang 550081, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Earth System Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | | | - Zaihua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 99 Lincheng West Road, Guiyang 550081, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Qian Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 99 Lincheng West Road, Guiyang 550081, China; Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest China of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 99 Lincheng West Road, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Chongying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 99 Lincheng West Road, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Hailong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 99 Lincheng West Road, Guiyang 550081, China
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19
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Li XY, Shi FZ, Ma YJ, Zhao SJ, Wei JQ. Significant winter CO 2 uptake by saline lakes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:2041-2052. [PMID: 34935251 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Direct measuring of CO2 flux remains challenging for global lakes. The traditional sampling and gas transfer models used to estimate lake CO2 fluxes are variable and uncertain, and ice-covered periods are often excluded from the annual carbon budget. Here, the first longtime (2013-2017) direct measurement of CO2 flux by eddy covariance system over the largest saline lake (Qinghai lake) in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) revealed that ice-covered period draws large amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere (-0.87 ± 0.38 g C m-2 d-1 ), a value more than twice the CO2 flux rate during the ice-free period (-0.41 ± 0.35 g C m-2 d-1 ). The total CO2 uptake by all saline lakes on the QTP was estimated to -10.28 ± 1.65 Tg C yr-1 , an equivalent to approximately one third of the net terrestrial ecosystems carbon sink in QTP. Our results indicate large sink for CO2 in winter is controlled by both seasonal hydrochemistry processes and lake ice absorption in saline lakes. This research also demonstrates decreasing CO2 uptake from the atmosphere by saline lakes on the QTP, which may turn carbon sinks to carbon sources with future warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Land Surface Processes and Ecological Conservation, Ministry of Education, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
- Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, P. R. China
| | - Fang-Zhong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Jun Ma
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shao-Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Qi Wei
- School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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20
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Han L, Li Y, Zou Y, Gao X, Gu Y, Wang L. Relationship between lake salinity and the climatic gradient in northeastern China and its implications for studying climate change. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 805:150403. [PMID: 34818812 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The rising temperatures, increased evaporation, and altered precipitation patterns associated with global warming pose threats to aquatic ecosystems, especially the salinization of lake water and changes in the terrestrial carbon budget. We studied a series of samples of catchment soils, surface sediments, and sediment cores from 51 lakes and reservoirs covering an extensive climatic range in northeastern China. Measurements included salinity indices (electrical conductivity and pH) and other physicochemical parameters, including magnetic properties and color (chroma). The results indicate that the occurrence of salt minerals and the salinity of the lake sediments are dominated by the arid climatic conditions of the region. This enabled us to develop climatic transfer functions between salinity, precipitation and evaporation, with potential applications in paleoclimatic research. As carbonates are the dominant salts in most of the studied lakes and reservoirs, past salinity variations are likely reflected by changes in HCO3- and CO32- concentrations, which provides the opportunity to study the response of water-CO2-carbonate interactions to climate change. Our findings emphasize the important role of alkaline lakes in carbon burial and carbon neutralization, in the context of ongoing global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Han
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Key Laboratory of Computational Geodynamics, College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Molecular Fossil Laboratory, Testing and Analysis Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Yumei Li
- Key Laboratory of Computational Geodynamics, College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Molecular Fossil Laboratory, Testing and Analysis Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China.
| | - Yafei Zou
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Earth System Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xinbo Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yongjian Gu
- Key Laboratory of Computational Geodynamics, College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Molecular Fossil Laboratory, Testing and Analysis Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Luo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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21
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Rodríguez‐Cardona BM, Wymore AS, Argerich A, Barnes RT, Bernal S, Brookshire ENJ, Coble AA, Dodds WK, Fazekas HM, Helton AM, Johnes PJ, Johnson SL, Jones JB, Kaushal SS, Kortelainen P, López‐Lloreda C, Spencer RGM, McDowell WH. Shifting stoichiometry: Long-term trends in stream-dissolved organic matter reveal altered C:N ratios due to history of atmospheric acid deposition. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:98-114. [PMID: 34706120 PMCID: PMC9297910 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) are important energy and nutrient sources for aquatic ecosystems. In many northern temperate, freshwater systems DOC has increased in the past 50 years. Less is known about how changes in DOC may vary across latitudes, and whether changes in DON track those of DOC. Here, we present long-term DOC and DON data from 74 streams distributed across seven sites in biomes ranging from the tropics to northern boreal forests with varying histories of atmospheric acid deposition. For each stream, we examined the temporal trends of DOC and DON concentrations and DOC:DON molar ratios. While some sites displayed consistent positive or negative trends in stream DOC and DON concentrations, changes in direction or magnitude were inconsistent at regional or local scales. DON trends did not always track those of DOC, though DOC:DON ratios increased over time for ~30% of streams. Our results indicate that the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool is experiencing fundamental changes due to the recovery from atmospheric acid deposition. Changes in DOC:DON stoichiometry point to a shifting energy-nutrient balance in many aquatic ecosystems. Sustained changes in the character of DOM can have major implications for stream metabolism, biogeochemical processes, food webs, and drinking water quality (including disinfection by-products). Understanding regional and global variation in DOC and DON concentrations is important for developing realistic models and watershed management protocols to effectively target mitigation efforts aimed at bringing DOM flux and nutrient enrichment under control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca M. Rodríguez‐Cardona
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNew HampshireUSA
- Département des sciences biologiquesUniversité du Québec à MontréalMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Adam S. Wymore
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNew HampshireUSA
| | - Alba Argerich
- School of Natural ResourcesUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Rebecca T. Barnes
- Environmental Studies ProgramColorado CollegeColorado SpringsColoradoUSA
| | - Susana Bernal
- Centre d’Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB‐CSIC)BlanesSpain
| | - E. N. Jack Brookshire
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental SciencesMontana State UniversityBozemanMontanaUSA
| | - Ashley A. Coble
- National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc.CorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Walter K. Dodds
- Division of BiologyKansas State UniversityManhattanKansasUSA
| | - Hannah M. Fazekas
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNew HampshireUSA
| | - Ashley M. Helton
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, and the Center for Environmental Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticutUSA
| | - Penny J. Johnes
- School of Geographical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Sherri L. Johnson
- USDA Forest ServicePacific Northwest Research StationCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Jeremy B. Jones
- Institute of Arctic Biology & Department of Biology and WildlifeUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAlaskaUSA
| | - Sujay S. Kaushal
- Department of GeologyUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA
| | | | - Carla López‐Lloreda
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNew HampshireUSA
- Department of Biological SciencesVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
| | - Robert G. M. Spencer
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric SciencesFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFloridaUSA
| | - William H. McDowell
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNew HampshireUSA
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22
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Li Z, Gao Y, Jia J, Sun K, Lyu S, Wang S, Lu Y, Wen X. Sediment carbon short-term response to water carbon content change in a large floodplain-lake system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:31497-31510. [PMID: 33608785 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
After carbon (C) enters a lake through surface runoff and atmospheric deposition, most of it, being influenced by the environmental conditions of the basin, is deposited into lake sediment, thus, becoming one of the most important C pools in the world. Therefore, it is critical to understand sediment response characteristics under the context of increasing C concentrations in lake water. Based on the changes of sediment C concentration at different depths in Poyang Lake, belonging to China's large floodplain-lake system, we revealed the sediment C short-term response characteristics to changes in lake water C concentrations as well as their associated impacting factors. We found that dissolved total carbon (DTC) concentrations increased by 25.78% in winter compared to spring, while total carbon (TC) sediment concentrations increased by only 4.37% during the corresponding period. Specifically, we found that there was a hysteresis effect in the response of sediment C to the increase of water C concentration in the short term. When DTC concentrations in water were below a threshold value (12.50 mg/L), sediment TC concentrations were generally maintained at approximately 5.79 mg/kg. We also believed that biological and environmental factors and sediment stratification characteristics collectively resulted in this sediment C hysteresis effect. Among these factors and characteristics, phytoplankton can affect sediment C response by changing C absorption and utilization in water or cause a synergistic effect along with environmental factors, which is the key link that causes this C sediment hysteresis effect to occur. Furthermore, we found that the combined effect of sediment C from different depths also resulted in a hysteresis effect in C deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxi Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Junjie Jia
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Sidan Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shuoyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xuefa Wen
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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23
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A Series of Data-Driven Hypotheses for Inferring Biogeochemical Conditions in Alkaline Lakes and Their Deposits Based on the Behavior of Mg and SiO2. MINERALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/min11020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline (pH > 8.5) lakes have been common features of Earth’s surface environments throughout its history and are currently among the most biologically productive environments on the planet. The chemistry of alkaline lakes favors the deposition of aluminum-poor magnesian clays (e.g., sepiolite, stevensite, and kerolite) whose chemistry and mineralogy may provide a useful record of the biogeochemistry of the lake waters from which they were precipitated. In this forward-looking review, we present six data-driven, testable hypotheses devoted to furthering our understanding of the biogeochemical conditions in paleolake waters based on the geochemical behavior of Mg and SiO2. In the development of these hypotheses, we bring together a compilation of modern lake water chemistry, recently published and new experimental data, and empirical, thermodynamic, and kinetic relationships developed from these data. We subdivide the hypotheses and supporting evidence into three categories: (1) interpreting paleolake chemistry from mineralogy; (2) interpreting the impact of diatoms on alkaline lake sedimentation; and (3) interpreting depositional mineralogy based on water chemistry. We demonstrate the need for further investigation by discussing evidence both for and against each hypothesis, which, in turn, highlights the gaps in our knowledge and the importance of furthering our understanding of the relevant geological and biological systems. The focused testing of these hypotheses against modern occurrences and the geologic record of alkaline lakes can have profound implications for the interpretation of the paleo-biogeochemistry and paleohabitability of these systems on Earth and beyond.
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24
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Ramey AM, Reeves AB, Drexler JZ, Ackerman JT, De La Cruz S, Lang AS, Leyson C, Link P, Prosser DJ, Robertson GJ, Wight J, Youk S, Spackman E, Pantin-Jackwood M, Poulson RL, Stallknecht DE. Influenza A viruses remain infectious for more than seven months in northern wetlands of North America. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201680. [PMID: 32901574 PMCID: PMC7542776 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this investigation, we used a combination of field- and laboratory-based approaches to assess if influenza A viruses (IAVs) shed by ducks could remain viable for extended periods in surface water within three wetland complexes of North America. In a field experiment, replicate filtered surface water samples inoculated with duck swabs were tested for IAVs upon collection and again after an overwintering period of approximately 6-7 months. Numerous IAVs were molecularly detected and isolated from these samples, including replicates maintained at wetland field sites in Alaska and Minnesota for 181-229 days. In a parallel laboratory experiment, we attempted to culture IAVs from filtered surface water samples inoculated with duck swabs from Minnesota each month during September 2018-April 2019 and found monthly declines in viral viability. In an experimental challenge study, we found that IAVs maintained in filtered surface water within wetlands of Alaska and Minnesota for 214 and 226 days, respectively, were infectious in a mallard model. Collectively, our results support surface waters of northern wetlands as a biologically important medium in which IAVs may be both transmitted and maintained, potentially serving as an environmental reservoir for infectious IAVs during the overwintering period of migratory birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Ramey
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Andrew B. Reeves
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Judith Z. Drexler
- US Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, 6000 J Street, Placer Hall, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA
| | - Joshua T. Ackerman
- US Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station, 800 Business Park Drive, Suite D, Dixon, CA 95620, USA
| | - Susan De La Cruz
- US Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Station, 350 N Akron Road, Building 19, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Andrew S. Lang
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Avenue, St John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Christina Leyson
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Paul Link
- Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, 2000 Quail Drive, Room 436, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Diann J. Prosser
- US Geological Survey Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 12100 Beech Forest Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Gregory J. Robertson
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 6 Bruce Street, Mount Pearl, Newfoundland, A1N 4T3, Canada
| | - Jordan Wight
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Avenue, St John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Sungsu Youk
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Erica Spackman
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Mary Pantin-Jackwood
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Poulson
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - David E. Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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25
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Bogard MJ, St-Gelais NF, Vachon D, del Giorgio PA. Patterns of Spring/Summer Open-Water Metabolism Across Boreal Lakes. Ecosystems 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-020-00487-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Huot Y, Brown CA, Potvin G, Antoniades D, Baulch HM, Beisner BE, Bélanger S, Brazeau S, Cabana H, Cardille JA, Del Giorgio PA, Gregory-Eaves I, Fortin MJ, Lang AS, Laurion I, Maranger R, Prairie YT, Rusak JA, Segura PA, Siron R, Smol JP, Vinebrooke RD, Walsh DA. The NSERC Canadian Lake Pulse Network: A national assessment of lake health providing science for water management in a changing climate. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 695:133668. [PMID: 31419692 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and quality of water resources vary dramatically across Canada, and human impacts such as land-use and climate changes are exacerbating uncertainties in water supply and security. At the national level, Canada has no enforceable standards for safe drinking water and no comprehensive water-monitoring program to provide detailed, timely reporting on the state of water resources. To provide Canada's first national assessment of lake health, the NSERC Canadian Lake Pulse Network was launched in 2016 as an academic-government research partnership. LakePulse uses traditional approaches for limnological monitoring as well as state-of-the-art methods in the fields of genomics, emerging contaminants, greenhouse gases, invasive pathogens, paleolimnology, spatial modelling, statistical analysis, and remote sensing. A coordinated sampling program of about 680 lakes together with historical archives and a geomatics analysis of over 80,000 lake watersheds are used to examine the extent to which lakes are being altered now and in the future, and how this impacts aquatic ecosystem services of societal importance. Herein we review the network context, objectives and methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Huot
- Département de géomatique appliquée, Université de Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie et en environnement aquatique (GRIL), Canada.
| | - Catherine A Brown
- Département de géomatique appliquée, Université de Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Geneviève Potvin
- Département de géomatique appliquée, Université de Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie et en environnement aquatique (GRIL), Canada
| | - Dermot Antoniades
- Département de géographie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Helen M Baulch
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 3H5, SK, Canada
| | - Beatrix E Beisner
- Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie et en environnement aquatique (GRIL), Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal H3C 3P8, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Bélanger
- Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, Groupe BORÉAS, Université du Québec à Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Brazeau
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, St-Hyacinthe J2S 7C6, QC, Canada
| | - Hubert Cabana
- Département de génie civil et de génie du bâtiment, Université de Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Jeffrey A Cardille
- Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie et en environnement aquatique (GRIL), Canada; Department of Natural Resource Sciences and McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal H9X 3V9, QC, Canada
| | - Paul A Del Giorgio
- Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie et en environnement aquatique (GRIL), Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal H3C 3P8, QC, Canada
| | - Irene Gregory-Eaves
- Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie et en environnement aquatique (GRIL), Canada; Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1B1, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Fortin
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3B2, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew S Lang
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's A1M 2A9, NL, Canada
| | - Isabelle Laurion
- Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie et en environnement aquatique (GRIL), Canada; Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Québec G1K 9A9, QC, Canada
| | - Roxane Maranger
- Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie et en environnement aquatique (GRIL), Canada; Département des sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yves T Prairie
- Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie et en environnement aquatique (GRIL), Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal H3C 3P8, QC, Canada
| | - James A Rusak
- Dorset Environmental Science Centre, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Dorset P0A 1E0, ON, Canada
| | - Pedro A Segura
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | | | - John P Smol
- Paleoecological Assessment and Research Laboratory (PEARL), Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, ON, Canada
| | - Rolf D Vinebrooke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centennial Centre of Interdisciplinary Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E9, AB, Canada
| | - David A Walsh
- Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie et en environnement aquatique (GRIL), Canada; Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal H4B 1R6, QC, Canada
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27
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Webb JR, Hayes NM, Simpson GL, Leavitt PR, Baulch HM, Finlay K. Widespread nitrous oxide undersaturation in farm waterbodies creates an unexpected greenhouse gas sink. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:9814-9819. [PMID: 31036633 PMCID: PMC6525509 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1820389116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen pollution and global eutrophication are predicted to increase nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from freshwater ecosystems. Surface waters within agricultural landscapes experience the full impact of these pressures and can contribute substantially to total landscape N2O emissions. However, N2O measurements to date have focused on flowing waters. Small artificial waterbodies remain greatly understudied in the context of agricultural N2O emissions. This study provides a regional analysis of N2O measurements in small (<0.01 km2) artificial reservoirs, of which an estimated 16 million exist globally. We show that 67% of reservoirs were N2O sinks (-12 to -2 μmol N2O⋅m-2⋅d-1) in Canada's largest agricultural area, despite their highly eutrophic status [99 ± 289 µg⋅L-1 chlorophyll-a (Chl-a)]. Generalized additive models indicated that in situ N2O concentrations were strongly and nonlinearly related to stratification strength and dissolved inorganic nitrogen content, with the lowest N2O levels under conditions of strong water column stability and high algal biomass. Predicted fluxes from previously published models based on lakes, reservoirs, and agricultural waters overestimated measured fluxes on average by 7- to 33-fold, challenging the widely held view that eutrophic N-enriched waters are sources of N2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie R Webb
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S0A2, Canada;
| | - Nicole M Hayes
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S0A2, Canada
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Gavin L Simpson
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S0A2, Canada
- Institute of Environmental Change and Society, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Peter R Leavitt
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S0A2, Canada
- Institute of Environmental Change and Society, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M Baulch
- School of Environment and Sustainability, Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N3H5, Canada
| | - Kerri Finlay
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S0A2, Canada
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Münzner K, Berggren M. In situ plankton community respiration measurements show low respiratory quotients in a eutrophic lake. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:1425-1435. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karla Münzner
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem ScienceLund University Lund Sweden
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Webb JR, Santos IR, Maher DT, Finlay K. The Importance of Aquatic Carbon Fluxes in Net Ecosystem Carbon Budgets: A Catchment-Scale Review. Ecosystems 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-018-0284-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bogard MJ, Finlay K, Waiser MJ, Tumber VP, Donald DB, Wiik E, Simpson GL, del Giorgio PA, Leavitt PR. Effects of experimental nitrogen fertilization on planktonic metabolism and CO2 flux in a hypereutrophic hardwater lake. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188652. [PMID: 29232381 PMCID: PMC5726645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hardwater lakes are common in human-dominated regions of the world and often experience pollution due to agricultural and urban effluent inputs of inorganic and organic nitrogen (N). Although these lakes are landscape hotspots for CO2 exchange and food web carbon (C) cycling, the effect of N enrichment on hardwater lake food web functioning and C cycling patterns remains unclear. Specifically, it is unknown if different eutrophication scenarios (e.g., modest non point vs. extreme point sources) yield consistent effects on auto- and heterotrophic C cycling, or how biotic responses interact with the inorganic C system to shape responses of air-water CO2 exchange. To address this uncertainty, we induced large metabolic gradients in the plankton community of a hypereutrophic hardwater Canadian prairie lake by adding N as urea (the most widely applied agricultural fertilizer) at loading rates of 0, 1, 3, 8 or 18 mg N L-1 week-1 to 3240-L, in-situ mesocosms. Over three separate 21-day experiments, all treatments of N dramatically increased phytoplankton biomass and gross primary production (GPP) two- to six-fold, but the effects of N on autotrophs plateaued at ~3 mg N L-1. Conversely, heterotrophic metabolism increased linearly with N fertilization over the full treatment range. In nearly all cases, N enhanced net planktonic uptake of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and increased the rate of CO2 influx, while planktonic heterotrophy and CO2 production only occurred in the highest N treatments late in each experiment, and even in these cases, enclosures continued to in-gas CO2. Chemical effects on CO2 through calcite precipitation were also observed, but similarly did not change the direction of net CO2 flux. Taken together, these results demonstrate that atmospheric exchange of CO2 in eutrophic hardwater lakes remains sensitive to increasing N loading and eutrophication, and that even modest levels of N pollution are capable of enhancing autotrophy and CO2 in-gassing in P-rich lake ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Bogard
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Kerri Finlay
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Marley J. Waiser
- Environment Canada, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Vijay P. Tumber
- Environment Canada, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Derek B. Donald
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Emma Wiik
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Gavin L. Simpson
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Paul A. del Giorgio
- Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Peter R. Leavitt
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Anderson NJ, Saros JE, Bullard JE, Cahoon SMP, McGowan S, Bagshaw EA, Barry CD, Bindler R, Burpee BT, Carrivick JL, Fowler RA, Fox AD, Fritz SC, Giles ME, Hamerlik L, Ingeman-Nielsen T, Law AC, Mernild SH, Northington RM, Osburn CL, Pla-Rabès S, Post E, Telling J, Stroud DA, Whiteford EJ, Yallop ML, Yde JC. The Arctic in the Twenty-First Century: Changing Biogeochemical Linkages across a Paraglacial Landscape of Greenland. Bioscience 2017; 67:118-133. [PMID: 28596614 PMCID: PMC5384161 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biw158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Kangerlussuaq area of southwest Greenland encompasses diverse ecological, geomorphic, and climate gradients that function over a range of spatial and temporal scales. Ecosystems range from the microbial communities on the ice sheet and moisture-stressed terrestrial vegetation (and their associated herbivores) to freshwater and oligosaline lakes. These ecosystems are linked by a dynamic glacio-fluvial-aeolian geomorphic system that transports water, geological material, organic carbon and nutrients from the glacier surface to adjacent terrestrial and aquatic systems. This paraglacial system is now subject to substantial change because of rapid regional warming since 2000. Here, we describe changes in the eco- and geomorphic systems at a range of timescales and explore rapid future change in the links that integrate these systems. We highlight the importance of cross-system subsidies at the landscape scale and, importantly, how these might change in the near future as the Arctic is expected to continue to warm.
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Affiliation(s)
- N John Anderson
- N. John Anderson is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Jasmine E. Saros, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Joanna E. Bullard, is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Sean M.P. Cahoon, was at the Department of Biology at Penn State University, in University Park, Pennsylvania. He is presently affiliated with the Environment and Natural Resources Institute at the University of Alaska Anchorage, AK. Suzanne McGowan is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Nottingham in Nottingham, UK. Elizabeth A. Bagshaw is affiliated with the Earth and Ocean Sciences at Cardiff University in Cardiff, UK. Christopher D. Barry, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at Queen's University in Belfast, UK. Richard Bindler is affiliated with the Department of Ecology and Environmental Science at Umeå University in Umeå, Sweden. Benjamin T. Burpee is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Jonathan L. Carrivick, is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Leeds in Leeds, UK. Rachel A. Fowler, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Anthony D. Fox is affiliated with the Department of Bioscience, at Aarhus University in Rønde, Denmark. Sherilyn C. Fritz is affiliated with the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, Nebraska. Madeleine E. Giles, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Essex in Colchester, UK. Ladislav Hamerlik, was affiliated with the Department of Biology and Ecology at Matthias Belius University in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. He is presently affiliated with the Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen is affiliated with the Department of Civil Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark in Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. Antonia C. Law is affiliated with the Department of Geography, Geology and the Environment at Keele University in Keele, UK. Sebastian H. Mernild is affiliated with the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway. He also has positions at Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway and Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Program, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile. Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway. Robert M. Northington is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Christopher L. Osburn is affiliated with the School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences at NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. Sergi Pla-Rabès is affiliated with the Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplications Forestals in Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain. Eric Post is affiliated with the Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology at the University of California in Davis, California. Jon Telling was affiliated with the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. He is presently affiliated with the School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, UK. David A. Stroud is affiliated with the UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee in Peterborough, UK. Erika J. Whiteford is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Marian L. Yallop is affiliated with the School of Biological Science, at University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. Jacob C. Yde is affiliated with the Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway
| | - Jasmine E Saros
- N. John Anderson is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Jasmine E. Saros, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Joanna E. Bullard, is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Sean M.P. Cahoon, was at the Department of Biology at Penn State University, in University Park, Pennsylvania. He is presently affiliated with the Environment and Natural Resources Institute at the University of Alaska Anchorage, AK. Suzanne McGowan is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Nottingham in Nottingham, UK. Elizabeth A. Bagshaw is affiliated with the Earth and Ocean Sciences at Cardiff University in Cardiff, UK. Christopher D. Barry, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at Queen's University in Belfast, UK. Richard Bindler is affiliated with the Department of Ecology and Environmental Science at Umeå University in Umeå, Sweden. Benjamin T. Burpee is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Jonathan L. Carrivick, is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Leeds in Leeds, UK. Rachel A. Fowler, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Anthony D. Fox is affiliated with the Department of Bioscience, at Aarhus University in Rønde, Denmark. Sherilyn C. Fritz is affiliated with the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, Nebraska. Madeleine E. Giles, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Essex in Colchester, UK. Ladislav Hamerlik, was affiliated with the Department of Biology and Ecology at Matthias Belius University in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. He is presently affiliated with the Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen is affiliated with the Department of Civil Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark in Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. Antonia C. Law is affiliated with the Department of Geography, Geology and the Environment at Keele University in Keele, UK. Sebastian H. Mernild is affiliated with the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway. He also has positions at Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway and Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Program, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile. Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway. Robert M. Northington is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Christopher L. Osburn is affiliated with the School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences at NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. Sergi Pla-Rabès is affiliated with the Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplications Forestals in Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain. Eric Post is affiliated with the Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology at the University of California in Davis, California. Jon Telling was affiliated with the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. He is presently affiliated with the School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, UK. David A. Stroud is affiliated with the UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee in Peterborough, UK. Erika J. Whiteford is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Marian L. Yallop is affiliated with the School of Biological Science, at University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. Jacob C. Yde is affiliated with the Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway
| | - Joanna E Bullard
- N. John Anderson is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Jasmine E. Saros, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Joanna E. Bullard, is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Sean M.P. Cahoon, was at the Department of Biology at Penn State University, in University Park, Pennsylvania. He is presently affiliated with the Environment and Natural Resources Institute at the University of Alaska Anchorage, AK. Suzanne McGowan is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Nottingham in Nottingham, UK. Elizabeth A. Bagshaw is affiliated with the Earth and Ocean Sciences at Cardiff University in Cardiff, UK. Christopher D. Barry, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at Queen's University in Belfast, UK. Richard Bindler is affiliated with the Department of Ecology and Environmental Science at Umeå University in Umeå, Sweden. Benjamin T. Burpee is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Jonathan L. Carrivick, is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Leeds in Leeds, UK. Rachel A. Fowler, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Anthony D. Fox is affiliated with the Department of Bioscience, at Aarhus University in Rønde, Denmark. Sherilyn C. Fritz is affiliated with the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, Nebraska. Madeleine E. Giles, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Essex in Colchester, UK. Ladislav Hamerlik, was affiliated with the Department of Biology and Ecology at Matthias Belius University in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. He is presently affiliated with the Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen is affiliated with the Department of Civil Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark in Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. Antonia C. Law is affiliated with the Department of Geography, Geology and the Environment at Keele University in Keele, UK. Sebastian H. Mernild is affiliated with the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway. He also has positions at Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway and Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Program, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile. Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway. Robert M. Northington is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Christopher L. Osburn is affiliated with the School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences at NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. Sergi Pla-Rabès is affiliated with the Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplications Forestals in Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain. Eric Post is affiliated with the Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology at the University of California in Davis, California. Jon Telling was affiliated with the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. He is presently affiliated with the School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, UK. David A. Stroud is affiliated with the UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee in Peterborough, UK. Erika J. Whiteford is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Marian L. Yallop is affiliated with the School of Biological Science, at University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. Jacob C. Yde is affiliated with the Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway
| | - Sean M P Cahoon
- N. John Anderson is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Jasmine E. Saros, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Joanna E. Bullard, is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Sean M.P. Cahoon, was at the Department of Biology at Penn State University, in University Park, Pennsylvania. He is presently affiliated with the Environment and Natural Resources Institute at the University of Alaska Anchorage, AK. Suzanne McGowan is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Nottingham in Nottingham, UK. Elizabeth A. Bagshaw is affiliated with the Earth and Ocean Sciences at Cardiff University in Cardiff, UK. Christopher D. Barry, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at Queen's University in Belfast, UK. Richard Bindler is affiliated with the Department of Ecology and Environmental Science at Umeå University in Umeå, Sweden. Benjamin T. Burpee is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Jonathan L. Carrivick, is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Leeds in Leeds, UK. Rachel A. Fowler, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Anthony D. Fox is affiliated with the Department of Bioscience, at Aarhus University in Rønde, Denmark. Sherilyn C. Fritz is affiliated with the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, Nebraska. Madeleine E. Giles, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Essex in Colchester, UK. Ladislav Hamerlik, was affiliated with the Department of Biology and Ecology at Matthias Belius University in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. He is presently affiliated with the Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen is affiliated with the Department of Civil Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark in Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. Antonia C. Law is affiliated with the Department of Geography, Geology and the Environment at Keele University in Keele, UK. Sebastian H. Mernild is affiliated with the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway. He also has positions at Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway and Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Program, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile. Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway. Robert M. Northington is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Christopher L. Osburn is affiliated with the School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences at NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. Sergi Pla-Rabès is affiliated with the Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplications Forestals in Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain. Eric Post is affiliated with the Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology at the University of California in Davis, California. Jon Telling was affiliated with the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. He is presently affiliated with the School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, UK. David A. Stroud is affiliated with the UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee in Peterborough, UK. Erika J. Whiteford is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Marian L. Yallop is affiliated with the School of Biological Science, at University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. Jacob C. Yde is affiliated with the Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway
| | - Suzanne McGowan
- N. John Anderson is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Jasmine E. Saros, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Joanna E. Bullard, is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Sean M.P. Cahoon, was at the Department of Biology at Penn State University, in University Park, Pennsylvania. He is presently affiliated with the Environment and Natural Resources Institute at the University of Alaska Anchorage, AK. Suzanne McGowan is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Nottingham in Nottingham, UK. Elizabeth A. Bagshaw is affiliated with the Earth and Ocean Sciences at Cardiff University in Cardiff, UK. Christopher D. Barry, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at Queen's University in Belfast, UK. Richard Bindler is affiliated with the Department of Ecology and Environmental Science at Umeå University in Umeå, Sweden. Benjamin T. Burpee is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Jonathan L. Carrivick, is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Leeds in Leeds, UK. Rachel A. Fowler, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Anthony D. Fox is affiliated with the Department of Bioscience, at Aarhus University in Rønde, Denmark. Sherilyn C. Fritz is affiliated with the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, Nebraska. Madeleine E. Giles, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Essex in Colchester, UK. Ladislav Hamerlik, was affiliated with the Department of Biology and Ecology at Matthias Belius University in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. He is presently affiliated with the Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen is affiliated with the Department of Civil Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark in Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. Antonia C. Law is affiliated with the Department of Geography, Geology and the Environment at Keele University in Keele, UK. Sebastian H. Mernild is affiliated with the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway. He also has positions at Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway and Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Program, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile. Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway. Robert M. Northington is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Christopher L. Osburn is affiliated with the School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences at NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. Sergi Pla-Rabès is affiliated with the Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplications Forestals in Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain. Eric Post is affiliated with the Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology at the University of California in Davis, California. Jon Telling was affiliated with the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. He is presently affiliated with the School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, UK. David A. Stroud is affiliated with the UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee in Peterborough, UK. Erika J. Whiteford is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Marian L. Yallop is affiliated with the School of Biological Science, at University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. Jacob C. Yde is affiliated with the Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway
| | - Elizabeth A Bagshaw
- N. John Anderson is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Jasmine E. Saros, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Joanna E. Bullard, is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Sean M.P. Cahoon, was at the Department of Biology at Penn State University, in University Park, Pennsylvania. He is presently affiliated with the Environment and Natural Resources Institute at the University of Alaska Anchorage, AK. Suzanne McGowan is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Nottingham in Nottingham, UK. Elizabeth A. Bagshaw is affiliated with the Earth and Ocean Sciences at Cardiff University in Cardiff, UK. Christopher D. Barry, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at Queen's University in Belfast, UK. Richard Bindler is affiliated with the Department of Ecology and Environmental Science at Umeå University in Umeå, Sweden. Benjamin T. Burpee is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Jonathan L. Carrivick, is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Leeds in Leeds, UK. Rachel A. Fowler, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Anthony D. Fox is affiliated with the Department of Bioscience, at Aarhus University in Rønde, Denmark. Sherilyn C. Fritz is affiliated with the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, Nebraska. Madeleine E. Giles, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Essex in Colchester, UK. Ladislav Hamerlik, was affiliated with the Department of Biology and Ecology at Matthias Belius University in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. He is presently affiliated with the Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen is affiliated with the Department of Civil Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark in Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. Antonia C. Law is affiliated with the Department of Geography, Geology and the Environment at Keele University in Keele, UK. Sebastian H. Mernild is affiliated with the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway. He also has positions at Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway and Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Program, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile. Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway. Robert M. Northington is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Christopher L. Osburn is affiliated with the School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences at NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. Sergi Pla-Rabès is affiliated with the Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplications Forestals in Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain. Eric Post is affiliated with the Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology at the University of California in Davis, California. Jon Telling was affiliated with the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. He is presently affiliated with the School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, UK. David A. Stroud is affiliated with the UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee in Peterborough, UK. Erika J. Whiteford is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Marian L. Yallop is affiliated with the School of Biological Science, at University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. Jacob C. Yde is affiliated with the Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway
| | - Christopher D Barry
- N. John Anderson is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Jasmine E. Saros, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Joanna E. Bullard, is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Sean M.P. Cahoon, was at the Department of Biology at Penn State University, in University Park, Pennsylvania. He is presently affiliated with the Environment and Natural Resources Institute at the University of Alaska Anchorage, AK. Suzanne McGowan is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Nottingham in Nottingham, UK. Elizabeth A. Bagshaw is affiliated with the Earth and Ocean Sciences at Cardiff University in Cardiff, UK. Christopher D. Barry, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at Queen's University in Belfast, UK. Richard Bindler is affiliated with the Department of Ecology and Environmental Science at Umeå University in Umeå, Sweden. Benjamin T. Burpee is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Jonathan L. Carrivick, is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Leeds in Leeds, UK. Rachel A. Fowler, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Anthony D. Fox is affiliated with the Department of Bioscience, at Aarhus University in Rønde, Denmark. Sherilyn C. Fritz is affiliated with the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, Nebraska. Madeleine E. Giles, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Essex in Colchester, UK. Ladislav Hamerlik, was affiliated with the Department of Biology and Ecology at Matthias Belius University in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. He is presently affiliated with the Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen is affiliated with the Department of Civil Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark in Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. Antonia C. Law is affiliated with the Department of Geography, Geology and the Environment at Keele University in Keele, UK. Sebastian H. Mernild is affiliated with the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway. He also has positions at Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway and Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Program, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile. Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway. Robert M. Northington is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Christopher L. Osburn is affiliated with the School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences at NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. Sergi Pla-Rabès is affiliated with the Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplications Forestals in Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain. Eric Post is affiliated with the Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology at the University of California in Davis, California. Jon Telling was affiliated with the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. He is presently affiliated with the School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, UK. David A. Stroud is affiliated with the UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee in Peterborough, UK. Erika J. Whiteford is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Marian L. Yallop is affiliated with the School of Biological Science, at University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. Jacob C. Yde is affiliated with the Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway
| | - Richard Bindler
- N. John Anderson is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Jasmine E. Saros, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Joanna E. Bullard, is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Sean M.P. Cahoon, was at the Department of Biology at Penn State University, in University Park, Pennsylvania. He is presently affiliated with the Environment and Natural Resources Institute at the University of Alaska Anchorage, AK. Suzanne McGowan is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Nottingham in Nottingham, UK. Elizabeth A. Bagshaw is affiliated with the Earth and Ocean Sciences at Cardiff University in Cardiff, UK. Christopher D. Barry, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at Queen's University in Belfast, UK. Richard Bindler is affiliated with the Department of Ecology and Environmental Science at Umeå University in Umeå, Sweden. Benjamin T. Burpee is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Jonathan L. Carrivick, is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Leeds in Leeds, UK. Rachel A. Fowler, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Anthony D. Fox is affiliated with the Department of Bioscience, at Aarhus University in Rønde, Denmark. Sherilyn C. Fritz is affiliated with the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, Nebraska. Madeleine E. Giles, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Essex in Colchester, UK. Ladislav Hamerlik, was affiliated with the Department of Biology and Ecology at Matthias Belius University in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. He is presently affiliated with the Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen is affiliated with the Department of Civil Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark in Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. Antonia C. Law is affiliated with the Department of Geography, Geology and the Environment at Keele University in Keele, UK. Sebastian H. Mernild is affiliated with the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway. He also has positions at Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway and Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Program, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile. Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway. Robert M. Northington is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Christopher L. Osburn is affiliated with the School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences at NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. Sergi Pla-Rabès is affiliated with the Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplications Forestals in Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain. Eric Post is affiliated with the Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology at the University of California in Davis, California. Jon Telling was affiliated with the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. He is presently affiliated with the School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, UK. David A. Stroud is affiliated with the UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee in Peterborough, UK. Erika J. Whiteford is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Marian L. Yallop is affiliated with the School of Biological Science, at University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. Jacob C. Yde is affiliated with the Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway
| | - Benjamin T Burpee
- N. John Anderson is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Jasmine E. Saros, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Joanna E. Bullard, is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Sean M.P. Cahoon, was at the Department of Biology at Penn State University, in University Park, Pennsylvania. He is presently affiliated with the Environment and Natural Resources Institute at the University of Alaska Anchorage, AK. Suzanne McGowan is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Nottingham in Nottingham, UK. Elizabeth A. Bagshaw is affiliated with the Earth and Ocean Sciences at Cardiff University in Cardiff, UK. Christopher D. Barry, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at Queen's University in Belfast, UK. Richard Bindler is affiliated with the Department of Ecology and Environmental Science at Umeå University in Umeå, Sweden. Benjamin T. Burpee is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Jonathan L. Carrivick, is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Leeds in Leeds, UK. Rachel A. Fowler, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Anthony D. Fox is affiliated with the Department of Bioscience, at Aarhus University in Rønde, Denmark. Sherilyn C. Fritz is affiliated with the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, Nebraska. Madeleine E. Giles, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Essex in Colchester, UK. Ladislav Hamerlik, was affiliated with the Department of Biology and Ecology at Matthias Belius University in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. He is presently affiliated with the Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen is affiliated with the Department of Civil Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark in Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. Antonia C. Law is affiliated with the Department of Geography, Geology and the Environment at Keele University in Keele, UK. Sebastian H. Mernild is affiliated with the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway. He also has positions at Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway and Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Program, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile. Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway. Robert M. Northington is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Christopher L. Osburn is affiliated with the School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences at NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. Sergi Pla-Rabès is affiliated with the Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplications Forestals in Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain. Eric Post is affiliated with the Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology at the University of California in Davis, California. Jon Telling was affiliated with the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. He is presently affiliated with the School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, UK. David A. Stroud is affiliated with the UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee in Peterborough, UK. Erika J. Whiteford is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Marian L. Yallop is affiliated with the School of Biological Science, at University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. Jacob C. Yde is affiliated with the Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway
| | - Jonathan L Carrivick
- N. John Anderson is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Jasmine E. Saros, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Joanna E. Bullard, is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Sean M.P. Cahoon, was at the Department of Biology at Penn State University, in University Park, Pennsylvania. He is presently affiliated with the Environment and Natural Resources Institute at the University of Alaska Anchorage, AK. Suzanne McGowan is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Nottingham in Nottingham, UK. Elizabeth A. Bagshaw is affiliated with the Earth and Ocean Sciences at Cardiff University in Cardiff, UK. Christopher D. Barry, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at Queen's University in Belfast, UK. Richard Bindler is affiliated with the Department of Ecology and Environmental Science at Umeå University in Umeå, Sweden. Benjamin T. Burpee is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Jonathan L. Carrivick, is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Leeds in Leeds, UK. Rachel A. Fowler, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Anthony D. Fox is affiliated with the Department of Bioscience, at Aarhus University in Rønde, Denmark. Sherilyn C. Fritz is affiliated with the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, Nebraska. Madeleine E. Giles, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Essex in Colchester, UK. Ladislav Hamerlik, was affiliated with the Department of Biology and Ecology at Matthias Belius University in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. He is presently affiliated with the Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen is affiliated with the Department of Civil Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark in Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. Antonia C. Law is affiliated with the Department of Geography, Geology and the Environment at Keele University in Keele, UK. Sebastian H. Mernild is affiliated with the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway. He also has positions at Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway and Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Program, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile. Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway. Robert M. Northington is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Christopher L. Osburn is affiliated with the School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences at NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. Sergi Pla-Rabès is affiliated with the Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplications Forestals in Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain. Eric Post is affiliated with the Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology at the University of California in Davis, California. Jon Telling was affiliated with the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. He is presently affiliated with the School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, UK. David A. Stroud is affiliated with the UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee in Peterborough, UK. Erika J. Whiteford is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Marian L. Yallop is affiliated with the School of Biological Science, at University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. Jacob C. Yde is affiliated with the Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway
| | - Rachel A Fowler
- N. John Anderson is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Jasmine E. Saros, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Joanna E. Bullard, is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Sean M.P. Cahoon, was at the Department of Biology at Penn State University, in University Park, Pennsylvania. He is presently affiliated with the Environment and Natural Resources Institute at the University of Alaska Anchorage, AK. Suzanne McGowan is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Nottingham in Nottingham, UK. Elizabeth A. Bagshaw is affiliated with the Earth and Ocean Sciences at Cardiff University in Cardiff, UK. Christopher D. Barry, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at Queen's University in Belfast, UK. Richard Bindler is affiliated with the Department of Ecology and Environmental Science at Umeå University in Umeå, Sweden. Benjamin T. Burpee is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Jonathan L. Carrivick, is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Leeds in Leeds, UK. Rachel A. Fowler, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Anthony D. Fox is affiliated with the Department of Bioscience, at Aarhus University in Rønde, Denmark. Sherilyn C. Fritz is affiliated with the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, Nebraska. Madeleine E. Giles, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Essex in Colchester, UK. Ladislav Hamerlik, was affiliated with the Department of Biology and Ecology at Matthias Belius University in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. He is presently affiliated with the Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen is affiliated with the Department of Civil Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark in Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. Antonia C. Law is affiliated with the Department of Geography, Geology and the Environment at Keele University in Keele, UK. Sebastian H. Mernild is affiliated with the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway. He also has positions at Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway and Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Program, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile. Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway. Robert M. Northington is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Christopher L. Osburn is affiliated with the School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences at NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. Sergi Pla-Rabès is affiliated with the Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplications Forestals in Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain. Eric Post is affiliated with the Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology at the University of California in Davis, California. Jon Telling was affiliated with the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. He is presently affiliated with the School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, UK. David A. Stroud is affiliated with the UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee in Peterborough, UK. Erika J. Whiteford is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Marian L. Yallop is affiliated with the School of Biological Science, at University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. Jacob C. Yde is affiliated with the Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway
| | - Anthony D Fox
- N. John Anderson is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Jasmine E. Saros, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Joanna E. Bullard, is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Sean M.P. Cahoon, was at the Department of Biology at Penn State University, in University Park, Pennsylvania. He is presently affiliated with the Environment and Natural Resources Institute at the University of Alaska Anchorage, AK. Suzanne McGowan is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Nottingham in Nottingham, UK. Elizabeth A. Bagshaw is affiliated with the Earth and Ocean Sciences at Cardiff University in Cardiff, UK. Christopher D. Barry, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at Queen's University in Belfast, UK. Richard Bindler is affiliated with the Department of Ecology and Environmental Science at Umeå University in Umeå, Sweden. Benjamin T. Burpee is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Jonathan L. Carrivick, is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Leeds in Leeds, UK. Rachel A. Fowler, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Anthony D. Fox is affiliated with the Department of Bioscience, at Aarhus University in Rønde, Denmark. Sherilyn C. Fritz is affiliated with the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, Nebraska. Madeleine E. Giles, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Essex in Colchester, UK. Ladislav Hamerlik, was affiliated with the Department of Biology and Ecology at Matthias Belius University in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. He is presently affiliated with the Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen is affiliated with the Department of Civil Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark in Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. Antonia C. Law is affiliated with the Department of Geography, Geology and the Environment at Keele University in Keele, UK. Sebastian H. Mernild is affiliated with the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway. He also has positions at Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway and Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Program, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile. Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway. Robert M. Northington is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Christopher L. Osburn is affiliated with the School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences at NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. Sergi Pla-Rabès is affiliated with the Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplications Forestals in Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain. Eric Post is affiliated with the Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology at the University of California in Davis, California. Jon Telling was affiliated with the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. He is presently affiliated with the School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, UK. David A. Stroud is affiliated with the UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee in Peterborough, UK. Erika J. Whiteford is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Marian L. Yallop is affiliated with the School of Biological Science, at University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. Jacob C. Yde is affiliated with the Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway
| | - Sherilyn C Fritz
- N. John Anderson is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Jasmine E. Saros, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Joanna E. Bullard, is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Sean M.P. Cahoon, was at the Department of Biology at Penn State University, in University Park, Pennsylvania. He is presently affiliated with the Environment and Natural Resources Institute at the University of Alaska Anchorage, AK. Suzanne McGowan is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Nottingham in Nottingham, UK. Elizabeth A. Bagshaw is affiliated with the Earth and Ocean Sciences at Cardiff University in Cardiff, UK. Christopher D. Barry, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at Queen's University in Belfast, UK. Richard Bindler is affiliated with the Department of Ecology and Environmental Science at Umeå University in Umeå, Sweden. Benjamin T. Burpee is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Jonathan L. Carrivick, is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Leeds in Leeds, UK. Rachel A. Fowler, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Anthony D. Fox is affiliated with the Department of Bioscience, at Aarhus University in Rønde, Denmark. Sherilyn C. Fritz is affiliated with the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, Nebraska. Madeleine E. Giles, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Essex in Colchester, UK. Ladislav Hamerlik, was affiliated with the Department of Biology and Ecology at Matthias Belius University in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. He is presently affiliated with the Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen is affiliated with the Department of Civil Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark in Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. Antonia C. Law is affiliated with the Department of Geography, Geology and the Environment at Keele University in Keele, UK. Sebastian H. Mernild is affiliated with the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway. He also has positions at Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway and Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Program, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile. Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway. Robert M. Northington is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Christopher L. Osburn is affiliated with the School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences at NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. Sergi Pla-Rabès is affiliated with the Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplications Forestals in Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain. Eric Post is affiliated with the Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology at the University of California in Davis, California. Jon Telling was affiliated with the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. He is presently affiliated with the School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, UK. David A. Stroud is affiliated with the UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee in Peterborough, UK. Erika J. Whiteford is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Marian L. Yallop is affiliated with the School of Biological Science, at University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. Jacob C. Yde is affiliated with the Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway
| | - Madeleine E Giles
- N. John Anderson is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Jasmine E. Saros, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Joanna E. Bullard, is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Sean M.P. Cahoon, was at the Department of Biology at Penn State University, in University Park, Pennsylvania. He is presently affiliated with the Environment and Natural Resources Institute at the University of Alaska Anchorage, AK. Suzanne McGowan is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Nottingham in Nottingham, UK. Elizabeth A. Bagshaw is affiliated with the Earth and Ocean Sciences at Cardiff University in Cardiff, UK. Christopher D. Barry, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at Queen's University in Belfast, UK. Richard Bindler is affiliated with the Department of Ecology and Environmental Science at Umeå University in Umeå, Sweden. Benjamin T. Burpee is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Jonathan L. Carrivick, is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Leeds in Leeds, UK. Rachel A. Fowler, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Anthony D. Fox is affiliated with the Department of Bioscience, at Aarhus University in Rønde, Denmark. Sherilyn C. Fritz is affiliated with the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, Nebraska. Madeleine E. Giles, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Essex in Colchester, UK. Ladislav Hamerlik, was affiliated with the Department of Biology and Ecology at Matthias Belius University in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. He is presently affiliated with the Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen is affiliated with the Department of Civil Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark in Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. Antonia C. Law is affiliated with the Department of Geography, Geology and the Environment at Keele University in Keele, UK. Sebastian H. Mernild is affiliated with the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway. He also has positions at Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway and Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Program, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile. Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway. Robert M. Northington is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Christopher L. Osburn is affiliated with the School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences at NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. Sergi Pla-Rabès is affiliated with the Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplications Forestals in Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain. Eric Post is affiliated with the Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology at the University of California in Davis, California. Jon Telling was affiliated with the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. He is presently affiliated with the School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, UK. David A. Stroud is affiliated with the UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee in Peterborough, UK. Erika J. Whiteford is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Marian L. Yallop is affiliated with the School of Biological Science, at University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. Jacob C. Yde is affiliated with the Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway
| | - Ladislav Hamerlik
- N. John Anderson is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Jasmine E. Saros, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Joanna E. Bullard, is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Sean M.P. Cahoon, was at the Department of Biology at Penn State University, in University Park, Pennsylvania. He is presently affiliated with the Environment and Natural Resources Institute at the University of Alaska Anchorage, AK. Suzanne McGowan is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Nottingham in Nottingham, UK. Elizabeth A. Bagshaw is affiliated with the Earth and Ocean Sciences at Cardiff University in Cardiff, UK. Christopher D. Barry, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at Queen's University in Belfast, UK. Richard Bindler is affiliated with the Department of Ecology and Environmental Science at Umeå University in Umeå, Sweden. Benjamin T. Burpee is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Jonathan L. Carrivick, is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Leeds in Leeds, UK. Rachel A. Fowler, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Anthony D. Fox is affiliated with the Department of Bioscience, at Aarhus University in Rønde, Denmark. Sherilyn C. Fritz is affiliated with the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, Nebraska. Madeleine E. Giles, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Essex in Colchester, UK. Ladislav Hamerlik, was affiliated with the Department of Biology and Ecology at Matthias Belius University in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. He is presently affiliated with the Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen is affiliated with the Department of Civil Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark in Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. Antonia C. Law is affiliated with the Department of Geography, Geology and the Environment at Keele University in Keele, UK. Sebastian H. Mernild is affiliated with the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway. He also has positions at Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway and Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Program, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile. Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway. Robert M. Northington is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Christopher L. Osburn is affiliated with the School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences at NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. Sergi Pla-Rabès is affiliated with the Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplications Forestals in Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain. Eric Post is affiliated with the Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology at the University of California in Davis, California. Jon Telling was affiliated with the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. He is presently affiliated with the School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, UK. David A. Stroud is affiliated with the UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee in Peterborough, UK. Erika J. Whiteford is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Marian L. Yallop is affiliated with the School of Biological Science, at University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. Jacob C. Yde is affiliated with the Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway
| | - Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen
- N. John Anderson is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Jasmine E. Saros, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Joanna E. Bullard, is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Sean M.P. Cahoon, was at the Department of Biology at Penn State University, in University Park, Pennsylvania. He is presently affiliated with the Environment and Natural Resources Institute at the University of Alaska Anchorage, AK. Suzanne McGowan is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Nottingham in Nottingham, UK. Elizabeth A. Bagshaw is affiliated with the Earth and Ocean Sciences at Cardiff University in Cardiff, UK. Christopher D. Barry, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at Queen's University in Belfast, UK. Richard Bindler is affiliated with the Department of Ecology and Environmental Science at Umeå University in Umeå, Sweden. Benjamin T. Burpee is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Jonathan L. Carrivick, is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Leeds in Leeds, UK. Rachel A. Fowler, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Anthony D. Fox is affiliated with the Department of Bioscience, at Aarhus University in Rønde, Denmark. Sherilyn C. Fritz is affiliated with the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, Nebraska. Madeleine E. Giles, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Essex in Colchester, UK. Ladislav Hamerlik, was affiliated with the Department of Biology and Ecology at Matthias Belius University in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. He is presently affiliated with the Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen is affiliated with the Department of Civil Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark in Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. Antonia C. Law is affiliated with the Department of Geography, Geology and the Environment at Keele University in Keele, UK. Sebastian H. Mernild is affiliated with the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway. He also has positions at Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway and Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Program, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile. Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway. Robert M. Northington is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Christopher L. Osburn is affiliated with the School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences at NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. Sergi Pla-Rabès is affiliated with the Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplications Forestals in Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain. Eric Post is affiliated with the Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology at the University of California in Davis, California. Jon Telling was affiliated with the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. He is presently affiliated with the School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, UK. David A. Stroud is affiliated with the UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee in Peterborough, UK. Erika J. Whiteford is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Marian L. Yallop is affiliated with the School of Biological Science, at University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. Jacob C. Yde is affiliated with the Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway
| | - Antonia C Law
- N. John Anderson is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Jasmine E. Saros, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Joanna E. Bullard, is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Sean M.P. Cahoon, was at the Department of Biology at Penn State University, in University Park, Pennsylvania. He is presently affiliated with the Environment and Natural Resources Institute at the University of Alaska Anchorage, AK. Suzanne McGowan is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Nottingham in Nottingham, UK. Elizabeth A. Bagshaw is affiliated with the Earth and Ocean Sciences at Cardiff University in Cardiff, UK. Christopher D. Barry, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at Queen's University in Belfast, UK. Richard Bindler is affiliated with the Department of Ecology and Environmental Science at Umeå University in Umeå, Sweden. Benjamin T. Burpee is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Jonathan L. Carrivick, is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Leeds in Leeds, UK. Rachel A. Fowler, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Anthony D. Fox is affiliated with the Department of Bioscience, at Aarhus University in Rønde, Denmark. Sherilyn C. Fritz is affiliated with the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, Nebraska. Madeleine E. Giles, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Essex in Colchester, UK. Ladislav Hamerlik, was affiliated with the Department of Biology and Ecology at Matthias Belius University in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. He is presently affiliated with the Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen is affiliated with the Department of Civil Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark in Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. Antonia C. Law is affiliated with the Department of Geography, Geology and the Environment at Keele University in Keele, UK. Sebastian H. Mernild is affiliated with the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway. He also has positions at Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway and Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Program, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile. Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway. Robert M. Northington is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Christopher L. Osburn is affiliated with the School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences at NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. Sergi Pla-Rabès is affiliated with the Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplications Forestals in Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain. Eric Post is affiliated with the Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology at the University of California in Davis, California. Jon Telling was affiliated with the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. He is presently affiliated with the School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, UK. David A. Stroud is affiliated with the UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee in Peterborough, UK. Erika J. Whiteford is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Marian L. Yallop is affiliated with the School of Biological Science, at University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. Jacob C. Yde is affiliated with the Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway
| | - Sebastian H Mernild
- N. John Anderson is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Jasmine E. Saros, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Joanna E. Bullard, is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Sean M.P. Cahoon, was at the Department of Biology at Penn State University, in University Park, Pennsylvania. He is presently affiliated with the Environment and Natural Resources Institute at the University of Alaska Anchorage, AK. Suzanne McGowan is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Nottingham in Nottingham, UK. Elizabeth A. Bagshaw is affiliated with the Earth and Ocean Sciences at Cardiff University in Cardiff, UK. Christopher D. Barry, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at Queen's University in Belfast, UK. Richard Bindler is affiliated with the Department of Ecology and Environmental Science at Umeå University in Umeå, Sweden. Benjamin T. Burpee is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Jonathan L. Carrivick, is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Leeds in Leeds, UK. Rachel A. Fowler, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Anthony D. Fox is affiliated with the Department of Bioscience, at Aarhus University in Rønde, Denmark. Sherilyn C. Fritz is affiliated with the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, Nebraska. Madeleine E. Giles, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Essex in Colchester, UK. Ladislav Hamerlik, was affiliated with the Department of Biology and Ecology at Matthias Belius University in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. He is presently affiliated with the Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen is affiliated with the Department of Civil Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark in Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. Antonia C. Law is affiliated with the Department of Geography, Geology and the Environment at Keele University in Keele, UK. Sebastian H. Mernild is affiliated with the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway. He also has positions at Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway and Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Program, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile. Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway. Robert M. Northington is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Christopher L. Osburn is affiliated with the School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences at NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. Sergi Pla-Rabès is affiliated with the Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplications Forestals in Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain. Eric Post is affiliated with the Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology at the University of California in Davis, California. Jon Telling was affiliated with the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. He is presently affiliated with the School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, UK. David A. Stroud is affiliated with the UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee in Peterborough, UK. Erika J. Whiteford is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Marian L. Yallop is affiliated with the School of Biological Science, at University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. Jacob C. Yde is affiliated with the Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway
| | - Robert M Northington
- N. John Anderson is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Jasmine E. Saros, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Joanna E. Bullard, is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Sean M.P. Cahoon, was at the Department of Biology at Penn State University, in University Park, Pennsylvania. He is presently affiliated with the Environment and Natural Resources Institute at the University of Alaska Anchorage, AK. Suzanne McGowan is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Nottingham in Nottingham, UK. Elizabeth A. Bagshaw is affiliated with the Earth and Ocean Sciences at Cardiff University in Cardiff, UK. Christopher D. Barry, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at Queen's University in Belfast, UK. Richard Bindler is affiliated with the Department of Ecology and Environmental Science at Umeå University in Umeå, Sweden. Benjamin T. Burpee is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Jonathan L. Carrivick, is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Leeds in Leeds, UK. Rachel A. Fowler, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Anthony D. Fox is affiliated with the Department of Bioscience, at Aarhus University in Rønde, Denmark. Sherilyn C. Fritz is affiliated with the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, Nebraska. Madeleine E. Giles, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Essex in Colchester, UK. Ladislav Hamerlik, was affiliated with the Department of Biology and Ecology at Matthias Belius University in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. He is presently affiliated with the Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen is affiliated with the Department of Civil Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark in Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. Antonia C. Law is affiliated with the Department of Geography, Geology and the Environment at Keele University in Keele, UK. Sebastian H. Mernild is affiliated with the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway. He also has positions at Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway and Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Program, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile. Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway. Robert M. Northington is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Christopher L. Osburn is affiliated with the School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences at NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. Sergi Pla-Rabès is affiliated with the Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplications Forestals in Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain. Eric Post is affiliated with the Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology at the University of California in Davis, California. Jon Telling was affiliated with the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. He is presently affiliated with the School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, UK. David A. Stroud is affiliated with the UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee in Peterborough, UK. Erika J. Whiteford is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Marian L. Yallop is affiliated with the School of Biological Science, at University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. Jacob C. Yde is affiliated with the Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway
| | - Christopher L Osburn
- N. John Anderson is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Jasmine E. Saros, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Joanna E. Bullard, is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Sean M.P. Cahoon, was at the Department of Biology at Penn State University, in University Park, Pennsylvania. He is presently affiliated with the Environment and Natural Resources Institute at the University of Alaska Anchorage, AK. Suzanne McGowan is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Nottingham in Nottingham, UK. Elizabeth A. Bagshaw is affiliated with the Earth and Ocean Sciences at Cardiff University in Cardiff, UK. Christopher D. Barry, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at Queen's University in Belfast, UK. Richard Bindler is affiliated with the Department of Ecology and Environmental Science at Umeå University in Umeå, Sweden. Benjamin T. Burpee is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Jonathan L. Carrivick, is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Leeds in Leeds, UK. Rachel A. Fowler, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Anthony D. Fox is affiliated with the Department of Bioscience, at Aarhus University in Rønde, Denmark. Sherilyn C. Fritz is affiliated with the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, Nebraska. Madeleine E. Giles, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Essex in Colchester, UK. Ladislav Hamerlik, was affiliated with the Department of Biology and Ecology at Matthias Belius University in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. He is presently affiliated with the Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen is affiliated with the Department of Civil Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark in Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. Antonia C. Law is affiliated with the Department of Geography, Geology and the Environment at Keele University in Keele, UK. Sebastian H. Mernild is affiliated with the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway. He also has positions at Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway and Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Program, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile. Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway. Robert M. Northington is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Christopher L. Osburn is affiliated with the School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences at NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. Sergi Pla-Rabès is affiliated with the Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplications Forestals in Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain. Eric Post is affiliated with the Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology at the University of California in Davis, California. Jon Telling was affiliated with the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. He is presently affiliated with the School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, UK. David A. Stroud is affiliated with the UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee in Peterborough, UK. Erika J. Whiteford is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Marian L. Yallop is affiliated with the School of Biological Science, at University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. Jacob C. Yde is affiliated with the Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway
| | - Sergi Pla-Rabès
- N. John Anderson is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Jasmine E. Saros, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Joanna E. Bullard, is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Sean M.P. Cahoon, was at the Department of Biology at Penn State University, in University Park, Pennsylvania. He is presently affiliated with the Environment and Natural Resources Institute at the University of Alaska Anchorage, AK. Suzanne McGowan is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Nottingham in Nottingham, UK. Elizabeth A. Bagshaw is affiliated with the Earth and Ocean Sciences at Cardiff University in Cardiff, UK. Christopher D. Barry, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at Queen's University in Belfast, UK. Richard Bindler is affiliated with the Department of Ecology and Environmental Science at Umeå University in Umeå, Sweden. Benjamin T. Burpee is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Jonathan L. Carrivick, is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Leeds in Leeds, UK. Rachel A. Fowler, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Anthony D. Fox is affiliated with the Department of Bioscience, at Aarhus University in Rønde, Denmark. Sherilyn C. Fritz is affiliated with the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, Nebraska. Madeleine E. Giles, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Essex in Colchester, UK. Ladislav Hamerlik, was affiliated with the Department of Biology and Ecology at Matthias Belius University in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. He is presently affiliated with the Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen is affiliated with the Department of Civil Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark in Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. Antonia C. Law is affiliated with the Department of Geography, Geology and the Environment at Keele University in Keele, UK. Sebastian H. Mernild is affiliated with the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway. He also has positions at Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway and Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Program, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile. Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway. Robert M. Northington is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Christopher L. Osburn is affiliated with the School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences at NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. Sergi Pla-Rabès is affiliated with the Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplications Forestals in Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain. Eric Post is affiliated with the Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology at the University of California in Davis, California. Jon Telling was affiliated with the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. He is presently affiliated with the School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, UK. David A. Stroud is affiliated with the UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee in Peterborough, UK. Erika J. Whiteford is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Marian L. Yallop is affiliated with the School of Biological Science, at University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. Jacob C. Yde is affiliated with the Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway
| | - Eric Post
- N. John Anderson is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Jasmine E. Saros, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Joanna E. Bullard, is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Sean M.P. Cahoon, was at the Department of Biology at Penn State University, in University Park, Pennsylvania. He is presently affiliated with the Environment and Natural Resources Institute at the University of Alaska Anchorage, AK. Suzanne McGowan is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Nottingham in Nottingham, UK. Elizabeth A. Bagshaw is affiliated with the Earth and Ocean Sciences at Cardiff University in Cardiff, UK. Christopher D. Barry, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at Queen's University in Belfast, UK. Richard Bindler is affiliated with the Department of Ecology and Environmental Science at Umeå University in Umeå, Sweden. Benjamin T. Burpee is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Jonathan L. Carrivick, is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Leeds in Leeds, UK. Rachel A. Fowler, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Anthony D. Fox is affiliated with the Department of Bioscience, at Aarhus University in Rønde, Denmark. Sherilyn C. Fritz is affiliated with the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, Nebraska. Madeleine E. Giles, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Essex in Colchester, UK. Ladislav Hamerlik, was affiliated with the Department of Biology and Ecology at Matthias Belius University in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. He is presently affiliated with the Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen is affiliated with the Department of Civil Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark in Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. Antonia C. Law is affiliated with the Department of Geography, Geology and the Environment at Keele University in Keele, UK. Sebastian H. Mernild is affiliated with the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway. He also has positions at Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway and Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Program, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile. Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway. Robert M. Northington is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Christopher L. Osburn is affiliated with the School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences at NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. Sergi Pla-Rabès is affiliated with the Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplications Forestals in Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain. Eric Post is affiliated with the Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology at the University of California in Davis, California. Jon Telling was affiliated with the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. He is presently affiliated with the School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, UK. David A. Stroud is affiliated with the UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee in Peterborough, UK. Erika J. Whiteford is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Marian L. Yallop is affiliated with the School of Biological Science, at University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. Jacob C. Yde is affiliated with the Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway
| | - Jon Telling
- N. John Anderson is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Jasmine E. Saros, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Joanna E. Bullard, is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Sean M.P. Cahoon, was at the Department of Biology at Penn State University, in University Park, Pennsylvania. He is presently affiliated with the Environment and Natural Resources Institute at the University of Alaska Anchorage, AK. Suzanne McGowan is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Nottingham in Nottingham, UK. Elizabeth A. Bagshaw is affiliated with the Earth and Ocean Sciences at Cardiff University in Cardiff, UK. Christopher D. Barry, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at Queen's University in Belfast, UK. Richard Bindler is affiliated with the Department of Ecology and Environmental Science at Umeå University in Umeå, Sweden. Benjamin T. Burpee is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Jonathan L. Carrivick, is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Leeds in Leeds, UK. Rachel A. Fowler, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Anthony D. Fox is affiliated with the Department of Bioscience, at Aarhus University in Rønde, Denmark. Sherilyn C. Fritz is affiliated with the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, Nebraska. Madeleine E. Giles, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Essex in Colchester, UK. Ladislav Hamerlik, was affiliated with the Department of Biology and Ecology at Matthias Belius University in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. He is presently affiliated with the Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen is affiliated with the Department of Civil Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark in Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. Antonia C. Law is affiliated with the Department of Geography, Geology and the Environment at Keele University in Keele, UK. Sebastian H. Mernild is affiliated with the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway. He also has positions at Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway and Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Program, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile. Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway. Robert M. Northington is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Christopher L. Osburn is affiliated with the School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences at NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. Sergi Pla-Rabès is affiliated with the Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplications Forestals in Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain. Eric Post is affiliated with the Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology at the University of California in Davis, California. Jon Telling was affiliated with the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. He is presently affiliated with the School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, UK. David A. Stroud is affiliated with the UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee in Peterborough, UK. Erika J. Whiteford is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Marian L. Yallop is affiliated with the School of Biological Science, at University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. Jacob C. Yde is affiliated with the Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway
| | - David A Stroud
- N. John Anderson is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Jasmine E. Saros, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Joanna E. Bullard, is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Sean M.P. Cahoon, was at the Department of Biology at Penn State University, in University Park, Pennsylvania. He is presently affiliated with the Environment and Natural Resources Institute at the University of Alaska Anchorage, AK. Suzanne McGowan is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Nottingham in Nottingham, UK. Elizabeth A. Bagshaw is affiliated with the Earth and Ocean Sciences at Cardiff University in Cardiff, UK. Christopher D. Barry, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at Queen's University in Belfast, UK. Richard Bindler is affiliated with the Department of Ecology and Environmental Science at Umeå University in Umeå, Sweden. Benjamin T. Burpee is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Jonathan L. Carrivick, is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Leeds in Leeds, UK. Rachel A. Fowler, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Anthony D. Fox is affiliated with the Department of Bioscience, at Aarhus University in Rønde, Denmark. Sherilyn C. Fritz is affiliated with the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, Nebraska. Madeleine E. Giles, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Essex in Colchester, UK. Ladislav Hamerlik, was affiliated with the Department of Biology and Ecology at Matthias Belius University in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. He is presently affiliated with the Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen is affiliated with the Department of Civil Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark in Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. Antonia C. Law is affiliated with the Department of Geography, Geology and the Environment at Keele University in Keele, UK. Sebastian H. Mernild is affiliated with the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway. He also has positions at Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway and Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Program, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile. Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway. Robert M. Northington is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Christopher L. Osburn is affiliated with the School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences at NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. Sergi Pla-Rabès is affiliated with the Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplications Forestals in Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain. Eric Post is affiliated with the Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology at the University of California in Davis, California. Jon Telling was affiliated with the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. He is presently affiliated with the School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, UK. David A. Stroud is affiliated with the UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee in Peterborough, UK. Erika J. Whiteford is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Marian L. Yallop is affiliated with the School of Biological Science, at University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. Jacob C. Yde is affiliated with the Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway
| | - Erika J Whiteford
- N. John Anderson is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Jasmine E. Saros, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Joanna E. Bullard, is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Sean M.P. Cahoon, was at the Department of Biology at Penn State University, in University Park, Pennsylvania. He is presently affiliated with the Environment and Natural Resources Institute at the University of Alaska Anchorage, AK. Suzanne McGowan is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Nottingham in Nottingham, UK. Elizabeth A. Bagshaw is affiliated with the Earth and Ocean Sciences at Cardiff University in Cardiff, UK. Christopher D. Barry, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at Queen's University in Belfast, UK. Richard Bindler is affiliated with the Department of Ecology and Environmental Science at Umeå University in Umeå, Sweden. Benjamin T. Burpee is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Jonathan L. Carrivick, is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Leeds in Leeds, UK. Rachel A. Fowler, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Anthony D. Fox is affiliated with the Department of Bioscience, at Aarhus University in Rønde, Denmark. Sherilyn C. Fritz is affiliated with the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, Nebraska. Madeleine E. Giles, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Essex in Colchester, UK. Ladislav Hamerlik, was affiliated with the Department of Biology and Ecology at Matthias Belius University in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. He is presently affiliated with the Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen is affiliated with the Department of Civil Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark in Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. Antonia C. Law is affiliated with the Department of Geography, Geology and the Environment at Keele University in Keele, UK. Sebastian H. Mernild is affiliated with the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway. He also has positions at Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway and Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Program, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile. Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway. Robert M. Northington is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Christopher L. Osburn is affiliated with the School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences at NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. Sergi Pla-Rabès is affiliated with the Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplications Forestals in Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain. Eric Post is affiliated with the Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology at the University of California in Davis, California. Jon Telling was affiliated with the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. He is presently affiliated with the School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, UK. David A. Stroud is affiliated with the UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee in Peterborough, UK. Erika J. Whiteford is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Marian L. Yallop is affiliated with the School of Biological Science, at University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. Jacob C. Yde is affiliated with the Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway
| | - Marian L Yallop
- N. John Anderson is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Jasmine E. Saros, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Joanna E. Bullard, is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Sean M.P. Cahoon, was at the Department of Biology at Penn State University, in University Park, Pennsylvania. He is presently affiliated with the Environment and Natural Resources Institute at the University of Alaska Anchorage, AK. Suzanne McGowan is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Nottingham in Nottingham, UK. Elizabeth A. Bagshaw is affiliated with the Earth and Ocean Sciences at Cardiff University in Cardiff, UK. Christopher D. Barry, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at Queen's University in Belfast, UK. Richard Bindler is affiliated with the Department of Ecology and Environmental Science at Umeå University in Umeå, Sweden. Benjamin T. Burpee is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Jonathan L. Carrivick, is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Leeds in Leeds, UK. Rachel A. Fowler, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Anthony D. Fox is affiliated with the Department of Bioscience, at Aarhus University in Rønde, Denmark. Sherilyn C. Fritz is affiliated with the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, Nebraska. Madeleine E. Giles, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Essex in Colchester, UK. Ladislav Hamerlik, was affiliated with the Department of Biology and Ecology at Matthias Belius University in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. He is presently affiliated with the Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen is affiliated with the Department of Civil Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark in Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. Antonia C. Law is affiliated with the Department of Geography, Geology and the Environment at Keele University in Keele, UK. Sebastian H. Mernild is affiliated with the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway. He also has positions at Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway and Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Program, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile. Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway. Robert M. Northington is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Christopher L. Osburn is affiliated with the School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences at NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. Sergi Pla-Rabès is affiliated with the Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplications Forestals in Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain. Eric Post is affiliated with the Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology at the University of California in Davis, California. Jon Telling was affiliated with the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. He is presently affiliated with the School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, UK. David A. Stroud is affiliated with the UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee in Peterborough, UK. Erika J. Whiteford is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Marian L. Yallop is affiliated with the School of Biological Science, at University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. Jacob C. Yde is affiliated with the Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway
| | - Jacob C Yde
- N. John Anderson is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Jasmine E. Saros, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Joanna E. Bullard, is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Sean M.P. Cahoon, was at the Department of Biology at Penn State University, in University Park, Pennsylvania. He is presently affiliated with the Environment and Natural Resources Institute at the University of Alaska Anchorage, AK. Suzanne McGowan is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Nottingham in Nottingham, UK. Elizabeth A. Bagshaw is affiliated with the Earth and Ocean Sciences at Cardiff University in Cardiff, UK. Christopher D. Barry, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at Queen's University in Belfast, UK. Richard Bindler is affiliated with the Department of Ecology and Environmental Science at Umeå University in Umeå, Sweden. Benjamin T. Burpee is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Jonathan L. Carrivick, is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Leeds in Leeds, UK. Rachel A. Fowler, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Anthony D. Fox is affiliated with the Department of Bioscience, at Aarhus University in Rønde, Denmark. Sherilyn C. Fritz is affiliated with the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, Nebraska. Madeleine E. Giles, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Essex in Colchester, UK. Ladislav Hamerlik, was affiliated with the Department of Biology and Ecology at Matthias Belius University in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. He is presently affiliated with the Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen is affiliated with the Department of Civil Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark in Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. Antonia C. Law is affiliated with the Department of Geography, Geology and the Environment at Keele University in Keele, UK. Sebastian H. Mernild is affiliated with the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway. He also has positions at Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway and Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Program, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile. Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway. Robert M. Northington is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Christopher L. Osburn is affiliated with the School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences at NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. Sergi Pla-Rabès is affiliated with the Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplications Forestals in Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain. Eric Post is affiliated with the Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology at the University of California in Davis, California. Jon Telling was affiliated with the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. He is presently affiliated with the School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, UK. David A. Stroud is affiliated with the UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee in Peterborough, UK. Erika J. Whiteford is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Marian L. Yallop is affiliated with the School of Biological Science, at University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. Jacob C. Yde is affiliated with the Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway
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Bartosiewicz M, Laurion I, Clayer F, Maranger R. Heat-Wave Effects on Oxygen, Nutrients, and Phytoplankton Can Alter Global Warming Potential of Gases Emitted from a Small Shallow Lake. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:6267-6275. [PMID: 27266257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b06312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasing air temperatures may result in stronger lake stratification, potentially altering nutrient and biogenic gas cycling. We assessed the impact of climate forcing by comparing the influence of stratification on oxygen, nutrients, and global-warming potential (GWP) of greenhouse gases (the sum of CH4, CO2, and N2O in CO2 equivalents) emitted from a shallow productive lake during an average versus a heat-wave year. Strong stratification during the heat wave was accompanied by an algal bloom and chemically enhanced carbon uptake. Solar energy trapped at the surface created a colder, isolated hypolimnion, resulting in lower ebullition and overall lower GWP during the hotter-than-average year. Furthermore, the dominant CH4 emission pathway shifted from ebullition to diffusion, with CH4 being produced at surprisingly high rates from sediments (1.2-4.1 mmol m(-2) d(-1)). Accumulated gases trapped in the hypolimnion during the heat wave resulted in a peak efflux to the atmosphere during fall overturn when 70% of total emissions were released, with littoral zones acting as a hot spot. The impact of climate warming on the GWP of shallow lakes is a more complex interplay of phytoplankton dynamics, emission pathways, thermal structure, and chemical conditions, as well as seasonal and spatial variability, than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Bartosiewicz
- Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut national de la recherche scientifique , 490 de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie et en environnement aquatique, Université de Montréal , C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H2V 2S9, Canada
| | - Isabelle Laurion
- Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut national de la recherche scientifique , 490 de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie et en environnement aquatique, Université de Montréal , C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H2V 2S9, Canada
| | - François Clayer
- Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut national de la recherche scientifique , 490 de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Roxane Maranger
- Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie et en environnement aquatique, Université de Montréal , C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H2V 2S9, Canada
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal , C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal H2V 2S9, Canada
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Denfeld BA, Kortelainen P, Rantakari M, Sobek S, Weyhenmeyer GA. Regional Variability and Drivers of Below Ice CO2 in Boreal and Subarctic Lakes. Ecosystems 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-015-9944-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Davidson TA, Audet J, Svenning JC, Lauridsen TL, Søndergaard M, Landkildehus F, Larsen SE, Jeppesen E. Eutrophication effects on greenhouse gas fluxes from shallow-lake mesocosms override those of climate warming. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:4449-4463. [PMID: 26258771 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fresh waters make a disproportionately large contribution to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with shallow lakes being particular hot spots. Given their global prevalence, how GHG fluxes from shallow lakes are altered by climate change may have profound implications for the global carbon cycle. Empirical evidence for the temperature dependence of the processes controlling GHG production in natural systems is largely based on the correlation between seasonal temperature variation and seasonal change in GHG fluxes. However, ecosystem-level GHG fluxes could be influenced by factors, which while varying seasonally with temperature are actually either indirectly related (e.g. primary producer biomass) or largely unrelated to temperature, for instance nutrient loading. Here, we present results from the longest running shallow-lake mesocosm experiment which demonstrate that nutrient concentrations override temperature as a control of both the total and individual GHG flux. Furthermore, testing for temperature treatment effects at low and high nutrient levels separately showed only one, rather weak, positive effect of temperature (CH4 flux at high nutrients). In contrast, at low nutrients, the CO2 efflux was lower in the elevated temperature treatments, with no significant effect on CH4 or N2 O fluxes. Further analysis identified possible indirect effects of temperature treatment. For example, at low nutrient levels, increased macrophyte abundance was associated with significantly reduced fluxes of both CH4 and CO2 for both total annual flux and monthly observation data. As macrophyte abundance was positively related to temperature treatment, this suggests the possibility of indirect temperature effects, via macrophyte abundance, on CH4 and CO2 flux. These findings indicate that fluxes of GHGs from shallow lakes may be controlled more by factors indirectly related to temperature, in this case nutrient concentration and the abundance of primary producers. Thus, at ecosystem scale, response to climate change may not follow predictions based on the temperature dependence of metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Davidson
- Department of Bioscience and Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, Silkeborg, 8600, Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Aarhus, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Joachim Audet
- Department of Bioscience and Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, Silkeborg, 8600, Denmark
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7050, Uppsala, 75007, Sweden
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Aarhus, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Torben L Lauridsen
- Department of Bioscience and Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, Silkeborg, 8600, Denmark
| | - Martin Søndergaard
- Department of Bioscience and Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, Silkeborg, 8600, Denmark
| | - Frank Landkildehus
- Department of Bioscience and Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, Silkeborg, 8600, Denmark
| | - Søren E Larsen
- Department of Bioscience and Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, Silkeborg, 8600, Denmark
| | - Erik Jeppesen
- Department of Bioscience and Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, Silkeborg, 8600, Denmark
- Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research, Beijing, China
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Adamczyk EM, Shurin JB. Seasonal Changes in Plankton Food Web Structure and Carbon Dioxide Flux from Southern California Reservoirs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140464. [PMID: 26473601 PMCID: PMC4608793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reservoirs around the world contribute to cycling of carbon dioxide (CO2) with the atmosphere, but there is little information on how ecosystem processes determine the absorption or emission of CO2. Reservoirs are the most prevalent freshwater systems in the arid southwest of North America, yet it is unclear whether they sequester or release CO2 and therefore how water impoundment impacts global carbon cycling. We sampled three reservoirs in San Diego, California, weekly for one year. We measured seasonal variation in the abundances of bacteria, phytoplankton, and zooplankton, as well as water chemistry (pH, nutrients, ions, dissolved organic carbon [DOC]), which were used to estimate partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), and CO2 flux. We found that San Diego reservoirs are most often undersaturated with CO2 with respect to the atmosphere and are estimated to absorb on average 3.22 mmol C m(-2) day(-1). pCO2 was highest in the winter and lower in the summer, indicating seasonal shifts in the magnitudes of photosynthesis and respiration associated with day length, temperature and water inputs. Abundances of microbes (bacteria) peaked in the winter along with pCO2, while phytoplankton, nutrients, zooplankton and DOC were all unrelated to pCO2. Our data indicate that reservoirs of semi-arid environments may primarily function as carbon sinks, and that carbon flux varies seasonally but is unrelated to nutrient or DOC availability, or the abundances of phytoplankton or zooplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Adamczyk
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan B Shurin
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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