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Mu Y, Jia X, Ye Z, Zha T, Guo X, Black TA, Zhang Y, Hao S, Han C, Gao S, Qin S, Liu P, Tian Y. Dry-season length affects the annual ecosystem carbon balance of a temperate semi-arid shrubland. Sci Total Environ 2024; 917:170532. [PMID: 38296104 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Semi-arid ecosystems have been shown to dominate over tropical forests in determining the trend and interannual variability of land carbon (C) sink. However, the magnitude and variability of ecosystem C balance remain largely uncertain for temperate semi-arid shrublands at the decadal scale. Using eddy-covariance and micro-meteorological measurements, we quantified the interannual variation in net ecosystem production (NEP) and its components, gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Reco, i.e., the sum of autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration), in a semi-arid shrubland of the Mu Us Desert, northern China during 2012-2022. This shrubland was an overall weak C sink over the 11 years (NEP = 12 ± 46 g C m-2 yr-1, mean ± SD). Annual NEP ranged from -66 to 77 g C m-2 yr-1, with the ecosystem frequently switching between being an annual C sink and a C source. GPP was twice as sensitive as Reco to prolonged dry seasons, leading to a close negative relationship between annual NEP and dry-season length (R2 = 0.80, P < 0.01). Annual GPP (R2 = 0.51, P = 0.01) and NEP (R2 = 0.58, P < 0.01) were positively correlated with annual rainfall. Negative annual NEP (the ecosystem being a C source) tended to occur when the dry season exceeded 50 d yr-1 or rainfall dropped below 280 mm yr-1. Increases in dry-season length strengthened the effects of low soil moisture relative to high vapor pressure deficit in constraining NEP. Both GPP and NEP were more closely correlated with C uptake amplitude (annual maximum daily values) than with C uptake period. These findings indicate that dry-season extension under climate change may reduce the long-term C sequestration in semi-arid shrublands. Plant species adapted to prolonged dry seasons should be used in ecosystem restoration in the studied area to enhance ecosystem functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Mu
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xin Jia
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory for Soil and Water Conservation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Ziqi Ye
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Tianshan Zha
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory for Soil and Water Conservation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xulin Guo
- Department of Geography and Planning, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C8, Canada
| | - T Andrew Black
- Biometeorology and Soil Physics Group, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory for Soil and Water Conservation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shaorong Hao
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Cong Han
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shengjie Gao
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shugao Qin
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory for Soil and Water Conservation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory for Soil and Water Conservation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yun Tian
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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Sakaguchi J, Nakayama K, Komai K, Kubo A, Shimizu T, Omori J, Uno K, Fujii T. Carbon dioxide uptake in a eutrophic stratified reservoir: Freshwater carbon sequestration potential. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20322. [PMID: 37767477 PMCID: PMC10520817 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon capture and storage due to photosynthesis activities has been proposed as a carbon sink to mitigate climate change. To enhance such mitigation, previous studies have shown that freshwater lakes should be included in the carbon sink, since they may capture as much carbon as coastal areas. In eutrophic freshwater lakes, there is uncertainty about whether the equilibrium equation can estimate the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), owing to the presence of photosynthesis due to phytoplankton, and pH measurement error in freshwater fluid. Thus, this study investigated the applicability of the equilibrium equation and revealed the need to modify it. The modified equilibrium equation was successfully applied to reproduce pCO2 based on total alkalinity and pH through field observations. In addition, pCO2 at the water surface was lower than the atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to photosynthesis by phytoplankton during strong stratification. The stratification effect on low pCO2 was verified by using the Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) model, and a submerged freshwater plants such as Potamogeton malaianus were found to have high potential for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) sequestration in a freshwater lake. These results should provide a starting point toward more sophisticated methods to investigate the effect of freshwater carbon on DIC uptake in freshwater stratified eutrophic lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinichi Sakaguchi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-Cho Nada-Ku, Kobe City, 658-8501, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nakayama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-Cho Nada-Ku, Kobe City, 658-8501, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Komai
- School of Earth, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, 165 Koen-cho, Kitami, 090-8507, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kubo
- Department of Geoscience, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-Ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Shimizu
- Water Quality Laboratory, Kobe City Waterworks Bureau, Kobe, Hyogo, 652-0004, Japan
| | - Junpei Omori
- Water Quality Laboratory, Kobe City Waterworks Bureau, Kobe, Hyogo, 652-0004, Japan
| | - Kohji Uno
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kobe City College of Technology, 8-3 Gakuenhigahimachi, Nishi-ku, Kobe City, 651-2194, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Fujii
- School of Science Education, Nara University of Education, Takabatake-Cho, Nara, 630-8528, Japan
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Li Y, Li M, Zheng Z, Shen W, Li Y, Rong P, Qin Y. Trends in drought and effects on carbon sequestration over the Chinese mainland. Sci Total Environ 2023; 856:159075. [PMID: 36174685 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, drought events have occurred frequently and have profoundly altered the carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems. How drought affects carbon sequestration is an important issue which may assist in understanding and confronting the challenges of extreme climate change. Nevertheless, drought-induced carbon-cycle effects remain scarce from the perspective of drought indices. In this study, we quantified the impacts of potential evapotranspiration (PET), standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI), downward short-wave radiation flux (SWDown), and soil water (Soil_w) on net ecosystem productivity (NEP). We showed that the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of drought was extremely significant, and the hot spots of aridification were mainly distributed in the southwestern Yungui Plateau (YG) and Northwest China (NW). Moreover, the "pan evaporation paradox" appeared across the Chinese mainland before the 1990s and subsequently disappeared. Similarly, in contrast to the moderate NEP fluctuation between 1981 and 1999, since the beginning of the 21st century, NEP has increased significantly across Chinese mainland, YG, the plains region of Changjiang (CJ), and Southeast China (SE). Meanwhile, there are obvious directional, temporal, and spatial differences in the effects of the drought indices on NEP. Specifically, a higher SPEI value results in a more obvious promoting effect on NEP in SE, North China (NN), and northeastern YG. An increase in SWDown can promote an increase in NEP, especially in the northeastern YG and central SE. The increase in Soil_w in parts of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Xinjiang Region (XJ), southeastern NW, NN, and Northeast China with poor water conditions can promote carbon sinks. The inhibition effect is particularly obvious in some areas of CJ, where water resources are abundant. The fluctuation in PET has a relatively low influence on NEP. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of drought change and its impact on carbon sequestration and may help in formulating appropriate policies for carbon management and ecological security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University), Ministry of Education & College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Mengdi Li
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University), Ministry of Education & College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Zhicheng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University), Ministry of Education & College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University), Ministry of Education & College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Zhengzhou Tourism College, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Peijun Rong
- Urban and Rural Coordinated Development Center/College of Tourism and Exhibition, Henan University of Economics and Law, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Yaochen Qin
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University), Ministry of Education & College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; Key Research Institute of Yellow River Civilization and Sustainable Development & Collaborative Innovation Center on Yellow River Civilization jointly built by Henan Province and Ministry of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China.
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Oo AZ, Yamamoto A, Ono K, Umamageswari C, Mano M, Vanitha K, Elayakumar P, Matsuura S, Bama KS, Raju M, Inubushi K, Sudo S, Saitoh N, Hayashida S, Ravi V, Ambethgar V. Ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange and water use efficiency in a triple-cropping rice paddy in Southern India: A two-year field observation. Sci Total Environ 2023; 854:158541. [PMID: 36075426 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The lowland tropical triple-cropping rice system has unique characteristics that affect the hydrological, nutrient, and atmospheric environments. To better understand the ecosystem carbon and water dynamics of a triple-cropping rice paddy from the perspective of sustainability, ecosystem-level CO2 flux and ecosystem water use efficiency (eWUE) were observed using eddy covariance over 2 years (2016-2018) at an experimental field site in southern India, and gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (RE) were derived using the flux partitioning technique. Results showed that among the three crop seasons per year, GPP and RE were higher (887.2 and 570.2 g C m-2, respectively) in Thaladi (October-January: wet season) than in Kuruvai (June-September: dry season; 773.4 and 568.9 g C m-2, respectively) and summer rice (February-May; 694.0 and 499.7 g C m-2, respectively) owing to the longer growing season. Triple-cropping meant that the quasi-annual GPP of 2598 g C m-2 (i.e., the total value for the three consecutive seasons, including the corresponding fallow periods) was much greater than the quasi-annual RE of 1974 g C m-2. Consequently, the net ecosystem production value was positive (624 g C m-2). Evapotranspiration was also high on the annual scale (1681 mm); that is, 48 % greater than mean annual precipitation (1139 mm). Analysis revealed that Thaladi had higher eWUE (2.21 g C (kg H2O)-1) than that of Kuruvai (1.46 g C (kg H2O)-1) and summer rice (1.57 g C (kg H2O)-1) owing to decreased water loss in cloudy weather. Intense solar radiation is generally recognized as advantageous for crop growth in most regions, but not for Kuruvai and summer rice, when too strong solar radiation increases loss of water unused for photosynthesis. The findings indicate that water-saving techniques should be targeted on the Kuruvai and summer rice seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Zaw Oo
- Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan
| | | | - Keisuke Ono
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan.
| | | | - Masayoshi Mano
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8510, Japan
| | - Koothan Vanitha
- Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai, Tamil Nadu 612 101, India
| | | | - Shoji Matsuura
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
| | | | - Marimuthu Raju
- Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai, Tamil Nadu 612 101, India
| | - Kazuyuki Inubushi
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8510, Japan; Graduate School of Applied Bio-Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Shigeto Sudo
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
| | - Naoko Saitoh
- Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Sachiko Hayashida
- Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506, Japan; Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto 603-8047, Japan
| | - Venkatachalam Ravi
- Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai, Tamil Nadu 612 101, India; Agricultural Research Station, Kattuthottam, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613 501, India
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Uri V, Kukumägi M, Aosaar J, Varik M, Becker H, Aun K, Lõhmus K, Soosaar K, Uri M, Buht M, Sepaste A, Padari A. Reply to A. Lõhmus, 2022 letter to the editor regarding Uri et al. (2022): The dynamics of the carbon storage and fluxes in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) chronosequence. Sci Total Environ 2022; 844:156847. [PMID: 35780886 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Veiko Uri
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Mai Kukumägi
- University of Tartu, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia; Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jürgen Aosaar
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mats Varik
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hardo Becker
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristiina Aun
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Krista Lõhmus
- University of Tartu, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kaido Soosaar
- University of Tartu, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marek Uri
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mikko Buht
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Agnes Sepaste
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Allar Padari
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
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He H, Wang Y, Liu Z, Bao Q, Wei Y, Chen C, Sun H. Lake metabolic processes and their effects on the carbonate weathering CO 2 sink: Insights from diel variations in the hydrochemistry of a typical karst lake in SW China. Water Res 2022; 222:118907. [PMID: 35944408 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The precipitation of carbonate minerals does not invariably result in CO2 emission to the atmosphere, because dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) can be partially utilized by terrestrial aquatic phototrophs, thus generating an autochthonous organic carbon (AOC) sink. However, little is known about the potential effects of this mechanism on carbon cycles in DIC-rich lakes, mainly due to the lack of detailed documentation of the related processes, which limits our ability to accurately evaluate and predict the magnitude of this carbon sink. We conducted field observations in Fuxian Lake, a large and representative karst lake in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, SW China. Continuous diel monitoring was conducted to quantitatively assess the coupled relationship between lake metabolism and DIC cycling and its influence on the carbonate weathering-related CO2 sink. We found that the diel physicochemical variations and isotopic characteristics were mainly controlled by the metabolism of aquatic phototrophs, evidenced by a significant relationship between net ecosystem production and diel DIC cycling, and demonstrating the significance of DIC fertilization in supporting high primary production in karst lakes. The data showed that a reduction in photosynthesis occurred in the afternoon of almost every day, which can be explained by the lower CO2/O2 ratio that increased the potential for the photorespiration of aquatic plants, thus reducing photosynthesis. We found that a net autotrophic ecosystem prevailed in Fuxian Lake, suggesting that the lake functions more as a sink than a source of atmospheric CO2. Considering carbonate weathering, the estimated AOC sink amounted to 650-704 t C km-2 yr-1, demonstrating both the potentially significant role of metabolism in lacustrine carbon cycling and the potential of the combination of photosynthesis and carbonate weathering for carbon sequestration. Our findings may help to quantitatively estimate the future impact of lake metabolism on carbon cycling, with implications for formulating management policies needed to regulate the magnitude of this carbon sink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 99 Lincheng West Road, Guiyang 550081, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Earth System Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | | | - Zaihua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 99 Lincheng West Road, Guiyang 550081, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Qian Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 99 Lincheng West Road, Guiyang 550081, China; Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest China of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 99 Lincheng West Road, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Chongying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 99 Lincheng West Road, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Hailong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 99 Lincheng West Road, Guiyang 550081, China
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Khorchani M, Nadal-Romero E, Lasanta T, Tague C. Carbon sequestration and water yield tradeoffs following restoration of abandoned agricultural lands in Mediterranean mountains. Environ Res 2022; 207:112203. [PMID: 34648763 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Abandoned cropland areas have the potential to contribute to climate change mitigation through natural revegetation and afforestation programs. These programs increase above and belowground carbon sequestration by expanding forest cover. However, this potential to mitigate climate change often involves tradeoffs between carbon sequestration and water availability. Particularly in a water limited environments such as the Mediterranean region, any loss of recharge to groundwater or streamflow can have critical societal consequences. In this study, we used an ecohydrologic model, Regional Hydro-Ecological Simulation System (RHESSys), to quantify these tradeoffs for land management plans in abandoned cropland areas in Mediterranean mountains. Changes to Net Ecosystem Production (NEP), water yield and Water-Use Efficiency (WUE) under different land management and climate scenarios were estimated for Arnás, a catchment with similar geology, vegetation and climate to many of the locations targeted for land abandonment restoration in the Spanish Pyrenees. Results showed significant changes to both carbon and water fluxes related to land management, while changes related to a warming scenario were not significant. Afforestation scenarios showed the highest average annual carbon sequestration rates (112 g C·m-2·yr-1) but were also associated with the lowest water yield (runoff coefficient of 26%) and water use efficiency (1.4 g C·mm-1) compared to natural revegetation (-27 g C·m-2·yr-1, 50%, 1.7 g C·mm-1 respectively). Under both restoration scenarios, results showed that the catchment ecosystem is a carbon sink during mid-February to July, coinciding with peak monthly transpiration and WUE, while during the rest of the year the catchment ecosystem is a carbon source. These results contribute to understanding carbon and water tradeoffs in Mediterranean mountains and can help adapt restoration plans to address both carbon sequestration and water management objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Khorchani
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Procesos Geoambientales y Cambio Global, IPE-CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - E Nadal-Romero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Procesos Geoambientales y Cambio Global, IPE-CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - T Lasanta
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Procesos Geoambientales y Cambio Global, IPE-CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - C Tague
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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Platz MC, Arias ME, Byrne RH. Reef Metabolism Monitoring Methods and Potential Applications for Coral Restoration. Environ Manage 2022; 69:612-625. [PMID: 35079882 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-022-01597-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Coral reef metabolism measurements have been used by scientists for decades to track reef responses to the globe's changing carbon budget and project shifts in reef function. Here, we propose that metabolism measurement tools and methods could also be used to monitor reef ecosystem change in response to coral restoration. This review paper provides a general introduction to net ecosystem metabolism and carbon chemistry for coral reef ecosystems, followed by a review of five metabolism monitoring methods with potential for application to coral reef restoration monitoring. Selected methodologies included those with measurement scales appropriate to assess outplant arrays and whole reef ecosystem outcomes associated with restoration interventions. Subsequently we discuss how water column and CO2 chemistry could be used to address coral restoration monitoring research gaps and scale up from biological, colony-level metrics to ecosystem-scale function and performance assessments. Such function-based measurements could potentially be used to inform several goal-based monitoring objectives highlighted in the Coral Reef Restoration Monitoring Guide. Lastly, this review discusses important methodological factors, such as scale, reef type, and flow environment, that should be considered when determining which metabolism monitoring technique would be most appropriate for a reef restoration project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Platz
- University of South Florida, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, ENG-030, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Mauricio E Arias
- University of South Florida, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, ENG-030, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
| | - Robert H Byrne
- University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, 830 1st St S, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
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Lin HC, Tsai JW, Tada K, Matsumoto H, Chiu CY, Nakayama K. The impacts of the hydraulic retention effect and typhoon disturbance on the carbon flux in shallow subtropical mountain lakes. Sci Total Environ 2022; 803:150044. [PMID: 34525696 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A typhoon is extreme weather that flushes terrestrial carbon (C) loads and temporally mixes the entire water columns of lakes in subtropical regions. A C flux varies based on the trophic level associated with the ecological cycle related to hydraulic retention time (residence time). Herein, we sought to clarify how the hydraulic retention time and the disturbance from a typhoon affect the C flux regimes in two subtropical mountain lakes in a humid region of Taiwan with different trophic levels-oligotrophic and mesotrophic. We investigated the meteorological data and vertical profiles of the water temperature, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), dissolved organic C (DOC), and chlorophyll a (Chl. a) during the pre-typhoon period (April-July), during the typhoon period (August-November), and the post-typhoon period (December-March) for five years (2009-2010 and 2015-2017). We applied a three-dimensional environmental model (Fantom) to investigate the hydraulic retention effect on the net ecosystem production (NEP) using the residence time in stratified lakes. The results demonstrate that typhoon-induced mixing associated with the hydraulic retention effect plays one of the critical roles in controlling the NEP and C flux in shallow subtropical lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Chi Lin
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-Cho, Nada-Ku, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
| | - Jeng-Wei Tsai
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, No. 100, Sec. 1, Jingmao Rd., Beitun Dist., Taichung City 406040, Taiwan
| | - Kazufumi Tada
- Chuden Engineering Consultants, 2-3-30 Deshio, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima 734-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroki Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-Cho, Nada-Ku, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
| | - Chih-Yu Chiu
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Keisuke Nakayama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-Cho, Nada-Ku, Kobe 658-8501, Japan.
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10
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Kirschbaum MUF, Puche NJB, Giltrap DL, Liáng LL, Chabbi A. Combining eddy covariance measurements with process-based modelling to enhance understanding of carbon exchange rates of dairy pastures. Sci Total Environ 2020; 745:140917. [PMID: 32726704 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many temperate grasslands are used for dairying, and ongoing research aims to better understand these systems in order to increase animal production and soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks. However, it is difficult to fully understand management effects on SOC because most changes are slow and difficult to distinguish from natural variability, even if changes are important over years to decades. Eddy covariance (EC) measurements can overcome this problem by continuously measuring net carbon exchange from pastures, but net balances are very sensitive to even small systematic measurement errors. Combining EC measurements with detailed process-based modelling can reduce the risks inherent in total reliance on EC measurements. Modelling can also reveal information about the underlying processes that drive observed fluxes. Here, we describe carbon exchange patterns of five paddocks situated at four different locations in New Zealand and France where EC data and detailed physiological modelling were available. The work showed that respiration by grazing animals was often only incompletely captured in EC measurements. This was most problematic when fluxes were based on gap-filling, which could have estimated incorrect fluxes during grazing periods based on observations from periods without grazing. We then aimed to extract plant physiological insights from these studies. We found appreciable carbon uptake rates even at temperatures below 0 °C. After grazing, carbon uptake was reduced for up to 2 weeks. This reduction was larger than expected from reduced leaf area after grazing, but the factors contributing to that difference have not yet been identified. Detailed physiological models can also extrapolate findings to new management regimes, environmental conditions or plant attributes. This overcomes the limitation of experimental studies, which are necessarily restricted to actual site and weather conditions allowing models to make further progress on predicting management effects on SOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miko U F Kirschbaum
- Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Private Bag 11052, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Nicolas J B Puche
- UMR ECOSYS, Centre INRA, Versailles-Grignon, Bâtiment EGER, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Donna L Giltrap
- Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Private Bag 11052, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Lìyǐn L Liáng
- Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Private Bag 11052, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Abad Chabbi
- UMR ECOSYS, Centre INRA, Versailles-Grignon, Bâtiment EGER, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France; French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Poitou-Charentes, URP3Fm, 86600 Lusignan, France
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11
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Shen X, Su M, Sun T, Lv S, Dang Z, Yang Z. Net heterotrophy and low carbon dioxide emissions from biological processes in the Yellow River Estuary, China. Water Res 2020; 171:115457. [PMID: 31931377 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although estimates of total CO2 emissions from global estuaries are gradually decreasing, current numbers are based on limited data and the impacts of anthropogenic and seasonal disturbances have not been studied extensively. Our study estimates annual and seasonal CO2 fluxes in China's Yellow River Estuary (YRE) which incorporated spatiotemporal variations and the effects of water and sediment regulation (WSR). Aquatic metabolism was estimated using Odum's open water dissolved oxygen methods and used to represent the production and assimilation of CO2. Net ecosystem production (NEP) was used to represent the CO2 flux from biological activities and estimate the major CO2 emitters in the YRE. According to our measurements, the annual CO2 release was 6.14 ± 33.63 mol C m-2 yr-1 from 2009 to 2013 and the annual CO2 efflux from the 1521.3 km2 of estuarine surface area was 0.11 ± 0.61 Tg C yr-1 in the YRE. High CO2 emissions in autumn were balanced by high CO2 sequestration in summer, leading to a lower than expected annual net CO2 efflux. The system is an atmospheric CO2 source in spring and winter, near neutral in early summer, a large sink in late summer after WSR, and finally a large atmospheric CO2 source in autumn. Discharge events and seasonality jointly affect estuarine CO2 flux. High CO2 sequestration in summer is due mainly to a combination of high water temperature, chlorophyll a levels, dissolved inorganic carbon, and solar radiation and low turbidity, discharge, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) after WSR. WSR supports the high gross primary productivity rate which exceeds the increase in ecosystem respiration. Although the YRE, as a whole, is a source of atmospheric CO2, the amount of CO2 released is lower than the average estuarine value of mid-latitude regions. Our findings therefore suggest that global CO2 release from estuarine systems is overestimated if spatiotemporal variations and the effects of anthropogenic disturbance are excluded. The NEP method is effective for estimating the CO2 flux, especially in estuaries where CO2 variation is mainly due to biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Shen
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China; Institute of Environmental & Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Meirong Su
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China.
| | - Tao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation & School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Sihao Lv
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China
| | - Zhifeng Yang
- Institute of Environmental & Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation & School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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12
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Dirnböck T, Kraus D, Grote R, Klatt S, Kobler J, Schindlbacher A, Seidl R, Thom D, Kiese R. Substantial understory contribution to the C sink of a European temperate mountain forest landscape. Landsc Ecol 2020; 35:483-499. [PMID: 32165789 PMCID: PMC7045765 DOI: 10.1007/s10980-019-00960-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The contribution of forest understory to the temperate forest carbon sink is not well known, increasing the uncertainty in C cycling feedbacks on global climate as estimated by Earth System Models. OBJECTIVES We aimed at quantifying the effect of woody and non-woody understory vegetation on net ecosystem production (NEP) for a forested area of 158 km2 in the European Alps. METHODS We simulated C dynamics for the period 2000-2014, characterized by above-average temperatures, windstorms and a subsequent bark beetle outbreak for the area, using the regional ecosystem model LandscapeDNDC. RESULTS In the entire study area, woody and non-woody understory vegetation caused between 16 and 37% higher regional NEP as compared to a bare soil scenario over the 15-year period. The mean annual contribution of the understory to NEP was in the same order of magnitude as the average annual European (EU-25) forest C sink. After wind and bark beetle disturbances, the understory effect was more pronounced, leading to an increase in NEP between 35 and 67% compared to simulations not taking into account these components. CONCLUSIONS Our findings strongly support the importance of processes related to the understory in the context of the climate change mitigation potential of temperate forest ecosystems. The expected increases in stand replacing disturbances due to climate change call for a better representation of understory vegetation dynamics and its effect on the ecosystem C balance in regional assessments and Earth System Models.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Dirnböck
- Department for Ecosystem Research and Environmental Information Management, Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - D. Kraus
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - R. Grote
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - S. Klatt
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - J. Kobler
- Department for Ecosystem Research and Environmental Information Management, Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - A. Schindlbacher
- Department of Forest Ecology, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW), Seckendorff-Gudent Weg 8, 1131 Vienna, Austria
| | - R. Seidl
- Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, Institute of Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter-Jordan Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management Group, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - D. Thom
- Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, Institute of Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter-Jordan Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, 81 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT 05405 USA
- Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management Group, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - R. Kiese
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
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13
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Cameron C, Hutley LB, Friess DA. Estimating the full greenhouse gas emissions offset potential and profile between rehabilitating and established mangroves. Sci Total Environ 2019; 665:419-431. [PMID: 30772573 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mangrove forests are extremely productive, with rates of growth rivaling some terrestrial tropical rainforests. However, our understanding of the full suite of processes underpinning carbon exchange with the atmosphere and near shore-waters, the allocation of carbon in mangroves, and fluxes of non-CO2 greenhouse gases (GHGs) are limited to a handful of studies. This constrains the scientific basis from which to advocate for greater support for and investment in mangrove restoration and conservation. Improving understanding is urgently needed given the on-going landuse pressures mangrove forests face, particularly throughout much of Southeast Asia. The current study reduces uncertainties by providing a holistic synthesis of the net potential GHG mitigation benefits resulting from rehabilitating mangroves and established forests. Rehabilitating sites from two contrasting locations representative of high (Tiwoho) and low (Tanakeke) productivity systems on the island of Sulawesi (Indonesia) were used as case studies to compare against established mangroves. A carbon budget, allocation and pathways model was developed to account for inputs (carbon sequestration) and outputs (GHG emissions of CO2, N2O and CH4) to estimate Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) and Net Ecosystem Carbon Balance (NECB). Our results indicate that while Tiwoho's rehabilitating sites and established mangroves represent a significant carbon sink (-10.6 ± 0.9 Mg CO2e ha-1 y-1 and 16.1 Mg CO2e ha-1 y-1 respectively), the low productivity of Tanakeke has resulted in minimal reductions to date (0.7 ± 0.3 Mg CO2e ha-1 y-1). Including NEP from mangrove-allied primary producer communities (e.g. benthic algae) and the portion of dissolved inorganic carbon exported from mangroves (EXDIC) that remains within the water column may drive overall removals considerably upwards in established forests to -37.2 Mg CO2e ha-1 y-1. These values are higher than terrestrial forests and strengthen the evidence base needed to underpin the use of forest carbon financing mechanisms for mangrove restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clint Cameron
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Australia.
| | - Lindsay B Hutley
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Australia
| | - Daniel A Friess
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, 1 Arts Link, Singapore 117570, Singapore
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14
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Liu C, Yao Z, Wang K, Zheng X, Li B. Net ecosystem carbon and greenhouse gas budgets in fiber and cereal cropping systems. Sci Total Environ 2019; 647:895-904. [PMID: 30096677 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To assess the contributions of fiber and cereal production on climate change, the net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2), main exchanges of non-CO2 carbon, and methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes were continuously monitored throughout two year-round crop cycles (Y1 and Y2: 1st and 2nd year-round crop cycles, respectively) using eddy covariance, biometric observation, and static chamber methods in typical cotton and wheat-maize rotational cropping systems in China. The evaluation of net ecosystem carbon budgets (NECBs: considering net ecosystem CO2 exchange and non-CO2 carbon exchanges by fertilization, seeding, and harvest) and greenhouse gas budgets (GHGBs: adding CH4 and N2O fluxes to the NECBs based on CO2 equivalents) showed that the cotton cropping system persistently functioned as an intensive carbon (-1527 and -974 kg C ha-1 yr-1) and greenhouse gas (GHG) source (5618 and 3591 kg CO2-eq ha-1 yr-1) because of the large CO2 emissions during the long fallow periods (5748 and 5160 kg CO2 ha-1 in Y1 and Y2, respectively). The wheat-maize cropping system had high net ecosystem production (NEP) and low harvest index and therefore, served as a notable carbon sink (1461 kg C ha-1 yr-1 in Y2). Although high irrigation water and chemical fertilizer inputs stimulated N2O emissions, the wheat-maize cropping system still behaved as an important GHG sink (-4257 kg CO2-eq ha-1 yr-1 in Y2) because of the tremendous net carbon sequestration. However, in Y1 incidental wind damage lowered the NEP and turned the wheat-maize cropping system into a GHG source (2144 kg CO2-eq ha-1 yr-1). The NEP, NECBs, and GHGBs of the double cropping system generally exceeded those of the single cropping system. The traditional rotation between double and single cropping systems should be restored to maintain soil carbon storage and alleviate the radiative forcing effects of cotton production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Zhisheng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xunhua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baoguo Li
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
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15
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Pathak K, Malhi Y, Sileshi GW, Das AK, Nath AJ. Net ecosystem productivity and carbon dynamics of the traditionally managed Imperata grasslands of North East India. Sci Total Environ 2018; 635:1124-1131. [PMID: 29710567 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
There have been few comprehensive descriptions of how fire management and harvesting affect the carbon dynamics of grasslands. Grasslands dominated by the invasive weed Imperata cylindrica are considered as environmental threats causing low land productivity throughout the moist tropical regions in Asia. Imperata grasslands in North East India are unique in that they are traditionally managed and culturally important in the rural landscapes. Given the importance of fire in the management of Imperata grassland, we aimed to assess (i) the seasonal pattern of biomass production, (ii) the eventual pathways for the produced biomass, partitioned between in situ decomposition, harvesting and combustion, and (iii) the effect of customary fire management on the ecosystem carbon cycle. Comparatively high biomass production was recorded during pre-monsoon (154 g m-2 month-1) and monsoon (214 g m-2 month-1) compared to the post-monsoon (91 g m-2 month-1) season, and this is attributed to nutrient return into the soil immediately after fire in February. Post fire effects might have killed roots and rhizomes leading to high belowground litter production 30-35 g m-2 during March to August. High autotrophic respiration was recorded during March-July, which was related to high belowground biomass production (35-70 g m-2) during that time. Burning removed all the surface litter in March and this appeared to hinder surface decomposition and result in low heterotrophic respiration. Annual total biomass carbon production was estimated at 886 g C m-2. Annual harvest of biomass (estimated at 577 g C m-2) was the major pathway for carbon fluxes from the system. Net ecosystem production (NEP) of Imperata grassland was estimated at 91 g C m-2 yr-1 indicating that these grasslands are a net sink of CO2, although this is greatly influenced by weather and fire management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karabi Pathak
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK; Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar 788011, India
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - G W Sileshi
- Plot 1244 Ibex Meanwood, Lusaka, Zambia,; School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Ashesh Kumar Das
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar 788011, India
| | - Arun Jyoti Nath
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar 788011, India.
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16
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Zlatanović S, Fabian J, Premke K, Mutz M. Shading and sediment structure effects on stream metabolism resistance and resilience to infrequent droughts. Sci Total Environ 2018; 621:1233-1242. [PMID: 29070450 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Perennial, temperate, low-order streams are predicted to become intermittent as a result of irregular droughts caused by global warming and increased water demand. We hypothesize that stream metabolism changes caused by irregular droughts are linked to the shading and bed sediment structure of temperate streams. We set up 16 outdoor experimental streams with low or high shade conditions and streambeds either with alternating sorted patches of gravel and sand or homogeneous gravel-sand mix sediment structures. We assessed community respiration (CR), net ecosystem production (NEP) and periphyton biomass and structure (diatoms, green algae, cyanobacteria) in the course of 6weeks colonization, 6weeks desiccation, and 2.5weeks after rewetting. The heterotroph to autotroph (H:A) and fungi to bacteria (F:B) ratios in the microbial biofilm community were assessed at the end of the colonization and rewetting phases. Streams with different bed sediment structure were functionally similar; their metabolism under desiccation was controlled solely by light availability. During flow recession, all streams showed net heterotrophy. As desiccation progressed, NEP and CR decreased to zero. Desiccation altered the periphyton composition from predominantly diatoms to green algae and cyanobacteria, particularly in streams with low shade and mixed sediments. Rapid post-drought resilience of NEP was accompanied by high cyanobacteria and green algae growth in low shade, but poor total periphyton growth in high shade streams. Variable periphyton recovery was followed by increased H:A in relation to shading, and decreased F:B in relation to sediments structure. These shifts resulted in poor CR recovery compared to the colonization phase, suggesting a link between CR resilience and microbial composition changes. The links between drought effects, post-drought recovery, shading level, and streambed structure reveal the importance of low-order stream management under a changing climate and land use to mitigate the future impact of unpredictable infrequent droughts on stream metabolism in temperate ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Zlatanović
- Department of Freshwater Conservation, BTU-Cottbus Senftenberg, 15526 Bad Saarow, Germany.
| | - Jenny Fabian
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Premke
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Mutz
- Department of Freshwater Conservation, BTU-Cottbus Senftenberg, 15526 Bad Saarow, Germany
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17
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Spiesman BJ, Kummel H, Jackson RD. Carbon storage potential increases with increasing ratio of C 4 to C 3 grass cover and soil productivity in restored tallgrass prairies. Oecologia 2017; 186:565-576. [PMID: 29218539 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-4036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Long-term soil carbon (C) storage is essential for reducing CO2 in the atmosphere. Converting unproductive and environmentally sensitive agricultural lands to grasslands for bioenergy production may enhance C storage. However, a better understanding of the interacting effects of grass functional composition (i.e., relative abundance of C4 and C3 grass cover) and soil productivity on C storage will help guide sustainable grassland management. Our objective was to examine the relationship between grass functional composition and potential C storage and how it varies with potential soil productivity. We estimated C inputs from above- and belowground net primary productivity (ANPP and BNPP), and heterotrophic respiration (R H) to calculate net ecosystem production (NEP), a measure of potential soil C storage, in grassland plots of relatively high- and low-productivity soils spanning a gradient in the ratio of C4 to C3 grass cover (C4:C3). NEP increased with increasing C4:C3, but only in potentially productive soils. The positive relationship likely stemmed from increased ANPP, rather than BNPP, which was possibly related to efficient resource-use and physiological/anatomical advantages of C4 plants. R H was negatively correlated with C4:C3, possibly because of changes in microclimate or plant-microbe interactions. It is possible that in potentially productive soils, C storage can be enhanced by favoring C4 over C3 grasses through increased ANPP and BNPP and reduced R H. Results also suggest that potential C storage gains from C4 productivity would not be undermined by a corresponding increase in R H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Spiesman
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA. .,DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA.
| | - Herika Kummel
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Randall D Jackson
- DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA.,Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
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18
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Kanuri VV, Gijjapu DR, Munnooru K, Sura A, Patra S, Vinjamuri RR, Karri R. Scales and drivers of seasonal pCO 2 dynamics and net ecosystem exchange along the coastal waters of southeastern Arabian Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 2017; 121:372-380. [PMID: 28619629 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The impact of seasonal coastal upwelling on the dynamics of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and sea-air fluxes of CO2 along the coastal waters of Kochi was investigated during 2015, as a part of Ecosystem Modelling Project. The surface water pCO2 varied from 396 to 630μatm during the study period. Significant inter-seasonal variations were found in the distribution of physico-chemical variables and surface pCO2. An increase of 102.1μatm of pCO2 was noticed over a two-decade period with a rate of 5.3μatmy-1. There was an agreement between the fluxes of CO2 and net ecosystem production (NEP) with respect to the trophic status while NEP was higher than CO2 fluxes by a factor of 3.9. The annual net ecosystem exchange (NEE) was estimated to be 15.02mmolCm-2d-1 indicating that the coastal waters of Kochi are highly heterotrophic in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Vardhan Kanuri
- ICMAM-Project Directorate, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Chennai, India.; Central Pollution Control Board, Eastern Regional Directorate, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India, Kolkata, India..
| | - Durga Rao Gijjapu
- ICMAM-Project Directorate, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Chennai, India
| | - Kumaraswami Munnooru
- ICMAM-Project Directorate, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Chennai, India
| | - Appalanaidu Sura
- ICMAM-Project Directorate, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Chennai, India
| | - Sivaji Patra
- ICMAM-Project Directorate, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Chennai, India
| | - Ranga Rao Vinjamuri
- ICMAM-Project Directorate, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Chennai, India
| | - Ramu Karri
- ICMAM-Project Directorate, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Chennai, India
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19
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Ma J, Shugart HH, Yan X, Cao C, Wu S, Fang J. Evaluating carbon fluxes of global forest ecosystems by using an individual tree-based model FORCCHN. Sci Total Environ 2017; 586:939-951. [PMID: 28214117 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The carbon budget of forest ecosystems, an important component of the terrestrial carbon cycle, needs to be accurately quantified and predicted by ecological models. As a preamble to apply the model to estimate global carbon uptake by forest ecosystems, we used the CO2 flux measurements from 37 forest eddy-covariance sites to examine the individual tree-based FORCCHN model's performance globally. In these initial tests, the FORCCHN model simulated gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (ER) and net ecosystem production (NEP) with correlations of 0.72, 0.70 and 0.53, respectively, across all forest biomes. The model underestimated GPP and slightly overestimated ER across most of the eddy-covariance sites. An underestimation of NEP arose primarily from the lower GPP estimates. Model performance was better in capturing both the temporal changes and magnitude of carbon fluxes in deciduous broadleaf forest than in evergreen broadleaf forest, and it performed less well for sites in Mediterranean climate. We then applied the model to estimate the carbon fluxes of forest ecosystems on global scale over 1982-2011. This application of FORCCHN gave a total GPP of 59.41±5.67 and an ER of 57.21±5.32PgCyr-1 for global forest ecosystems during 1982-2011. The forest ecosystems over this same period contributed a large carbon storage, with total NEP being 2.20±0.64PgCyr-1. These values are comparable to and reinforce estimates reported in other studies. This analysis highlights individual tree-based model FORCCHN could be used to evaluate carbon fluxes of forest ecosystems on global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Ma
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-physiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River/College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Herman H Shugart
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Xiaodong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Cougui Cao
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-physiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River/College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jing Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Quinkenstein A, Jochheim H. Assessing the carbon sequestration potential of poplar and black locust short rotation coppices on mine reclamation sites in Eastern Germany - Model development and application. J Environ Manage 2016; 168:53-66. [PMID: 26696606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In the temperate zone short rotation coppice systems for the production of woody biomass (SRC) have gained great interest as they offer a pathway to both sustainable bioenergy production and the potential sequestration of CO2 within the biomass and the soil. This study used the carbon model SHORTCAR to assess the carbon cycle of a poplar (Populus suaveolens Fisch. x Populus trichocarpa Torr. et Gray cv. Androscoggin) and a black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) SRC. The model was calibrated using data from established SRC plantations on reclaimed mine sites in northeast Germany and validated through the determination of uncertainty ranges of selected model parameters and a sensitivity analysis. In addition to a 'reference scenario', representing the actual site conditions, 7 hypothetical scenarios, which varied in climate conditions, rotation intervals, runtimes, and initial soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, were defined for each species. Estimates of carbon accumulation within the biomass, the litter layer, and the soil were compared to field data and previously published results. The model was sensitive to annual stem growth and initial soil organic carbon stocks. In the reference scenario net biome production for SRC on reclaimed sites in Lusatia, Germany amounted to 64.5 Mg C ha(-1) for R. pseudoacacia and 8.9 Mg C ha(-1) for poplar, over a period of 36 years. These results suggest a considerable potential of SRC for carbon sequestration at least on marginal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Quinkenstein
- Chair of Soil Protection and Recultivation, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Konrad-Wachsmann-Allee 6, D-03046, Cottbus, Germany.
| | - H Jochheim
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Institute of Landscape Systems Analysis, Eberswalder Straße 84, D-15374, Müncheberg, Germany
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Wang L, Liu H, Sun J, Feng J. Water and carbon dioxide fluxes over an alpine meadow in southwest China and the impact of a spring drought event. Int J Biometeorol 2016; 60:195-205. [PMID: 26059924 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-015-1016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Based on the eddy covariance measurements from June 2011 to December 2013, the seasonal variations and the controls of water and CO2 fluxes were investigated over an alpine meadow in Lijiang, southwest China. The year 2012 had the largest total precipitation among years from 2011 to 2013 (1037.9, 1190.4, and 1066.1 mm, respectively). A spring drought event occurred from March to May 2012, and the peak normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in 2012 was the lowest. Throughout the whole year, net radiation (Rn), vapor pressure deficit, and air temperature (Ta) were the primary controls on evapotranspiration (ET), and R n is the most important factor. The influence of R n on ET was much more in the wet season (R(2) = 0.93) than in the dry season (R(2) = 0.28). In the wet season, the ratio of ET to equilibrium ET (ETeq) (0.92 ± 0.14; mean ± S.D.) did not show a clear seasonal pattern with NDVI when the soil water content (SWC) was usually more than 0.25 m(3) m(-3), indicating that ET could be predicted well by ETeq (or radiation and temperature). On half-hourly and daily scales, photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and air temperature were the main meteorological factors in determining the net ecosystem production (NEP). The seasonal trends of NEP were closely related with the change of NDVI. The integrated NEP in the 2012 wet season (157.8 g C m(-2) year(-1)) was 19.5 and 23.8 % lower than in the 2011 and 2013 wet season (207.0 and 196.1 g C m(-2) year(-1)). The mean ET/ETeq for each of the wet seasons from 2011 to 2013 was 0.88. The 2012 spring drought and its reduction in NDVI decreased the total NEP significantly but had little effect on the total ET in the wet season. The different response of NEP and ET to the spring drought was attributed to the high SWC and small vapor pressure deficit during the wet season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100029
| | - Huizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100029.
| | - Jihua Sun
- Yunnan Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Kunming, China, 650034
| | - Jianwu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100029
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Turner DP, Ritts WD, Kennedy RE, Gray AN, Yang Z. Effects of harvest, fire, and pest/pathogen disturbances on the West Cascades ecoregion carbon balance. Carbon Balance Manag 2015; 10:12. [PMID: 26029249 PMCID: PMC4442132 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-015-0022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disturbance is a key influence on forest carbon dynamics, but the complexity of spatial and temporal patterns in forest disturbance makes it difficult to quantify their impacts on carbon flux over broad spatial domains. Here we used a time series of Landsat remote sensing images and a climate-driven carbon cycle process model to evaluate carbon fluxes at the ecoregion scale in western Oregon. RESULTS Thirteen percent of total forest area in the West Cascades ecoregion was disturbed during the reference interval (1991-2010). The disturbance regime was dominated by harvesting (59 % of all area disturbed), with lower levels of fire (23 %), and pest/pathogen mortality (18 %). Ecoregion total Net Ecosystem Production was positive (a carbon sink) in all years, with greater carbon uptake in relatively cool years. Localized carbon source areas were associated with recent harvests and fire. Net Ecosystem Exchange (including direct fire emissions) showed greater interannual variation and became negative (a source) in the highest fire years. Net Ecosystem Carbon Balance (i.e. change in carbon stocks) was more positive on public that private forestland, because of a lower disturbance rate, and more positive in the decade of the 1990s than in the warmer and drier 2000s because of lower net ecosystem production and higher direct fire emissions in the 2000s. CONCLUSION Despite recurrent disturbances, the West Cascades ecoregion has maintained a positive carbon balance in recent decades. The high degree of spatial and temporal resolution in these simulations permits improved attribution of regional carbon sources and sinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Turner
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, 97331 Corvallis, OR USA
| | - William D Ritts
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, 97331 Corvallis, OR USA
| | - Robert E Kennedy
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, 97331 Corvallis, OR USA
| | - Andrew N Gray
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Station, 97331 Corvallis, OR USA
| | - Zhiqiang Yang
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, 97331 Corvallis, OR USA
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