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Geraldi NR, Acinas SG, Alam I, Gasol JM, Fernández-de-Puelles ML, Giner CR, Hernández León S, Logares R, Massana R, Sánchez P, Bajic V, Gojobori T, Duarte CM. Assessing patterns of metazoans in the global ocean using environmental DNA. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:240724. [PMID: 39144493 PMCID: PMC11321857 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Documenting large-scale patterns of animals in the ocean and determining the drivers of these patterns is needed for conservation efforts given the unprecedented rates of change occurring within marine ecosystems. We used existing datasets from two global expeditions, Tara Oceans and Malaspina, that circumnavigated the oceans and sampled down to 4000 m to assess metazoans from environmental DNA (eDNA) extracted from seawater. We describe patterns of taxonomic richness within metazoan phyla and orders based on metabarcoding and infer the relative abundance of phyla using metagenome datasets, and relate these data to environmental variables. Arthropods had the greatest taxonomic richness of metazoan phyla at the surface, while cnidarians had the greatest richness in pelagic zones. Half of the marine metazoan eDNA from metagenome datasets was from arthropods, followed by cnidarians and nematodes. We found that mean surface temperature and primary productivity were positively related to metazoan taxonomic richness. Our findings concur with existing knowledge that temperature and primary productivity are important drivers of taxonomic richness for specific taxa at the ocean's surface, but these correlations are less evident in the deep ocean. Massive sequencing of eDNA can improve understanding of animal distributions, particularly for the deep ocean where sampling is challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R. Geraldi
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Intikhab Alam
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Josep M. Gasol
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Center for Marine Ecosystem Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Caterina R. Giner
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, UBC-AERL, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Santiago Hernández León
- Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global, IOCAG, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Unidad Asociada ULPGC-CSIC, Campus de Taliarte, Telde, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands35214, Spain
| | - Ramiro Logares
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Ramon Massana
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Pablo Sánchez
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Vladimir Bajic
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Takashi Gojobori
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Carlos M. Duarte
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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Boag TH, Busch JF, Gooley JT, Strauss JV, Sperling EA. Deep-water first occurrences of Ediacara biota prior to the Shuram carbon isotope excursion in the Wernecke Mountains, Yukon, Canada. GEOBIOLOGY 2024; 22:e12597. [PMID: 38700422 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Ediacara-type macrofossils appear as early as ~575 Ma in deep-water facies of the Drook Formation of the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland, and the Nadaleen Formation of Yukon and Northwest Territories, Canada. Our ability to assess whether a deep-water origination of the Ediacara biota is a genuine reflection of evolutionary succession, an artifact of an incomplete stratigraphic record, or a bathymetrically controlled biotope is limited by a lack of geochronological constraints and detailed shelf-to-slope transects of Ediacaran continental margins. The Ediacaran Rackla Group of the Wernecke Mountains, NW Canada, represents an ideal shelf-to-slope depositional system to understand the spatiotemporal and environmental context of Ediacara-type organisms' stratigraphic occurrence. New sedimentological and paleontological data presented herein from the Wernecke Mountains establish a stratigraphic framework relating shelfal strata in the Goz/Corn Creek area to lower slope deposits in the Nadaleen River area. We report new discoveries of numerous Aspidella hold-fast discs, indicative of frondose Ediacara organisms, from deep-water slope deposits of the Nadaleen Formation stratigraphically below the Shuram carbon isotope excursion (CIE) in the Nadaleen River area. Such fossils are notably absent in coeval shallow-water strata in the Goz/Corn Creek region despite appropriate facies for potential preservation. The presence of pre-Shuram CIE Ediacara-type fossils occurring only in deep-water facies within a basin that has equivalent well-preserved shallow-water facies provides the first stratigraphic paleobiological support for a deep-water origination of the Ediacara biota. In contrast, new occurrences of Ediacara-type fossils (including juvenile fronds, Beltanelliformis, Aspidella, annulated tubes, and multiple ichnotaxa) are found above the Shuram CIE in both deep- and shallow-water deposits of the Blueflower Formation. Given existing age constraints on the Shuram CIE, it appears that Ediacaran organisms may have originated in the deeper ocean and lived there for up to ~15 million years before migrating into shelfal environments in the terminal Ediacaran. This indicates unique ecophysiological constraints likely shaped the initial habitat preference and later environmental expansion of the Ediacara biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Boag
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - James F Busch
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Jared T Gooley
- Alaska Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Justin V Strauss
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Erik A Sperling
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Núñez-Flores M, Solórzano A, Avaria-Llautureo J, Gomez-Uchida D, López-González PJ. Diversification dynamics of a common deep-sea octocoral family linked to the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2024; 190:107945. [PMID: 37863452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
The deep-sea has experienced dramatic changes in physical and chemical variables in the geological past. However, little is known about how deep-sea species richness responded to such changes over time and space. Here, we studied the diversification dynamics of one of the most diverse octocorallian families inhabiting deep sea benthonic environments worldwide and sustaining highly diverse ecosystems, Primnoidae. A newly dated species-level phylogeny was constructed to infer their ancestral geographic locations and dispersal rates initially. Then, we tested whether their global and regional (the Southern Ocean) diversification dynamics were mediated by dispersal rate and abiotic factors as changes in ocean geochemistry. Finally, we tested whether primnoids showed changes in speciation and extinction at discrete time points. Our results suggested primnoids likely originated in the southwestern Pacific Ocean during the Lower Cretaceous ∼112 Ma, with further dispersal after the physical separation of continental landmasses along the late Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Only the speciation rate of the Southern Ocean primnoids showed a significant correlation to ocean chemistry. Moreover, the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum marked a significant increase in the diversification of primnoids at global and regional scales. Our results provide new perspectives on the macroevolutionary and biogeographic patterns of an ecologically important benthic organism typically found in deep-sea environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Núñez-Flores
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile; Laboratorio Ecología de Abejas, Departamento de Biología y Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile.
| | - Andrés Solórzano
- Escuela de Geología, Departamento de Biología y Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | | | - Daniel Gomez-Uchida
- Genomics in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Laboratory (GEECLAB), Department of Zoology, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Pablo J López-González
- Biodiversidad y Ecología Acuática. Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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Baletaud F, Lecellier G, Gilbert A, Mathon L, Côme JM, Dejean T, Dumas M, Fiat S, Vigliola L. Comparing Seamounts and Coral Reefs with eDNA and BRUVS Reveals Oases and Refuges on Shallow Seamounts. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1446. [PMID: 37998045 PMCID: PMC10669620 DOI: 10.3390/biology12111446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Seamounts are the least known ocean biome. Considered biodiversity hotspots, biomass oases, and refuges for megafauna, large gaps exist in their real diversity relative to other ecosystems like coral reefs. Using environmental DNA metabarcoding (eDNA) and baited video (BRUVS), we compared fish assemblages across five environments of different depths: coral reefs (15 m), shallow seamounts (50 m), continental slopes (150 m), intermediate seamounts (250 m), and deep seamounts (500 m). We modeled assemblages using 12 environmental variables and found depth to be the main driver of fish diversity and biomass, although other variables like human accessibility were important. Boosted Regression Trees (BRT) revealed a strong negative effect of depth on species richness, segregating coral reefs from deep-sea environments. Surprisingly, BRT showed a hump-shaped effect of depth on fish biomass, with significantly lower biomass on coral reefs than in shallowest deep-sea environments. Biomass of large predators like sharks was three times higher on shallow seamounts (50 m) than on coral reefs. The five studied environments showed quite distinct assemblages. However, species shared between coral reefs and deeper-sea environments were dominated by highly mobile large predators. Our results suggest that seamounts are no diversity hotspots for fish. However, we show that shallower seamounts form biomass oases and refuges for threatened megafauna, suggesting that priority should be given to their protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Baletaud
- ENTROPIE, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UR, UNC, IFREMER, CNRS, Centre IRD de Nouméa, 98848 Noumea, New Caledonia, France; (F.B.); (G.L.); (L.M.); (M.D.); (S.F.)
- GINGER SOPRONER, 98000 Noumea, New Caledonia, France;
- GINGER BURGEAP, 69000 Lyon, France;
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Gaël Lecellier
- ENTROPIE, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UR, UNC, IFREMER, CNRS, Centre IRD de Nouméa, 98848 Noumea, New Caledonia, France; (F.B.); (G.L.); (L.M.); (M.D.); (S.F.)
- ISEA, University of New Caledonia, 98800 Noumea, New Caledonia, France
| | | | - Laëtitia Mathon
- ENTROPIE, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UR, UNC, IFREMER, CNRS, Centre IRD de Nouméa, 98848 Noumea, New Caledonia, France; (F.B.); (G.L.); (L.M.); (M.D.); (S.F.)
- CEFE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE-PSL, IRD, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Mahé Dumas
- ENTROPIE, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UR, UNC, IFREMER, CNRS, Centre IRD de Nouméa, 98848 Noumea, New Caledonia, France; (F.B.); (G.L.); (L.M.); (M.D.); (S.F.)
| | - Sylvie Fiat
- ENTROPIE, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UR, UNC, IFREMER, CNRS, Centre IRD de Nouméa, 98848 Noumea, New Caledonia, France; (F.B.); (G.L.); (L.M.); (M.D.); (S.F.)
| | - Laurent Vigliola
- ENTROPIE, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UR, UNC, IFREMER, CNRS, Centre IRD de Nouméa, 98848 Noumea, New Caledonia, France; (F.B.); (G.L.); (L.M.); (M.D.); (S.F.)
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5
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Lin HY, Wright S, Costello MJ. Numbers of fish species, higher taxa, and phylogenetic similarity decrease with latitude and depth, and deep-sea assemblages are unique. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16116. [PMID: 37780369 PMCID: PMC10541023 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Species richness has been found to increase from the poles to the tropics but with a small dip near the equator over all marine fishes. Phylogenetic diversity measures offer an alternative perspective on biodiversity linked to evolutionary history. If phylogenetic diversity is standardized for species richness, then it may indicate places with relatively high genetic diversity. Latitudes and depths with both high species and phylogenetic diversity would be a priority for conservation. We compared latitudinal and depth gradients of species richness, and three measures of phylogenetic diversity, namely average phylogenetic diversity (AvPD), the sum of the higher taxonomic levels (STL) and the sum of the higher taxonomic levels divided by the number of species (STL/spp) for modelled ranges of 5,619 marine fish species. We distinguished all, bony and cartilaginous fish groups and four depth zones namely: whole water column; 0 -200 m; 201-1,000 m; and 1,001-6,000 m; at 5° latitudinal intervals from 75°S to 75°N, and at 100 m depth intervals from 0 m to 3,500 m. Species richness and higher taxonomic richness (STL) were higher in the tropics and subtropics with a small dip at the equator, and were significantly correlated among fish groups and depth zones. Species assemblages had closer phylogenetic relationships (lower AvPD and STL/spp) in warmer (low latitudes and shallow water) than colder environments (high latitudes and deep sea). This supports the hypothesis that warmer shallow latitudes and depths have had higher rates of evolution across a range of higher taxa. We also found distinct assemblages of species in different depth zones such that deeper sea species are not simply a subset of shallow assemblages. Thus, conservation needs to be representative of all latitudes and depth zones to encompass global biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yang Lin
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shane Wright
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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6
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Simon-Lledó E, Amon DJ, Bribiesca-Contreras G, Cuvelier D, Durden JM, Ramalho SP, Uhlenkott K, Arbizu PM, Benoist N, Copley J, Dahlgren TG, Glover AG, Fleming B, Horton T, Ju SJ, Mejía-Saenz A, McQuaid K, Pape E, Park C, Smith CR, Jones DOB. Carbonate compensation depth drives abyssal biogeography in the northeast Pacific. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:1388-1397. [PMID: 37488225 PMCID: PMC10482686 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Abyssal seafloor communities cover more than 60% of Earth's surface. Despite their great size, abyssal plains extend across modest environmental gradients compared to other marine ecosystems. However, little is known about the patterns and processes regulating biodiversity or potentially delimiting biogeographical boundaries at regional scales in the abyss. Improved macroecological understanding of remote abyssal environments is urgent as threats of widespread anthropogenic disturbance grow in the deep ocean. Here, we use a new, basin-scale dataset to show the existence of clear regional zonation in abyssal communities across the 5,000 km span of the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (northeast Pacific), an area targeted for deep-sea mining. We found two pronounced biogeographic provinces, deep and shallow-abyssal, separated by a transition zone between 4,300 and 4,800 m depth. Surprisingly, species richness was maintained across this boundary by phylum-level taxonomic replacements. These regional transitions are probably related to calcium carbonate saturation boundaries as taxa dependent on calcium carbonate structures, such as shelled molluscs, appear restricted to the shallower province. Our results suggest geochemical and climatic forcing on distributions of abyssal populations over large spatial scales and provide a potential paradigm for deep-sea macroecology, opening a new basis for regional-scale biodiversity research and conservation strategies in Earth's largest biome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diva J Amon
- SpeSeas, D'Abadie, Trinidad and Tobago
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | | | - Daphne Cuvelier
- Institute of Marine Sciences-Okeanos, University of the Azores, Horta, Portugal
| | | | - Sofia P Ramalho
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Katja Uhlenkott
- German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research, Senckenberg am Meer, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Pedro Martinez Arbizu
- German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research, Senckenberg am Meer, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | | | - Jonathan Copley
- Ocean & Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Thomas G Dahlgren
- NORCE Climate and Environment, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - Bethany Fleming
- National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
- Ocean & Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Se-Jong Ju
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan, South Korea
- Ocean Science Major, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | | | | | - Ellen Pape
- Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chailinn Park
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan, South Korea
- Ocean Science Major, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Craig R Smith
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
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Wiese F, Schlüter N, Zirkel J, Herrle JO, Friedrich O. A 104-Ma record of deep-sea Atelostomata (Holasterioda, Spatangoida, irregular echinoids) - a story of persistence, food availability and a big bang. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288046. [PMID: 37556403 PMCID: PMC10411753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep-sea macrobenthic body fossils are scarce due to the lack of deep-sea sedimentary archives in onshore settings. Therefore, hypothesized migrations of shallow shelf taxa into the deep-sea after phases of mass extinction (onshore-offshore pattern in the literature) due to anoxic events is not constrained by the fossil record. To resolve this conundrum, we investigated 1,475 deep-sea sediment samples from the Atlantic, Pacific and Southern oceans (water depth ranging from 200 to 4,700 m), providing 41,460 spine fragments of the crown group Atelostomata (Holasteroida, Spatangoida). We show that the scarce fossil record of deep-sea echinoids is in fact a methodological artefact because it is limited by the almost exclusive use of onshore fossil archives. Our data advocate for a continuous record of deep-sea Atelostomata back to at least 104 Ma (late early Cretaceous), and literature records suggest even an older age (115 Ma). A gradual increase of different spine tip morphologies from the Albian to the Maastrichtian is observed. A subsequent, abrupt reduction in spine size and the loss of morphological inventory in the lowermost Paleogene is interpreted to be an expression of the "Lilliput Effect", related to nourishment depletion on the sea floor in the course of the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) Boundary Event. The recovery from this event lasted at least 5 Ma, and post-K-Pg Boundary Event assemblages progress-without any further morphological breaks-towards the assemblages observed in modern deep-sea environments. Because atelostomate spine morphology is often species-specific, the variations in spine tip morphology trough time would indicate species changes taking place in the deep-sea. This observation is, therefore, interpreted to result from in-situ evolution in the deep-sea and not from onshore-offshore migrations. The calculation of the "atelostomate spine accumulation rate" (ASAR) reveals low values in pre-Campanian times, possibly related to high remineralization rates of organic matter in the water column in the course of the mid-Cretaceous Thermal Maximum and its aftermath. A Maastrichtian cooling pulse marks the irreversible onset of fluctuating but generally higher atelostomate biomass that continues throughout the Cenozoic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Wiese
- Department of Geobiology, Geoscience Centre, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Institut für Geowissenschaften, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nils Schlüter
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jessica Zirkel
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jens O. Herrle
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Oliver Friedrich
- Institut für Geowissenschaften, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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8
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Gellert M, Błażewicz M, Mamos T, Bird GJ. Diversity under a magnifier lens: the case of Typhlotanaidae (Crustacea: Tanaidacea) in the N Atlantic. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10905. [PMID: 37407596 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33616-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Research focusing on 'stout-bodied' typhlotanaids collected from several sites around Iceland and adjacent N Atlantic region has resulted in the description of 15 species new to science, as well as the creation of eight new genera. Typhlotanais eximius Hansen, 1913 is redescribed and transferred to a new genus, while Typhlotanais crassus and Peraeospinosus adipatus are transferred to the genus Larsenotanais. The morphological and the molecular data were combined to consolidate and confirm the validity of the results obtained from both approaches. The polyphyletic nature of the Typhlotanaidae and its serious of its taxonomic diversity are emphasized, although molecular analysis reveals that the 'stout-bodied' Typhlotanaidae form monophyletic clade. Depth and temperature are identified as the main environmental parameters determining the distribution of this group of Typhlotanaidae. Several species are clearly associated with the shelf and upper bathyal of Iceland. The Greenland-Iceland-Faroe Ridge is shown to be a distinct zoogeographical barrier for typhlotanaids inhabiting the deeper slope and abyssal regions around Iceland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gellert
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Błażewicz
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Mamos
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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9
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Cribb AT, van de Velde SJ, Berelson WM, Bottjer DJ, Corsetti FA. Ediacaran-Cambrian bioturbation did not extensively oxygenate sediments in shallow marine ecosystems. GEOBIOLOGY 2023; 21:435-453. [PMID: 36815223 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The radiation of bioturbation during the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition has long been hypothesized to have oxygenated sediments, triggering an expansion of the habitable benthic zone and promoting increased infaunal tiering in early Paleozoic benthic communities. However, the effects of bioturbation on sediment oxygen are underexplored with respect to the importance of biomixing and bioirrigation, two bioturbation processes which can have opposite effects on sediment redox chemistry. We categorized trace fossils from the Ediacaran and Terreneuvian as biomixing or bioirrigation fossils and integrated sedimentological proxies for bioturbation intensity with biogeochemical modeling to simulate oxygen penetration depths through the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition. Ultimately, we find that despite dramatic increases in ichnodiversity in the Terreneuvian, biomixing remains the dominant bioturbation behavior, and in contrast to traditional assumptions, Ediacaran-Cambrian bioturbation was unlikely to have resulted in extensive oxygenation of shallow marine sediments globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison T Cribb
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sebastiaan J van de Velde
- Department of Geosciences, Environment and Society, Universté Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Operational Directorate Natural Environment, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - William M Berelson
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David J Bottjer
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Frank A Corsetti
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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10
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Chu M, Zhang X. Alien species invasion of deep-sea bacteria into mouse gut microbiota. J Adv Res 2023; 45:101-115. [PMID: 35690372 PMCID: PMC10006512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Deep sea has numerous bacteria which dominate in the biomass of deep-sea sediments. Some deep-sea bacteria may possess the capacity to destroy mammal health by the alteration of gut microbiota, acting as potential pathogens. OBJECTIVES Pathogenic bacteria are great threats to human health. However, the ultimate origin of pathogenic bacteria has not been intensively explored. In this study, therefore, the influence of deep-sea bacteria on the gut microbiota was evaluated on a global scale. METHODS The bacteria isolated from each of 106 deep-sea sediment samples were transplanted into mice in our study to assess the infectiousness of deep-sea bacteria. RESULTS The results showed that some bacteria from deep sea, an area that has existed since the earth was formed, could proliferate in mouse gut. Based on the infectious evaluation of the bacteria from each of 106 deep-sea sediments, the bacteria isolated from 13 sediments invaded the gut bacterial communities of mice, leading to the significant alteration of mouse gut microbiota. Among the 13 deep-sea sediments, the bacteria isolated from 9 sediments could destroy mouse health by inducing glucose metabolism deterioration, liver damage and inflammatory symptom. As an example, a bacterium was isolated from deep-sea sediment DP040, which was identified to be Bacillus cereus (termed as Bacillus cereus DP040). Bacillus cereus DP040 could invade the gut microbiota of mice to change the gut microbial structure, leading to inflammatory symptom of mice. The deep-sea sediments containing the bacteria destroying the health of mice were distributed in hydrothermal vent, mid-ocean ridge and hadal trench of the Indian Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that deep sea is an important origin of potential pathogenic bacteria and provide the first biosecurity insight into the alien species invasion of deep-sea bacteria into mammal gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Chu
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Friedman ST, Muñoz MM. A latitudinal gradient of deep-sea invasions for marine fishes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:773. [PMID: 36774385 PMCID: PMC9922314 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36501-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the tropics harbor the greatest species richness globally, recent work has demonstrated that, for many taxa, speciation rates are faster at higher latitudes. Here, we explore lability in oceanic depth as a potential mechanism for this pattern in the most biodiverse vertebrates - fishes. We demonstrate that clades with the highest speciation rates also diversify more rapidly along the depth gradient, drawing a fundamental link between evolutionary and ecological processes on a global scale. Crucially, these same clades also inhabit higher latitudes, creating a prevailing latitudinal gradient of deep-sea invasions concentrated in poleward regions. We interpret these findings in the light of classic ecological theory, unifying the latitudinal variation of oceanic features and the physiological tolerances of the species living there. This work advances the understanding of how niche lability sculpts global patterns of species distributions and underscores the vulnerability of polar ecosystems to changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T Friedman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA. .,Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
| | - Martha M Muñoz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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12
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Sobczyk R, Serigstad B, Pabis K. High polychaete diversity in the Gulf of Guinea (West African continental margin): The influence of local and intermediate scale ecological factors on a background of regional patterns. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160046. [PMID: 36356769 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Tropical East Atlantic is one of the least studied areas in the world's oceans, and thus a blank spot on the map of marine studies. Shaped by dynamic currents and shifting water masses, it is a key region in discussions about marine ecology, biodiversity, and zoogeography, while facing numerous, poorly understood, and unmonitored threats associated with climate change, acidification, and pollution. Polychaete diversity was assessed along four transects along the Ghana coast, from shallow to deep bottoms and distributed along the whole upwelling marine ecoregion. Despite high sampling effort, steep species accumulation curves demonstrated the necessity of further sampling in the region. We observed zonation of fauna by depth, and a decrease in species richness from 25 m to 1000 m depth. Polychaete communities were influenced by sediment type, presence of oxygen minimum zones, and local disturbances caused by elevated barium concentrations. Similar evenness along the depth gradient reflected the importance of rare species in the community structure. Differences in phylogenetic diversity, as reflected by taxonomic distinctness, were small, which suggested high ecosystem stability. The highly variable species richness at small scale (meters) showed the importance of ecological factors giving rise to microhabitat diversity, although we also noticed intermediate scale (50-300 km) differences affecting community structure. About 44 % of the species were rare (i.e. recorded only in three or fewer samples), highlighting the level of patchiness, while one fifth was distributed on all transects, therefore along the whole upwelling ecoregion, demonstrating the influence of the regional species pool on local communities at particular stations. Our study yielded 253 species, increasing the number of polychaetes known from this region by at least 50 %. This casts doubt on previous findings regarding Atlantic bioregionalization, biodiversity estimates and endemism, which appear to have been more pronouncedly affected by sampling bias than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sobczyk
- Department of Invertebrates Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Bjorn Serigstad
- Center for Development Cooperation in Fisheries, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Krzysztof Pabis
- Department of Invertebrates Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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13
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Rabosky DL. Evolutionary time and species diversity in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:2090-2105. [PMID: 35899476 PMCID: PMC9796449 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is frequently described as the most dramatic biodiversity pattern on Earth, yet ecologists and biogeographers have failed to reach consensus on its primary cause. A key problem in explaining the LDG involves collinearity between multiple factors that are predicted to affect species richness in the same direction. In terrestrial systems, energy input, geographic area, and evolutionary time for species accumulation tend to covary positively with species richness at the largest spatial scales, such that their individual contributions to the LDG are confounded in global analyses. I review three diversity patterns from marine and freshwater systems that break this collinearity and which may thus provide stronger tests of the influence of time on global richness gradients. Specifically, I contrast biodiversity patterns along oceanic depth gradients, in geologically young versus ancient lakes, and in the north versus south polar marine biomes. I focus primarily on fishes due to greater data availability but synthesize patterns for invertebrates where possible. I find that regional-to-global species richness generally declines with depth in the oceans, despite the great age and stability of the deep-sea biome. Geologically ancient lakes generally do not contain more species than young lakes, and the Antarctic marine biome is not appreciably more species rich than the much younger Arctic marine biome. However, endemism is consistently higher in older systems. Patterns for invertebrate groups are less clear than for fishes and reflect a critical need for primary biodiversity data. In summary, the available data suggest that species richness is either decoupled from or only weakly related to the amount of time for diversification. These results suggest that energy, productivity, or geographic area are the primary drivers of large-scale diversity gradients. To the extent that marine and terrestrial diversity gradients result from similar processes, these examples provide evidence against a primary role for evolutionary time as the cause of the LDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Rabosky
- Museum of Zoology & Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Michigan2032 Biological Sciences BuildingAnn ArborMI48109USA
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14
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Gasbarro R, Sowers D, Margolin A, Cordes EE. Distribution and predicted climatic refugia for a reef-building cold-water coral on the southeast US margin. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:7108-7125. [PMID: 36054745 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is reorganizing the planet's biodiversity, necessitating proactive management of species and habitats based on spatiotemporal predictions of distributions across climate scenarios. In marine settings, climatic changes will predominantly manifest via warming, ocean acidification, deoxygenation, and changes in hydrodynamics. Lophelia pertusa, the main reef-forming coral present throughout the deep Atlantic Ocean (>200 m), is particularly sensitive to such stressors with stark reductions in suitable habitat predicted to accrue by 2100 in a business-as-usual scenario. However, with new occurrence data for this species along with higher-resolution bathymetry and climate data, it may be possible to locate further climatic refugia. Here, we synthesize new and published biogeographic, geomorphological, and climatic data to build ensemble, multi-scale habitat suitability models for L. pertusa on the continental margin of the southeast United States (SEUS). We then project these models in two timepoints (2050, 2100) and four climate change scenarios to characterize the occurrence probability of this critical cold-water coral (CWC) habitat now and in the future. Our models reveal the extent of reef habitat in the SEUS and corroborate it as the largest currently known essentially continuous CWC reef province on earth, and also predict abundance of L. pertusa to identify key areas, including those outside areas currently protected from bottom-contact fishing. Drastic reductions in L. pertusa climatic suitability index emerged primarily after 2050 and were concentrated at the shallower end (<~550 m) of the regional distribution under the Gulf Stream main axis. Our results thus suggest a depth-driven climate refuge effect where deeper, cooler reef sites experience lesser declines. The strength of this effect increases with climate scenario severity. Taken together, our study has implications for the regional and global management of this species, portending changes in the biodiversity reliant on CWC habitats and the critical ecosystem services they provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Gasbarro
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Derek Sowers
- NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Alex Margolin
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Erik E Cordes
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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15
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Bryant SRD, McClain CR. Functional space expansion driven by transitions between energetically advantageous traits in the deep sea. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221302. [PMID: 36382521 PMCID: PMC9667370 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change is shifting community structure and biodiversity on a global scale, in part due to alterations of chemical and thermal energy availability. These changes may impact ecosystem functioning through their influence on functional diversity. We investigate patterns of functional diversity, functional niches, and functional traits in bivalve communities across the energetic gradient of the deep Atlantic Ocean. We use the functional traits feeding type, tiering, and motility level to define the axes of functional space and the unique combinations of these traits as functional niches. We find that increased energy affords new species, added into functional space through niche expansion rather than niche packing. Underlying this pattern are complex dynamics of gains and losses of individual functional niches, with few adapted to the low- and high-energy extremes, and most occurring at intermediate energy. Adaptive qualities of specific traits are evidenced by those functional niches occurring at energetic extremes. Tradeoffs between these traits within the intermediate energy zone underlie an increased coexistence of functional niches, which in turn drives a unimodal pattern of functional niches and expansion of used functional space. This work suggests that energy-limited communities may be especially vulnerable to continued shifts in food availability through the Anthropocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. River D. Bryant
- Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, 8124 Highway 56, Chauvin, LA 70344, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 410 E. St. Mary Blvd., Billeaud Hall, Lafayette, LA 70503, USA
| | - Craig R. McClain
- Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, 8124 Highway 56, Chauvin, LA 70344, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 410 E. St. Mary Blvd., Billeaud Hall, Lafayette, LA 70503, USA
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16
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Antarctic Seabed Assemblages in an Ice-Shelf-Adjacent Polynya, Western Weddell Sea. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11121705. [PMID: 36552215 PMCID: PMC9774262 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ice shelves cover ~1.6 million km2 of the Antarctic continental shelf and are sensitive indicators of climate change. With ice-shelf retreat, aphotic marine environments transform into new open-water spaces of photo-induced primary production and associated organic matter export to the benthos. Predicting how Antarctic seafloor assemblages may develop following ice-shelf loss requires knowledge of assemblages bordering the ice-shelf margins, which are relatively undocumented. This study investigated seafloor assemblages, by taxa and functional groups, in a coastal polynya adjacent to the Larsen C Ice Shelf front, western Weddell Sea. The study area is rarely accessed, at the frontline of climate change, and located within a CCAMLR-proposed international marine protected area. Four sites, ~1 to 16 km from the ice-shelf front, were explored for megabenthic assemblages, and potential environmental drivers of assemblage structures were assessed. Faunal density increased with distance from the ice shelf, with epifaunal deposit-feeders a surrogate for overall density trends. Faunal richness did not exhibit a significant pattern with distance from the ice shelf and was most variable at sites closest to the ice-shelf front. Faunal assemblages significantly differed in composition among sites, and those nearest to the ice shelf were the most dissimilar; however, ice-shelf proximity did not emerge as a significant driver of assemblage structure. Overall, the study found a biologically-diverse and complex seafloor environment close to an ice-shelf front and provides ecological baselines for monitoring benthic ecosystem responses to environmental change, supporting marine management.
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17
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Rogers AD, Appeltans W, Assis J, Ballance LT, Cury P, Duarte C, Favoretto F, Hynes LA, Kumagai JA, Lovelock CE, Miloslavich P, Niamir A, Obura D, O'Leary BC, Ramirez-Llodra E, Reygondeau G, Roberts C, Sadovy Y, Steeds O, Sutton T, Tittensor DP, Velarde E, Woodall L, Aburto-Oropeza O. Discovering marine biodiversity in the 21st century. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2022; 93:23-115. [PMID: 36435592 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We review the current knowledge of the biodiversity of the ocean as well as the levels of decline and threat for species and habitats. The lack of understanding of the distribution of life in the ocean is identified as a significant barrier to restoring its biodiversity and health. We explore why the science of taxonomy has failed to deliver knowledge of what species are present in the ocean, how they are distributed and how they are responding to global and regional to local anthropogenic pressures. This failure prevents nations from meeting their international commitments to conserve marine biodiversity with the results that investment in taxonomy has declined in many countries. We explore a range of new technologies and approaches for discovery of marine species and their detection and monitoring. These include: imaging methods, molecular approaches, active and passive acoustics, the use of interconnected databases and citizen science. Whilst no one method is suitable for discovering or detecting all groups of organisms many are complementary and have been combined to give a more complete picture of biodiversity in marine ecosystems. We conclude that integrated approaches represent the best way forwards for accelerating species discovery, description and biodiversity assessment. Examples of integrated taxonomic approaches are identified from terrestrial ecosystems. Such integrated taxonomic approaches require the adoption of cybertaxonomy approaches and will be boosted by new autonomous sampling platforms and development of machine-speed exchange of digital information between databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex D Rogers
- REV Ocean, Lysaker, Norway; Nekton Foundation, Begbroke Science Park, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Ward Appeltans
- Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Oostende, Belgium
| | - Jorge Assis
- Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Lisa T Ballance
- Marine Mammal Institute, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, United States
| | | | - Carlos Duarte
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Fabio Favoretto
- Autonomous University of Baja California Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Lisa A Hynes
- Nekton Foundation, Begbroke Science Park, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joy A Kumagai
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Institute, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Catherine E Lovelock
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Patricia Miloslavich
- Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR), College of Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States; Departamento de Estudios Ambientales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Venezuela & Scientific Committee for Oceanic Research (SCOR), Newark, DE, United States
| | - Aidin Niamir
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Institute, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Bethan C O'Leary
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom; Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Ramirez-Llodra
- REV Ocean, Lysaker, Norway; Nekton Foundation, Begbroke Science Park, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel Reygondeau
- Yale Center for Biodiversity Movement and Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Nippon Foundation-Nereus Program, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Callum Roberts
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Sadovy
- School of Biological Sciences, Swire Institute of Marine Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Oliver Steeds
- Nekton Foundation, Begbroke Science Park, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tracey Sutton
- Nova Southeastern University, Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Dania Beach, FL, United States
| | | | - Enriqueta Velarde
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Pesquerías, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Lucy Woodall
- Nekton Foundation, Begbroke Science Park, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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18
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Kopperud BT, Lidgard S, Liow LH. Enhancing georeferenced biodiversity inventories: automated information extraction from literature records reveal the gaps. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13921. [PMID: 35999848 PMCID: PMC9393005 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We use natural language processing (NLP) to retrieve location data for cheilostome bryozoan species (text-mined occurrences (TMO)) in an automated procedure. We compare these results with data combined from two major public databases (DB): the Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS), and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Using DB and TMO data separately and in combination, we present latitudinal species richness curves using standard estimators (Chao2 and the Jackknife) and range-through approaches. Our combined DB and TMO species richness curves quantitatively document a bimodal global latitudinal diversity gradient for extant cheilostomes for the first time, with peaks in the temperate zones. A total of 79% of the georeferenced species we retrieved from TMO (N = 1,408) and DB (N = 4,549) are non-overlapping. Despite clear indications that global location data compiled for cheilostomes should be improved with concerted effort, our study supports the view that many marine latitudinal species richness patterns deviate from the canonical latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG). Moreover, combining online biodiversity databases with automated information retrieval from the published literature is a promising avenue for expanding taxon-location datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Tore Kopperud
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany,Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Scott Lidgard
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
| | - Lee Hsiang Liow
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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19
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Sun S, Xiao N, Sha Z. Complete mitochondrial genomes of four deep-sea echinoids: conserved mitogenome organization and new insights into the phylogeny and evolution of Echinoidea. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13730. [PMID: 35919401 PMCID: PMC9339218 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinoids are an important component in benthic marine environments, which occur at all depths from the shallow-water hard substrates to abyssal depths. To date, the phylogeny of the sea urchins and the macro-evolutionary processes of deep-sea and shallow water groups have not yet been fully resolved. In the present study, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of four deep-sea sea urchins (Echinoidea), which were the first representatives of the orders Aspidodiadematoida, Pedinoida and Echinothurioida, respectively. The gene content and arrangement were highly conserved in echinoid mitogenomes. The tRNA-Ser AGY with DHU arm was detected in the newly sequenced echinoid mitogenomes, representing an ancestral structure of tRNA-Ser AGY. No difference was found between deep-sea and shallow water groups in terms of base composition and codon usage. The phylogenetic analysis showed that all the orders except Spatangoida were monophyletic. The basal position of Cidaroida was supported. The closest relationship of Scutelloida and Echinolampadoida was confirmed. Our phylogenetic analysis shed new light on the position of Arbacioida, which supported that Arbacioida was most related with the irregular sea urchins instead of Stomopneustoida. The position Aspidodiadematoida (((Aspidodiadematoida + Pedinoida) + Echinothurioida) + Diadematoida) revealed by mitogenomic data discredited the hypothesis based on morphological evidences. The macro-evolutionary pattern revealed no simple onshore-offshore or an opposite hypothesis. But the basal position of the deep-sea lineages indicated the important role of deep sea in generating the current diversity of the class Echinoidea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao’e Sun
- Department of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China,Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,College of Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Xiao
- Department of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China,Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,College of Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongli Sha
- Department of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China,Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China,College of Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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Reichelt-Brushett A, Hewitt J, Kaiser S, Kim RE, Wood R. Deep seabed mining and communities: A transdisciplinary approach to ecological risk assessment in the South Pacific. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2022; 18:664-673. [PMID: 34396697 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Deep-sea mineral extraction is a fledgling industry whose guiding principles, legislation, protocols, and regulations are still evolving. Responsible management of the industry is difficult when it is not clearly understood what biological and environmental diversity or ecosystem services may be at risk. But the industry's infancy provides an opportunity to address this challenge by stakeholder-led development and implementation of a multidisciplinary risk assessment framework. This article aims to present the findings of a workshop held in New Zealand that hosted stakeholders from a broad range of interests and regions in the South Pacific associated with the deep-sea mineral activity. The outputs provide stakeholder-informed ecological risk assessment approaches for deep-sea mining activities, identifying tools and techniques to improve the relevance of risk assessment of deep seabed mining projects to communities in the South Pacific. Discussions highlighted the importance of trust or respect among stakeholders, valuing the "life force" of the ocean, the importance of scientific data, and the complications associated with defining acceptable change. This research highlighted the need for a holistic transdisciplinary approach that connects science, management, industry, and community, an approach most likely to provide a "social license" to operate. There is also a need to revise traditional risk assessment methods to make them more relevant to stakeholders. The development of ecotoxicological tools and approaches is an example of how existing practices could be improved to better support deep-sea mineral management. A case study is provided that highlights the current challenges within the legislative framework of New Zealand. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:664-673. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Reichelt-Brushett
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Judi Hewitt
- National Institute of Water and Atmosphere (NIWA), Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stefanie Kaiser
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Rakhyun E Kim
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ray Wood
- Chatham Rock Phosphate, Wellington, New Zealand
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21
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Mitogenomics provides new insights into the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of deep-sea sea stars (Asteroidea). Sci Rep 2022; 12:4656. [PMID: 35304532 PMCID: PMC8933410 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08644-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The deep sea (> 200 m) is considered as the largest and most remote biome, which characterized by low temperatures, low oxygen level, scarce food, constant darkness, and high hydrostatic pressure. The sea stars (class Asteroidea) are ecologically important and diverse echinoderms in all of the world’s oceans, occurring from the intertidal to the abyssal zone (to about 6000 m). To date, the phylogeny of the sea stars and the relationships of deep-sea and shallow water groups have not yet been fully resolved. Here, we recovered five mitochondrial genomes of deep-sea asteroids. The A+T content of the mtDNA in deep-sea asteroids were significantly higher than that of the shallow-water groups. The gene orders of the five new mitogenomes were identical to that of other asteroids. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the orders Valvatida, Paxillosida, Forcipulatida are paraphyletic. Velatida was the sister order of all the others and then the cladeValvatida-Spinulosida-Paxillosida-Notomyotida versus Forcipulatida-Brisingida. Deep-sea asteroids were nested in different lineages, instead of a well-supported clade. The tropical Western Pacific was suggested as the original area of asteroids, and the temperate water was initially colonized with asteroids by the migration events from the tropical and cold water. The time-calibrated phylogeny showed that Asteroidea originated during Devonian-Carboniferous boundary and the major lineages of Asteroidea originated during Permian–Triassic boundary. The divergence between the deep-sea and shallow-water asteroids coincided approximately with the Triassic-Jurassic extinction. Total 29 positively selected sites were detected in fifteen mitochondrial genes of five deep-sea lineages, implying a link between deep-sea adaption and mitochondrial molecular biology in asteroids.
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22
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Carroll EL, McGowen MR, McCarthy ML, Marx FG, Aguilar N, Dalebout ML, Dreyer S, Gaggiotti OE, Hansen SS, van Helden A, Onoufriou AB, Baird RW, Baker CS, Berrow S, Cholewiak D, Claridge D, Constantine R, Davison NJ, Eira C, Fordyce RE, Gatesy J, Hofmeyr GJG, Martín V, Mead JG, Mignucci-Giannoni AA, Morin PA, Reyes C, Rogan E, Rosso M, Silva MA, Springer MS, Steel D, Olsen MT. Speciation in the deep: genomics and morphology reveal a new species of beaked whale Mesoplodon eueu. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211213. [PMID: 34702078 PMCID: PMC8548795 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The deep sea has been described as the last major ecological frontier, as much of its biodiversity is yet to be discovered and described. Beaked whales (ziphiids) are among the most visible inhabitants of the deep sea, due to their large size and worldwide distribution, and their taxonomic diversity and much about their natural history remain poorly understood. We combine genomic and morphometric analyses to reveal a new Southern Hemisphere ziphiid species, Ramari's beaked whale, Mesoplodon eueu, whose name is linked to the Indigenous peoples of the lands from which the species holotype and paratypes were recovered. Mitogenome and ddRAD-derived phylogenies demonstrate reciprocally monophyletic divergence between M. eueu and True's beaked whale (M. mirus) from the North Atlantic, with which it was previously subsumed. Morphometric analyses of skulls also distinguish the two species. A time-calibrated mitogenome phylogeny and analysis of two nuclear genomes indicate divergence began circa 2 million years ago (Ma), with geneflow ceasing 0.35-0.55 Ma. This is an example of how deep sea biodiversity can be unravelled through increasing international collaboration and genome sequencing of archival specimens. Our consultation and involvement with Indigenous peoples offers a model for broadening the cultural scope of the scientific naming process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Carroll
- School of Biological Sciences Te Kura Mātauranga Koiora, University of Auckland Waipapa Taumata Rau, Auckland 1010, Aotearoa New Zealand
| | - Michael R. McGowen
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Morgan L. McCarthy
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, Copenhagen K DK-1353, Denmark
| | - Felix G. Marx
- Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, Aotearoa New Zealand
- Department of Geology, University of Otago, Dunedin, Aotearoa New Zealand
| | - Natacha Aguilar
- BIOECOMAC, Department of Animal Biology, Edaphology and Geology, University of La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Merel L. Dalebout
- School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia
| | - Sascha Dreyer
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, Copenhagen K DK-1353, Denmark
| | | | - Sabine S. Hansen
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, Copenhagen K DK-1353, Denmark
| | - Anton van Helden
- School of Biological Sciences Te Kura Mātauranga Koiora, University of Auckland Waipapa Taumata Rau, Auckland 1010, Aotearoa New Zealand
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560, USA
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, Copenhagen K DK-1353, Denmark
- Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, Aotearoa New Zealand
- Department of Geology, University of Otago, Dunedin, Aotearoa New Zealand
- BIOECOMAC, Department of Animal Biology, Edaphology and Geology, University of La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
- School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 8LB, UK
- Cascadia Research Collective, 218 1/2 W. 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501, USA
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA
- Marine Mammal Institute and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR 97365, USA
- Irish Whale and Dolphin Group, Merchants Quay, Kilrush, Co Clare, Ireland/Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Galway, Ireland
- Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 166 Waters Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Bahamas Marine Mammal Research Organisation (BMMRO), Sandy Point, Abaco, Bahamas
- Scottish Marine Animal Stranding Scheme, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Departamento de Biologia, CESAM and ECOMARE, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
- Sociedade Portuguesa de Vida Selvagem, Estação de Campo de Quiaios, Rua das Matas nacionais, Figueira da Foz 3080-530, Portugal
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA
- Port Elizabeth Museum at Bayworld, Gqeberha 6013, South Africa
- Department of Zoology, Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha 6031, South Africa
- Study of the Cetaceans in the Canary Archipelago (SECAC) Casa de Los Arroyo, Arrecife de Lanzarote, Canary Islands, Spain
- Caribbean Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, 500 Carretera Dr John Will Harris, Bayamón 00957, Puerto Rico
- Center for Conservation Medicine and Ecosystem Health, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, Basseterre, St Kitts
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 8901 La Jolla Shores Dr., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Ireland
- CIMA Research Foundation, Via Magliotto 2, Savona 17100, Italy
- Okeanos—Instituto de Investigação em Ciências do Mar & IMAR—Instituto do MAR, Universidade dos Açores, Horta, Portugal
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Aubrie B. Onoufriou
- BIOECOMAC, Department of Animal Biology, Edaphology and Geology, University of La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Robin W. Baird
- Cascadia Research Collective, 218 1/2 W. 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501, USA
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA
| | - C. Scott Baker
- Marine Mammal Institute and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR 97365, USA
| | - Simon Berrow
- Irish Whale and Dolphin Group, Merchants Quay, Kilrush, Co Clare, Ireland/Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Danielle Cholewiak
- Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 166 Waters Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Diane Claridge
- Bahamas Marine Mammal Research Organisation (BMMRO), Sandy Point, Abaco, Bahamas
| | - Rochelle Constantine
- School of Biological Sciences Te Kura Mātauranga Koiora, University of Auckland Waipapa Taumata Rau, Auckland 1010, Aotearoa New Zealand
| | - Nicholas J. Davison
- Scottish Marine Animal Stranding Scheme, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Catarina Eira
- Departamento de Biologia, CESAM and ECOMARE, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
- Sociedade Portuguesa de Vida Selvagem, Estação de Campo de Quiaios, Rua das Matas nacionais, Figueira da Foz 3080-530, Portugal
| | - R. Ewan Fordyce
- Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, Aotearoa New Zealand
- Department of Geology, University of Otago, Dunedin, Aotearoa New Zealand
| | - John Gatesy
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - G. J. Greg Hofmeyr
- Port Elizabeth Museum at Bayworld, Gqeberha 6013, South Africa
- Department of Zoology, Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha 6031, South Africa
| | - Vidal Martín
- Study of the Cetaceans in the Canary Archipelago (SECAC) Casa de Los Arroyo, Arrecife de Lanzarote, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - James G. Mead
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Antonio A. Mignucci-Giannoni
- Caribbean Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, 500 Carretera Dr John Will Harris, Bayamón 00957, Puerto Rico
- Center for Conservation Medicine and Ecosystem Health, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, Basseterre, St Kitts
| | - Phillip A. Morin
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 8901 La Jolla Shores Dr., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Cristel Reyes
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Emer Rogan
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Mónica A. Silva
- Okeanos—Instituto de Investigação em Ciências do Mar & IMAR—Instituto do MAR, Universidade dos Açores, Horta, Portugal
| | - Mark S. Springer
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Debbie Steel
- Marine Mammal Institute and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR 97365, USA
| | - Morten Tange Olsen
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, Copenhagen K DK-1353, Denmark
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23
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Moreno RA, Labra FA, Cotoras DD, Camus PA, Gutiérrez D, Aguirre L, Rozbaczylo N, Poulin E, Lagos NA, Zamorano D, Rivadeneira MM. Evolutionary drivers of the hump-shaped latitudinal gradient of benthic polychaete species richness along the Southeastern Pacific coast. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12010. [PMID: 34692242 PMCID: PMC8483006 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Latitudinal diversity gradients (LDG) and their explanatory factors are among the most challenging topics in macroecology and biogeography. Despite of its apparent generality, a growing body of evidence shows that 'anomalous' LDG (i.e., inverse or hump-shaped trends) are common among marine organisms along the Southeastern Pacific (SEP) coast. Here, we evaluate the shape of the LDG of marine benthic polychaetes and its underlying causes using a dataset of 643 species inhabiting the continental shelf (<200 m depth), using latitudinal bands with a spatial resolution of 0.5°, along the SEP (3-56° S). The explanatory value of six oceanographic (Sea Surface Temperature (SST), SST range, salinity, salinity range, primary productivity and shelf area), and one macroecological proxy (median latitudinal range of species) were assessed using a random forest model. The taxonomic structure was used to estimate the degree of niche conservatism of predictor variables and to estimate latitudinal trends in phylogenetic diversity, based on three indices (phylogenetic richness (PDSES), mean pairwise distance (MPDSES), and variation of pairwise distances (VPD)). The LDG exhibits a hump-shaped trend, with a maximum peak of species richness at ca. 42° S, declining towards northern and southern areas of SEP. The latitudinal pattern was also evident in local samples controlled by sampling effort. The random forest model had a high accuracy (pseudo-r2 = 0.95) and showed that the LDG could be explained by four variables (median latitudinal range, SST, salinity, and SST range), yet the functional relationship between species richness and these predictors was variable. A significant degree of phylogenetic conservatism was detected for the median latitudinal range and SST. PDSES increased toward the southern region, whereas VPD showed the opposite trend, both statistically significant. MPDSES has the same trend as PDSES, but it is not significant. Our results reinforce the idea that the south Chile fjord area, particularly the Chiloé region, was likely the evolutionary source of new species of marine polychaetes along SEP, creating a hotspot of diversity. Therefore, in the same way as the canonical LDG shows a decline in diversity while moving away from the tropics; on this case the decline occurs while moving away from Chiloé Island. These results, coupled with a strong phylogenetic signal of the main predictor variables suggest that processes operating mainly at evolutionary timescales govern the LDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Moreno
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabio A Labra
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Darko D Cotoras
- Entomology Department, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Patricio A Camus
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Dimitri Gutiérrez
- Dirección de Investigaciones Oceanográficas y de Cambio Climático, Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE), Callao, Perú
| | - Luis Aguirre
- Laboratorio de Biología y Sistemática de Invertebrados Marinos (LaBSIM), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú
| | - Nicolás Rozbaczylo
- FAUNAMAR Ltda. Consultorías Medio Ambientales e Investigación Marina, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elie Poulin
- Instituto Milenio de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nelson A Lagos
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Zamorano
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Marcelo M Rivadeneira
- Laboratorio de Paleobiología, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile.,Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.,Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
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24
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Decreasing Phanerozoic extinction intensity as a consequence of Earth surface oxygenation and metazoan ecophysiology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2101900118. [PMID: 34607946 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2101900118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The decline in background extinction rates of marine animals through geologic time is an established but unexplained feature of the Phanerozoic fossil record. There is also growing consensus that the ocean and atmosphere did not become oxygenated to near-modern levels until the mid-Paleozoic, coinciding with the onset of generally lower extinction rates. Physiological theory provides us with a possible causal link between these two observations-predicting that the synergistic impacts of oxygen and temperature on aerobic respiration would have made marine animals more vulnerable to ocean warming events during periods of limited surface oxygenation. Here, we evaluate the hypothesis that changes in surface oxygenation exerted a first-order control on extinction rates through the Phanerozoic using a combined Earth system and ecophysiological modeling approach. We find that although continental configuration, the efficiency of the biological carbon pump in the ocean, and initial climate state all impact the magnitude of modeled biodiversity loss across simulated warming events, atmospheric oxygen is the dominant predictor of extinction vulnerability, with metabolic habitat viability and global ecophysiotype extinction exhibiting inflection points around 40% of present atmospheric oxygen. Given this is the broad upper limit for estimates of early Paleozoic oxygen levels, our results are consistent with the relative frequency of high-magnitude extinction events (particularly those not included in the canonical big five mass extinctions) early in the Phanerozoic being a direct consequence of limited early Paleozoic oxygenation and temperature-dependent hypoxia responses.
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25
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Lörz AN, Kaiser S, Oldeland J, Stolter C, Kürzel K, Brix S. Biogeography, diversity and environmental relationships of shelf and deep-sea benthic Amphipoda around Iceland. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11898. [PMID: 34447625 PMCID: PMC8364320 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The waters around Iceland, bounding the Northern North Atlantic and the Nordic seas, are a region characterized by complex hydrography and seabed topography. This and the presence of the Greenland-Iceland-Faroe-Scotland ridge (GIFR) are likely to have a major impact on the diversity and distribution of the benthic fauna there. Biodiversity in this region is also under increasing threat from climate-induced changes, ocean warming and acidification in particular, affecting the marine realm. The aim of the present study was to investigate the biodiversity and distributional patterns of amphipod crustaceans in Icelandic waters and how it relates to environmental variables and depth. A comprehensive data set from the literature and recent expeditions was compiled constituting distributional records for 355 amphipod species across a major depth gradient (18–3,700 m). Using a 1° hexagonal grid to map amphipod distributions and a set of environmental factors (depth, pH, phytobiomass, velocity, dissolved oxygen, dissolved iron, salinity and temperature) we could identify four distinct amphipod assemblages: A Deep-North, Deep-South, and a Coastal cluster as well as one restricted to the GIFR. In addition to depth, salinity and temperature were the main parameters that determined the distribution of amphipods. Diversity differed greatly between the depth clusters and was significantly higher in coastal and GIFR assemblages compared to the deep-sea clusters north and south of the GIFR. A variety of factors and processes are likely to be responsible for the perceived biodiversity patterns, which, however, appear to vary according to region and depth. Low diversity of amphipod communities in the Nordic basins can be interpreted as a reflection of the prevailing harsh environmental conditions in combination with a barrier effect of the GIFR. By contrast, low diversity of the deep North Atlantic assemblages might be linked to the variable nature of the oceanographic environment in the region over multiple spatio-temporal scales. Overall, our study highlights the importance of amphipods as a constituent part of Icelandic benthos. The strong responses of amphipod communities to certain water mass variables raise the question of whether and how their distribution will change due to climate alteration, which should be a focus of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Nina Lörz
- Institute for Marine Ecosystems and Fisheries Science, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kaiser
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Łódź, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Caroline Stolter
- Department Biology, Zoological Institute, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Saskia Brix
- Deutsches Zentrum für Marine Biodiversität, Senckenberg Nature Research Society, Hamburg, Germany
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26
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Thuy B, Numberger-Thuy LD, Pineda-Enríquez T. New fossils of Jurassic ophiurid brittle stars (Ophiuroidea; Ophiurida) provide evidence for early clade evolution in the deep sea. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210643. [PMID: 34457344 PMCID: PMC8371378 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of the evolutionary history of the ophiuroids, or brittle stars, is hampered by a patchy knowledge of the fossil record. Especially, the stem members of the living clades are poorly known, resulting in blurry concepts of the early clade evolution and imprecise estimates of divergence ages. Here, we describe new ophiuroid fossil from the Lower Jurassic of France, Luxembourg and Austria and introduce the new taxa Ophiogojira labadiei gen. et sp. nov. from lower Pliensbachian shallow sublittoral deposits, Ophiogojira andreui gen. et sp. nov. from lower Toarcian shallow sublittoral deposits and Ophioduplantiera noctiluca gen. et sp. nov. from late Sinemurian to lower Pliensbachian bathyal deposits. A Bayesian morphological phylogenetic analysis shows that Ophiogojira holds a basal position within the order Ophiurida, whereas Ophioduplantiera has a more crownward position within the ophiurid family Ophiuridae. The position of Ophioduplantiera in the evolutionary tree suggests that family-level divergences within the Ophiurida must have occurred before the late Sinemurian, and that ancient slope environments played an important role in fostering early clade evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Thuy
- Department of Paleontology, Natural History Museum Luxembourg, 25, rue Münster, 2160 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Lea D. Numberger-Thuy
- Department of Paleontology, Natural History Museum Luxembourg, 25, rue Münster, 2160 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Tania Pineda-Enríquez
- Department of Biology, Division of Invertebrate Zoology, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, 1659 Dickinson Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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27
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Doi H, Yasuhara M, Ushio M. Causal analysis of the temperature impact on deep-sea biodiversity. Biol Lett 2021; 17:20200666. [PMID: 34283931 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2020.0666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The deep sea comprises more than 90% of the ocean; therefore, understanding the controlling factors of biodiversity in the deep sea is of great importance for predicting future changes in the functioning of the ocean system. Consensus has recently been increasing on two plausible factors that have often been discussed as the drivers of deep-sea species richness in the contexts of the species-energy and physiological tolerance hypotheses: (i) seafloor particulate organic carbon (POC) derived from primary production in the euphotic zone and (ii) temperature. Nonetheless, factors that drive deep-sea biodiversity are still actively debated potentially owing to a mirage of correlations (sign and magnitude are generally time dependent), which are often found in nonlinear, complex ecological systems, making the characterization of causalities difficult. Here, we tested the causal influences of POC flux and temperature on species richness using long-term palaeoecological datasets derived from sediment core samples and convergent cross mapping, a numerical method for characterizing causal relationships in complex systems. The results showed that temperature, but not POC flux, influenced species richness over 103-104-year time scales. The temperature-richness relationship in the deep sea suggests that human-induced future climate change may, under some conditions, affect deep-sea ecosystems through deep-water circulation changes rather than surface productivity changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Doi
- Graduate School of Information Science, University of Hyogo, 7-1-28 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Moriaki Yasuhara
- Division of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, Swire Institute of Marine Science, and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Masayuki Ushio
- Hakubi Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu 520-2113, Japan
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28
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Furness EN, Garwood RJ, Mannion PD, Sutton MD. Productivity, niche availability, species richness, and extinction risk: Untangling relationships using individual-based simulations. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:8923-8940. [PMID: 34257936 PMCID: PMC8258231 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has often been suggested that the productivity of an ecosystem affects the number of species that it can support. Despite decades of study, the nature, extent, and underlying mechanisms of this relationship are unclear. One suggested mechanism is the "more individuals" hypothesis (MIH). This proposes that productivity controls the number of individuals in the ecosystem, and that more individuals can be divided into a greater number of species before their population size is sufficiently small for each to be at substantial risk of extinction. Here, we test this hypothesis using REvoSim: an individual-based eco-evolutionary system that simulates the evolution and speciation of populations over geological time, allowing phenomena occurring over timescales that cannot be easily observed in the real world to be evaluated. The individual-based nature of this system allows us to remove assumptions about the nature of speciation and extinction that previous models have had to make. Many of the predictions of the MIH are supported in our simulations: Rare species are more likely to undergo extinction than common species, and species richness scales with productivity. However, we also find support for relationships that contradict the predictions of the strict MIH: species population size scales with productivity, and species extinction risk is better predicted by relative than absolute species population size, apparently due to increased competition when total community abundance is higher. Furthermore, we show that the scaling of species richness with productivity depends upon the ability of species to partition niche space. Consequently, we suggest that the MIH is applicable only to ecosystems in which niche partitioning has not been halted by species saturation. Some hypotheses regarding patterns of biodiversity implicitly or explicitly overlook niche theory in favor of neutral explanations, as has historically been the case with the MIH. Our simulations demonstrate that niche theory exerts a control on the applicability of the MIH and thus needs to be accounted for in macroecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euan N. Furness
- Department of Earth Sciences and EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonUK
- Grantham InstituteImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Russell J. Garwood
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Earth Sciences DepartmentNatural History MuseumLondonUK
| | | | - Mark D. Sutton
- Department of Earth Sciences and EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonUK
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Sun S, Sha Z, Xiao N. The first two complete mitogenomes of the order Apodida from deep-sea chemoautotrophic environments: New insights into the gene rearrangement, origin and evolution of the deep-sea sea cucumbers. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 39:100839. [PMID: 33933835 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The deep-sea ecosystem is considered as the largest and most remote biome of the world. It is meaningful and important to elucidate the life origins by exploring the origin and adaptive genetic mechanisms of the large deep-sea organisms. Sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea) are abundant and economically important group of echinoderms, living from the shallow-waters to deep-sea. In this study, we present the mitochondrial genomes of the sea cucumber Chiridota heheva and Chiridota sp. collected from the deep-sea cold seep and hydrothermal vent, respectively. This is the first reported mitochondrial genomes from the order Apodida. The mitochondrial genomes of C. heheva (17,200 bp) and Chiridota sp. (17,199 bp) display novel gene arrangements with the first protein-coding gene rearrangements in the class Holothuroidea. Bases composition analysis showed that the A + T content of deep-sea holothurians were significantly higher than that of the shallow-water groups. We compared the arrangement of genes from the 24 available holothurian mitogenomes and found that the transposition, reverse transposition and tandem-duplication-random-losses (TDRL) may be involved in the evolution of mitochondrial gene arrangements in Holothuroidea. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Apodida clustered with Elasipodida, forming two basal deep-sea holothurian clades. The divergence between the deep-sea and shallow-water holothurians was located at 386.93 Mya, during the Late Devonian. Mitochondrial protein-coding genes of deep-sea holothurians underwent relaxed purifying selection. There are 57 positive selected amino acids sites for some mitochondrial genes of the three deep-sea clades, implying they may involve in the adaption of deep-sea sea cucumbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao'e Sun
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Qingdao 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhongli Sha
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Qingdao 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ning Xiao
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Qingdao 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R. McClain
- Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium (LUMCON) Chauvin LA USA
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31
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Hernández-Ávila I, Pech D, Ocaña FA, Árcega-Cabrera F, Enriquez C. Shelf and deep-water benthic macrofauna assemblages from the western Gulf of Mexico: Temporal dynamics and environmental drivers. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 165:105241. [PMID: 33461108 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Shelf and deep-water soft-bottom macrofauna were explored in the western Gulf of Mexico in terms of species and functional trait assemblages. Their variation was analysed as functions of depth and time, and the relationship with sea-bottom environmental conditions was examined to disentangle their association with potential environmental drivers. Four consecutive cruises (two per year, at the end of the dry and rainy seasons) were performed during 2016-2017 at 27 fixed stations distributed from 42 to 3565 m depth. Changes in macrofauna composition were tested considering species and functional trait assemblages. Environmental variables associated with sediment features (i.e., grain structure, organic matter, pH, redox), oceanographic conditions (i.e., temperature, dissolved oxygen, particulate organic carbon flux) and potential contaminants (i.e., hydrocarbons and metals) were analysed to identify potential drivers that would shape the structure of macrofauna assemblages. The results suggest that the structures of both species and functional trait assemblages change according to depth and show temporal variation in composition at seasonal and interannual scales. The effect of temporal variation represented about 12% of total variation in the assemblages (11.4 for species and 12.5% for functional-traits). Different patterns of spatial and temporal variation between shelf and deep benthic communities were observed. Variation in species assemblages on the shelf were related to the variation in lead, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the fine sand ratio. In the deep benthos, particulate carbon flux showed high correlation with the spatial and temporal variation in species assemblage. In the deep benthos the changes in the species assemblage between the dry and the rainy seasons and the interannual variation were highly correlated with particulate organic carbon input in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Hernández-Ávila
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma del Carmen, Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche, Mexico.
| | - Daniel Pech
- Laboratorio de Biodiversidad Marina y Cambio Climático, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Campeche, Mexico.
| | - Frank A Ocaña
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Flor Árcega-Cabrera
- Unidad Química de Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sisal, Yucatán, Mexico; Laboratorio de Geoquímica Marina, CINVESTAV, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad de Mérida, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Enriquez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sisal, Yucatán, Mexico
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32
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Lin H, Corkrey R, Kaschner K, Garilao C, Costello MJ. Latitudinal diversity gradients for five taxonomic levels of marine fish in depth zones. Ecol Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han‐Yang Lin
- Institute of Marine Science The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Ross Corkrey
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture University of Tasmania Hobart Australia
| | - Kristin Kaschner
- Department of Biometry and Environmental Systems Analysis University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | | | - Mark J. Costello
- School of Environment The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
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33
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Weber AAT, Hugall AF, O’Hara TD. Convergent Evolution and Structural Adaptation to the Deep Ocean in the Protein-Folding Chaperonin CCTα. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 12:1929-1942. [PMID: 32780796 PMCID: PMC7643608 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The deep ocean is the largest biome on Earth and yet it is among the least studied environments of our planet. Life at great depths requires several specific adaptations; however, their molecular mechanisms remain understudied. We examined patterns of positive selection in 416 genes from four brittle star (Ophiuroidea) families displaying replicated events of deep-sea colonization (288 individuals from 216 species). We found consistent signatures of molecular convergence in functions related to protein biogenesis, including protein folding and translation. Five genes were recurrently positively selected, including chaperonin-containing TCP-1 subunit α (CCTα), which is essential for protein folding. Molecular convergence was detected at the functional and gene levels but not at the amino-acid level. Pressure-adapted proteins are expected to display higher stability to counteract the effects of denaturation. We thus examined in silico local protein stability of CCTα across the ophiuroid tree of life (967 individuals from 725 species) in a phylogenetically corrected context and found that deep-sea-adapted proteins display higher stability within and next to the substrate-binding region, which was confirmed by in silico global protein stability analyses. This suggests that CCTα displays not only structural but also functional adaptations to deep-water conditions. The CCT complex is involved in the folding of ∼10% of newly synthesized proteins and has previously been categorized as a "cold-shock" protein in numerous eukaryotes. We thus propose that adaptation mechanisms to cold and deep-sea environments may be linked and highlight that efficient protein biogenesis, including protein folding and translation, is a key metabolic deep-sea adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A -T Weber
- Sciences, Museums Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre de Bretagne, REM/EEP, Ifremer, Laboratoire Environnement Profond, Plouzané, France
- Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Switzerland
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Sow SLS, Trull TW, Bodrossy L. Oceanographic Fronts Shape Phaeocystis Assemblages: A High-Resolution 18S rRNA Gene Survey From the Ice-Edge to the Equator of the South Pacific. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1847. [PMID: 32849444 PMCID: PMC7424020 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The cosmopolitan haptophyte Phaeocystis is recognized as a key contributor to marine biogeochemical cycling and important primary producer within polar marine environments. Yet, little is known about its solitary, non-colonial cell stages or its distribution during the colder, low-productivity seasons. We examined the biogeography of Phaeocystis along a high-resolution (0.5-degree latitudinal interval) transect from the Antarctic ice-edge to the equator of the South Pacific, in the austral autumn-winter. Using high-throughput 18S rRNA gene sequences with single nucleotide variable (zero-radius) operational taxonomic units (zOTUs) allowed us to explore the possibility of strain-level variation. From water samples within the upper water column, we show the presence of an abundant Phaeocystis assemblage that persisted during the colder months, contributing up to 9% of the microbial eukaryote community at high latitudes. The biogeography of Phaeocystis was strongly shaped by oceanographic boundaries, most prominently the polar and subantarctic fronts. Marked changes in dominant Phaeocystis antarctica zOTUs between different frontal zones support the concept that ecotypes may exist within the Phaeocystis assemblage. Our findings also show that the Phaeocystis assemblage did not abide by the classical latitudinal diversity gradient of increasing richness from the poles to the tropics; richness peaked at 30°S and declined to a minimum at 5°S. Another surprise was that P. globosa and P. cordata, previously thought to be restricted to the northern hemisphere, were detected at moderate abundances within the Southern Ocean. Our results emphasize the importance of oceanographic processes in shaping the biogeography of Phaeocystis and highlights the importance of genomics-based exploration of Phaeocystis, which have found the assemblage to be more complex than previously understood. The high winter relative abundance of the Phaeocystis assemblage suggests it could be involved in more complex ecological interactions during the less productive seasons, which should be considered in future studies to better understand the ecological role and strategies of this keystone species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swan L S Sow
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.,Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Thomas W Trull
- Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Levente Bodrossy
- Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Hobart, TAS, Australia
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35
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Discovery of widely available abyssal rock patches reveals overlooked habitat type and prompts rethinking deep-sea biodiversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15450-15459. [PMID: 32554606 PMCID: PMC7355009 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920706117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ground-truthed analyses of multibeam sonar data along a fracture zone of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge reveal an abyssal seafloor much rockier than previously assumed. Our data show rock exposures occurring at all crustal ages from 0–100 Ma along the Vema Fracture Zone and that approximately 260,000 km2 of rock habitats can be expected to occur along Atlantic fracture zones alone. This higher than expected geodiversity implies that future sampling campaigns should be considerably more sophisticated than at present to capture the full deep-sea habitat heterogeneity. We provide a baseline to unravel the processes responsible for the evolution and persistence of biodiversity on the deep seafloor as well as to determine the significant scales of these processes in the benthoscape. Habitat heterogeneity and species diversity are often linked. On the deep seafloor, sediment variability and hard-substrate availability influence geographic patterns of species richness and turnover. The assumption of a generally homogeneous, sedimented abyssal seafloor is at odds with the fact that the faunal diversity in some abyssal regions exceeds that of shallow-water environments. Here we show, using a ground-truthed analysis of multibeam sonar data, that the deep seafloor may be much rockier than previously assumed. A combination of bathymetry data, ruggedness, and backscatter from a trans-Atlantic corridor along the Vema Fracture Zone, covering crustal ages from 0 to 100 Ma, show rock exposures occurring at all crustal ages. Extrapolating to the whole Atlantic, over 260,000 km2 of rock habitats potentially occur along Atlantic fracture zones alone, significantly increasing our knowledge about abyssal habitat heterogeneity. This implies that sampling campaigns need to be considerably more sophisticated than at present to capture the full deep-sea habitat heterogeneity and biodiversity.
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36
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Ibarbalz FM, Henry N, Brandão MC, Martini S, Busseni G, Byrne H, Coelho LP, Endo H, Gasol JM, Gregory AC, Mahé F, Rigonato J, Royo-Llonch M, Salazar G, Sanz-Sáez I, Scalco E, Soviadan D, Zayed AA, Zingone A, Labadie K, Ferland J, Marec C, Kandels S, Picheral M, Dimier C, Poulain J, Pisarev S, Carmichael M, Pesant S, Babin M, Boss E, Iudicone D, Jaillon O, Acinas SG, Ogata H, Pelletier E, Stemmann L, Sullivan MB, Sunagawa S, Bopp L, de Vargas C, Karp-Boss L, Wincker P, Lombard F, Bowler C, Zinger L. Global Trends in Marine Plankton Diversity across Kingdoms of Life. Cell 2020; 179:1084-1097.e21. [PMID: 31730851 PMCID: PMC6912166 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ocean is home to myriad small planktonic organisms that underpin the functioning of marine ecosystems. However, their spatial patterns of diversity and the underlying drivers remain poorly known, precluding projections of their responses to global changes. Here we investigate the latitudinal gradients and global predictors of plankton diversity across archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes, and major virus clades using both molecular and imaging data from Tara Oceans. We show a decline of diversity for most planktonic groups toward the poles, mainly driven by decreasing ocean temperatures. Projections into the future suggest that severe warming of the surface ocean by the end of the 21st century could lead to tropicalization of the diversity of most planktonic groups in temperate and polar regions. These changes may have multiple consequences for marine ecosystem functioning and services and are expected to be particularly significant in key areas for carbon sequestration, fisheries, and marine conservation. Video Abstract
Most epipelagic planktonic groups exhibit a poleward decline of diversity No latitudinal diversity gradient was observed below the photic zone Temperature emerges as the best predictor of epipelagic plankton diversity Global warming may increase plankton diversity, particularly at high latitudes
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico M Ibarbalz
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Henry
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, AD2M, UMR 7144, 29680 Roscoff, France; Research Federation for the Study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 3 rue Michel-Ange, 75016 Paris, France
| | - Manoela C Brandão
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7093, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Séverine Martini
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7093, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Greta Busseni
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Hannah Byrne
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, 20 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Luis Pedro Coelho
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hisashi Endo
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Josep M Gasol
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM)-CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49 Barcelona E08003, Spain; Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Ann C Gregory
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Frédéric Mahé
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, 34398, Montpellier, France; BGPI, Université Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Janaina Rigonato
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA), CNRS, Université Évry, Université Paris-Saclay, Évry, France
| | - Marta Royo-Llonch
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM)-CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49 Barcelona E08003, Spain
| | - Guillem Salazar
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Sanz-Sáez
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM)-CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49 Barcelona E08003, Spain
| | - Eleonora Scalco
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Dodji Soviadan
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7093, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Ahmed A Zayed
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Adriana Zingone
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Karine Labadie
- Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, Évry, France
| | - Joannie Ferland
- Takuvik Joint International Laboratory (UMI3376), Université Laval (Canada) - CNRS (France), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Claudie Marec
- Takuvik Joint International Laboratory (UMI3376), Université Laval (Canada) - CNRS (France), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Stefanie Kandels
- Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Directors' Research European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Picheral
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7093, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Céline Dimier
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université Paris, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7093, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Julie Poulain
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA), CNRS, Université Évry, Université Paris-Saclay, Évry, France
| | - Sergey Pisarev
- Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 36 Nakhimovsky Prosp., 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Margaux Carmichael
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, AD2M, UMR 7144, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Stéphane Pesant
- MARUM, Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany; PANGAEA, Data Publisher for Earth and Environmental Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Marcel Babin
- Takuvik Joint International Laboratory (UMI3376), Université Laval (Canada) - CNRS (France), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Boss
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Daniele Iudicone
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Olivier Jaillon
- Research Federation for the Study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 3 rue Michel-Ange, 75016 Paris, France; Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA), CNRS, Université Évry, Université Paris-Saclay, Évry, France
| | - Silvia G Acinas
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM)-CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49 Barcelona E08003, Spain
| | - Hiroyuki Ogata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Eric Pelletier
- Research Federation for the Study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 3 rue Michel-Ange, 75016 Paris, France; Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA), CNRS, Université Évry, Université Paris-Saclay, Évry, France
| | - Lars Stemmann
- Research Federation for the Study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 3 rue Michel-Ange, 75016 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7093, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Matthew B Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Shinichi Sunagawa
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Bopp
- Research Federation for the Study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 3 rue Michel-Ange, 75016 Paris, France; LMD/IPSL, ENS, PSL Research University, École Polytechnique, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Colomban de Vargas
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, AD2M, UMR 7144, 29680 Roscoff, France; Research Federation for the Study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 3 rue Michel-Ange, 75016 Paris, France
| | - Lee Karp-Boss
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Patrick Wincker
- Research Federation for the Study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 3 rue Michel-Ange, 75016 Paris, France; Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA), CNRS, Université Évry, Université Paris-Saclay, Évry, France
| | - Fabien Lombard
- Research Federation for the Study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 3 rue Michel-Ange, 75016 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7093, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Chris Bowler
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université Paris, 75005 Paris, France; Research Federation for the Study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 3 rue Michel-Ange, 75016 Paris, France.
| | - Lucie Zinger
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université Paris, 75005 Paris, France.
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Cole DB, Mills DB, Erwin DH, Sperling EA, Porter SM, Reinhard CT, Planavsky NJ. On the co-evolution of surface oxygen levels and animals. GEOBIOLOGY 2020; 18:260-281. [PMID: 32175670 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Few topics in geobiology have been as extensively debated as the role of Earth's oxygenation in controlling when and why animals emerged and diversified. All currently described animals require oxygen for at least a portion of their life cycle. Therefore, the transition to an oxygenated planet was a prerequisite for the emergence of animals. Yet, our understanding of Earth's oxygenation and the environmental requirements of animal habitability and ecological success is currently limited; estimates for the timing of the appearance of environments sufficiently oxygenated to support ecologically stable populations of animals span a wide range, from billions of years to only a few million years before animals appear in the fossil record. In this light, the extent to which oxygen played an important role in controlling when animals appeared remains a topic of debate. When animals originated and when they diversified are separate questions, meaning either one or both of these phenomena could have been decoupled from oxygenation. Here, we present views from across this interpretive spectrum-in a point-counterpoint format-regarding crucial aspects of the potential links between animals and surface oxygen levels. We highlight areas where the standard discourse on this topic requires a change of course and note that several traditional arguments in this "life versus environment" debate are poorly founded. We also identify a clear need for basic research across a range of fields to disentangle the relationships between oxygen availability and emergence and diversification of animal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon B Cole
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Daniel B Mills
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Douglas H Erwin
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, District of Columbia
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico
| | - Erik A Sperling
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Susannah M Porter
- Department of Earth Science, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Christopher T Reinhard
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Noah J Planavsky
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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38
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Jansen J, Dunstan PK, Hill NA, Koubbi P, Melbourne-Thomas J, Causse R, Johnson CR. Integrated assessment of the spatial distribution and structural dynamics of deep benthic marine communities. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e02065. [PMID: 31872512 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the spatial distribution and variation of species communities and validating these characteristics with data from the field are key elements for an ecosystem-based approach to management. However, models of species distributions that yield community structure are usually not linked to models of community dynamics, constraining understanding and management of the ecosystem, particularly in data-poor regions. Here we use a qualitative network model to predict changes in Antarctic benthic community structure between major marine habitats characterized largely by seafloor depth and slope, and use multivariate mixture models of species distributions to validate the community dynamics. We then assess how future increases in primary production associated with anticipated loss of sea-ice may affect the ecosystem. Our study shows how both spatial and structural features of ecosystems in data-poor regions can be analyzed and possible futures assessed, with direct relevance for ecosystem-based management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Jansen
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Hobart, Tasmania, 7004, Australia
| | | | - Nicole A Hill
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Hobart, Tasmania, 7004, Australia
| | - Philippe Koubbi
- UFR 918 Terre Environnement Biodiversité, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Channel and North Sea Fisheries Research Unit, IFREMER, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | | | - Romain Causse
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Université de Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, CNRS, IRD, Paris, France
| | - Craig R Johnson
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Hobart, Tasmania, 7004, Australia
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39
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Wei C, Chen M, Wicksten MK, Rowe GT. Macrofauna bivalve diversity from the deep northern Gulf of Mexico. Ecol Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih‐Lin Wei
- Institute of Oceanography National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Min Chen
- ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Annandale New Jersey
| | - Mary K. Wicksten
- Department of Biology Texas A&M University College Station Texas
| | - Gilbert T. Rowe
- Department of Marine Biology Texas A&M University at Galveston Galveston Texas
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40
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Gonzalez A, Germain RM, Srivastava DS, Filotas E, Dee LE, Gravel D, Thompson PL, Isbell F, Wang S, Kéfi S, Montoya J, Zelnik YR, Loreau M. Scaling-up biodiversity-ecosystem functioning research. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:757-776. [PMID: 31997566 PMCID: PMC7497049 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A rich body of knowledge links biodiversity to ecosystem functioning (BEF), but it is primarily focused on small scales. We review the current theory and identify six expectations for scale dependence in the BEF relationship: (1) a nonlinear change in the slope of the BEF relationship with spatial scale; (2) a scale‐dependent relationship between ecosystem stability and spatial extent; (3) coexistence within and among sites will result in a positive BEF relationship at larger scales; (4) temporal autocorrelation in environmental variability affects species turnover and thus the change in BEF slope with scale; (5) connectivity in metacommunities generates nonlinear BEF and stability relationships by affecting population synchrony at local and regional scales; (6) spatial scaling in food web structure and diversity will generate scale dependence in ecosystem functioning. We suggest directions for synthesis that combine approaches in metaecosystem and metacommunity ecology and integrate cross‐scale feedbacks. Tests of this theory may combine remote sensing with a generation of networked experiments that assess effects at multiple scales. We also show how anthropogenic land cover change may alter the scaling of the BEF relationship. New research on the role of scale in BEF will guide policy linking the goals of managing biodiversity and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Gonzalez
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Dr. Penfield Avenue, Montreal, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Rachel M Germain
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Diane S Srivastava
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Elise Filotas
- Center for Forest Research, Département Science et Technologie, Université du Québec, 5800 Saint-Denis, Téluq, Montreal, H2S 3L5, Canada
| | - Laura E Dee
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA
| | - Dominique Gravel
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Patrick L Thompson
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Forest Isbell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Shaopeng Wang
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Science, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Sonia Kéfi
- ISEM, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Jose Montoya
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS, 2 route du CNRS, 09200, Moulis, France
| | - Yuval R Zelnik
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS, 2 route du CNRS, 09200, Moulis, France
| | - Michel Loreau
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS, 2 route du CNRS, 09200, Moulis, France
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41
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O'Hara TD, Williams A, Althaus F, Ross AS, Bax NJ. Regional‐scale patterns of deep seafloor biodiversity for conservation assessment. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nicholas J. Bax
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Hobart TAS Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Science University of Tasmania Hobart TAS Australia
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42
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Beger M, Wendt H, Sullivan J, Mason C, LeGrand J, Davey K, Jupiter S, Ceccarelli DM, Dempsey A, Edgar G, Feary DA, Fenner D, Gauna M, Grice H, Kirmani SN, Mangubhai S, Purkis S, Richards ZT, Rotjan R, Stuart-Smith R, Sykes H, Yakub N, Bauman AG, Hughes A, Raubani J, Lewis A, Fernandes L. National-scale marine bioregions for the Southwest Pacific. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 150:110710. [PMID: 31753567 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Existing marine bioregions covering the Pacific Ocean are conceptualised at spatial scales that are too broad for national marine spatial planning. Here, we developed the first combined oceanic and coastal marine bioregionalisation at national scales, delineating 262 deep-water and 103 reef-associated bioregions across the southwest Pacific. The deep-water bioregions were informed by thirty biophysical environmental variables. For reef-associated environments, records for 806 taxa at 7369 sites were used to predict the probability of observing taxa based on environmental variables. Both deep-water and reef-associated bioregions were defined with cluster analysis applied to the environmental variables and predicted species observation probabilities, respectively to classify areas with high taxonomic similarity. Local experts further refined the delineation of the bioregions at national scales for four countries. This work provides marine bioregions that enable the design of ecologically representative national systems of marine protected areas within offshore and inshore environments in the Pacific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Beger
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK; Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Hans Wendt
- Oceania Regional Office, IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), 5 Ma'afu Street, Private Mail Bag, Suva, Fiji
| | - Jonah Sullivan
- Oceania Regional Office, IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), 5 Ma'afu Street, Private Mail Bag, Suva, Fiji; Geoscience Australia, Environmental Geoscience Division, 101 Jerrabomberra Ave, Symonston, ACT, 2609, Australia
| | - Claire Mason
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia; Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, TAS, 7004, Australia
| | - Jimaima LeGrand
- Oceania Regional Office, IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), 5 Ma'afu Street, Private Mail Bag, Suva, Fiji; Department of Transport and Main Roads, 131 Sugar Rd, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kate Davey
- Oceania Regional Office, IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), 5 Ma'afu Street, Private Mail Bag, Suva, Fiji
| | - Stacy Jupiter
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Melanesia Program, 11 Ma'afu Street, Suva, Fiji
| | - Daniela M Ceccarelli
- Marine Ecology Consultant, 36 Barton Street, Magnetic Island QLD, 4819, Australia
| | - Alex Dempsey
- Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation, Annapolis, MD, 21403, USA
| | - Graham Edgar
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Nubeena Crescent, Taroona, 7053, Australia
| | | | | | - Marian Gauna
- Oceania Regional Office, IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), 5 Ma'afu Street, Private Mail Bag, Suva, Fiji
| | - Hannah Grice
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Sahar Noor Kirmani
- Oceania Regional Office, IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), 5 Ma'afu Street, Private Mail Bag, Suva, Fiji
| | - Sangeeta Mangubhai
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Melanesia Program, 11 Ma'afu Street, Suva, Fiji
| | - Sam Purkis
- Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation, Annapolis, MD, 21403, USA; Department of Marine Geosciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, USA
| | - Zoe T Richards
- Coral Conservation and Research Group, School of Molecular and Life Science, Curtin University, Bentley WA, 6102, Australia; Aquatic Zoology Department, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, WA, Australia
| | - Randi Rotjan
- Department of Biology, Boston University. 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Rick Stuart-Smith
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Nubeena Crescent, Taroona, 7053, Australia
| | - Helen Sykes
- Marine Ecology Consulting, PO Box 2558, Government Buildings, Suva, Fiji Islands
| | - Naushad Yakub
- Oceania Regional Office, IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), 5 Ma'afu Street, Private Mail Bag, Suva, Fiji
| | - Andrew G Bauman
- Experimental Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Alec Hughes
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Solomon Islands, P.O. Box 98, Munda, Western Province, Solomon Islands
| | - Jason Raubani
- The Pacific Community, 95 Promenade Roger Laroque, BP D5, 98848, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Adam Lewis
- Geoscience Australia, Environmental Geoscience Division, 101 Jerrabomberra Ave, Symonston, ACT, 2609, Australia
| | - Leanne Fernandes
- Oceania Regional Office, IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), 5 Ma'afu Street, Private Mail Bag, Suva, Fiji.
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43
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Wei C, Cusson M, Archambault P, Belley R, Brown T, Burd BJ, Edinger E, Kenchington E, Gilkinson K, Lawton P, Link H, Ramey‐Balci PA, Scrosati RA, Snelgrove PVR. Seafloor biodiversity of Canada's three oceans: Patterns, hotspots and potential drivers. DIVERS DISTRIB 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chih‐Lin Wei
- Institute of Oceanography National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Mathieu Cusson
- Département des sciences fondamentales & Québec‐Océan Université du Québec à Chicoutimi Chicoutimi QC Canada
| | - Philippe Archambault
- Département de biologie & Québec‐Océan/Takuvik Université Laval Québec QC Canada
| | - Renald Belley
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada Maurice Lamontagne Institute Mont‐Joli QC Canada
| | - Tanya Brown
- Department of Geography Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's NL Canada
| | - Brenda J. Burd
- Institute of Ocean Sciences Fisheries and Ocean Canada Sidney BC Canada
| | - Evan Edinger
- Department of Geography Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's NL Canada
| | - Ellen Kenchington
- Bedford Institute of Oceanography Fisheries and Ocean Canada Dartmouth NS Canada
| | - Kent Gilkinson
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre Fisheries and Ocean Canada St. John's NL Canada
| | - Peter Lawton
- Biological Station Fisheries and Oceans Canada St. Andrews NB Canada
| | - Heike Link
- Department of Maritime Systems Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research University of Rostock Rostock Germany
| | | | | | - Paul V. R. Snelgrove
- Department of Ocean Sciences and Biology Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's NL Canada
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44
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Ashford OS, Kenny AJ, Barrio Froján CRS, Horton T, Rogers AD. Investigating the environmental drivers of deep-seafloor biodiversity: A case study of peracarid crustacean assemblages in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:14167-14204. [PMID: 31938511 PMCID: PMC6953587 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The deep-sea benthos covers over 90% of seafloor area and hosts a great diversity of species which contribute toward essential ecosystem services. Evidence suggests that deep-seafloor assemblages are structured predominantly by their physical environment, yet knowledge of assemblage/environment relationships is limited. Here, we utilized a very large dataset of Northwest Atlantic Ocean continental slope peracarid crustacean assemblages as a case study to investigate the environmental drivers of deep-seafloor macrofaunal biodiversity. We investigated biodiversity from a phylogenetic, functional, and taxonomic perspective, and found that a wide variety of environmental drivers, including food availability, physical disturbance (bottom trawling), current speed, sediment characteristics, topographic heterogeneity, and temperature (in order of relative importance), significantly influenced peracarid biodiversity. We also found deep-water peracarid assemblages to vary seasonally and interannually. Contrary to prevailing theory on the drivers of deep-seafloor diversity, we found high topographic heterogeneity (at the hundreds to thousands of meter scale) to negatively influence assemblage diversity, while broadscale sediment characteristics (i.e., percent sand content) were found to influence assemblages more than sediment particle-size diversity. However, our results support other paradigms of deep-seafloor biodiversity, including that assemblages may vary inter- and intra-annually, and how assemblages respond to changes in current speed. We found that bottom trawling negatively affects the evenness and diversity of deep-sea soft-sediment peracarid assemblages, but that predicted changes in ocean temperature as a result of climate change may not strongly influence continental slope biodiversity over human timescales, although it may alter deep-sea community biomass. Finally, we emphasize the value of analyzing multiple metrics of biodiversity and call for researchers to consider an expanded definition of biodiversity in future investigations of deep-ocean life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver S. Ashford
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Centre for the Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas)LowestoftUK
- Present address:
Scripps Institution of OceanographyLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Andrew J. Kenny
- Centre for the Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas)LowestoftUK
| | | | - Tammy Horton
- National Oceanography CentreUniversity of Southampton Waterfront CampusSouthamptonUK
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45
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Deep ocean seascape and Pseudotanaidae (Crustacea: Tanaidacea) diversity at the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17305. [PMID: 31754124 PMCID: PMC6872736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51434-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the diversity and spatial distribution of benthic species is fundamental to properly assess the impact of deep sea mining. Tanaidacea provide an exceptional opportunity for assessing spatial patterns in the deep-sea, given their low mobility and limited dispersal potential. The diversity and distribution of pseudotanaid species is characterized here for the Clarion and Clipperton Fractures Zone (CCZ), which is the most extensive deposit field of metallic nodules. Samples were taken from the Belgian, German and French license areas, but also from the APEI 3 (Area of Particular Environmental Interest 3) of the Interoceanmetal consortium associates. The combination of morphological and genetic data uncovered one new pseudotanaid genus (Beksitanais n. gen.) and 14 new species of Pseudotanais (2 of them virtual taxa). Moreover, our results suggest that spatial structuring of pseudotanaid diversity is correlated with deep-sea features, particularly the presence of fractures and seamount chains crossing the CCZ. The presence of geographical barriers delimiting species distributions has important implications for the establishment of protected areas, and the APEI3 protected area contains only one third of the total pseudotanaid species in CCZ. The specimen collection studied here is extremely valuable and represents an important first step in characterizing the diversity and distribution of pseudotanaids within the Tropical Eastern Pacific.
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46
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Saeedi H, Reimer JD, Brandt MI, Dumais PO, Jażdżewska AM, Jeffery NW, Thielen PM, Costello MJ. Global marine biodiversity in the context of achieving the Aichi Targets: ways forward and addressing data gaps. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7221. [PMID: 31681508 PMCID: PMC6824330 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2010, the Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity agreed on the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. As this plan approaches its end, we discussed whether marine biodiversity and prediction studies were nearing the Aichi Targets during the 4th World Conference on Marine Biodiversity held in Montreal, Canada in June 2018. This article summarises the outcome of a five-day group discussion on how global marine biodiversity studies should be focused further to better understand the patterns of biodiversity. We discussed and reviewed seven fundamental biodiversity priorities related to nine Aichi Targets focusing on global biodiversity discovery and predictions to improve and enhance biodiversity data standards (quantity and quality), tools and techniques, spatial and temporal scale framing, and stewardship and dissemination. We discuss how identifying biodiversity knowledge gaps and promoting efforts have and will reduce such gaps, including via the use of new databases, tools and technology, and how these resources could be improved in the future. The group recognised significant progress toward Target 19 in relation to scientific knowledge, but negligible progress with regard to Targets 6 to 13 which aimed to safeguard and reduce human impacts on biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Saeedi
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,FB 15 Biological Sciences Institute for Ecology, Diversity and Evolution Biologicum, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, OBIS Data Manager, Deep-sea Node, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - James Davis Reimer
- Marine Invertebrate Systematics & Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Anna Maria Jażdżewska
- Laboratory of Polar Biology and Oceanobiology, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Nicholas W Jeffery
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Peter M Thielen
- Research and Exploratory Development Department, Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, United States of America
| | - Mark John Costello
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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47
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Christodoulou M, O'Hara TD, Hugall AF, Arbizu PM. Dark Ophiuroid Biodiversity in a Prospective Abyssal Mine Field. Curr Biol 2019; 29:3909-3912.e3. [PMID: 31630951 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The seafloor contains valuable mineral resources, including polymetallic (or manganese) nodules that form on offshore abyssal plains. The largest and most commercially attractive deposits are located in the Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCZ), in the eastern Pacific Ocean (EP) between Hawaii and Mexico, where testing of a mineral collection system is set to start soon [1]. The requirement to establish pre-mining environmental management plans has prompted numerous recent biodiversity and DNA barcoding surveys across these remote regions. Here we map DNA sequences from sampled ophiuroids (brittle stars, including post-larvae) of the CCZ and Peru Basin onto a substantial tree of life to show unprecedented levels of abyssal ophiuroid phylogenetic diversity including at least three ancient (>70 Ma), previously unknown clades. While substantial dark (unobserved) biodiversity has been reported from various microbial meta-barcoding projects [2, 3], our data show that we have considerably under-estimated the biodiversity of even the most conspicuous mega-faunal invertebrates [4] of the EP abyssal plain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalini Christodoulou
- German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research, Senckenberg am Meer, Südstrand 44, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Timothy D O'Hara
- Museums Victoria, Sciences Department, 11 Nicholson Street, Carlton 3054, VIC, Australia.
| | - Andrew F Hugall
- Museums Victoria, Sciences Department, 11 Nicholson Street, Carlton 3054, VIC, Australia
| | - Pedro Martinez Arbizu
- German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research, Senckenberg am Meer, Südstrand 44, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
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48
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Martini S, Kuhnz L, Mallefet J, Haddock SHD. Distribution and quantification of bioluminescence as an ecological trait in the deep sea benthos. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14654. [PMID: 31601885 PMCID: PMC6787029 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50961-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioluminescence is a prominent functional trait used for visual communication. A recent quantification showed that in pelagic ecosystems more than 75% of individual macro-planktonic organisms are categorized as able to emit light. In benthic ecosystems, only a few censuses have been done, and were based on a limited number of observations. In this study, our dataset is based on observations from remotely operated vehicle (ROV) dives conducted from 1991-2016, spanning 0-3,972 m depth. Data were collected in the greater Monterey Bay area in central California, USA and include 369,326 pelagic and 154,275 epibenthic observations at Davidson Seamount, Guide Seamount, Sur Ridge and Monterey Bay. Because direct observation of in situ bioluminescence remains a technical challenge, taxa from ROV observations were categorized based on knowledge gained from the literature to assess bioluminescence status. We found that between 30-41% of the individual observed benthic organisms were categorized as capable of emitting light, with a strong difference between benthic and pelagic ecosystems. We conclude that overall variability in the distribution of bioluminescent organisms is related to the major differences between benthic and pelagic habitats in the deep ocean. This study may serve as the basis of future investigations linking the optical properties of various habitats and the variability of bioluminescent organism distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Martini
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, LOV, F-06230, Villefranche-sur-mer, France. .,Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI), 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, 95039, CA, USA.
| | - Linda Kuhnz
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI), 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, 95039, CA, USA
| | - Jérôme Mallefet
- Marine Biology Laboratory, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 3 place croix du sud, 1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Steven H D Haddock
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI), 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, 95039, CA, USA
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49
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Grient JMA, Rogers AD. Habitat structure as an alternative explanation for body‐size patterns in the deep sea. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. M. A. Grient
- School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - A. D. Rogers
- REV Ocean Oksenøyveinen 10 NO‐1366 Lysaker Norway
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50
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Stefanoudis PV, Rivers M, Smith SR, Schneider CW, Wagner D, Ford H, Rogers AD, Woodall LC. Low connectivity between shallow, mesophotic and rariphotic zone benthos. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190958. [PMID: 31598316 PMCID: PMC6774966 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide coral reefs face catastrophic damage due to a series of anthropogenic stressors. Investigating how coral reefs ecosystems are connected, in particular across depth, will help us understand if deeper reefs harbour distinct communities. Here, we explore changes in benthic community structure across 15-300 m depths using technical divers and submersibles around Bermuda. We report high levels of floral and faunal differentiation across depth, with distinct assemblages occupying each depth surveyed, except 200-300 m, corresponding to the lower rariphotic zone. Community turnover was highest at the boundary depths of mesophotic coral ecosystems (30-150 m) driven largely by taxonomic turnover and to a lesser degree by ordered species loss (nestedness). Our work highlights the biologically unique nature of benthic communities in the mesophotic and rariphotic zones, and their limited connectivity to shallow reefs, thus emphasizing the need to manage and protect deeper reefs as distinct entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paris V. Stefanoudis
- Nekton Foundation, Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke Hill, Woodstock Road, Begbroke, Oxfordshire OX5 1PF, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
- Author for correspondence: Paris V. Stefanoudis e-mail:
| | - Molly Rivers
- Nekton Foundation, Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke Hill, Woodstock Road, Begbroke, Oxfordshire OX5 1PF, UK
| | - Struan R. Smith
- Natural History Museum, Bermuda Aquarium, Museum and Zoo, 40 North Shore Road, Hamilton Parish FL04, Bermuda
| | | | - Daniel Wagner
- NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research, 331 Fort, Johnston Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Helen Ford
- Nekton Foundation, Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke Hill, Woodstock Road, Begbroke, Oxfordshire OX5 1PF, UK
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB, UK
| | - Alex D. Rogers
- Nekton Foundation, Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke Hill, Woodstock Road, Begbroke, Oxfordshire OX5 1PF, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Lucy C. Woodall
- Nekton Foundation, Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke Hill, Woodstock Road, Begbroke, Oxfordshire OX5 1PF, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
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