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Kissman EN, Sosa MB, Millar DC, Koleski EJ, Thevasundaram K, Chang MCY. Expanding chemistry through in vitro and in vivo biocatalysis. Nature 2024; 631:37-48. [PMID: 38961155 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07506-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Living systems contain a vast network of metabolic reactions, providing a wealth of enzymes and cells as potential biocatalysts for chemical processes. The properties of protein and cell biocatalysts-high selectivity, the ability to control reaction sequence and operation in environmentally benign conditions-offer approaches to produce molecules at high efficiency while lowering the cost and environmental impact of industrial chemistry. Furthermore, biocatalysis offers the opportunity to generate chemical structures and functions that may be inaccessible to chemical synthesis. Here we consider developments in enzymes, biosynthetic pathways and cellular engineering that enable their use in catalysis for new chemistry and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah N Kissman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Max B Sosa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Douglas C Millar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Edward J Koleski
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Michelle C Y Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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2
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Ndochinwa OG, Wang QY, Amadi OC, Nwagu TN, Nnamchi CI, Okeke ES, Moneke AN. Current status and emerging frontiers in enzyme engineering: An industrial perspective. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32673. [PMID: 38912509 PMCID: PMC11193041 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein engineering mechanisms can be an efficient approach to enhance the biochemical properties of various biocatalysts. Immobilization of biocatalysts and the introduction of new-to-nature chemical reactivities are also possible through the same mechanism. Discovering new protocols that enhance the catalytic active protein that possesses novelty in terms of being stable, active, and, stereoselectivity with functions could be identified as essential areas in terms of concurrent bioorganic chemistry (synergistic relationship between organic chemistry and biochemistry in the context of enzyme engineering). However, with our current level of knowledge about protein folding and its correlation with protein conformation and activities, it is almost impossible to design proteins with specific biological and physical properties. Hence, contemporary protein engineering typically involves reprogramming existing enzymes by mutagenesis to generate new phenotypes with desired properties. These processes ensure that limitations of naturally occurring enzymes are not encountered. For example, researchers have engineered cellulases and hemicellulases to withstand harsh conditions encountered during biomass pretreatment, such as high temperatures and acidic environments. By enhancing the activity and robustness of these enzymes, biofuel production becomes more economically viable and environmentally sustainable. Recent trends in enzyme engineering have enabled the development of tailored biocatalysts for pharmaceutical applications. For instance, researchers have engineered enzymes such as cytochrome P450s and amine oxidases to catalyze challenging reactions involved in drug synthesis. In addition to conventional methods, there has been an increasing application of machine learning techniques to identify patterns in data. These patterns are then used to predict protein structures, enhance enzyme solubility, stability, and function, forecast substrate specificity, and assist in rational protein design. In this review, we discussed recent trends in enzyme engineering to optimize the biochemical properties of various biocatalysts. Using examples relevant to biotechnology in engineering enzymes, we try to expatiate the significance of enzyme engineering with how these methods could be applied to optimize the biochemical properties of a naturally occurring enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obinna Giles Ndochinwa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Qing-Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomass Enzyme Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Oyetugo Chioma Amadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Tochukwu Nwamaka Nwagu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | | | - Emmanuel Sunday Okeke
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences & Natural Science Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Anene Nwabu Moneke
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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3
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Kagawa Y, Oohora K, Himiyama T, Suzuki A, Hayashi T. Redox Engineering of Myoglobin by Cofactor Substitution to Enhance Cyclopropanation Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202403485. [PMID: 38780472 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Design of metal cofactor ligands is essential for controlling the reactivity of metalloenzymes. We investigated a carbene transfer reaction catalyzed by myoglobins containing iron porphyrin cofactors with one and two trifluoromethyl groups at peripheral sites (FePorCF3 and FePor(CF3)2, respectively), native heme and iron porphycene (FePc). These four myoglobins show a wide range of Fe(II)/Fe(III) redox potentials in the protein of +147 mV, +87 mV, +42 mV and -198 mV vs. NHE, respectively. Myoglobin reconstituted with FePor(CF3)2 has a more positive potential, which enhances the reactivity of a carbene intermediate with alkenes, and demonstrates superior cyclopropanation of inert alkenes, such as aliphatic and internal alkenes. In contrast, engineered myoglobin reconstituted with FePc has a more negative redox potential, which accelerates the formation of the intermediate, but has low reactivity for inert alkenes. Mechanistic studies indicate that myoglobin with FePor(CF3)2 generates an undetectable active intermediate with a radical character. In contrast, this reaction catalyzed by myoglobin with FePc includes a detectable iron-carbene species with electrophilic character. This finding highlights the importance of redox-focused design of the iron porphyrinoid cofactor in hemoproteins to tune the reactivity of the carbene transfer reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Kagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji Oohora
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoki Himiyama
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ikeda, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan
| | - Akihiro Suzuki
- National Institute of Technology, Ibaraki College, Hitachinaka, Ibaraki, 312-8508, Japan
| | - Takashi Hayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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4
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Biosca M, Szabó KJ, Himo F. Mechanism of Asymmetric Homologation of Alkenylboronic Acids with CF 3-Diazomethane via Borotropic Rearrangement. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4538-4548. [PMID: 38527364 PMCID: PMC11002940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations have been performed to investigate the mechanism for the BINOL-catalyzed asymmetric homologation of alkenylboronic acids with CF3-diazomethane. The reaction proceeds via a chiral BINOL ester of the alkenylboronic acid substrate. The calculations reveal a complex scenario for the formation of the chiral BINOL-alkenylboronate species, which is the key intermediate in the catalytic process. The aliphatic alcohol additive plays an important role in the reaction. This study provides a rationalization of the stereoinduction step of the reaction, and the enantioselectivity is mainly attributed to the steric repulsion between the CF3 group of the diazomethane reagent and the γ-substituent of the BINOL catalyst. The complex potential energy surface obtained by the calculations is analyzed by means of microkinetic simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kálmán J. Szabó
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fahmi Himo
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Reed JH, Seebeck FP. Reagent Engineering for Group Transfer Biocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202311159. [PMID: 37688533 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has become a major driver in the innovation of preparative chemistry. Enzyme discovery, engineering and computational design have matured to reliable strategies in the development of biocatalytic processes. By comparison, substrate engineering has received much less attention. In this Minireview, we highlight the idea that the design of synthetic reagents may be an equally fruitful and complementary approach to develop novel enzyme-catalysed group transfer chemistry. This Minireview discusses key examples from the literature that illustrate how synthetic substrates can be devised to improve the efficiency, scalability and sustainability, as well as the scope of such reactions. We also provide an opinion as to how this concept might be further developed in the future, aspiring to replicate the evolutionary success story of natural group transfer reagents, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and S-adenosyl methionine (SAM).
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Reed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- Molecular Systems Engineering, National Competence Center in Research, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian P Seebeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- Molecular Systems Engineering, National Competence Center in Research, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
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6
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Han X, Chen F, Li H, Ge R, Shen Q, Duan P, Sheng X, Zhang W. Reaction engineering blocks ether cleavage for synthesizing chiral cyclic hemiacetals catalyzed by unspecific peroxygenase. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1235. [PMID: 38336996 PMCID: PMC10858125 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45545-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hemiacetal compounds are valuable building blocks in synthetic chemistry, but their enzymatic synthesis is limited and often hindered by the instability of hemiacetals in aqueous environments. Here, we show that this challenge can be addressed through reaction engineering by using immobilized peroxygenase from Agrocybe aegerita (AaeUPO) under neat reaction conditions, which allows for the selective C-H bond oxyfunctionalization of environmentally significant cyclic ethers to cyclic hemiacetals. A wide range of chiral cyclic hemiacetal products are prepared in >99% enantiomeric excess and 95170 turnover numbers of AaeUPO. Furthermore, by changing the reaction medium from pure organic solvent to alkaline aqueous conditions, cyclic hemiacetals are in situ transformed into lactones. Lactams are obtained under the applied conditions, albeit with low enzyme activity. These findings showcase the synthetic potential of AaeUPO and offer a practical enzymatic approach to produce chiral cyclic hemiacetals through C-H oxyfunctionalization under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Han
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Fuqiang Chen
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Ran Ge
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Qianqian Shen
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Peigao Duan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Xiang Sheng
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, China.
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, China.
| | - Wuyuan Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, China.
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, China.
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7
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Rogge T, Zhou Q, Porter NJ, Arnold FH, Houk KN. Iron Heme Enzyme-Catalyzed Cyclopropanations with Diazirines as Carbene Precursors: Computational Explorations of Diazirine Activation and Cyclopropanation Mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2959-2966. [PMID: 38270588 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The mechanism of cyclopropanations with diazirines as air-stable and user-friendly alternatives to commonly employed diazo compounds within iron heme enzyme-catalyzed carbene transfer reactions has been studied by means of density functional theory (DFT) calculations of model systems, quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the iron carbene and the cyclopropanation transition state in the enzyme active site. The reaction is initiated by a direct diazirine-diazo isomerization occurring in the active site of the enzyme. In contrast, an isomerization mechanism proceeding via the formation of a free carbene intermediate in lieu of a direct, one-step isomerization process was observed for model systems. Subsequent reaction with benzyl acrylate takes place through stepwise C-C bond formation via a diradical intermediate, delivering the cyclopropane product. The origin of the observed diastereo- and enantioselectivity in the enzyme was investigated through MD simulations, which indicate a preferred formation of the cis-cyclopropane by steric control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Rogge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Qingyang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Nicholas J Porter
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Frances H Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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8
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Keerthika K, Muhammed S B, Geetharani K. A Metal-Free and Operationally Simple Radical Trifluoromethylative Borylation of Unactivated Alkenes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303468. [PMID: 37962392 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
We herein describe a protocol to synthesize trifluoromethylated alkyl boronates from alkenes by the mutual activation of the Togni II and the bis(catecholato)diboron reagents in the absence of any catalyst and additives. This reaction enables synthesizing a series of trifluoromethylated alkyl boronates using unactivated alkenes, including natural products and drug derivatives, in a regioselective manner. Moreover, the synthetic utility of the boronic ester present in the product allows access to a range of trifluoromethyl containing compounds. The radical trapping and gas detection experiments reveal that the more Lewis acidic diboron reagent determines the rapid formation of trifluoromethyl and boron centered radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Keerthika
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, Bengaluru, 560012, India
| | - Bazil Muhammed S
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, Bengaluru, 560012, India
| | - K Geetharani
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, Bengaluru, 560012, India
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9
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Grandi E, Feyza Özgen F, Schmidt S, Poelarends GJ. Enzymatic Oxy- and Amino-Functionalization in Biocatalytic Cascade Synthesis: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309012. [PMID: 37639631 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalytic cascades are a powerful tool for building complex molecules containing oxygen and nitrogen functionalities. Moreover, the combination of multiple enzymes in one pot offers the possibility to minimize downstream processing and waste production. In this review, we illustrate various recent efforts in the development of multi-step syntheses involving C-O and C-N bond-forming enzymes to produce high value-added compounds, such as pharmaceuticals and polymer precursors. Both in vitro and in vivo examples are discussed, revealing the respective advantages and drawbacks. The use of engineered enzymes to boost the cascades outcome is also addressed and current co-substrate and cofactor recycling strategies are presented, highlighting the importance of atom economy. Finally, tools to overcome current challenges for multi-enzymatic oxy- and amino-functionalization reactions are discussed, including flow systems with immobilized biocatalysts and cascades in confined nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Grandi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fatma Feyza Özgen
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandy Schmidt
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J Poelarends
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
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10
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Romero-Romero S, Lindner S, Ferruz N. Exploring the Protein Sequence Space with Global Generative Models. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:a041471. [PMID: 37848247 PMCID: PMC10626256 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in specialized large-scale architectures for training images and language have profoundly impacted the field of computer vision and natural language processing (NLP). Language models, such as the recent ChatGPT and GPT-4, have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in processing, translating, and generating human language. These breakthroughs have also been reflected in protein research, leading to the rapid development of numerous new methods in a short time, with unprecedented performance. Several of these models have been developed with the goal of generating sequences in novel regions of the protein space. In this work, we provide an overview of the use of protein generative models, reviewing (1) language models for the design of novel artificial proteins, (2) works that use non-transformer architectures, and (3) applications in directed evolution approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Noelia Ferruz
- Barcelona Institute of Molecular Biology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Sun LJ, Wang H, Xu JK, Gao SQ, Wen GB, Lin YW. Exploiting and Engineering Neuroglobin for Catalyzing Carbene N-H Insertions and the Formation of Quinoxalinones. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16294-16298. [PMID: 37772803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
It is desired to design and construct more efficient enzymes with better performance to catalyze carbene N-H insertions for the synthesis of bioactive molecules. To this end, we exploited and designed a series of human neuroglobin (Ngb) mutants. As shown in this study, a double mutant, A15C/H64G Ngb, with an additional disulfide bond and a modified heme active site, exhibited yields up to >99% and total turnover numbers up to 33000 in catalyzing the carbene N-H insertions for aromatic amine derivatives, including those with a large size such as 1-aminopyrene. Moreover, for o-phenylenediamine derivatives, they underwent two cycles of N-H insertions, followed by cyclization to form quinoxalinones, as confirmed by the X-ray crystal structures. This study suggests that Ngb can be designed into a functional carbene transferase for efficiently catalyzing carbene N-H insertion reactions with a range of substrates. It also represents the first example of the formation of quinoxalinones catalyzed by an engineered heme enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Sun
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Huamin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Jia-Kun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Polar Fisheries, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shu-Qin Gao
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Ge-Bo Wen
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Ying-Wu Lin
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
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Li Y, Chen Z, Lin S, Liu Y, Qian J, Li Q, Huang Z, Wang H. Regioselective Electrophilic Addition to Propargylic B(MIDA)s Enabled by β-Boron Effect. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304282. [PMID: 37632709 PMCID: PMC10602563 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Electrophilic addition reaction to alkynes is of fundamental importance in organic chemistry, yet the regiocontrol when reacting with unsymmetrical 1,2-dialkyl substituted alkynes is often problematic. Herein, it is demonstrated that the rarely recognized β-boron effect can confer a high level of site-selectivity in several alkyne electrophilic addition reactions. A broad range of highly functionalized and complex organoborons are thus formed under simple reaction conditions starting from propargylic MIDA (N-methyliminodiacetic acid) boronates. These products are demonstrated to be valuable building blocks in organic synthesis. In addition to the regiocontrol, this study also observes a drastic rate enhancement upon B(MIDA) substitution. Theoretical calculation reveals that the highest occupied molecular obital (HOMO) energy level of propargylic B(MIDA) is significantly raised by 0.3 eV, and the preferential electrophilic addition to the γ position is due to its higher HOMO orbital coefficient and more negative natural bond orbital (NBO) charge compared to the β position. This study demonstrates the potential of utilizing the β-boron effect in stereoelectronic control of chemical transformations, which can inspire further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Zhi‐Hao Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Shuang Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Jiasheng Qian
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Qingjiang Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Zhi‐Shu Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Honggen Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
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13
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Simões MMQ, Cavaleiro JAS, Ferreira VF. Recent Synthetic Advances on the Use of Diazo Compounds Catalyzed by Metalloporphyrins. Molecules 2023; 28:6683. [PMID: 37764459 PMCID: PMC10537418 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diazo compounds are organic substances that are often used as precursors in organic synthesis like cyclization reactions, olefinations, cyclopropanations, cyclopropenations, rearrangements, and carbene or metallocarbene insertions into C-H, N-H, O-H, S-H, and Si-H bonds. Typically, reactions from diazo compounds are catalyzed by transition metals with various ligands that modulate the capacity and selectivity of the catalyst. These ligands can modify and enhance chemoselectivity in the substrate, regioselectivity and enantioselectivity by reflecting these preferences in the products. Porphyrins have been used as catalysts in several important reactions for organic synthesis and also in several medicinal applications. In the chemistry of diazo compounds, porphyrins are very efficient as catalysts when complexed with low-cost metals (e.g., Fe and Co) and, therefore, in recent years, this has been the subject of significant research. This review will summarize the advances in the studies involving the field of diazo compounds catalyzed by metalloporphyrins (M-Porph, M = Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir) in the last five years to provide a clear overview and possible opportunities for future applications. Also, at the end of this review, the properties of artificial metalloenzymes and hemoproteins as biocatalysts for a broad range of applications, namely those concerning carbene-transfer reactions, will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário M. Q. Simões
- Department of Chemistry & LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.M.Q.S.); (J.A.S.C.)
| | - José A. S. Cavaleiro
- Department of Chemistry & LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.M.Q.S.); (J.A.S.C.)
| | - Vitor F. Ferreira
- Departamento de Tecnologia Farmacêutica Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24241-002, RJ, Brazil
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14
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Gu X, Mo X, Bai WJ, Xie P, Hu W, Jiang J. Catalytic Asymmetric P-H Insertion Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20031-20040. [PMID: 37642381 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Albeit notable endeavors in enantioselective carbene insertion into X-H bonds (X = C, O, N, S, Si, B), the catalytic asymmetric P-H insertion reactions still stand for a long-lasting challenge. By merging transition-metal catalysis with organocatalysis, we achieve a scalable enantioselective P-H insertion transformation between diazo pyrazoleamides and H-phosphine oxides that upon subsequent reduction delivers a wide variety of optically active β-hydroxyl phosphine oxides in good yields with high enantioselectivity. The achiral copper catalyst fosters the carbenoid insertion into the P-H bond, while the chiral cinchona alkaloid-derived organocatalyst controls the subsequent enantioselective outcome. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further reveal that the copper catalyst chelates to the organocatalyst, enhances its acidity, and accordingly promotes the enantioselective proton transfer. Our work showcases the potential of combining transition-metal catalysis with organocatalysis to realize elusive asymmetric reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Gu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xiaoyu Mo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Wen-Ju Bai
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Peng Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Wenhao Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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15
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Lemon CM. Diversifying the functions of heme proteins with non-porphyrin cofactors. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 246:112282. [PMID: 37320889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Heme proteins perform diverse biochemical functions using a single iron porphyrin cofactor. This versatility makes them attractive platforms for the development of new functional proteins. While directed evolution and metal substitution have expanded the properties, reactivity, and applications of heme proteins, the incorporation of porphyrin analogs remains an underexplored approach. This review discusses the replacement of heme with non-porphyrin cofactors, such as porphycene, corrole, tetradehydrocorrin, phthalocyanine, and salophen, and the attendant properties of these conjugates. While structurally similar, each ligand exhibits distinct optical and redox properties, as well as unique chemical reactivity. These hybrids serve as model systems to elucidate the effects of the protein environment on the electronic structure, redox potentials, optical properties, or other features of the porphyrin analog. Protein encapsulation can confer distinct chemical reactivity or selectivity of artificial metalloenzymes that cannot be achieved with the small molecule catalyst alone. Additionally, these conjugates can interfere with heme acquisition and uptake in pathogenic bacteria, providing an inroad to innovative antibiotic strategies. Together, these examples illustrate the diverse functionality that can be achieved by cofactor substitution. The further expansion of this approach will access unexplored chemical space, enabling the development of superior catalysts and the creation of heme proteins with emergent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Lemon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, PO Box 173400, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States.
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16
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Hou M, Wang Y, Li P, Ma X, Zhang G, Song Q. Divergent Synthesis of 1,1-Carbonyl Amino Alkyl Borons from Indoles. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37229694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
α-Boryl carbonyl species and α-boryl amino compounds are valuable and important frameworks in organic synthesis. However, the strategies that could merge the two scaffolds into one compound, named 1,1-carbonyl amino alkyl boron, are elusive and underdeveloped. Herein, we present an efficient method that could address this gap and produce 1,1-carbonyl amino alkyl borons from readily accessible indoles via oxidation by m-CPBA or oxone. This reaction features operational simplicity, divergent synthesis, broad substrate scope, and valuable products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery, Fujian Province University, College of Chemistry at Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Yahao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery, Fujian Province University, College of Chemistry at Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Puhui Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery, Fujian Province University, College of Chemistry at Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Xingxing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery, Fujian Province University, College of Chemistry at Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Guan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery, Fujian Province University, College of Chemistry at Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Qiuling Song
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery, Fujian Province University, College of Chemistry at Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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17
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Deliaval M, Jayarajan R, Eriksson L, Szabó KJ. Three-Component Approach to Densely Functionalized Trifluoromethyl Allenols by Asymmetric Organocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10001-10006. [PMID: 37126044 PMCID: PMC10176480 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a new three-component catalytic coupling reaction of alkynyl boronates, diazomethanes, and aliphatic/aromatic ketones in the presence of BINOL derivatives. The reaction proceeds with a remarkably high enantio- and diastereoselectivity (up to three contiguous stereocenters) affording tertiary CF3-allenols in a single operational step. The reaction proceeds under mild, neutral, metal-free conditions, which leads to a high level of functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Deliaval
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ramasamy Jayarajan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Eriksson
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kálmán J Szabó
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Kissman EN, Neugebauer ME, Sumida KH, Swenson CV, Sambold NA, Marchand JA, Millar DC, Chang MCY. Biocatalytic control of site-selectivity and chain length-selectivity in radical amino acid halogenases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2214512120. [PMID: 36913566 PMCID: PMC10041140 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2214512120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocatalytic C-H activation has the potential to merge enzymatic and synthetic strategies for bond formation. FeII/αKG-dependent halogenases are particularly distinguished for their ability both to control selective C-H activation as well as to direct group transfer of a bound anion along a reaction axis separate from oxygen rebound, enabling the development of new transformations. In this context, we elucidate the basis for the selectivity of enzymes that perform selective halogenation to yield 4-Cl-lysine (BesD), 5-Cl-lysine (HalB), and 4-Cl-ornithine (HalD), allowing us to probe how site-selectivity and chain length selectivity are achieved. We now report the crystal structure of the HalB and HalD, revealing the key role of the substrate-binding lid in positioning the substrate for C4 vs C5 chlorination and recognition of lysine vs ornithine. Targeted engineering of the substrate-binding lid further demonstrates that these selectivities can be altered or switched, showcasing the potential to develop halogenases for biocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah N. Kissman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Monica E. Neugebauer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Kiera H. Sumida
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | | | - Nicholas A. Sambold
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Jorge A. Marchand
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Douglas C. Millar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Michelle C. Y. Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
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19
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Chen ZH, Su XX, Li Q, Wu JQ, Ou TM, Wang H. Synthesis of α-Boryl Ketones via Hydration or Oxidation of B(MIDA)-Decorated Alkynes. Org Lett 2023; 25:1099-1103. [PMID: 36790117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
α-Boryl ketones are traditionally challenging targets in organic synthesis. Reported herein is a mild and metal-free synthesis of α-boryl ketones via the hydration or oxidation of N-methyliminodiacetyl boronate (B(MIDA))-decorated alkynes. A new hydration system comprised of AcCl and H2O in HFIP allows the hydration of arylethynyl B(MIDA)s at room temperature with decent functional group tolerance. An oxidative carbon deletion process of propargylic B(MIDA)s is also developed for the synthesis of aliphatic α-boryl ketones. An intriguing β-boron effect was observed to account for the unique site- and chemoselectivities. The application of the products in the synthesis of borylated heterocycles was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hao Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Qingjiang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Jia-Qiang Wu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529000, China
| | - Tian-Miao Ou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Honggen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
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20
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Guo H, Sun N, Guo J, Zhou TP, Tang L, Zhang W, Deng Y, Liao RZ, Wu Y, Wu G, Zhong F. Expanding the Promiscuity of a Copper-Dependent Oxidase for Enantioselective Cross-Coupling of Indoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202219034. [PMID: 36789864 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202219034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose the highly enantioselective oxidative cross-coupling of 3-hydroxyindole esters with various nucleophilic partners as catalyzed by copper efflux oxidase. The biocatalytic transformation delivers functionalized 2,2-disubstituted indolin-3-ones with excellent optical purity (90-99 % ee), which exhibited anticancer activity against MCF-7 cell lines, as shown by preliminary biological evaluation. Mechanistic studies and molecular docking results suggest the formation of a phenoxyl radical and enantiocontrol facilitated by a suited enzyme chiral pocket. This study is significant with regard to expanding the catalytic repertoire of natural multicopper oxidases as well as enlarging the synthetic toolbox for sustainable asymmetric oxidative coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Guo
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ningning Sun
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Juan Guo
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Tai-Ping Zhou
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Langyu Tang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yaming Deng
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Rong-Zhen Liao
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yuzhou Wu
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Guojiao Wu
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Fangrui Zhong
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, 430074, China
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21
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Duan X, Cui D, Wang Z, Zheng D, Jiang L, Huang WY, Jia YX, Xu J. A Photoenzymatic Strategy for Radical-Mediated Stereoselective Hydroalkylation with Diazo Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214135. [PMID: 36478374 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbene insertion reactions initiated with diazo compounds have been widely used to develop unnatural enzymatic reactions. However, alternative functionalization of diazo compounds in enzymatic processes has been unexploited. Herein, we describe a photoenzymatic strategy for radical-mediated stereoselective hydroalkylation with diazo compounds. This method generates carbon-centered radicals through an ene reductase catalyzed photoinduced electron transfer process from diazo compounds, enabling the synthesis of γ-stereogenic carbonyl compounds in good yields and stereoselectivities. This study further expands the possible reaction patterns in photo-biocatalysis and offers a new approach to solving the selectivity challenges of radical-mediated reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Duan
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Dong Cui
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- Institute of Aging Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Dannan Zheng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Linye Jiang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Yu Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Xia Jia
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Jian Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
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22
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Haas R, Nikel PI. Challenges and opportunities in bringing nonbiological atoms to life with synthetic metabolism. Trends Biotechnol 2023; 41:27-45. [PMID: 35786519 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The relatively narrow spectrum of chemical elements within the microbial 'biochemical palate' limits the reach of biotechnology, because several added-value compounds can only be produced with traditional organic chemistry. Synthetic biology offers enabling tools to tackle this issue by facilitating 'biologization' of non-canonical chemical atoms. The interplay between xenobiology and synthetic metabolism multiplies routes for incorporating nonbiological atoms into engineered microbes. In this review, we survey natural assimilation routes for elements beyond the essential biology atoms [i.e., carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S)], discussing how these mechanisms could be repurposed for biotechnology. Furthermore, we propose a computational framework to identify chemical elements amenable to biologization, ranking reactions suitable to build synthetic metabolism. When combined and deployed in robust microbial hosts, these approaches will offer sustainable alternatives for smart chemical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Haas
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pablo I Nikel
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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23
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Li J, Zheng W, Gu M, Han L, Luo Y, Yu K, Sun M, Zong Y, Ma X, Liu B, Lowder EP, Mendez DL, Kranz RG, Zhang K, Zhu J. Structures of the CcmABCD heme release complex at multiple states. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6422. [PMID: 36307425 PMCID: PMC9616876 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34136-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochromes c use heme as a cofactor to carry electrons in respiration and photosynthesis. The cytochrome c maturation system I, consisting of eight membrane proteins (CcmABCDEFGH), results in the attachment of heme to cysteine residues of cytochrome c proteins. Since all c-type cytochromes are periplasmic, heme is first transported to a periplasmic heme chaperone, CcmE. A large membrane complex, CcmABCD has been proposed to carry out this transport and linkage to CcmE, yet the structural basis and mechanisms underlying the process are unknown. We describe high resolution cryo-EM structures of CcmABCD in an unbound form, in complex with inhibitor AMP-PNP, and in complex with ATP and heme. We locate the ATP-binding site in CcmA and the heme-binding site in CcmC. Based on our structures combined with functional studies, we propose a hypothetic model of heme trafficking, heme transfer to CcmE, and ATP-dependent release of holoCcmE from CcmABCD. CcmABCD represents an ABC transporter complex using the energy of ATP hydrolysis for the transfer of heme from one binding partner (CcmC) to another (CcmE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Li
- grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China ,grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| | - Wan Zheng
- grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Ming Gu
- grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Long Han
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| | - Yanmei Luo
- grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Koukou Yu
- grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Mengxin Sun
- grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Yuliang Zong
- grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Xiuxiu Ma
- grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Bing Liu
- grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Ethan P. Lowder
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, CB 1137, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899 USA
| | - Deanna L. Mendez
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, CB 1137, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899 USA
| | - Robert G. Kranz
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, CB 1137, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899 USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| | - Jiapeng Zhu
- grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
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24
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Jayarajan R, Kireilis T, Eriksson L, Szabó KJ. Asymmetric Organocatalytic Homologation: Access to Diverse Chiral Trifluoromethyl Organoboron Species. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202059. [PMID: 35980871 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A broad range of aliphatic, aromatic, and heterocyclic boronic acids were successfully homologated using trifluorodiazoethane in the presence of BINOL derivatives to provide the corresponding chiral trifluoromethyl containing boronic acid derivatives in high yields and excellent enantioselectivity. The in situ conversion of the chiral transient boronic acids to the corresponding alcohols or β-CF3 carboxylates are also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Jayarajan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tautvydas Kireilis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Eriksson
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kálmán J Szabó
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Zhao Q, Yao QY, Zhang YJ, Xu T, Zhang J, Chen X. Selective Cyclopropanation/Aziridination of Olefins Catalyzed by Bis(pyrazolyl)borate Cu(I) Complexes. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianyi Zhao
- Henan Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Energy Materials Jianshe Road 453007 Xinxiang CHINA
| | - Qiu-Yue Yao
- Henan Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Energy Materials CHINA
| | - Yan-Jiao Zhang
- Henan Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Energy Materials CHINA
| | - Ting Xu
- Henan Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Energy Materials CHINA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Henan Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Energy Materials CHINA
| | - Xuenian Chen
- Henan Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Energy Materials CHINA
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26
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Xu G, Poelarends GJ. Unlocking New Reactivities in Enzymes by Iminium Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203613. [PMID: 35524737 PMCID: PMC9400869 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The application of biocatalysis in conquering challenging synthesis requires the constant input of new enzymes. Developing novel biocatalysts by absorbing catalysis modes from synthetic chemistry has yielded fruitful new-to-nature enzymes. Organocatalysis was originally bio-inspired and has become the third pillar of asymmetric catalysis. Transferring organocatalytic reactions back to enzyme platforms is a promising approach for biocatalyst creation. Herein, we summarize recent developments in the design of novel biocatalysts that adopt iminium catalysis, a fundamental branch in organocatalysis. By repurposing existing enzymes or constructing artificial enzymes, various biocatalysts for iminium catalysis have been created and optimized via protein engineering to promote valuable abiological transformations. Recent advances in iminium biocatalysis illustrate the power of combining chemomimetic biocatalyst design and directed evolution to generate useful new-to-nature enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcai Xu
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J Poelarends
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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27
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Van Stappen C, Deng Y, Liu Y, Heidari H, Wang JX, Zhou Y, Ledray AP, Lu Y. Designing Artificial Metalloenzymes by Tuning of the Environment beyond the Primary Coordination Sphere. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11974-12045. [PMID: 35816578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metalloenzymes catalyze a variety of reactions using a limited number of natural amino acids and metallocofactors. Therefore, the environment beyond the primary coordination sphere must play an important role in both conferring and tuning their phenomenal catalytic properties, enabling active sites with otherwise similar primary coordination environments to perform a diverse array of biological functions. However, since the interactions beyond the primary coordination sphere are numerous and weak, it has been difficult to pinpoint structural features responsible for the tuning of activities of native enzymes. Designing artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs) offers an excellent basis to elucidate the roles of these interactions and to further develop practical biological catalysts. In this review, we highlight how the secondary coordination spheres of ArMs influence metal binding and catalysis, with particular focus on the use of native protein scaffolds as templates for the design of ArMs by either rational design aided by computational modeling, directed evolution, or a combination of both approaches. In describing successes in designing heme, nonheme Fe, and Cu metalloenzymes, heteronuclear metalloenzymes containing heme, and those ArMs containing other metal centers (including those with non-native metal ions and metallocofactors), we have summarized insights gained on how careful controls of the interactions in the secondary coordination sphere, including hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions, allow the generation and tuning of these respective systems to approach, rival, and, in a few cases, exceed those of native enzymes. We have also provided an outlook on the remaining challenges in the field and future directions that will allow for a deeper understanding of the secondary coordination sphere a deeper understanding of the secondary coordintion sphere to be gained, and in turn to guide the design of a broader and more efficient variety of ArMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Van Stappen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yunling Deng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yiwei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Hirbod Heidari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jing-Xiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Aaron P Ledray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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28
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Recent developments in promiscuous enzymatic reactions for carbon-nitrogen bond formation. Bioorg Chem 2022; 127:106014. [PMID: 35841668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalytic promiscuity is a new field of enzyme application in biochemistry, which has received much attention and has developed rapidly in recent years. The promiscuous biocatalysis has been promoted as a useful supplement to traditional strategy for the formation of C-heteroatom bonds. The generation of carbon-nitrogen (CN) bonds is an important issue in synthetic chemistry and is indispensable for the manufacturing of various pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Therefore, numerous efficient and reliable synthetic methods for the formation of CN bonds have been developed in recent years. Enzymatic CN bond forming reactions catalyzed by lipases, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, glycosyltransferases, amine dehydrogenases, proteases, acylases, amylases and halohydrin dehalogenases are well established for synthetic purposes. This review introduces the recent progress in the construction of CN bonds using promiscuous enzymes.
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29
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Huang MY, Zhao YT, Zhang CD, Zhu SF. Highly Regio-, Stereo-, and Enantioselective Copper-Catalyzed B-H Bond Insertion of α-Silylcarbenes: Efficient Access to Chiral Allylic gem-Silylboranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203343. [PMID: 35437891 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the development of a method for highly regio-, stereo-, and enantioselective B-H bond insertion reactions of α-silylcarbenes generated from 1-silylcyclopropenes in the presence of a chiral copper(I)/bisoxazoline catalyst for the construction of chiral γ,γ-disubstituted allylic gem-silylboranes, which cannot be prepared by any other known methods. This reaction is the first highly enantioselective carbene insertion reaction of α-silylcarbenes ever to be reported. The method shows general applicability for various 3,3-disubstituted silylcyclopropenes and exclusively affords E-products. The novel chiral γ,γ-disubstituted allylic gem-silylborane products are versatile allylic bimetallic reagents with high stability and have great synthetic potential, especially for the construction of complex molecules with continuous chiral centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yao Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yu-Tao Zhao
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Cheng-Da Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shou-Fei Zhu
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
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30
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Liu Y, Lai KL, Vong K. Transition Metal Scaffolds Used To Bring New‐to‐Nature Reactions into Biological Systems. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Liu
- Department of Chemistry The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Ka Lun Lai
- Department of Chemistry The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Kenward Vong
- Department of Chemistry The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
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31
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Gutiérrez S, Tomás-Gamasa M, Mascareñas JL. Organometallic catalysis in aqueous and biological environments: harnessing the power of metal carbenes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6478-6495. [PMID: 35756533 PMCID: PMC9172117 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00721e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Translating the power of transition metal catalysis to the native habitats of enzymes can significantly expand the possibilities of interrogating or manipulating natural biological systems, including living cells and organisms. This is especially relevant for organometallic reactions that have shown great potential in the field of organic synthesis, like the metal-catalyzed transfer of carbenes. While, at first sight, performing metal carbene chemistry in aqueous solvents, and especially in biologically relevant mixtures, does not seem obvious, in recent years there has been a growing number of reports demonstrating the feasibility of the task. Either using small molecule metal catalysts or artificial metalloenzymes, a number of carbene transfer reactions that tolerate aqueous and biorelevant media are being developed. This review intends to summarize the most relevant contributions, and establish the state of the art in this emerging research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gutiérrez
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15705 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - María Tomás-Gamasa
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15705 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - José Luis Mascareñas
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15705 Santiago de Compostela Spain
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32
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Debiais M, Vasseur JJ, Smietana M. Applications of the Reversible Boronic Acids/Boronate Switch to Nucleic Acids. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202200085. [PMID: 35641415 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decades, boron and nucleic acids chemistries have gained a lot of attention for biological, medicinal and analytical applications. Our laboratory has a long-standing interest in both chemistries and owing to the ability of boronic acids to react with cis-diol function in aqueous media we developed over the years a variety of applications ranging from molecular recognition and sensing to the development of reversible dynamic systems in which the natural phosphodiester linkage was replaced by a boronate. In this account, we summarize research results from our group from our preliminary studies on molecular recognition of ribonucleosides to the dynamic assembly of functional DNAzymes. In particular, the various parameters influencing the dynamic nature of these reversible covalent bonds able to respond to external stimuli are discussed. Finally, current challenges and opportunities for boron-based nucleic acids are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mégane Debiais
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 1919 route de Mende, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Vasseur
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 1919 route de Mende, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Michael Smietana
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 1919 route de Mende, 34095, Montpellier, France
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33
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Zhang C. Application of Aromatic Substituted 2,2,2-Trifluoro Diazoethanes in Organic Reactions. CURR ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272826666220516113815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
This review provides an overview of metal-, nonmetal-, light-, or catalyst free-promoting reactions of aromatic substituted 2,2,2-trifluoro diazoethanes with organic molecules for the synthesis of trifluoromethyl-substituted compounds. Several approaches will be reviewed and divided into (i) copper-, iron-, Trop(BF4)-, B(C6F5)3-, light-, or rhodium-promoted reactions of aromatic substituted 2,2,2-trifluoro diazoethanes with silanes, amines, mercaptans, phosphonates, p-cyanophenol, benzoic acid, diphenylphosphinic acid, boranes and nBu3SnH, (ii) rhodium-catalyzed reactions of aromatic substituted 2,2,2-trifluoro diazoethanes with amides and phenylhydroxylamine, (iii) copper-, rhodium-, silver-, and light-catalyzed reactions of aromatic substituted 2,2,2-trifluoro diazoethanes with alkynes, (iv) palladium-, copper-, rhodium- and iron-catalyzed reactions of aromatic substituted 2,2,2-trifluoro diazoethanes with alkenes, (v) BF3·OEt2-, copper-, tin- or TBAB-catalyzed reactions of aromatic substituted 2,2,2-trifluoro diazoethanes with HF·Py, (difluoroiodo)toluene (p-TolIF2), TMSCF3, AgSCF3, TMSCF2Br or 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, (vi) palladium-, copper-, gold/silver- or rhodium-catalyzed reactions of aromatic substituted 2,2,2-trifluoro diazoethanes with indoles, benzene compounds or pyridines, and (vii) palladium-catalyzed reaction of aromatic substituted 2,2,2-trifluoro diazoethanes with benzyl or allyl bromides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Zhang
- Department of safety supervision and management, Chongqing Vocational Institute of Safety Technology, Wanzhou District, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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34
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Porter NJ, Danelius E, Gonen T, Arnold FH. Biocatalytic Carbene Transfer Using Diazirines. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8892-8896. [PMID: 35561334 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalytic carbene transfer from diazo compounds is a versatile strategy in asymmetric synthesis. However, the limited pool of stable diazo compounds constrains the variety of accessible products. To overcome this restriction, we have engineered variants of Aeropyrum pernix protoglobin (ApePgb) that use diazirines as carbene precursors. While the enhanced stability of diazirines relative to their diazo isomers enables access to a diverse array of carbenes, they have previously resisted catalytic activation. Our engineered ApePgb variants represent the first example of catalysts for selective carbene transfer from these species at room temperature. The structure of an ApePgb variant, determined by microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED), reveals that evolution has enhanced access to the heme active site to facilitate this new-to-nature catalysis. Using readily prepared aryl diazirines as model substrates, we demonstrate the application of these highly stable carbene precursors in biocatalytic cyclopropanation, N-H insertion, and Si-H insertion reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Porter
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Emma Danelius
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Tamir Gonen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Frances H Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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35
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Xu G, Poelarends GJ. Unlocking New Reactivities in Enzymes by Iminium Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangcai Xu
- University of Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology NETHERLANDS
| | - Gerrit J. Poelarends
- University of Groningen Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen NETHERLANDS
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36
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Zhang Y, Liao Y, Liu P, Ran Y, Liu X. Radical borylation of vinyl azides with NHC-boranes: divergent synthesis of α-boryl ketones and borylated triazoles. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3550-3557. [PMID: 35411904 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00076h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A divergent radical borylation of vinyl azides with N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) boranes in the presence of tBuSH is described. The protocol enables the divergent synthesis of α-boryl ketones and borylated triazoles with excellent functional group tolerance and a broad substrate scope. Remarkably, this work shows that vinyl azides can serve as unprecedented five-atom synthons for the construction of 1,2,3-triazoles without N2 extrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China.
| | - Yangzhen Liao
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China.
| | - Peijun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China. .,Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Yu Ran
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China.
| | - Xiaozu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China. .,Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
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37
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Huang M, Zhao Y, Zhang C, Zhu S. Highly Regio‐, Stereo‐, and Enantioselective Copper‐Catalyzed B−H Bond Insertion of α‐Silylcarbenes: Efficient Access to Chiral Allylic
gem
‐Silylboranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming‐Yao Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Yu‐Tao Zhao
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Cheng‐Da Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Shou‐Fei Zhu
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Tianjin 300192 China
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38
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Ding W, Nakai K, Gong H. Protein design via deep learning. Brief Bioinform 2022; 23:6554124. [PMID: 35348602 PMCID: PMC9116377 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbac102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins with desired functions and properties are important in fields like nanotechnology and biomedicine. De novo protein design enables the production of previously unseen proteins from the ground up and is believed as a key point for handling real social challenges. Recent introduction of deep learning into design methods exhibits a transformative influence and is expected to represent a promising and exciting future direction. In this review, we retrospect the major aspects of current advances in deep-learning-based design procedures and illustrate their novelty in comparison with conventional knowledge-based approaches through noticeable cases. We not only describe deep learning developments in structure-based protein design and direct sequence design, but also highlight recent applications of deep reinforcement learning in protein design. The future perspectives on design goals, challenges and opportunities are also comprehensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenze Ding
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.,School of Future Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kenta Nakai
- Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1088639, Japan
| | - Haipeng Gong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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39
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Miller DC, Lal RG, Marchetti LA, Arnold FH. Biocatalytic One-Carbon Ring Expansion of Aziridines to Azetidines via a Highly Enantioselective [1,2]-Stevens Rearrangement. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4739-4745. [PMID: 35258294 PMCID: PMC9022672 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We report enantioselective one-carbon ring expansion of aziridines to make azetidines as a new-to-nature activity of engineered "carbene transferase" enzymes. A laboratory-evolved variant of cytochrome P450BM3, P411-AzetS, not only exerts unparalleled stereocontrol (99:1 er) over a [1,2]-Stevens rearrangement but also overrides the inherent reactivity of aziridinium ylides, cheletropic extrusion of olefins, to perform a [1,2]-Stevens rearrangement. By controlling the fate of the highly reactive aziridinium ylide intermediates, these evolvable biocatalysts promote a transformation which cannot currently be performed using other catalyst classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Miller
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Ravi G. Lal
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Luca A. Marchetti
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Present Address: Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frances H. Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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40
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Zhao Q, Yao Q, Dou T, Xu T, Zhang J, Chen X. Catalysts Based on the C−H⋅⋅⋅M Weak Interaction: Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Application of Bis(pyrazolyl)borate Cu(I) Complexes in Carbene Insertion into Heteroatom Hydrogen Bonds. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianyi Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Energy Materials Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions Ministry of Education Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Qiu‐Yue Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Energy Materials Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions Ministry of Education Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Ting Dou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Energy Materials Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions Ministry of Education Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Ting Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Energy Materials Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions Ministry of Education Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Energy Materials Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions Ministry of Education Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Xuenian Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Energy Materials Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions Ministry of Education Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450001 China
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41
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Ma X, Kuang Z, Song Q. Recent Advances in the Construction of Fluorinated Organoboron Compounds. JACS AU 2022; 2:261-279. [PMID: 35252978 PMCID: PMC8889561 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated organoboron compounds are important synthetic building blocks that combine the unique characteristics of a fluorinated motif with the versatile synthetic applications of organoboron moiety. This review article guides the research on fluorinated organoboron compounds mainly from four aspects in recent years: selective monodefluoroborylation of polyfluoroarenes and polyfluoroalkenes, selective borylation of fluorinated substrates, selective fluorination of organoboron compounds, and borofluorination of alkynes/olefins. In addition, this review will provide a necessary guidance and inspiration for the research on the valuable synthetic building block fluorinated organoboron compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Ma
- Key
Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery, Fujian Province
University, College of Chemistry at Fuzhou
University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Zhijie Kuang
- Institute
of Next Generation Matter Transformation, College of Materials Science
Engineering & Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Boulevard, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Qiuling Song
- Key
Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery, Fujian Province
University, College of Chemistry at Fuzhou
University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
- Institute
of Next Generation Matter Transformation, College of Materials Science
Engineering & Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Boulevard, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
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42
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Zeng Y, Zhou Y, Quan Q, Chen M. Facile Access to gem-Trifluoromethyl/Boron-Functionalized Polymers via Free-Radical Copolymerization and Cotelomerization. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qinzhi Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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43
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Rocha RA, Speight RE, Scott C. Engineering Enzyme Properties for Improved Biocatalytic Processes in Batch and Continuous Flow. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel A. Rocha
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, CSIRO Land & Water, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Robert E. Speight
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Colin Scott
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, CSIRO Land & Water, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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44
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Nam D, Tinoco A, Shen Z, Adukure RD, Sreenilayam G, Khare SD, Fasan R. Enantioselective Synthesis of α-Trifluoromethyl Amines via Biocatalytic N-H Bond Insertion with Acceptor-Acceptor Carbene Donors. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2590-2602. [PMID: 35107997 PMCID: PMC8855427 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
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The biocatalytic
toolbox has recently been expanded to include
enzyme-catalyzed carbene transfer reactions not occurring in Nature.
Herein, we report the development of a biocatalytic strategy for the
synthesis of enantioenriched α-trifluoromethyl amines through
an asymmetric N–H carbene insertion reaction catalyzed by engineered
variants of cytochrome c552 from Hydrogenobacter thermophilus. Using a combination of protein and substrate engineering, this
metalloprotein scaffold was redesigned to enable the synthesis of
chiral α-trifluoromethyl amino esters with up to >99% yield
and 95:5 er using benzyl 2-diazotrifluoropropanoate as the carbene
donor. When the diazo reagent was varied, the enantioselectivity of
the enzyme could be inverted to produce the opposite enantiomers of
these products with up to 99.5:0.5 er. This methodology is applicable
to a broad range of aryl amine substrates, and it can be leveraged
to obtain chemoenzymatic access to enantioenriched β-trifluoromethyl-β-amino
alcohols and halides. Computational analyses provide insights into
the interplay of protein- and reagent-mediated control on the enantioselectivity
of this reaction. This work introduces the first example of a biocatalytic
N–H carbenoid insertion with an acceptor–acceptor carbene
donor, and it offers a biocatalytic solution for the enantioselective
synthesis of α-trifluoromethylated amines as valuable synthons
for medicinal chemistry and the synthesis of bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donggeon Nam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Antonio Tinoco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Zhuofan Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Ronald D Adukure
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | | | - Sagar D Khare
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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45
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Tavanti M. Synthetic DNA Libraries for Protein Engineering Toward Process Improvement in Drug Synthesis. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2397:33-45. [PMID: 34813058 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1826-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Speeding-up enzyme engineering by directed evolution is a primary target to be achieved for a wider uptake of biocatalysis in pharmaceutical process development. The capability to rapidly generate the designed sequence diversity has profound implications in the overall optimization of protein function. Drawbacks associated with traditional PCR methods for sequence diversification interfere with the generation of all the variants that have been designed. On the contrary, the enhanced quality of synthetic DNA libraries makes the exploration of sequence space more efficient. Here, methods for the effective utilization of synthetic DNA libraries are described. The overall procedure allows the generation of ready-to-screen libraries within two weeks from synthetic DNA acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Tavanti
- Early Chemical development Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D AstraZeneca, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK. .,Synthetic Biochemistry, Medicinal Science and Technology, Pharma R&D GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, UK.
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46
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Ollevier T, Carreras V. Emerging Applications of Aryl Trifluoromethyl Diazoalkanes and Diazirines in Synthetic Transformations. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2022; 2:83-98. [PMID: 36855460 PMCID: PMC9954246 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.1c00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aryl trifluoromethyl diazoalkanes and diazirines have become unique as reactants in synthetic methodology. As privileged compounds containing CF3 groups and ease of synthetic access, aryl trifluoromethyl diazoalkanes and diazirines have been highlighted for their versatility in applications toward a wide range of synthetic transformations. This Perspective highlights the synthetic applications of these reactants as precursors of stabilized metal carbenes, i.e., donor-acceptor-substituted ones.
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47
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Lemon CM, Nissley AJ, Latorraca NR, Wittenborn EC, Marletta MA. Corrole–protein interactions in H-NOX and HasA. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:571-581. [PMID: 35656484 PMCID: PMC9092467 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00004k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutagenesis was utilised to reveal corrole–protein interactions in H-NOX and HasA. The key interaction is a hydrogen bond between the PO unit of the corrole and a protonated histidine residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Lemon
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Amos J. Nissley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Naomi R. Latorraca
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Elizabeth C. Wittenborn
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael A. Marletta
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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48
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Wang L, Lou Y, Xu W, Chen Z, Xu J, Wu Q. Biocatalytic Site-Selective Hydrogen Isotope Exchange of Unsaturated Fragments with D2O. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Wang
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yujiao Lou
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weihua Xu
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhichun Chen
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Wu
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
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49
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Abstract
Biocatalysis has an enormous impact on chemical synthesis. The waves in which biocatalysis has developed, and in doing so changed our perception of what organic chemistry is, were reviewed 20 and 10 years ago. Here we review the consequences of these waves of development. Nowadays, hydrolases are widely used on an industrial scale for the benign synthesis of commodity and bulk chemicals and are fully developed. In addition, further enzyme classes are gaining ever increasing interest. Particularly, enzymes catalysing selective C-C-bond formation reactions and enzymes catalysing selective oxidation and reduction reactions are solving long-standing synthetic challenges in organic chemistry. Combined efforts from molecular biology, systems biology, organic chemistry and chemical engineering will establish a whole new toolbox for chemistry. Recent developments are critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Hanefeld
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, The Netherlands.
| | - Caroline E Paul
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, The Netherlands.
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50
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Huang MY, Zhu SF. Uncommon carbene insertion reactions. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15790-15801. [PMID: 35024104 PMCID: PMC8672736 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03328j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalysed carbene insertion reaction is a straightforward and efficient protocol for the construction of carbon–carbon or carbon–heteroatom bonds. Compared to the intensively studied and well-established “common” carbene insertion reactions, including carbene insertion into C–H, Si–H, N–H, O–H, and S–H bonds, several “uncommon” carbene insertion reactions, including carbene insertion into B–H, Sn–H, Ge–H, P–H, F–H, C–C, and M–M bonds, have been neglected for a long time. However, more and more studies on uncommon carbene insertion reactions have been disclosed recently, and clearly demonstrate the great synthetic potential of these reactions. The current perspective reviews the history and the newest advances of uncommon carbene insertion reactions, discusses their potential applications and challenges, and also presents an outlook of this promising field. Transition-metal-catalysed carbene insertion reaction is a straightforward and efficient protocol for the construction of carbon–carbon or carbon–heteroatom bonds.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yao Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Shou-Fei Zhu
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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