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Ruffolo F, Dinhof T, Murray L, Zangelmi E, Chin JP, Pallitsch K, Peracchi A. The Microbial Degradation of Natural and Anthropogenic Phosphonates. Molecules 2023; 28:6863. [PMID: 37836707 PMCID: PMC10574752 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphonates are compounds containing a direct carbon-phosphorus (C-P) bond, which is particularly resistant to chemical and enzymatic degradation. They are environmentally ubiquitous: some of them are produced by microorganisms and invertebrates, whereas others derive from anthropogenic activities. Because of their chemical stability and potential toxicity, man-made phosphonates pose pollution problems, and many studies have tried to identify biocompatible systems for their elimination. On the other hand, phosphonates are a resource for microorganisms living in environments where the availability of phosphate is limited; thus, bacteria in particular have evolved systems to uptake and catabolize phosphonates. Such systems can be either selective for a narrow subset of compounds or show a broader specificity. The role, distribution, and evolution of microbial genes and enzymes dedicated to phosphonate degradation, as well as their regulation, have been the subjects of substantial studies. At least three enzyme systems have been identified so far, schematically distinguished based on the mechanism by which the C-P bond is ultimately cleaved-i.e., through either a hydrolytic, radical, or oxidative reaction. This review summarizes our current understanding of the molecular systems and pathways that serve to catabolize phosphonates, as well as the regulatory mechanisms that govern their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ruffolo
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy (E.Z.)
| | - Tamara Dinhof
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria;
- Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Leanne Murray
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Erika Zangelmi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy (E.Z.)
| | - Jason P. Chin
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Katharina Pallitsch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Alessio Peracchi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy (E.Z.)
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Patel A, Miles A, Strackhouse T, Cook L, Leng S, Patel S, Klinger K, Rudrabhatla S, Potlakayala SD. Methods of crop improvement and applications towards fortifying food security. Front Genome Ed 2023; 5:1171969. [PMID: 37484652 PMCID: PMC10361821 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2023.1171969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Agriculture has supported human life from the beginning of civilization, despite a plethora of biotic (pests, pathogens) and abiotic (drought, cold) stressors being exerted on the global food demand. In the past 50 years, the enhanced understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms in plants has led to novel innovations in biotechnology, resulting in the introduction of desired genes/traits through plant genetic engineering. Targeted genome editing technologies such as Zinc-Finger Nucleases (ZFNs), Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs), and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) have emerged as powerful tools for crop improvement. This new CRISPR technology is proving to be an efficient and straightforward process with low cost. It possesses applicability across most plant species, targets multiple genes, and is being used to engineer plant metabolic pathways to create resistance to pathogens and abiotic stressors. These novel genome editing (GE) technologies are poised to meet the UN's sustainable development goals of "zero hunger" and "good human health and wellbeing." These technologies could be more efficient in developing transgenic crops and aid in speeding up the regulatory approvals and risk assessments conducted by the US Departments of Agriculture (USDA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayushi Patel
- Penn State Harrisburg, Middletown, PA, United States
| | - Andrew Miles
- Penn State University Park, State College, University Park, PA, United States
| | | | - Logan Cook
- Penn State Harrisburg, Middletown, PA, United States
| | - Sining Leng
- Shanghai United Cell Biotechnology Co Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Shrina Patel
- Penn State Harrisburg, Middletown, PA, United States
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Chen Y, Chen WJ, Huang Y, Li J, Zhong J, Zhang W, Zou Y, Mishra S, Bhatt P, Chen S. Insights into the microbial degradation and resistance mechanisms of glyphosate. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114153. [PMID: 36049517 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate, as one of the broad-spectrum herbicides for controlling annual and perennial weeds, is widely distributed in various environments and seriously threatens the safety of human beings and ecology. Glyphosate is currently degraded by abiotic and biotic methods, such as adsorption, photolysis, ozone oxidation, and microbial degradation. Of these, microbial degradation has become the most promising method to treat glyphosate because of its high efficiency and environmental protection. Microorganisms are capable of using glyphosate as a phosphorus, nitrogen, or carbon source and subsequently degrade glyphosate into harmless products by cleaving C-N and C-P bonds, in which enzymes and functional genes related to glyphosate degradation play an indispensable role. There have been many studies on the abiotic and biotic treatment technologies, microbial degradation pathways and intermediate products of glyphosate, but the related enzymes and functional genes involved in the glyphosate degradation pathways have not been further discussed. There is little information on the resistance mechanisms of bacteria and fungi to glyphosate, and previous investigations of resistance mechanisms have mainly focused on how bacteria resist glyphosate damage. Therefore, this review explores the microorganisms, enzymes and functional genes related to the microbial degradation of glyphosate and discusses the pathways of microbial degradation and the resistance mechanisms of microorganisms to glyphosate. This review is expected to provide reference for the application and improvement of the microbial degradation of glyphosate in microbial remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wen-Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yaohua Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yi Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Sandhya Mishra
- Environmental Technologies Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Pankaj Bhatt
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47906, USA.
| | - Shaohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Sharma A, Chouhan A, Bhatt T, Kaur A, Minhas AP. Selectable Markers to Marker-Free Selection in Rice. Mol Biotechnol 2022; 64:841-851. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00460-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Hertel R, Gibhardt J, Martienssen M, Kuhn R, Commichau FM. Molecular mechanisms underlying glyphosate resistance in bacteria. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:2891-2905. [PMID: 33876549 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glyphosate is a nonselective herbicide that kills weeds and other plants competing with crops. Glyphosate specifically inhibits the 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase, thereby depleting the cell of EPSP serving as a precursor for biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids. Glyphosate is considered to be toxicologically safe for animals and humans. Therefore, it became the most-important herbicide in agriculture. However, its intensive application in agriculture is a serious environmental issue because it may negatively affect the biodiversity. A few years after the discovery of the mode of action of glyphosate, it has been observed that bacteria evolve glyphosate resistance by acquiring mutations in the EPSP synthase gene, rendering the encoded enzyme less sensitive to the herbicide. The identification of glyphosate-resistant EPSP synthase variants paved the way for engineering crops tolerating increased amounts of the herbicide. This review intends to summarize the molecular mechanisms underlying glyphosate resistance in bacteria. Bacteria can evolve glyphosate resistance by (i) reducing glyphosate sensitivity or elevating production of the EPSP synthase, by (ii) degrading or (iii) detoxifying glyphosate and by (iv) decreasing the uptake or increasing the export of the herbicide. The variety of glyphosate resistance mechanisms illustrates the adaptability of bacteria to anthropogenic substances due to genomic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hertel
- FG Synthetic Microbiology, Institute for Biotechnology, BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, 01968, Germany
| | - Johannes Gibhardt
- FG Synthetic Microbiology, Institute for Biotechnology, BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, 01968, Germany
| | - Marion Martienssen
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Chair of Biotechnology of Water Treatment, BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, 03046, Germany
| | - Ramona Kuhn
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Chair of Biotechnology of Water Treatment, BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, 03046, Germany
| | - Fabian M Commichau
- FG Synthetic Microbiology, Institute for Biotechnology, BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, 01968, Germany
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Liu W, Chen H, Li L, Dong M, Zhang Z, Wan Y, Jin W. Proteomic analysis of the seeds of transgenic rice lines and the corresponding nongenetically modified isogenic variety. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:1869-1878. [PMID: 32898281 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based proteomic analysis was employed to study the seeds of two genetically modified (GM) rice lines, T2A-1 and T1C-19, and their nontransgenic isogenic variety, MH63, to investigate the unintended effects of genetic modification. RESULTS A total of 3398 proteins were quantitatively identified. Seventy-seven differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were identified in the T2A-1/MH63 comparison, and 70 and 7 of these DAPs were upregulated and downregulated, respectively. A pathway enrichment analysis showed that most of these DAPs participated in metabolic pathways and protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum and were ribosome components. Some 181 DAPs were identified from the T1C-19/MH63 comparison, and these included 115 upregulated proteins and 66 downregulated proteins. The subsequent pathway enrichment analysis showed that these DAPs mainly participated in protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms and were ribosome components. None of these DAPs were identified as new unintended toxins or allergens, and only changes in abundance were detected. Fifty-four co-DAPs were identified in the seeds of the two GM rice lines, and protein-protein interaction analysis of these co-DAPs demonstrated that some interacting proteins were involved in protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum and metabolic pathways, whereas others were identified as ribosome components. Representative co-DAPs and proteins related to nutrients were analyzed using qRT-PCR to determine their transcriptional levels. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that the seed proteomic profiles of the two GM rice lines studied were not substantially altered from those of their natural isogenic control. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixiao Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Agricultural and Academic Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Liang Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Agricultural and Academic Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Mei Dong
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Agricultural and Academic Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Agricultural and Academic Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yusong Wan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Agricultural and Academic Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wujun Jin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Agricultural and Academic Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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Koester RP, Pignon CP, Kesler DC, Willison RS, Kang M, Shen Y, Priest HD, Begemann MB, Cook KA, Bannon GA, Oufattole M. Transgenic insertion of the cyanobacterial membrane protein ictB increases grain yield in Zea mays through increased photosynthesis and carbohydrate production. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246359. [PMID: 33539477 PMCID: PMC7861388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The C4 crop maize (Zea mays) is the most widely grown cereal crop worldwide and is an essential feedstock for food and bioenergy. Improving maize yield is important to achieve food security and agricultural sustainability in the 21st century. One potential means to improve crop productivity is to enhance photosynthesis. ictB, a membrane protein that is highly conserved across cyanobacteria, has been shown to improve photosynthesis, and often biomass, when introduced into diverse C3 plant species. Here, ictB from Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 was inserted into maize using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. In three controlled-environment experiments, ictB insertion increased leaf starch and sucrose content by up to 25% relative to controls. Experimental field trials in four growing seasons, spanning the Midwestern United States (Summers 2018 & 2019) and Argentina (Winter 2018 & 2019), showed an average of 3.49% grain yield improvement, by as much as 5.4% in a given season and up to 9.4% at certain trial locations. A subset of field trial locations was used to test for modification of ear traits and ФPSII, a proxy for photosynthesis. Results suggested that yield gain in transgenics could be associated with increased ФPSII, and the production of longer, thinner ears with more kernels. ictB localized primarily to the microsome fraction of leaf bundle-sheath cells, but not to chloroplasts. Extramembrane domains of ictB interacted in vitro with proteins involved in photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism. To our knowledge, this is the first published evidence of ictB insertion into a species using C4 photosynthesis and the largest-scale demonstration of grain yield enhancement from ictB insertion in planta. Results show that ictB is a valuable yield gene in the economically important crop maize, and are an important proof of concept that transgenic manipulation of photosynthesis can be used to create economically viable crop improvement traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dylan C Kesler
- Benson Hill, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | - Miyoung Kang
- Benson Hill, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yu Shen
- Benson Hill, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Henry D Priest
- Benson Hill, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | - Kevin A Cook
- Benson Hill, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Gary A Bannon
- Benson Hill, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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8
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Ye T, Zhou T, Xu X, Zhang W, Fan X, Mishra S, Zhang L, Zhou X, Chen S. Whole-Genome Sequencing Analysis of Quorum Quenching Bacterial Strain Acinetobacter lactucae QL-1 Identifies the FadY Enzyme for Degradation of the Diffusible Signal Factor. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6729. [PMID: 32937869 PMCID: PMC7554724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The diffusible signal factor (DSF) is a fatty acid signal molecule and is widely conserved in various Gram-negative bacteria. DSF is involved in the regulation of pathogenic virulence in many bacterial pathogens, including Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc). Quorum quenching (QQ) is a potential approach for preventing and controlling DSF-mediated bacterial infections by the degradation of the DSF signal. Acinetobacter lactucae strain QL-1 possesses a superb DSF degradation ability and effectively attenuates Xcc virulence through QQ. However, the QQ mechanisms in strain QL-1 are still unknown. In the present study, whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomics analysis were conducted to identify the molecular mechanisms of QQ in strain QL-1. We found that the fadY gene of QL-1 is an ortholog of XccrpfB, a known DSF degradation gene, suggesting that strain QL-1 is capable of inactivating DSF by QQ enzymes. The results of site-directed mutagenesis indicated that fadY is required for strain QL-1 to degrade DSF. The determination of FadY activity in vitro revealed that the fatty acyl-CoA synthetase FadY had remarkable catalytic activity. Furthermore, the expression of fadY in transformed Xcc strain XC1 was investigated and shown to significantly attenuate bacterial pathogenicity on host plants, such as Chinese cabbage and radish. This is the first report demonstrating a DSF degradation enzyme from A. lactucae. Taken together, these findings shed light on the QQ mechanisms of A. lactucae strain QL-1, and provide useful enzymes and related genes for the biocontrol of infectious diseases caused by DSF-dependent bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.Y.); (T.Z.); (X.X.); (W.Z.); (X.F.); (S.M.); (L.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Tian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.Y.); (T.Z.); (X.X.); (W.Z.); (X.F.); (S.M.); (L.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xudan Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.Y.); (T.Z.); (X.X.); (W.Z.); (X.F.); (S.M.); (L.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.Y.); (T.Z.); (X.X.); (W.Z.); (X.F.); (S.M.); (L.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xinghui Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.Y.); (T.Z.); (X.X.); (W.Z.); (X.F.); (S.M.); (L.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Sandhya Mishra
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.Y.); (T.Z.); (X.X.); (W.Z.); (X.F.); (S.M.); (L.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lianhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.Y.); (T.Z.); (X.X.); (W.Z.); (X.F.); (S.M.); (L.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.Y.); (T.Z.); (X.X.); (W.Z.); (X.F.); (S.M.); (L.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.Y.); (T.Z.); (X.X.); (W.Z.); (X.F.); (S.M.); (L.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
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9
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iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis of transgenic and non-transgenic maize seeds. J Food Compost Anal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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10
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Giraldo PA, Shinozuka H, Spangenberg GC, Cogan NO, Smith KF. Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Feed: Is There Any Difference From Food? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1592. [PMID: 31921242 PMCID: PMC6918800 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Food security is one of major concerns for the growing global population. Modern agricultural biotechnologies, such as genetic modification, are a possible solution through enabling an increase of production, more efficient use of natural resources, and reduced environmental impacts. However, new crop varieties with altered genetic materials may be subjected to safety assessments to fulfil the regulatory requirements, prior to marketing. The aim of the assessment is to evaluate the impact of products from the new crop variety on human, animal, and the environmental health. Although, many studies on the risk assessment of genetically modified (GM) food have been published, little consideration to GM feedstuff has been given, despite that between 70 to 90% of all GM crops and their biomass are used as animal feed. In addition, in some GM plants such as forages that are only used for animal feeds, the assessment of the genetic modification may be of relevance only to livestock feeding. In this article, the regulatory framework of GM crops intended for animal feed is reviewed using the available information on GM food as the baseline. Although, the majority of techniques used for the safety assessment of GM food can be used in GM feed, many plant parts used for livestock feeding are inedible to humans. Therefore, the concentration of novel proteins in different plant tissues and level of exposure to GM feedstuff in the diet of target animals should be considered. A further development of specific methodologies for the assessment of GM crops intended for animal consumption is required, in order to provide a more accurate and standardized assessment to the GM feed safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula A. Giraldo
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, The Centre for AgriBiosciences, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hiroshi Shinozuka
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, The Centre for AgriBiosciences, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - German C. Spangenberg
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, The Centre for AgriBiosciences, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, AgriBio, The Centre for AgriBiosciences, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Noel O.I. Cogan
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, The Centre for AgriBiosciences, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, AgriBio, The Centre for AgriBiosciences, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kevin F. Smith
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Agriculture Victoria Research, Hamilton, VIC, Australia
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11
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Christ B, Pluskal T, Aubry S, Weng JK. Contribution of Untargeted Metabolomics for Future Assessment of Biotech Crops. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:1047-1056. [PMID: 30361071 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The nutritional value and safety of food crops are ultimately determined by their chemical composition. Recent developments in the field of metabolomics have made it possible to characterize the metabolic profile of crops in a comprehensive and high-throughput manner. Here, we propose that state-of-the-art untargeted metabolomics technology should be leveraged for safety assessment of new crop products. We suggest generally applicable experimental design principles that facilitate the efficient and rigorous identification of both intended and unintended metabolic alterations associated with a newly engineered trait. Our proposition could contribute to increased transparency of the safety assessment process for new biotech crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Christ
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Tomáš Pluskal
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sylvain Aubry
- Federal Office for Agriculture, 3003 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jing-Ke Weng
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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12
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Majumder S, Datta K, Sarkar C, Saha SC, Datta SK. The Development of Macrophomina phaseolina (Fungus) Resistant and Glufosinate (Herbicide) Tolerant Transgenic Jute. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:920. [PMID: 30042772 PMCID: PMC6048421 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide demand for natural bast fibers is met aptly by the long, golden and silky fibers of jute. This highest bast fiber producing crop is of great applicability and is extensively used in paper and textile industry. Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid is a severely devastating necrotrophic fungal pathogen causing stem rot, root rot, and charcoal rot diseases in both the cultivated species of jute - Corchorus capsularis and Corchorus olitorius. Another major problem faced in jute cultivation is profuse weed infestation in the fields. Huge losses in quality fiber production is caused by this pathogenic fungi and cultivation cost increases as well due to weed management expenditure during cropping season. To solve these long persisting jute cultivation challenges, the chitinase (chi11) gene (to provide fungus resistance) and the bar gene (to provide herbicide tolerance) have been incorporated in C. capsularis JRC-321 via Agrobacterium transformation and analyzed up to T2 generation. Stable integration and expression of these two genes in the jute genome was confirmed upon extensive analyses. Transgenic plants showed higher chitinase expression and chitin degrading activity than non-transgenic control plants. Antifungal activity significantly increased in transgenic plants as confirmed by detached leaf and whole plant M. phaseolina bioassay. Herbicide tolerance was analyzed by growing transgenic plants in 10 mg/l glufosinate ammonium containing media and by spraying 0.25% (v/v) glufosinate herbicide Basta® on them. Assessment of residual phytotoxicity effects of Basta® on soil confirmed no negative impact on growth of indicator plants corn and cucumber. Transgenic jute plants were at par with non-transgenic (control) jute plants in all phenotypic aspects. Non-transgenic (control) jute plants suffered significant losses in fiber yield and quality due to M. phaseolina infection whereas the transgenic lines maintained the quality of fiber even after the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuvobrata Majumder
- Laboratory of Translational Research on Transgenic Crops, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Karabi Datta
- Laboratory of Translational Research on Transgenic Crops, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Chirabrata Sarkar
- Laboratory of Translational Research on Transgenic Crops, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Subhas C. Saha
- Quality Assurance Section, ICAR-National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology, Kolkata, India
| | - Swapan K. Datta
- Laboratory of Translational Research on Transgenic Crops, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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14
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International collaborative ring trial of four gene-specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays in GMO analysis. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Christ B, Hochstrasser R, Guyer L, Francisco R, Aubry S, Hörtensteiner S, Weng JK. Non-specific activities of the major herbicide-resistance gene BAR. NATURE PLANTS 2017; 3:937-945. [PMID: 29180815 PMCID: PMC6342461 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-017-0061-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bialaphos resistance (BAR) and phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) genes, which convey resistance to the broad-spectrum herbicide phosphinothricin (also known as glufosinate) via N-acetylation, have been globally used in basic plant research and genetically engineered crops 1-4 . Although early in vitro enzyme assays showed that recombinant BAR and PAT exhibit substrate preference toward phosphinothricin over the 20 proteinogenic amino acids 1 , indirect effects of BAR-containing transgenes in planta, including modified amino acid levels, have been seen but without the identification of their direct causes 5,6 . Combining metabolomics, plant genetics and biochemical approaches, we show that transgenic BAR indeed converts two plant endogenous amino acids, aminoadipate and tryptophan, to their respective N-acetylated products in several plant species. We report the crystal structures of BAR, and further delineate structural basis for its substrate selectivity and catalytic mechanism. Through structure-guided protein engineering, we generated several BAR variants that display significantly reduced non-specific activities compared with its wild-type counterpart in vivo. The transgenic expression of enzymes can result in unintended off-target metabolism arising from enzyme promiscuity. Understanding such phenomena at the mechanistic level can facilitate the design of maximally insulated systems featuring heterologously expressed enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Christ
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Ramon Hochstrasser
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luzia Guyer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rita Francisco
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Aubry
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Hörtensteiner
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jing-Ke Weng
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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16
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Asanuma Y, Gondo T, Ishigaki G, Inoue K, Zaita N, Muguerza M, Akashi R. Field trial of insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant genetically modified cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) for environmental risk assessment in Japan. GM CROPS & FOOD 2017; 8:106-116. [PMID: 28510512 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2016.1272754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Japan imports cottonseed mainly from Australia and the USA where more than 96% of all cotton varieties grown are genetically modified (GM). GM crops undergo an environmental risk assessment (ERA) under the Law Concerning the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biological Diversity before import into Japan. Potential adverse effects on biodiversity are comprehensively assessed based on competitiveness, production of harmful substances and outcrossing ability. Even though imported cottonseed is intended for food and feed uses and not for cultivation, the potential risks from seed spillage during transport must be evaluated. In most cases, the ERA requires data collected from in-country field trials to demonstrate how the GM crop behaves in Japan's environment. Confined field trials in Japan were conducted for the ERA of Lepidoptera-resistant and glufosinate-tolerant GM cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) lines GHB119 and T304-40. These lines were compared with conventional varieties for growth habit, morphological characteristics, seed dormancy, and allelopathic activity associated with competitiveness and production of harmful substances. Outcrossing ability was not a concern due to the absence of sexually compatible wild relatives in Japan. Although slight statistical differences were observed between the GM line and its conventional comparator for some morphological characteristics, transgenes or transformation were not considered to be responsible for these differences. The trial demonstrated that competitiveness and production of harmful substances by these GM cotton lines were equivalent to conventional cotton varieties that have a long history of safe use, and no potential adverse effects to biosafety in Japan were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ryo Akashi
- b University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
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17
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Hada A, Krishnan V, Punjabi M, Basak N, Pandey V, Jeevaraj T, Marathe A, Gupta AK, Jolly M, Kumar A, Dahuja A, Manickavasagam M, Ganapathi A, Sachdev A. Refined glufosinate selection and its extent of exposure for improving the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in Indian soybean ( Glycine max) genotype JS-335. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2016; 33:341-350. [PMID: 31367185 PMCID: PMC6639718 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.15.0901a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Soybean like many other crops, in this genomic era, has well-established genomic database which provides a wide range of opportunities for improvement through genetic manipulation. But the growing demand for soybean transgenics with increased production and improved quality has been handicapped due to inefficient transformation strategies and hence an efficient, stable and reliable transformation system is of prime requisite. In the present study, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was standardized by refining the glufosinate selection system in terms of dosage (0-6 mg l-1) and degree of exposure. The cotyledonary node explants (with and without wounding) initially cultured on a non-selective shoot induction medium for 10 days before transferring them to the selective SIM with an optimized concentration of 5.0 mg l-1 ammonium glufosinate, showed least selection escape frequency. Wounded cotyledonary node explants infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring pBIN-bar construct, showed an improved regeneration efficiency of 55.10% and transformation efficiency of 12.6% using Southern blotting in T1 plants. Southern analysis of T1 plants confirmed the integration of bar gene into the genomic DNA and the bar positive T1 plants segregated in 3 : 1 ratio. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of a high transformation efficiency using Agrobacterium-mediated cot node-glufosinate system in an Indian soybean genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alkesh Hada
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, India
| | - Veda Krishnan
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, India
| | - Mansi Punjabi
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Nabaneeta Basak
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Vanita Pandey
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Theboral Jeevaraj
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, India
| | - Ashish Marathe
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Amit K Gupta
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Monica Jolly
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- National Phytotron Facility, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Anil Dahuja
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Markandan Manickavasagam
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, India
| | - Andy Ganapathi
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, India
| | - Archana Sachdev
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
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18
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Kumar S, Worden A, Novak S, Lee R, Petolino JF. A trait stacking system via intra-genomic homologous recombination. PLANTA 2016; 244:1157-1166. [PMID: 27663725 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2595-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION A gene targeting method has been developed, which allows the conversion of 'breeding stacks', containing unlinked transgenes into a 'molecular stack' and thereby circumventing the breeding challenges associated with transgene segregation. A gene targeting method has been developed for converting two unlinked trait loci into a single locus transgene stack. The method utilizes intra-genomic homologous recombination (IGHR) between stably integrated target and donor loci which share sequence homology and nuclease cleavage sites whereby the donor contains a promoterless herbicide resistance transgene. Upon crossing with a zinc finger nuclease (ZFN)-expressing plant, double-strand breaks (DSB) are created in both the stably integrated target and donor loci. DSBs flanking the donor locus result in intra-genomic mobilization of a promoterless selectable marker-containing donor sequence, which can be utilized as a template for homology-directed repair of a concomitant DSB at the target locus resulting in a functional selectable marker via nuclease-mediated cassette exchange (NMCE). The method was successfully demonstrated in maize using a glyphosate tolerance gene as a donor whereby up to 3.3 % of the resulting progeny embryos cultured on selection medium regenerated plants with the donor sequence integrated into the target locus. The process could be extended to multiple cycles of trait stacking by virtue of a unique intron sequence homology for NMCE between the target and the donor loci. This is the first report that describes NMCE via IGHR, thereby enabling trait stacking using conventional crossing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN, 46268, USA.
| | - Andrew Worden
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN, 46268, USA
| | - Stephen Novak
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN, 46268, USA
| | - Ryan Lee
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN, 46268, USA
| | - Joseph F Petolino
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN, 46268, USA
- Biotechnology Department, Ivy Tech Community College, 9301 East 59th Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46216, USA
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Baktavachalam GB, Delaney B, Fisher TL, Ladics GS, Layton RJ, Locke ME, Schmidt J, Anderson JA, Weber NN, Herman RA, Evans SL. Transgenic maize event TC1507: Global status of food, feed, and environmental safety. GM CROPS & FOOD 2016; 6:80-102. [PMID: 26018138 PMCID: PMC5033190 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2015.1054093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays) is a widely cultivated cereal that has been safely consumed by humans and animals for centuries. Transgenic or genetically engineered insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant maize, are commercially grown on a broad scale. Event TC1507 (OECD unique identifier: DAS-Ø15Ø7–1) or the Herculex®# I trait, an insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant maize expressing Cry1F and PAT proteins, has been registered for commercial cultivation in the US since 2001. A science-based safety assessment was conducted on TC1507 prior to commercialization. The safety assessment addressed allergenicity; acute oral toxicity; subchronic toxicity; substantial equivalence with conventional comparators, as well as environmental impact. Results from biochemical, physicochemical, and in silico investigations supported the conclusion that Cry1F and PAT proteins are unlikely to be either allergenic or toxic to humans. Also, findings from toxicological and animal feeding studies supported that maize with TC1507 is as safe and nutritious as conventional maize. Maize with TC1507 is not expected to behave differently than conventional maize in terms of its potential for invasiveness, gene flow to wild and weedy relatives, or impact on non-target organisms. These safety conclusions regarding TC1507 were acknowledged by over 20 regulatory agencies including United States Environment Protection Agency (US EPA), US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) before authorizing cultivation and/or food and feed uses. A comprehensive review of the safety studies on TC1507, as well as some benefits, are presented here to serve as a reference for regulatory agencies and decision makers in other countries where authorization of TC1507 is or will be pursued.
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Key Words
- Bt, Bacillus thuringiensis
- CFIA, Canadian Food Inspection Agency
- CTNBio, Comissão Técnica Nacional de Biossegurança
- Cry, crystalline
- Cry1F
- DA-BPI, Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Plant Industry
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- EFSA, European Food Safety Authority
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- ERA, environmental risk assessment
- EU, European Union
- FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- FFP, food, feed, and processing
- FSANZ, Food Standards Australia New Zealand
- GAIN, Global Agricultural Information Network
- GE maize
- GE, genetically engineered
- HGT, horizontal gene transfer
- ISAAA, International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications
- LD50, median lethal dose
- NCGA, National Corn Growers Association
- NTOs, non-target organisms
- OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- PAT, phosphinothricin-N-acetyltransferase
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SE, Substantial Equivalence
- SGF, simulated gastric fluid
- TC1507
- US EPA, United States Environment Protection Agency
- USDA APHIS, US Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
- WHO, World Health Organization
- aa, amino acid
- environmental safety
- food and feed safety
- global authorizations
- nptII, neomycin phosphotransferase II
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20
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Carbonari CA, Latorre DO, Gomes GLGC, Velini ED, Owens DK, Pan Z, Dayan FE. Resistance to glufosinate is proportional to phosphinothricin acetyltransferase expression and activity in LibertyLink(®) and WideStrike(®) cotton. PLANTA 2016; 243:925-33. [PMID: 26733464 PMCID: PMC4819749 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2457-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Insertion of the gene encoding phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) has resulted in cotton plants resistant to the herbicide glufosinate. However, the lower expression and commensurate reduction in PAT activity is a key factor in the low level of injury observed in the WideStrike(®) cotton and relatively high level of resistance observed in LibertyLink(®) cotton. LibertyLink(®) cotton cultivars are engineered for glufosinate resistance by overexpressing the bar gene that encodes phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT), whereas the insect-resistant WideStrike(®) cultivars were obtained using the similar pat gene as a selectable marker. The latter cultivars carry some level of resistance to glufosinate which enticed certain farmers to select this herbicide for weed control with WideStrike(®) cotton. The potency of glufosinate on conventional FM 993, insect-resistant FM 975WS, and glufosinate-resistant IMACD 6001LL cotton cultivars was evaluated and contrasted to the relative levels of PAT expression and activity. Conventional cotton was sensitive to glufosinate. The single copy of the pat gene present in the insect-resistant cultivar resulted in very low RNA expression of the gene and undetectable PAT activity in in vitro assays. Nonetheless, the presence of this gene provided a good level of resistance to glufosinate in terms of visual injury and effect on photosynthetic electron transport. The injury is proportional to the amount of ammonia accumulation. The strong promoter associated with bar expression in the glufosinate-resistant cultivar led to high RNA expression levels and PAT activity which protected this cultivar from glufosinate injury. While the insect-resistant cultivar demonstrated a good level of resistance to glufosinate, its safety margin is lower than that of the glufosinate-resistant cultivar. Therefore, farmers should be extremely careful in using glufosinate on cultivars not expressly designed and commercialized as resistant to this herbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio A Carbonari
- Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora O Latorre
- Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Edivaldo D Velini
- Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel K Owens
- USDA-ARS Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Pan
- USDA-ARS Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Franck E Dayan
- USDA-ARS Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, University, MS, 38677, USA.
- Colorado State University, Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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Cui Y, Liu Z, Li Y, Zhou F, Chen H, Lin Y. Application of a novel phosphinothricin N-acetyltransferase (RePAT) gene in developing glufosinate-resistant rice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21259. [PMID: 26879398 PMCID: PMC4754654 DOI: 10.1038/srep21259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, only few glufosinate-resistant genes are available for commercial application. Thus, developing novel glufosinate-resistant genes with commercial feasibility is extremely important and urgent for agricultural production. In this study, we transferred a newly isolated RePAT gene into a japonica rice variety Zhonghua11, resulting in a large number of independent T0 transgenic plants, most of which grew normally under high-concentration glufosinate treatment. Four transgenic plants with one intact RePAT expression cassette integrated into the intergenic region were selected. Agronomic performances of their T2 progenies were investigated, and the results suggested that the expression of RePAT had no adverse effect on the agronomic performance. Definite glufosinate resistance of the selected transgenic plants was further confirmed to be related to the expression of RePAT by assay on the medium and qRT-PCR. The inheritance and expression of RePAT in two transgenic plants were confirmed to be stable. Finally, the two-year field assay of glufosinate resistance suggested that the agronomic performance of the transgenic plant (PAT11) was not affected by high dosage of glufosinate (5000 g/ha). Collectively, our study proves the high resistance of a novel gene RePAT to glufosinate and provides a glufosiante-resistant rice variety with agricultural application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziduo Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongjun Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Kumar S, AlAbed D, Worden A, Novak S, Wu H, Ausmus C, Beck M, Robinson H, Minnicks T, Hemingway D, Lee R, Skaggs N, Wang L, Marri P, Gupta M. A modular gene targeting system for sequential transgene stacking in plants. J Biotechnol 2015; 207:12-20. [PMID: 25913173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A modular, selection-based method was developed for site-specific integration of transgenes into a genomic locus to create multigene stacks. High-frequency gene targeting was obtained using zinc finger nuclease (ZFN)-mediated double-strand break (DSB) formation at a pre-defined target genomic location using a unique intron directly downstream of a promoter driving a selectable marker gene to facilitate homology between target and donor sequences. In this system, only insertion into the target locus leads to a functional selectable marker, and regeneration from random insertions of the promoterless donor construct are reduced on selection media. A new stack of transgenes can potentially be loaded with each successive cycle of gene targeting by exchanging the selectable marker gene using the intron homology. This system was tested in maize using the pat selectable marker gene, whereby up to 30% of the plants regenerated on Bialaphos-containing medium were observed to have the donor construct integrated into the target locus. Unlike previous gene targeting methods that utilize defective or partial genes for selecting targeted events, the present method exchanges fully functional genes with every cycle of targeting, thereby allowing the recycling of selectable marker genes, hypothetically for multiple generations of gene targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA.
| | - Diaa AlAbed
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
| | - Andrew Worden
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
| | - Stephen Novak
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
| | - Huixia Wu
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
| | - Carla Ausmus
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
| | - Margaret Beck
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
| | - Heather Robinson
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
| | - Tatyana Minnicks
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
| | - Daren Hemingway
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
| | - Ryan Lee
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
| | - Nicole Skaggs
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
| | - Pradeep Marri
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
| | - Manju Gupta
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
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One-step purification of phosphinothricin acetyltransferase using reactive dye-affinity chromatography. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1286:35-42. [PMID: 25749943 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2447-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Reactive dye purification is an affinity purification technique offering unique selectivity and high purification potential. Historically, purification of phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) has involved several steps of precipitation and column chromatography. Here, we describe a novel purification method that is simple, time-saving, inexpensive, and reproducible. The novel method employs a single chromatography step using a reactive dye resin, Reactive brown 10-agarose. Reactive brown 10 preferentially binds the PAT protein, which can then be specifically released by one of its substrates, acetyl-CoA. Using Reactive brown 10-agarose, PAT protein can be purified to homogeneity from E. coli or plant tissue with high recovery efficiency.
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24
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Kumar S, AlAbed D, Whitteck JT, Chen W, Bennett S, Asberry A, Wang X, DeSloover D, Rangasamy M, Wright TR, Gupta M. A combinatorial bidirectional and bicistronic approach for coordinated multi-gene expression in corn. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 87:341-53. [PMID: 25657118 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0281-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Transgene stacking in trait development process through genetic engineering is becoming complex with increased number of desired traits and multiple modes of action for each trait. We demonstrate here a novel gene stacking strategy by combining bidirectional promoter (BDP) and bicistronic approaches to drive coordinated expression of multi-genes in corn. A unidirectional promoter, Ubiquitin-1 (ZMUbi1), from Zea mays was first converted into a synthetic BDP, such that a single promoter can direct the expression of two genes from each end of the promoter. The BDP system was then combined with a bicistronic organization of genes at both ends of the promoter by using a Thosea asigna virus 2A auto-cleaving domain. With this gene stacking configuration, we have successfully obtained expression in transgenic corn of four transgenes; three transgenes conferring insect (cry34Ab1 and cry35Ab1) and herbicide (aad1) resistance, and a phiyfp reporter gene using a single ZMUbi1 bidirectional promoter. Gene expression analyses of transgenic corn plants confirmed better coordinated expression of the four genes compared to constructs driving each gene by independent unidirectional ZmUbi1 promoter. To our knowledge, this is the first report that demonstrates application of a single promoter for co-regulation of multiple genes in a crop plant. This stacking technology would be useful for engineering metabolic pathways both for basic and applied research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN, 46268, USA,
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Thrall PH, Oakeshott JG, Fitt G, Southerton S, Burdon JJ, Sheppard A, Russell RJ, Zalucki M, Heino M, Ford Denison R. Evolution in agriculture: the application of evolutionary approaches to the management of biotic interactions in agro-ecosystems. Evol Appl 2015; 4:200-15. [PMID: 25567968 PMCID: PMC3352559 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic impacts increasingly drive ecological and evolutionary processes at many spatio-temporal scales, demanding greater capacity to predict and manage their consequences. This is particularly true for agro-ecosystems, which not only comprise a significant proportion of land use, but which also involve conflicting imperatives to expand or intensify production while simultaneously reducing environmental impacts. These imperatives reinforce the likelihood of further major changes in agriculture over the next 30–40 years. Key transformations include genetic technologies as well as changes in land use. The use of evolutionary principles is not new in agriculture (e.g. crop breeding, domestication of animals, management of selection for pest resistance), but given land-use trends and other transformative processes in production landscapes, ecological and evolutionary research in agro-ecosystems must consider such issues in a broader systems context. Here, we focus on biotic interactions involving pests and pathogens as exemplars of situations where integration of agronomic, ecological and evolutionary perspectives has practical value. Although their presence in agro-ecosystems may be new, many traits involved in these associations evolved in natural settings. We advocate the use of predictive frameworks based on evolutionary models as pre-emptive management tools and identify some specific research opportunities to facilitate this. We conclude with a brief discussion of multidisciplinary approaches in applied evolutionary problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gary Fitt
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Myron Zalucki
- The University of Queensland, School of Integrative Biology Qld, Australia
| | - Mikko Heino
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway
| | - R Ford Denison
- University of Minnesota, Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior St. Paul, MN, USA
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Herbicides: History, Classification and Genetic Manipulation of Plants for Herbicide Resistance. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09132-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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LATORRE DDEO, SILVA IPDEFE, JUNIOR JFDAS, PUTTI FF, SCHIMIDT AP, LUDWIG R. HERBICIDAS INIBIDORES DA GLUTAMINA SINTETASE. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE ENGENHARIA DE BIOSSISTEMAS 2013. [DOI: 10.18011/bioeng2013v7n3p134-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
O amônio glufosinate é um herbicida aplicado em pós-emergência, não seletivo, de baixa translocação e amplo espectro de controle de plantas daninhas. É o único herbicida comercializado no Brasil pertencente aos inibidores da glutamina sintetase (GS). A GS é a enzima responsável por catalisar a formação de glutamina, incorporando uma molécula de amônio no aminoácido glutamato e, sua inibição promove acúmulo de amônia a níveis tóxicos para as plantas. As plantas Liberty Link® são constituídas por um gene que codifica a produção da enzima fosfinotricina acetil transferase (PAT), responsável pela acetilação do amônio glufosinate, inativando-o na planta. Nesta revisão, serão abordados aspectos relacionados ao comportamento no solo, absorção e translocação, sintomas do herbicida amônio glufosinate, assim como a tecnologia Liberty Link® e casos de resistência.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora DE O. LATORRE
- Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, UNESP. Rua José Barbosa de Barros, nº 1780, Jd. Paraíso, CEP. 18.610-307 - Botucatu, SP
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Rojano-Delgado AM, Priego-Capote F, Barro F, de Castro MDL, De Prado R. Liquid chromatography-diode array detection to study the metabolism of glufosinate in Triticum aestivum T-590 and influence of the genetic modification on its resistance. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 96:117-122. [PMID: 24189348 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The resistance to glufosinate of two lines-genetically modified (GM) and unmodified (T-590 and T-549, respectively)-of Triticum aestivum has been studied. In the GM line, the bar gene was introduced to increase the resistance to glufosinate. Experiments in a controlled growth chamber showed that line T-590 presented a high resistance to glufosinate with an ED50 value of 478.59 g active ingredient per hectare (g ai ha(-1)) versus 32.65 g ai ha(-1) for line T-549. The activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) in leaf extracts from both lines was investigated. The I50 for line T-590 was 694.10 μM glufosinate versus 55.46 μM for line T-549, with a resistance factor of 12.51. Metabolism studies showed a higher and faster penetration of glufosinate in line T-549 than in line T-590. LC-TOF/MS analysis of glufosinate metabolism at 48 h after herbicide treatment (300 g ai ha(-1)) revealed an 83.4% conversion of the herbicide (66.5% in N-acetyl-glufosinate metabolite), while in line T-549 conversion of the herbicide was about 40% (0% to N-acetyl-glufosinate). These results suggest that metabolism of glufosinate by the bar gene is a key mechanism of resistance in line T-590 that explains such high levels of herbicide tolerated by the plant, together with other mechanisms due to unmodified pathway, absorption and loss of glufosinate affinity for its target site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia María Rojano-Delgado
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, C-3 Building, Campus of Rabanales, and Agroalimentary Excellence Campus, ceiA3, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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Rojano-Delgado AM, Priego-Capote F, De Prado R, Luque de Castro MD. Qualitative/quantitative strategy for the determination of glufosinate and metabolites in plants. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:611-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7484-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Purification of phosphinothricin acetyltransferase using Reactive brown 10 affinity in a single chromatography step. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 90:129-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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How to deal with the upcoming challenges in GMO detection in food and feed. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:402418. [PMID: 23193359 PMCID: PMC3485584 DOI: 10.1155/2012/402418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotech crops are the fastest adopted crop technology in the history of modern agriculture. The commercialisation of GMO is in many countries strictly regulated laying down the need for traceability and labelling. To comply with these legislations, detection methods are needed. To date, GM events have been developed by the introduction of a transgenic insert (i.e., promoter, coding sequence, terminator) into the plant genome and real-time PCR is the detection method of choice. However, new types of genetic elements will be used to construct new GMO and new crops will be transformed. Additionally, the presence of unauthorised GMO in food and feed samples might increase in the near future. To enable enforcement laboratories to continue detecting all GM events and to obtain an idea of the possible presence of unauthorised GMO in a food and feed sample, an intensive screening will become necessary. A pragmatic, cost-effective, and time-saving approach is presented here together with an overview of the evolution of the GMO and the upcoming needs.
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Scientific Opinion on application (EFSA-GMO-BE-2010-81) for the placing on the market of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant oilseed rape Ms8, Rf3 and Ms8 × Rf3 for food containing or consisting of, and food produced from or containing ingredients pro. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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A review of the environmental safety of the PAT protein. ENVIRONMENTAL BIOSAFETY RESEARCH 2012; 10:73-101. [PMID: 22781085 DOI: 10.1051/ebr/2012004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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34
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Barbau-Piednoir E, Lievens A, Vandermassen E, Mbongolo-Mbella EG, Leunda-Casi A, Roosens N, Sneyers M, Van den Bulcke M. Four new SYBR®Green qPCR screening methods for the detection of Roundup Ready®, LibertyLink®, and CryIAb traits in genetically modified products. Eur Food Res Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-011-1605-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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35
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Kleter GA, Unsworth JB, Harris CA. The impact of altered herbicide residues in transgenic herbicide-resistant crops on standard setting for herbicide residues. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2011; 67:1193-210. [PMID: 21898904 DOI: 10.1002/ps.2128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The global area covered with transgenic (genetically modified) crops has rapidly increased since their introduction in the mid-1990s. Most of these crops have been rendered herbicide resistant, for which it can be envisaged that the modification has an impact on the profile and level of herbicide residues within these crops. In this article, the four main categories of herbicide resistance, including resistance to acetolactate-synthase inhibitors, bromoxynil, glufosinate and glyphosate, are reviewed. The topics considered are the molecular mechanism underlying the herbicide resistance, the nature and levels of the residues formed and their impact on the residue definition and maximum residue limits (MRLs) defined by the Codex Alimentarius Commission and national authorities. No general conclusions can be drawn concerning the nature and level of residues, which has to be done on a case-by-case basis. International residue definitions and MRLs are still lacking for some herbicide-crop combinations, and harmonisation is therefore recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs A Kleter
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Holland.
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36
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Pollegioni L, Schonbrunn E, Siehl D. Molecular basis of glyphosate resistance-different approaches through protein engineering. FEBS J 2011; 278:2753-66. [PMID: 21668647 PMCID: PMC3145815 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl-glycine) is the most widely used herbicide in the world: glyphosate-based formulations exhibit broad-spectrum herbicidal activity with minimal human and environmental toxicity. The extraordinary success of this simple, small molecule is mainly attributable to the high specificity of glyphosate for the plant enzyme enolpyruvyl shikimate-3-phosphate synthase in the shikimate pathway, leading to the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids. Starting in 1996, transgenic glyphosate-resistant plants were introduced, thus allowing application of the herbicide to the crop (post-emergence) to remove emerged weeds without crop damage. This review focuses on mechanisms of resistance to glyphosate as obtained through natural diversity, the gene-shuffling approach to molecular evolution, and a rational, structure-based approach to protein engineering. In addition, we offer a rationale for the means by which the modifications made have had their intended effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredano Pollegioni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze Molecolari, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy.
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37
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Kang Y, Zarzycki-Siek J, Walton CB, Norris MH, Hoang TT. Multiple FadD acyl-CoA synthetases contribute to differential fatty acid degradation and virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13557. [PMID: 21042406 PMCID: PMC2958839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A close interconnection between nutrient metabolism and virulence factor expression contributes to the pathophysiology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a successful pathogen. P. aeruginosa fatty acid (FA) degradation is complicated with multiple acyl-CoA synthetase homologs (FadDs) expressed in vivo in lung tissue during cystic fibrosis infections. The promoters of two genetically linked P. aeruginosa fadD genes (fadD1 and fadD2) were mapped and northern blot analysis indicated they could exist on two different transcripts. These FadDs contain ATP/AMP signature and FA-binding motifs highly homologous to those of the Escherichia coli FadD. Upon introduction into an E. coli fadD-/fadR- double mutant, both P. aeruginosa fadDs functionally complemented the E. coli fadD-/fadR- mutant, allowing degradation of different chain-length FAs. Chromosomal mutagenesis, growth analysis, induction studies, and determination of kinetic parameters suggested that FadD1 has a substrate preference for long-chain FAs while FadD2 prefers shorter-chain FAs. When compared to the wild type strain, the fadD2 mutant exhibited decreased production of lipase, protease, rhamnolipid and phospholipase, and retardation of both swimming and swarming motilities. Interestingly, fadD1 mutant showed only increased swarming motility. Growth analysis of the fadD mutants showed noticeable deficiencies in utilizing FAs and phosphatidylcholine (major components of lung surfactant) as the sole carbon source. This defect translated into decreased in vivo fitness of P. aeruginosa in a BALB/c mouse lung infection model, supporting the role of lipids as a significant nutrient source for this bacterium in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Kang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Jan Zarzycki-Siek
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Chad B. Walton
- Department of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Michael H. Norris
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Tung T. Hoang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
AbstractBacteria and fungi from pristine soil, never exposed to glufosinate herbicide, were isolated and analyzed for glufosinate tolerance. Seven of the 15 tested isolates were sensitive to 1 mM glufosinate (an active ingredient of many nonselective contact herbicides), 5 were resistant to 4 mM glufosinate and 3 even to 8 mM glufosinate in liquid medium. None of the isolated microorganisms carried the gene for glufosinate resistance bar (bialaphos resistance) in its genome and at least in some of glufosinate-resistant isolates the increased glutamine synthetase level was detected as a possible resistance mechanism. The transfer of the bar glufosinate resistance gene from transgenic maize Bt 176 into glufosinate-sensitive soil bacterium Bacillus pumilus S1 was not detected under the laboratory conditions by a classical plate count method and PCR. The ecological risk of potential bar gene transfer from genetically modified plants into soil microcosms under natural circumstances is discussed.
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Kleter GA, Peijnenburg AACM, Aarts HJM. Health considerations regarding horizontal transfer of microbial transgenes present in genetically modified crops. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2005:326-52. [PMID: 16489267 PMCID: PMC1364539 DOI: 10.1155/jbb.2005.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential effects of horizontal gene transfer on human health
are an important item in the safety assessment of genetically
modified organisms. Horizontal gene transfer from genetically
modified crops to gut microflora most likely occurs with
transgenes of microbial origin. The characteristics of microbial
transgenes other than antibiotic-resistance genes in
market-approved genetically modified crops are reviewed. These
characteristics include the microbial source, natural function,
function in genetically modified crops, natural prevalence,
geographical distribution, similarity to other microbial genes,
known horizontal transfer activity, selective conditions and
environments for horizontally transferred genes, and potential
contribution to pathogenicity and virulence in humans and animals.
The assessment of this set of data for each of the microbial genes
reviewed does not give rise to health concerns. We recommend
including the above-mentioned items into the premarket safety
assessment of genetically modified crops carrying transgenes other
than those reviewed in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs A Kleter
- RIKILT, Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Grootboom A, Mkhonza N, O`Kennedy M, Chakauya E, Kunert K, Chikwamba R. Biolistic Mediated Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Transformation via Mannose and Bialaphos Based Selection Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/ijb.2010.89.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Norris MH, Kang Y, Lu D, Wilcox BA, Hoang TT. Glyphosate resistance as a novel select-agent-compliant, non-antibiotic-selectable marker in chromosomal mutagenesis of the essential genes asd and dapB of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:6062-75. [PMID: 19648360 PMCID: PMC2753064 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00820-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2009] [Accepted: 07/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic manipulation of the category B select agents Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei has been stifled due to the lack of compliant selectable markers. Hence, there is a need for additional select-agent-compliant selectable markers. We engineered a selectable marker based on the gat gene (encoding glyphosate acetyltransferase), which confers resistance to the common herbicide glyphosate (GS). To show the ability of GS to inhibit bacterial growth, we determined the effective concentrations of GS against Escherichia coli and several Burkholderia species. Plasmids based on gat, flanked by unique flip recombination target (FRT) sequences, were constructed for allelic-replacement. Both allelic-replacement approaches, one using the counterselectable marker pheS and the gat-FRT cassette and one using the DNA incubation method with the gat-FRT cassette, were successfully utilized to create deletions in the asd and dapB genes of wild-type B. pseudomallei strains. The asd and dapB genes encode an aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (BPSS1704, chromosome 2) and dihydrodipicolinate reductase (BPSL2941, chromosome 1), respectively. Mutants unable to grow on media without diaminopimelate (DAP) and other amino acids of this pathway were PCR verified. These mutants displayed cellular morphologies consistent with the inability to cross-link peptidoglycan in the absence of DAP. The B. pseudomallei 1026b Deltaasd::gat-FRT mutant was complemented with the B. pseudomallei asd gene on a site-specific transposon, mini-Tn7-bar, by selecting for the bar gene (encoding bialaphos/PPT resistance) with PPT. We conclude that the gat gene is one of very few appropriate, effective, and beneficial compliant markers available for Burkholderia select-agent species. Together with the bar gene, the gat cassette will facilitate various genetic manipulations of Burkholderia select-agent species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Norris
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
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42
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Abdeen A, Miki B. The pleiotropic effects of the bar gene and glufosinate on the Arabidopsis transcriptome. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2009. [PMID: 19222808 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2008.00398.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis transcriptome was studied using the Affymetrix Arabidopsis ATH1 GeneChip in wild-type plants and glufosinate-tolerant transgenic plants expressing the bialaphos resistance (bar) gene. Pleiotropic effects were specifically generated in the transcriptomes of transgenic plants by both the bar gene and glufosinate treatments. In the absence of glufosinate, four genes were differentially expressed in the transgenic lines and another 80 genes were differentially expressed in the presence of glufosinate, 29 of which were specific to transgenic plants. In contrast, the number of differentially expressed genes specific to wild-type plants was 194 during the early response at 6 h of glufosinate treatment, and increased to 3711 during the late response at 48 h. Although the wild-type plants undergo extensive transcriptional reprofiling in response to herbicide-induced stress and, finally, plant death, the transgenic plants appear to activate other detoxification processes to offset the toxic effects of the residual herbicide or its derivatives. This study provides the first description of the pleiotropic effects of the bar gene and glufosinate on the plant transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Abdeen
- Research Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0C6
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43
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Abdeen A, Miki B. The pleiotropic effects of the bar gene and glufosinate on the Arabidopsis transcriptome. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2009; 7:266-82. [PMID: 19222808 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2009.00398.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis transcriptome was studied using the Affymetrix Arabidopsis ATH1 GeneChip in wild-type plants and glufosinate-tolerant transgenic plants expressing the bialaphos resistance (bar) gene. Pleiotropic effects were specifically generated in the transcriptomes of transgenic plants by both the bar gene and glufosinate treatments. In the absence of glufosinate, four genes were differentially expressed in the transgenic lines and another 80 genes were differentially expressed in the presence of glufosinate, 29 of which were specific to transgenic plants. In contrast, the number of differentially expressed genes specific to wild-type plants was 194 during the early response at 6 h of glufosinate treatment, and increased to 3711 during the late response at 48 h. Although the wild-type plants undergo extensive transcriptional reprofiling in response to herbicide-induced stress and, finally, plant death, the transgenic plants appear to activate other detoxification processes to offset the toxic effects of the residual herbicide or its derivatives. This study provides the first description of the pleiotropic effects of the bar gene and glufosinate on the plant transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Abdeen
- Research Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0C6
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44
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Lemaux PG. Genetically engineered plants and foods: a scientist's analysis of the issues (part II). ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 60:511-59. [PMID: 19400729 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.043008.092013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Genetic engineering provides a means to introduce genes into plants via mechanisms that are different in some respects from classical breeding. A number of commercialized, genetically engineered (GE) varieties, most notably canola, cotton, maize and soybean, were created using this technology, and at present the traits introduced are herbicide and/or pest tolerance. In 2007 these GE crops were planted in developed and developing countries on more than 280 million acres (113 million hectares) worldwide, representing nearly 10% of rainfed cropland. Although the United States leads the world in acres planted with GE crops, the majority of this planting is on large acreage farms. In developing countries, adopters are mostly small and resource-poor farmers. For farmers and many consumers worldwide, planting and eating GE crops and products made from them are acceptable and even welcomed; for others GE crops raise food and environmental safety questions, as well as economic and social issues. In Part I of this review, some general and food issues related to GE crops and foods were discussed. In Part II, issues related to certain environmental and socioeconomic aspects of GE crops and foods are addressed, with responses linked to the scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy G Lemaux
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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Peterson JM. Herbicide resistance screening assay. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 526:137-146. [PMID: 19378008 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-494-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Herbicide resistance screening is a method that can be used not only to determine presence of the enzyme, phosphinothricin acetyltransferase, encoded by either the Bar or the Pat gene in transgenic maize, but also to assess the inheritance ratio of those genes in a segregating population. Herbicide screening can also be used to study linkage of a transgene of interest that was cotransformed with the herbicide resistance marker gene. By combining the herbicide screen assay with a PCR-based screen of leaf tissue DNA for the presence of both the Bar or the Pat gene marker and a cotransformed transgene of interest from the same seedling tissue and maintaining that seedling identity, the researcher can identify linkage or the possible breakdown in linkage of the marker gene and the transgene of interest. Further, the occurrence of "DNA silencing" can be evaluated if an individual seedling that was susceptible to the applied herbicide nonetheless gave PCR data that indicated presence of the gene responsible for herbicide resistance. Similarly, "DNA silencing" of the gene of interest may be investigated if the seeds can be screened and scored for that phenotypic trait in a nondestructive manner prior to planting.
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Multiplex qualitative PCR assay for identification of genetically modified canola events and real-time event-specific PCR assay for quantification of the GT73 canola event. Food Control 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2007.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Evaluation of protein safety in the context of agricultural biotechnology. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46 Suppl 2:S71-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Revised: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Bae TW, Vanjildorj E, Song SY, Nishiguchi S, Yang SS, Song IJ, Chandrasekhar T, Kang TW, Kim JI, Koh YJ, Park SY, Lee J, Lee YE, Ryu KH, Riu KZ, Song PS, Lee HY. Environmental risk assessment of genetically engineered herbicide-tolerant Zoysia japonica. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2008; 37:207-218. [PMID: 18178894 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2007.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Herbicide-tolerant Zoysia grass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) has been generated previously through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. The genetically modified (GM) Zoysia grass survived Basta spraying and grew to maturity normally while the wild-type (WT) grass stopped growing and died. GM Zoysia grass will permit more efficient weed control for various turf grass plantings such as home lawns, golf courses, and parks. We examined the environmental/biodiversity risks of herbicide-tolerant GM Zoysia before applying to regulatory agencies for approval for commercial release. The GM and WT Zoysia grass' substantial trait equivalence, ability to cross-pollinate, and gene flow in confined and unconfined test fields were selectively analyzed for environmental/biodiversity effects. No difference between GM and WT Zoysia grass in substantial traits was found. To assess the potential for cross-pollination and gene flow, a non-selective herbicide, Basta, was used. Results showed that unintended cross-pollination with and gene flow from GM Zoysia grass were not detected in neighboring weed species examined, but were observed in WT Zoysia grass (on average, 6% at proximity, 1.2% at a distance of 0.5 m and 0.12% at a radius of 3 m, and 0% at distances over 3 m). On the basis of these initial studies, we conclude that the GM Zoysia grass generated in our laboratory and tested in the Nam Jeju County field does not appear to pose a significant risk when cultivated outside of test fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Bae
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Cheju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms on an application (reference EFSA-GMO-UK-2004-04) for the placing on the market of glufosinate tolerant genetically modified rice LLRICE62 for food and feed uses, import and processing, und. EFSA J 2007. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2007.588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Madduri KM, Snodderley EM. Expression of phosphinothricin N-acetyltransferase in Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens: influence of mRNA secondary structure, host, and other physiological conditions. Protein Expr Purif 2007; 55:352-60. [PMID: 17574436 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2007.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Expression of a plant codon optimized pat gene encoding phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) in bacterial expression systems required modification of the 5' end of the pat ORF. Modifications necessary for improving the expression were identified by a coupled in vitro transcription and translation process. The dramatic improvement in the expression of PAT was due to the removal of a potential secondary structure that could have resulted in the inhibition of translational initiation. Therefore, in vitro transcription and translation is a versatile tool to optimize gene sequence for protein overexpression. Additionally, this method was shown to be successful in both Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Gene sequence optimization and choice of host along with cultivation conditions also had major impact on PAT expression. P. fluorescens was a better host than E. coli resulting in 30-fold more expression of PAT. We were able to recover approximately 95mg of purified PAT from P. fluorescens using a three step chromatographic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna M Madduri
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA.
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