1
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Braeutigam A, Burnet AF, Gompper G, Sabass B. Clutch model for focal adhesions predicts reduced self-stabilization under oblique pulling. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:295101. [PMID: 38574682 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad3ac1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Cell-matrix adhesions connect the cytoskeleton to the extracellular environment and are essential for maintaining the integrity of tissue and whole organisms. Remarkably, cell adhesions can adapt their size and composition to an applied force such that their size and strength increases proportionally to the load. Mathematical models for the clutch-like force transmission at adhesions are frequently based on the assumption that mechanical load is applied tangentially to the adhesion plane. Recently, we suggested a molecular mechanism that can explain adhesion growth under load for planar cell adhesions. The mechanism is based on conformation changes of adhesion molecules that are dynamically exchanged with a reservoir. Tangential loading drives the occupation of some states out of equilibrium, which for thermodynamic reasons, leads to the association of further molecules with the cluster, which we refer to as self-stabilization. Here, we generalize this model to forces that pull at an oblique angle to the plane supporting the cell, and examine if this idealized model also predicts self-stabilization. We also allow for a variable distance between the parallel planes representing cytoskeletal F-actin and transmembrane integrins. Simulation results demonstrate that the binding mechanism and the geometry of the cluster have a strong influence on the response of adhesion clusters to force. For oblique angles smaller than about 40∘, we observe a growth of the adhesion site under force. However this self-stabilization is reduced as the angle between the force and substrate plane increases, with vanishing self-stabilization for normal pulling. Overall, these results highlight the fundamental difference between the assumption of pulling and shearing forces in commonly used models of cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Braeutigam
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80752 Munich, Germany
- Theoretical Physics of Living Matter, Institute for Biological Information Processes, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Anton F Burnet
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80752 Munich, Germany
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80752 Munich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Gompper
- Theoretical Physics of Living Matter, Institute for Biological Information Processes, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Benedikt Sabass
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80752 Munich, Germany
- Theoretical Physics of Living Matter, Institute for Biological Information Processes, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80752 Munich, Germany
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2
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Crawford AJ, Gomez-Cruz C, Russo GC, Huang W, Bhorkar I, Roy T, Muñoz-Barrutia A, Wirtz D, Garcia-Gonzalez D. Tumor proliferation and invasion are intrinsically coupled and unraveled through tunable spheroid and physics-based models. Acta Biomater 2024; 175:170-185. [PMID: 38160858 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Proliferation and invasion are two key drivers of tumor growth that are traditionally considered independent multicellular processes. However, these processes are intrinsically coupled through a maximum carrying capacity, i.e., the maximum spatial cell concentration supported by the tumor volume, total cell count, nutrient access, and mechanical properties of the tissue stroma. We explored this coupling of proliferation and invasion through in vitro and in silico methods where we modulated the mechanical properties of the tumor and the surrounding extracellular matrix. E-cadherin expression and stromal collagen concentration were manipulated in a tunable breast cancer spheroid to determine the overall impacts of these tumor variables on net tumor proliferation and continuum invasion. We integrated these results into a mixed-constitutive formulation to computationally delineate the influences of cellular and extracellular adhesion, stiffness, and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix on net proliferation and continuum invasion. This framework integrates biological in vitro data into concise computational models of invasion and proliferation to provide more detailed physical insights into the coupling of these key tumor processes and tumor growth. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Tumor growth involves expansion into the collagen-rich stroma through intrinsic coupling of proliferation and invasion within the tumor continuum. These processes are regulated by a maximum carrying capacity that is determined by the total cell count, tumor volume, nutrient access, and mechanical properties of the surrounding stroma. The influences of biomechanical parameters (i.e., stiffness, cell elongation, net proliferation rate and cell-ECM friction) on tumor proliferation or invasion cannot be unraveled using experimental methods alone. By pairing a tunable spheroid system with computational modeling, we delineated the interdependencies of each system parameter on tumor proliferation and continuum invasion, and established a concise computational framework for studying tumor mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh J Crawford
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400N Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400N Charles St, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Clara Gomez-Cruz
- Department of Continuum Mechanics and Structural Analysis, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. de la Universidad 30, 28911 Leganes, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioingenieria, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. de la Universidad 30, 28911 Leganes, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriella C Russo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400N Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400N Charles St, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Wilson Huang
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400N Charles St, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA; Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400N Charles St, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Isha Bhorkar
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400N Charles St, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400N Charles St, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Triya Roy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400N Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400N Charles St, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Arrate Muñoz-Barrutia
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400N Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Departamento de Bioingenieria, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. de la Universidad 30, 28911 Leganes, Madrid, Spain; Area de Ingenieria Biomedica, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Gregorio Maranon, Calle del Doctor Esquerdo 46, Madrid' ES 28007, Spain
| | - Denis Wirtz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400N Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400N Charles St, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400N Charles St, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA; Departments of Pathology and Oncology and Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21215, USA.
| | - Daniel Garcia-Gonzalez
- Department of Continuum Mechanics and Structural Analysis, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. de la Universidad 30, 28911 Leganes, Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Zhang W, Lu CH, Nakamoto ML, Tsai CT, Roy AR, Lee CE, Yang Y, Jahed Z, Li X, Cui B. Curved adhesions mediate cell attachment to soft matrix fibres in 3D. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.16.532975. [PMID: 36993504 PMCID: PMC10055138 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.16.532975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells adhere to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and sense mechanical cues through integrin-mediated adhesions 1, 2 . Focal adhesions and related structures are the primary architectures that transmit forces between the ECM and the actin cytoskeleton. Although focal adhesions are abundant when cells are cultured on rigid substrates, they are sparse in soft environments that cannot support high mechanical tensions 3 . Here, we report a new class of integrin-mediated adhesions, curved adhesions, whose formation is regulated by membrane curvature instead of mechanical tension. In soft matrices made of protein fibres, curved adhesions are induced by membrane curvatures imposed by the fibre geometry. Curved adhesions are mediated by integrin ɑVβ5 and are molecularly distinct from focal adhesions and clathrin lattices. The molecular mechanism involves a previously unknown interaction between integrin β5 and a curvature-sensing protein FCHo2. We find that curved adhesions are prevalent in physiologically relevant environments. Disruption of curved adhesions by knocking down integrin β5 or FCHo2 abolishes the migration of multiple cancer cell lines in 3D matrices. These findings provide a mechanism of cell anchorage to natural protein fibres that are too soft to support the formation of focal adhesions. Given their functional importance for 3D cell migration, curved adhesions may serve as a therapeutic target for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chih-Hao Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Ching-Ting Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anish R. Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christina E. Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zeinab Jahed
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bianxiao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Wu-Tsai Neuroscience Institute and ChEM-H institute, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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4
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Jana A, Sarkar A, Zhang H, Agashe A, Wang J, Paul R, Gov NS, DeLuca JG, Nain AS. Mitotic outcomes and errors in fibrous environments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2120536120. [PMID: 36848565 PMCID: PMC10013866 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2120536120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, cells round up and utilize the interphase adhesion sites within the fibrous extracellular matrix (ECM) as guidance cues to orient the mitotic spindles. Here, using suspended ECM-mimicking nanofiber networks, we explore mitotic outcomes and error distribution for various interphase cell shapes. Elongated cells attached to single fibers through two focal adhesion clusters (FACs) at their extremities result in perfect spherical mitotic cell bodies that undergo significant 3-dimensional (3D) displacement while being held by retraction fibers (RFs). Increasing the number of parallel fibers increases FACs and retraction fiber-driven stability, leading to reduced 3D cell body movement, metaphase plate rotations, increased interkinetochore distances, and significantly faster division times. Interestingly, interphase kite shapes on a crosshatch pattern of four fibers undergo mitosis resembling single-fiber outcomes due to rounded bodies being primarily held in position by RFs from two perpendicular suspended fibers. We develop a cortex-astral microtubule analytical model to capture the retraction fiber dependence of the metaphase plate rotations. We observe that reduced orientational stability, on single fibers, results in increased monopolar mitotic defects, while multipolar defects become dominant as the number of adhered fibers increases. We use a stochastic Monte Carlo simulation of centrosome, chromosome, and membrane interactions to explain the relationship between the observed propensity of monopolar and multipolar defects and the geometry of RFs. Overall, we establish that while bipolar mitosis is robust in fibrous environments, the nature of division errors in fibrous microenvironments is governed by interphase cell shapes and adhesion geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Jana
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA24061
| | - Apurba Sarkar
- School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata700032, India
| | - Haonan Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA24061
| | - Atharva Agashe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA24061
| | - Ji Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA24061
| | - Raja Paul
- School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata700032, India
| | - Nir S. Gov
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Jennifer G. DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | - Amrinder S. Nain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA24061
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA24061
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5
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Xue Q, Varady SR, Waddell TQA, Roman MR, Carrington J, Roh-Johnson M. Lack of Paxillin phosphorylation promotes single-cell migration in vivo. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:213850. [PMID: 36723624 PMCID: PMC9929932 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202206078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesions are structures that physically link the cell to the extracellular matrix for cell migration. Although cell culture studies have provided a wealth of information regarding focal adhesion biology, it is critical to understand how focal adhesions are dynamically regulated in their native environment. We developed a zebrafish system to visualize focal adhesion structures during single-cell migration in vivo. We find that a key site of phosphoregulation (Y118) on Paxillin exhibits reduced phosphorylation in migrating cells in vivo compared to in vitro. Furthermore, expression of a non-phosphorylatable version of Y118-Paxillin increases focal adhesion disassembly and promotes cell migration in vivo, despite inhibiting cell migration in vitro. Using a mouse model, we further find that the upstream kinase, focal adhesion kinase, is downregulated in cells in vivo, and cells expressing non-phosphorylatable Y118-Paxillin exhibit increased activation of the CRKII-DOCK180/RacGEF pathway. Our findings provide significant new insight into the intrinsic regulation of focal adhesions in cells migrating in their native environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xue
- https://ror.org/03r0ha626Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sophia R.S. Varady
- https://ror.org/03r0ha626Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Mackenzie R. Roman
- https://ror.org/03r0ha626Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - James Carrington
- https://ror.org/03r0ha626Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA,School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Minna Roh-Johnson
- https://ror.org/03r0ha626Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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6
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Yamaguchi N, Knaut H. Focal adhesion-mediated cell anchoring and migration: from in vitro to in vivo. Development 2022; 149:275460. [PMID: 35587444 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell-extracellular matrix interactions have been studied extensively using cells cultured in vitro. These studies indicate that focal adhesion (FA)-based cell-extracellular matrix interactions are essential for cell anchoring and cell migration. Whether FAs play a similarly important role in vivo is less clear. Here, we summarize the formation and function of FAs in cultured cells and review how FAs transmit and sense force in vitro. Using examples from animal studies, we also describe the role of FAs in cell anchoring during morphogenetic movements and cell migration in vivo. Finally, we conclude by discussing similarities and differences in how FAs function in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Yamaguchi
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Holger Knaut
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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7
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Fischer LS, Schlichthaerle T, Chrostek‐Grashoff A, Grashoff C. Peptide-PAINT Enables Investigation of Endogenous Talin with Molecular Scale Resolution in Cells and Tissues. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2872-2879. [PMID: 34286903 PMCID: PMC8518977 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Talin is a cell adhesion molecule that is indispensable for the development and function of multicellular organisms. Despite its central role for many cell biological processes, suitable methods to investigate the nanoscale organization of talin in its native environment are missing. Here, we overcome this limitation by combining single-molecule resolved PAINT (points accumulation in nanoscale topography) imaging with the IRIS (image reconstruction by integrating exchangeable single-molecule localization) approach, enabling the quantitative analysis of genetically unmodified talin molecules in cells. We demonstrate that a previously reported peptide can be utilized to specifically label the two major talin isoforms expressed in mammalian tissues with a localization precision of <10 nm. Our experiments show that the methodology performs equally well as state-of-the-art single-molecule localization techniques, and the first applications reveal a thus far undescribed cell adhesion structure in differentiating stem cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate the applicability of this peptide-PAINT technique to mouse tissues paving the way to single-protein imaging of endogenous talin proteins under physiologically relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S. Fischer
- Department of Quantitative Cell BiologyInstitute of Molecular Cell BiologyUniversity of MünsterSchlossplatz 5Münster48149Germany
| | - Thomas Schlichthaerle
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA 98195USA
- Institute for Protein DesignUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA 98195USA
| | - Anna Chrostek‐Grashoff
- Department of Quantitative Cell BiologyInstitute of Molecular Cell BiologyUniversity of MünsterSchlossplatz 5Münster48149Germany
| | - Carsten Grashoff
- Department of Quantitative Cell BiologyInstitute of Molecular Cell BiologyUniversity of MünsterSchlossplatz 5Münster48149Germany
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8
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Ghilardi SJ, Aronson MS, Sgro AE. Ventral stress fibers induce plasma membrane deformation in human fibroblasts. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:1707-1723. [PMID: 34191528 PMCID: PMC8684729 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-03-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between the actin cytoskeleton and the plasma membrane are important in many eukaryotic cellular processes. During these processes, actin structures deform the cell membrane outward by applying forces parallel to the fiber’s major axis (as in migration) or they deform the membrane inward by applying forces perpendicular to the fiber’s major axis (as in the contractile ring during cytokinesis). Here we describe a novel actin–membrane interaction in human dermal myofibroblasts. When labeled with a cytosolic fluorophore, the myofibroblasts displayed prominent fluorescent structures on the ventral side of the cell. These structures are present in the cell membrane and colocalize with ventral actin stress fibers, suggesting that the stress fibers bend the membrane to form a “cytosolic pocket” that the fluorophores diffuse into, creating the observed structures. The existence of this pocket was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. While dissolving the stress fibers, inhibiting fiber protein binding, or inhibiting myosin II binding of actin removed the observed pockets, modulating cellular contractility did not remove them. Taken together, our results illustrate a novel actin–membrane bending topology where the membrane is deformed outward rather than being pinched inward, resembling the topological inverse of the contractile ring found in cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Ghilardi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Mark S Aronson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Allyson E Sgro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
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9
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A spatial model of YAP/TAZ signaling reveals how stiffness, dimensionality, and shape contribute to emergent outcomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2021571118. [PMID: 33990464 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021571118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
YAP/TAZ is a master regulator of mechanotransduction whose functions rely on translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in response to diverse physical cues. Substrate stiffness, substrate dimensionality, and cell shape are all input signals for YAP/TAZ, and through this pathway, regulate critical cellular functions and tissue homeostasis. Yet, the relative contributions of each biophysical signal and the mechanisms by which they synergistically regulate YAP/TAZ in realistic tissue microenvironments that provide multiplexed input signals remain unclear. For example, in simple two-dimensional culture, YAP/TAZ nuclear localization correlates strongly with substrate stiffness, while in three-dimensional (3D) environments, YAP/TAZ translocation can increase with stiffness, decrease with stiffness, or remain unchanged. Here, we develop a spatial model of YAP/TAZ translocation to enable quantitative analysis of the relationships between substrate stiffness, substrate dimensionality, and cell shape. Our model couples cytosolic stiffness to nuclear mechanics to replicate existing experimental trends, and extends beyond current data to predict that increasing substrate activation area through changes in culture dimensionality, while conserving cell volume, forces distinct shape changes that result in nonlinear effect on YAP/TAZ nuclear localization. Moreover, differences in substrate activation area versus total membrane area can account for counterintuitive trends in YAP/TAZ nuclear localization in 3D culture. Based on this multiscale investigation of the different system features of YAP/TAZ nuclear translocation, we predict that how a cell reads its environment is a complex information transfer function of multiple mechanical and biochemical factors. These predictions reveal a few design principles of cellular and tissue engineering for YAP/TAZ mechanotransduction.
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10
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Advanced in silico validation framework for three-dimensional traction force microscopy and application to an in vitro model of sprouting angiogenesis. Acta Biomater 2021; 126:326-338. [PMID: 33737201 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, cellular forces in three-dimensional hydrogels that mimic the extracellular matrix have been calculated by means of Traction Force Microscopy (TFM). However, characterizing the accuracy limits of a traction recovery method is critical to avoid obscuring physiological information due to traction recovery errors. So far, 3D TFM algorithms have only been validated using simplified cell geometries, bypassing image processing steps or arbitrarily simulating focal adhesions. Moreover, it is still uncertain which of the two common traction recovery methods, i.e., forward and inverse, is more robust against the inherent challenges of 3D TFM. In this work, we established an advanced in silico validation framework that is applicable to any 3D TFM experimental setup and that can be used to correctly couple the experimental and computational aspects of 3D TFM. Advancements relate to the simultaneous incorporation of complex cell geometries, simulation of microscopy images of varying bead densities and different focal adhesion sizes and distributions. By measuring the traction recovery error with respect to ground truth solutions, we found that while highest traction recovery errors occur for cases with sparse and small focal adhesions, our implementation of the inverse method improves two-fold the accuracy with respect to the forward method (average error of 23% vs. 50%). This advantage was further supported by recovering cellular tractions around angiogenic sprouts in an in vitro model of angiogenesis. The inverse method recovered higher traction peaks and a clearer pulling pattern at the sprout protrusion tips than the forward method. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomaterial performance is often studied by quantifying cell-matrix mechanical interactions by means of Traction Force Microscopy (TFM). However, 3D TFM algorithms are often validated in simplified scenarios, which do not allow to fully assess errors that could obscure physiological information. Here, we established an advanced in silico validation framework that mimics real TFM experimental conditions and that characterizes the expected errors of a 3D TFM workflow. We apply this framework to demonstrate the enhanced accuracy of a novel inverse traction recovery method that is illustrated in the context of an in vitro model of sprouting angiogenesis. Together, our study shows the importance of a proper traction recovery method to minimise errors and the need for an advanced framework to assess those errors.
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11
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Fischer LS, Rangarajan S, Sadhanasatish T, Grashoff C. Molecular Force Measurement with Tension Sensors. Annu Rev Biophys 2021; 50:595-616. [PMID: 33710908 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-101920-064756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ability of cells to generate mechanical forces, but also to sense, adapt to, and respond to mechanical signals, is crucial for many developmental, postnatal homeostatic, and pathophysiological processes. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying cellular mechanotransduction have remained elusive for many decades, as techniques to visualize and quantify molecular forces across individual proteins in cells were missing. The development of genetically encoded molecular tension sensors now allows the quantification of piconewton-scale forces that act upon distinct molecules in living cells and even whole organisms. In this review, we discuss the physical principles, advantages, and limitations of this increasingly popular method. By highlighting current examples from the literature, we demonstrate how molecular tension sensors can be utilized to obtain access to previously unappreciated biophysical parameters that define the propagation of mechanical forces on molecular scales. We discuss how the methodology can be further developed and provide a perspective on how the technique could be applied to uncover entirely novel aspects of mechanobiology in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S Fischer
- Department of Quantitative Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Münster, Münster D-48149, Germany;
| | - Srishti Rangarajan
- Department of Quantitative Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Münster, Münster D-48149, Germany;
| | - Tanmay Sadhanasatish
- Department of Quantitative Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Münster, Münster D-48149, Germany;
| | - Carsten Grashoff
- Department of Quantitative Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Münster, Münster D-48149, Germany;
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12
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Talayero VC, Vicente-Manzanares M. Multiparametric Analysis of Focal Adhesions in Bidimensional Substrates. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2217:27-37. [PMID: 33215374 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0962-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesions in planar substrates constitute an excellent cellular resource to evaluate different parameters related to cell morphology, cytoskeletal organization, and adhesive strength. However, their intrinsic heterogeneity in terms of size, molecular composition, orientation, and so on complicates their analysis. Here, we describe a simple and straightforward ImageJ/Fiji-based method to quantify several parameters that describe the morphology and relative composition of focal adhesions. This type of analysis can be implemented in various ways and become useful for drug and shRNA screenings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa C Talayero
- Molecular Mechanisms Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Miguel Vicente-Manzanares
- Molecular Mechanisms Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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13
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Vogel S, Ullm F, Damaris Müller C, Pompe T, Hempel U. Remodeling of Three-Dimensional Collagen I Matrices by Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells during Osteogenic Differentiation In Vitro. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:6967-6978. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Vogel
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fiedlerstrasse 42, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Franziska Ullm
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Claudia Damaris Müller
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fiedlerstrasse 42, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Tilo Pompe
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Ute Hempel
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fiedlerstrasse 42, Dresden 01307, Germany
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14
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Bjørge IM, Salmeron-Sanchez M, Correia CR, Mano JF. Cell Behavior within Nanogrooved Sandwich Culture Systems. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2001975. [PMID: 32603002 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202001975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Grooved topography and inherent cell contact guidance has shown promising results regarding cell proliferation, morphology, and lineage-specific differentiation. Yet these approaches are limited to 2D applications. Sandwich-culture conditions are developed to bridge the gap between 2D and 3D culture, enabling both ventral and dorsal cell surface stimulation. The effect of grooved surface topography is accessed on cell orientation and elongation in a highly controlled manner, with simultaneous and independent stimuli on two cell sides. Nanogrooved and non-nanogrooved substrates are assembled into quasi-3D systems with variable relative orientations. A plethora of sandwich-culture conditions are created by seeding cells on lower, upper, or both substrates. Software image analysis demonstrates that F-actin of cells acquires the orientation of the substrate on which cells are initially seeded, independently from the orientation of the second top substrate. Contrasting cell morphologies are observed, with a higher elongation for nanogrooved 2D substrates than nanogrooved sandwich-culture conditions. Correlated with an increased pFAK activity and vinculin staining for sandwich-culture conditions, these results point to an enhanced cell surface stimulation versus control conditions. The pivotal role of initial cell-biomaterial contact on cellular alignment is highlighted, providing important insights for tissue engineering strategies aiming to guide cellular response through mechanotransduction approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M Bjørge
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | | | - Clara R Correia
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - João F Mano
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
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15
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Cell matrix adhesion in cell migration. Essays Biochem 2020; 63:535-551. [PMID: 31444228 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability of cells to migrate is a fundamental physiological process involved in embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, immune surveillance and wound healing. In order for cells to migrate, they must interact with their environment using adhesion receptors, such as integrins, and form specialized adhesion complexes that mediate responses to different extracellular cues. In this review, we discuss the role of integrin adhesion complexes (IACs) in cell migration, highlighting the layers of regulation that are involved, including intracellular signalling cascades, mechanosensing and reciprocal feedback to the extracellular environment. We also discuss the role of IACs in extracellular matrix remodeling and how they impact upon cell migration.
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16
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Scott KE, Rychel K, Ranamukhaarachchi S, Rangamani P, Fraley SI. Emerging themes and unifying concepts underlying cell behavior regulation by the pericellular space. Acta Biomater 2019; 96:81-98. [PMID: 31176842 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cells reside in a complex three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment where physical, chemical, and architectural features of the pericellular space regulate important cellular functions like migration, differentiation, and morphogenesis. A major goal of tissue engineering is to identify which properties of the pericellular space orchestrate these emergent cell behaviors and how. In this review, we highlight recent studies at the interface of biomaterials and single cell biophysics that are lending deeper insight towards this goal. Advanced methods have enabled the decoupling of architectural and mechanical features of the microenvironment, revealing multiple mechanisms of adhesion and mechanosensing modulation by biomaterials. Such studies are revealing important roles for pericellular space degradability, hydration, and adhesion competition in cell shape, volume, and differentiation regulation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Cell fate and function are closely regulated by the local extracellular microenvironment. Advanced methods at the interface of single cell biophysics and biomaterials have shed new light on regulators of cell-pericellular space interactions by decoupling more features of the complex pericellular milieu than ever before. These findings lend deeper mechanistic insight into how biomaterials can be designed to fine-tune outcomes like differentiation, migration, and collective morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiersten E Scott
- Bioengineering, University of California San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering, 9500 Gilman Drive #0435, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Kevin Rychel
- Bioengineering, University of California San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering, 9500 Gilman Drive #0435, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Sural Ranamukhaarachchi
- Bioengineering, University of California San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering, 9500 Gilman Drive #0435, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Padmini Rangamani
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering, 9500 Gilman Drive #0411, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Stephanie I Fraley
- Bioengineering, University of California San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering, 9500 Gilman Drive #0435, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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17
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Unnikandam Veettil SR, Van Bruggen SM, Hwang DG, Bartlett MD, Schneider IC. Tuning surface functionalization and collagen gel thickness to regulate cancer cell migration. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 179:37-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Hammer JA, Wang JC, Saeed M, Pedrosa AT. Origin, Organization, Dynamics, and Function of Actin and Actomyosin Networks at the T Cell Immunological Synapse. Annu Rev Immunol 2019; 37:201-224. [PMID: 30576253 PMCID: PMC8343269 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042718-041341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The engagement of a T cell with an antigen-presenting cell (APC) or activating surface results in the formation within the T cell of several distinct actin and actomyosin networks. These networks reside largely within a narrow zone immediately under the T cell's plasma membrane at its site of contact with the APC or activating surface, i.e., at the immunological synapse. Here we review the origin, organization, dynamics, and function of these synapse-associated actin and actomyosin networks. Importantly, recent insights into the nature of these actin-based cytoskeletal structures were made possible in several cases by advances in light microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Hammer
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Jia C Wang
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Mezida Saeed
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Antonio T Pedrosa
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
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19
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Uz M, Donta M, Mededovic M, Sakaguchi DS, Mallapragada SK. Development of Gelatin and Graphene-Based Nerve Regeneration Conduits Using Three-Dimensional (3D) Printing Strategies for Electrical Transdifferentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b05537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Metin Uz
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-2230, United States
| | - Maxsam Donta
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-2230, United States
| | - Meryem Mededovic
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-2230, United States
| | - Donald S. Sakaguchi
- Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1079, United States
| | - Surya K. Mallapragada
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-2230, United States
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20
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Lopes D, Martins-Cruz C, Oliveira MB, Mano JF. Bone physiology as inspiration for tissue regenerative therapies. Biomaterials 2018; 185:240-275. [PMID: 30261426 PMCID: PMC6445367 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development, maintenance of healthy bone and regeneration of injured tissue in the human body comprise a set of intricate and finely coordinated processes. However, an analysis of current bone regeneration strategies shows that only a small fraction of well-reported bone biology aspects has been used as inspiration and transposed into the development of therapeutic products. Specific topics that include inter-scale bone structural organization, developmental aspects of bone morphogenesis, bone repair mechanisms, role of specific cells and heterotypic cell contact in the bone niche (including vascularization networks and immune system cells), cell-cell direct and soluble-mediated contact, extracellular matrix composition (with particular focus on the non-soluble fraction of proteins), as well as mechanical aspects of native bone will be the main reviewed topics. In this Review we suggest a systematic parallelization of (i) fundamental well-established biology of bone, (ii) updated and recent advances on the understanding of biological phenomena occurring in native and injured tissue, and (iii) critical discussion of how those individual aspects have been translated into tissue regeneration strategies using biomaterials and other tissue engineering approaches. We aim at presenting a perspective on unexplored aspects of bone physiology and how they could be translated into innovative regeneration-driven concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Lopes
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago,, 3810 193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Martins-Cruz
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago,, 3810 193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mariana B Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago,, 3810 193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - João F Mano
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago,, 3810 193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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21
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Bowers DT, Brown JL. Nanofibers as Bioinstructive Scaffolds Capable of Modulating Differentiation through Mechanosensitive Pathways for Regenerative Engineering. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 5:22-29. [PMID: 31179378 DOI: 10.1007/s40883-018-0076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bioinstructive scaffolds encode information in the physical shape and size of materials to direct cell responses. Electrospinning nanofibers is a process that offers control over scaffold architecture and fiber diameter, while providing extended linear length of fibers. This review summarizes tissue engineering literature that has utilized nanofiber scaffolds to direct stem cell differentiation for various tissues including musculoskeletal, vascular, immunological and nervous system tissues. Nanofibers are also considered for their extracellular matrix mimetic characteristics that can preserve stem cell differentiation capacity. These topics are considered in the context of focal adhesion and integrin signaling. Regenerative engineering will be enhanced by construction of scaffolds encoded with shape information to cause an attached cell to create the intended tissue at that region. Nanofibers are likely to be a bioinstructive scaffold in future regenerative engineering development as we pursue the Grand Challenges of engineering tissues.
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22
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Mohagheghian E, Luo J, Chen J, Chaudhary G, Chen J, Sun J, Ewoldt RH, Wang N. Quantifying compressive forces between living cell layers and within tissues using elastic round microgels. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1878. [PMID: 29760452 PMCID: PMC5951850 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04245-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that mechanical stresses are critical in regulating cell functions, fate, and diseases. However, no methods exist that can quantify isotropic compressive stresses. Here we describe fluorescent nanoparticle-labeled, monodisperse elastic microspheres made of Arg-Gly-Asp-conjugated alginate hydrogels (elastic round microgels, ERMGs). We generate 3D displacements and calculate strains and tractions exerted on an ERMG. Average compressive tractions on an ERMG are 570 Pa within cell layers and 360 Pa in tumor-repopulating cell (TRC) colonies grown in 400-Pa matrices. 3D compressive tractions on a 1.4-kPa ERMG are applied by surrounding cells via endogenous actomyosin forces but not via mature focal adhesions. Compressive stresses are substantially heterogeneous on ERMGs within a uniform cell colony and do not increase with TRC colony sizes. Early-stage zebrafish embryos generate spatial and temporal differences in local normal and shear stresses. This ERMG method could be useful for quantifying stresses in vitro and in vivo. Increasing importance is placed upon the effect of mechanical forces on cell regulation, fate and disease states. Here, the authors describe a deformable fluorescent nanoparticle labeled elastic microsphere which can be used to calculate strain and traction forces in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Mohagheghian
- Laboratory for Cellular Biomechanics and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China.,Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Junyu Luo
- Laboratory for Cellular Biomechanics and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Junjian Chen
- Laboratory for Cellular Biomechanics and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Gaurav Chaudhary
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Junwei Chen
- Laboratory for Cellular Biomechanics and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China.,Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Randy H Ewoldt
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Ning Wang
- Laboratory for Cellular Biomechanics and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China. .,Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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23
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Burgstaller G, Sengupta A, Vierkotten S, Preissler G, Lindner M, Behr J, Königshoff M, Eickelberg O. Distinct niches within the extracellular matrix dictate fibroblast function in (cell free) 3D lung tissue cultures. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 314:L708-L723. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00408.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cues from the extracellular matrix (ECM) and their functional interplay with cells play pivotal roles for development, tissue repair, and disease. However, the precise nature of this interplay remains elusive. We used an innovative 3D cell culture ECM model by decellularizing 300-µm-thick ex vivo lung tissue scaffolds (d3D-LTCs) derived from diseased and healthy mouse lungs, which widely mimics the native (patho)physiological in vivo ECM microenvironment. We successfully repopulated all d3D-LTCs with primary human and murine fibroblasts, and moreover, we demonstrated that the cells also populated the innermost core regions of the d3D-LTCs in a real 3D fashion. The engrafted fibroblasts revealed a striking functional plasticity, depending on their localization in distinct ECM niches of the d3D-LTCs, affecting the cells’ tissue engraftment, cellular migration rates, cell morphologies, and protein expression and phosphorylation levels. Surprisingly, we also observed fibroblasts that were homing to the lung scaffold’s interstitium as well as fibroblasts that were invading fibrotic areas. To date, the functional nature and even the existence of 3D cell matrix adhesions in vivo as well as in 3D culture models is still unclear and controversial. Here, we show that attachment of fibroblasts to the d3D-LTCs evidently occurred via focal adhesions, thus advocating for a relevant functional role in vivo. Furthermore, we found that protein levels of talin, paxillin, and zyxin and phosphorylation levels of paxillin Y118, as well as the migration-relevant small GTPases RhoA, Rac, and CDC42, were significantly reduced compared with their attachment to 2D plastic dishes. In summary, our results strikingly indicate that inherent physical or compositional characteristics of the ECM act as instructive cues altering the functional behavior of engrafted cells. Thus, d3D-LTCs might aid to obtain more realistic data in vitro, with a high relevance for drug discovery and mechanistic studies alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Burgstaller
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Arunima Sengupta
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Vierkotten
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Preissler
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
- Thoraxchirurgisches Zentrum, Klinik für Allgemeine-, Viszeral-, Transplantations-, Gefäß- und Thoraxchirurgie, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Lindner
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
- Asklepios Fachkliniken München-Gauting, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Behr
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
- Asklepios Fachkliniken München-Gauting, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik V, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Königshoff
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
- Division of Respiratory Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Oliver Eickelberg
- Division of Respiratory Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
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24
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Hoffmann C, Mao X, Dieterle M, Moreau F, Al Absi A, Steinmetz A, Oudin A, Berchem G, Janji B, Thomas C. CRP2, a new invadopodia actin bundling factor critically promotes breast cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Oncotarget 2017; 7:13688-705. [PMID: 26883198 PMCID: PMC4924671 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A critical process underlying cancer metastasis is the acquisition by tumor cells of an invasive phenotype. At the subcellular level, invasion is facilitated by actin-rich protrusions termed invadopodia, which direct extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. Here, we report the identification of a new cytoskeletal component of breast cancer cell invadopodia, namely cysteine-rich protein 2 (CRP2). We found that CRP2 was not or only weakly expressed in epithelial breast cancer cells whereas it was up-regulated in mesenchymal/invasive breast cancer cells. In addition, high expression of the CRP2 encoding gene CSRP2 was associated with significantly increased risk of metastasis in basal-like breast cancer patients. CRP2 knockdown significantly reduced the invasive potential of aggressive breast cancer cells, whereas it did not impair 2D cell migration. In keeping with this, CRP2-depleted breast cancer cells exhibited a reduced capacity to promote ECM degradation, and to secrete and express MMP-9, a matrix metalloproteinase repeatedly associated with cancer progression and metastasis. In turn, ectopic expression of CRP2 in weakly invasive cells was sufficient to stimulate cell invasion. Both GFP-fused and endogenous CRP2 localized to the extended actin core of invadopodia, a structure primarily made of actin bundles. Purified recombinant CRP2 autonomously crosslinked actin filaments into thick bundles, suggesting that CRP2 contributes to the formation/maintenance of the actin core. Finally, CRP2 depletion significantly reduced the incidence of lung metastatic lesions in two xenograft mouse models of breast cancer. Collectively, our data identify CRP2 as a new cytoskeletal component of invadopodia that critically promotes breast cancer cell invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Hoffmann
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Xianqing Mao
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Monika Dieterle
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Flora Moreau
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Antoun Al Absi
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - André Steinmetz
- Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Anaïs Oudin
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Guy Berchem
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Bassam Janji
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Clément Thomas
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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25
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Lintz M, Muñoz A, Reinhart-King CA. The Mechanics of Single Cell and Collective Migration of Tumor Cells. J Biomech Eng 2017; 139:2580907. [PMID: 27814431 DOI: 10.1115/1.4035121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is a dynamic process in which cancer cells navigate the tumor microenvironment, largely guided by external chemical and mechanical cues. Our current understanding of metastatic cell migration has relied primarily on studies of single cell migration, most of which have been performed using two-dimensional (2D) cell culture techniques and, more recently, using three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds. However, the current paradigm focused on single cell movements is shifting toward the idea that collective migration is likely one of the primary modes of migration during metastasis of many solid tumors. Not surprisingly, the mechanics of collective migration differ significantly from single cell movements. As such, techniques must be developed that enable in-depth analysis of collective migration, and those for examining single cell migration should be adopted and modified to study collective migration to allow for accurate comparison of the two. In this review, we will describe engineering approaches for studying metastatic migration, both single cell and collective, and how these approaches have yielded significant insight into the mechanics governing each process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Lintz
- The Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, 309 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Adam Muñoz
- The Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, 309 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Cynthia A Reinhart-King
- The Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, 302 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 e-mail:
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26
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Velez DO, Tsui B, Goshia T, Chute CL, Han A, Carter H, Fraley SI. 3D collagen architecture induces a conserved migratory and transcriptional response linked to vasculogenic mimicry. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1651. [PMID: 29162797 PMCID: PMC5698427 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01556-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The topographical organization of collagen within the tumor microenvironment has been implicated in modulating cancer cell migration and independently predicts progression to metastasis. Here, we show that collagen matrices with small pores and short fibers, but not Matrigel, trigger a conserved transcriptional response and subsequent motility switch in cancer cells resulting in the formation of multicellular network structures. The response is not mediated by hypoxia, matrix stiffness, or bulk matrix density, but rather by matrix architecture-induced β1-integrin upregulation. The transcriptional module associated with network formation is enriched for migration and vasculogenesis-associated genes that predict survival in patient data across nine distinct tumor types. Evidence of this gene module at the protein level is found in patient tumor slices displaying a vasculogenic mimicry (VM) phenotype. Our findings link a collagen-induced migration program to VM and suggest that this process may be broadly relevant to metastatic progression in solid human cancers. Extracellular matrix plays a central role in driving cancer development. Here the authors using an in vitro approach show that confining collagen architectures induce fast and persistent cell migration and the formation of multicellular network structures linked to vascular mimicry observed in tumours from patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O Velez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - B Tsui
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - T Goshia
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - C L Chute
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - A Han
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - H Carter
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - S I Fraley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. .,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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27
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Kubow KE, Shuklis VD, Sales DJ, Horwitz AR. Contact guidance persists under myosin inhibition due to the local alignment of adhesions and individual protrusions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14380. [PMID: 29085052 PMCID: PMC5662575 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14745-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Contact guidance—cell polarization by anisotropic substrate features—is integral to numerous physiological processes; however the complexities of its regulation are only beginning to be discovered. In particular, cells polarize to anisotropic features under non-muscle myosin II (MII) inhibition, despite MII ordinarily being essential for polarized cell migration. Here, we investigate the ability of cells to sense and respond to fiber alignment in the absence of MII activity. We find that contact guidance is determined at the level of individual protrusions, which are individually guided by local fiber orientation, independent of MII. Protrusion stability and persistence are functions of adhesion lifetime, which depends on fiber orientation. Under MII inhibition, adhesion lifetime no longer depends on fiber orientation; however the ability of protrusions to form closely spaced adhesions sequentially without having to skip over gaps in adhesive area, biases protrusion formation along fibers. The co-alignment of multiple protrusions polarizes the entire cell; if the fibers are not aligned, contact guidance of individual protrusions still occurs, but does not produce overall cell polarization. These results describe how aligned features polarize a cell independently of MII and demonstrate how cellular contact guidance is built on the local alignment of adhesions and individual protrusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher E Kubow
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | | | - Dominic J Sales
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA
| | - A Rick Horwitz
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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28
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Shekhawat GS, Dudek SM, Dravid VP. Development of ultrasound bioprobe for biological imaging. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1701176. [PMID: 29075667 PMCID: PMC5656426 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of an ultrasound bioprobe for in vitro molecular imaging. In this method, the phase of the scattered ultrasound wave is mapped to provide in vitro and intracellular imaging with nanometer-scale resolution under physiological conditions. We demonstrated the technique by successfully imaging a magnetic core in silica core shells and the stiffness image of intracellular fibers in endothelial cells that were stimulated with thrombin. The findings demonstrate a significant advancement in high-resolution ultrasound imaging of biological systems with acoustics under physiological conditions. These will open up various applications in biomedical and molecular imaging with subsurface resolution down to the nanometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra S. Shekhawat
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Steven M. Dudek
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Vinayak P. Dravid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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29
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Gayan S, Teli A, Dey T. Inherent aggressive character of invasive and non-invasive cells dictates the in vitro migration pattern of multicellular spheroid. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11527. [PMID: 28912559 PMCID: PMC5599661 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10078-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular migration, a process relevant to metastasis, is mostly studied in the conventional 2D condition. However, cells cultured in the 3D condition assumed to mimic the in vivo conditions better. The current study is designed to compare an invasive and non-invasive adenocarcinoma cell with an invasive fibrosarcoma cell to understand the migration pattern of the multicellular spheroid. It is observed that conventional haplotaxis, chemotactic and pseudo-3D migration assay cannot distinguish between the invasive and non-invasive cells conclusively under 2D condition. Invasive spheroids migrate rapidly in sprouting assay in comparison to non-invasive spheroids. Effects of cytochalasin B, marimastat and blebbistatin are tested to determine the influence of different migration modality namely actin polymerization, matrix metalloprotease and acto-myosin in both culture conditions. Altered mRNA profile of cellular migration related genes (FAK, Talin, Paxillin, p130cas and Vinculin) is observed between 2D and 3D condition followed by the changed expression of matrix metallo proteases. A distinct difference is observed in distribution and formation of focal adhesion complex under these culture conditions. This study demonstrates the efficacy of multicellular spheroids in identifying the intrinsic aggressive behavior of different cell lines as a proof of concept and recognizes the potential of spheroids as a migration model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Gayan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology,Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Abhishek Teli
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology,Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Tuli Dey
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology,Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India.
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30
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Owen LM, Adhikari AS, Patel M, Grimmer P, Leijnse N, Kim MC, Notbohm J, Franck C, Dunn AR. A cytoskeletal clutch mediates cellular force transmission in a soft, three-dimensional extracellular matrix. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1959-1974. [PMID: 28592635 PMCID: PMC5541846 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-02-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells to impart forces and deformations on their surroundings underlies cell migration and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and is thus an essential aspect of complex, metazoan life. Previous work has resulted in a refined understanding, commonly termed the molecular clutch model, of how cells adhering to flat surfaces such as a microscope coverslip transmit cytoskeletally generated forces to their surroundings. Comparatively less is known about how cells adhere to and exert forces in soft, three-dimensional (3D), and structurally heterogeneous ECM environments such as occur in vivo. We used time-lapse 3D imaging and quantitative image analysis to determine how the actin cytoskeleton is mechanically coupled to the surrounding matrix for primary dermal fibroblasts embedded in a 3D fibrin matrix. Under these circumstances, the cytoskeletal architecture is dominated by contractile actin bundles attached at their ends to large, stable, integrin-based adhesions. Time-lapse imaging reveals that α-actinin-1 puncta within actomyosin bundles move more quickly than the paxillin-rich adhesion plaques, which in turn move more quickly than the local matrix, an observation reminiscent of the molecular clutch model. However, closer examination did not reveal a continuous rearward flow of the actin cytoskeleton over slower moving adhesions. Instead, we found that a subset of stress fibers continuously elongated at their attachment points to integrin adhesions, providing stable, yet structurally dynamic coupling to the ECM. Analytical modeling and numerical simulation provide a plausible physical explanation for this result and support a picture in which cells respond to the effective stiffness of local matrix attachment points. The resulting dynamic equilibrium can explain how cells maintain stable, contractile connections to discrete points within ECM during cell migration, and provides a plausible means by which fibroblasts contract provisional matrices during wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanna M Owen
- Biophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | - Mohak Patel
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Peter Grimmer
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711
| | | | - Min Cheol Kim
- Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jacob Notbohm
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711
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31
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Goodwin K, Ellis SJ, Lostchuck E, Zulueta-Coarasa T, Fernandez-Gonzalez R, Tanentzapf G. Basal Cell-Extracellular Matrix Adhesion Regulates Force Transmission during Tissue Morphogenesis. Dev Cell 2017; 39:611-625. [PMID: 27923121 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissue morphogenesis requires force-generating mechanisms to organize cells into complex structures. Although many such mechanisms have been characterized, we know little about how forces are integrated across developing tissues. We provide evidence that integrin-mediated cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion modulates the transmission of apically generated tension during dorsal closure (DC) in Drosophila. Integrin-containing adhesive structures resembling focal adhesions were identified on the basal surface of the amnioserosa (AS), an extraembryonic epithelium essential for DC. Genetic modulation of integrin-mediated adhesion results in defective DC. Quantitative image analysis and laser ablation experiments reveal that basal cell-ECM adhesions provide resistance to apical cell displacements and force transmission between neighboring cells in the AS. Finally, we provide evidence for integrin-dependent force transmission to the AS substrate. Overall, we find that integrins regulate force transmission within and between cells, thereby playing an essential role in transmitting tension in developing tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Goodwin
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Centre, 2350 Health Science Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Stephanie J Ellis
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Centre, 2350 Health Science Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Emily Lostchuck
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Centre, 2350 Health Science Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Teresa Zulueta-Coarasa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada; Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5S 1X8, Canada
| | - Guy Tanentzapf
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Centre, 2350 Health Science Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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32
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Babel L, Grunewald M, Lehn R, Langhans M, Meckel T. Direct evidence for cell adhesion-mediated radioresistance (CAM-RR) on the level of individual integrin β1 clusters. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3393. [PMID: 28611417 PMCID: PMC5469790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03414-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular interaction with the extracellular matrix (ECM) modulates many key processes such as proliferation, migration, differentiation and survival. In addition, cells cultured under 3D conditions in presence of an ECM display a marked radioresistance towards ionizing radiation (IR) in comparison to conventionally 2D cultured cells. This process, also known as "cell-adhesion-mediated-radio-resistance" (CAM-RR), has been linked to the chromatin structure that differs between cells cultured on stiff surfaces versus cell grown on soft planar supports or in 3D environments. As integrins are the key mediators of cell adhesion and mechanosensing, they originate the molecular signalling towards chromatin remodelling in response to a cell's microenvironment. We aimed to investigate this molecular origin that leads to CAM-RR by investigating the distribution of integrins at the single molecule level and show that cells cultured in 2D keep a lower fraction of integrin β1 in clusters and maintain a less defined cluster status than 3D cultured cells. Upon X-irradiation this nanoscale distribution of integrin β1 is disturbed at much lower dosages in 2D versus 3D cultured cells. Radioresistance is thus linked to the ability to maintain a well defined organization of integrins in clusters, making integrin distribution a potential drug target for radiosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Babel
- Membrane Dynamics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,GRK 1657, Molecular and cellular responses to ionizing radiation, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Miriam Grunewald
- Membrane Dynamics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,GRK 1657, Molecular and cellular responses to ionizing radiation, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Robert Lehn
- Membrane Dynamics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Langhans
- Membrane Dynamics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tobias Meckel
- Membrane Dynamics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany. .,GRK 1657, Molecular and cellular responses to ionizing radiation, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
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33
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Gelatin-based 3D conduits for transdifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into Schwann cell-like phenotypes. Acta Biomater 2017; 53:293-306. [PMID: 28213098 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, gelatin-based 3D conduits with three different microstructures (nanofibrous, macroporous and ladder-like) were fabricated for the first time via combined molding and thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) technique for peripheral nerve regeneration. The effects of conduit microstructure and mechanical properties on the transdifferentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into Schwann cell (SC) like phenotypes were examined to help facilitate neuroregeneration and understand material-cell interfaces. Results indicated that 3D macroporous and ladder-like structures enhanced MSC attachment, proliferation and spreading, creating interconnected cellular networks with large numbers of viable cells compared to nanofibrous and 2D-tissue culture plate counterparts. 3D-ladder-like conduit structure with complex modulus of ∼0.4×106Pa and pore size of ∼150μm provided the most favorable microenvironment for MSC transdifferentiation leading to ∼85% immunolabeling of all SC markers. On the other hand, the macroporous conduits with complex modulus of ∼4×106Pa and pore size of ∼100μm showed slightly lower (∼65% for p75, ∼75% for S100 and ∼85% for S100β markers) immunolabeling. Transdifferentiated MSCs within 3D-ladder-like conduits secreted significant amounts (∼2.5pg/mL NGF and ∼0.7pg/mL GDNF per cell) of neurotrophic factors, while MSCs in macroporous conduits released slightly lower (∼1.5pg/mL NGF and 0.7pg/mL GDNF per cell) levels. PC12 cells displayed enhanced neurite outgrowth in media conditioned by conduits with transdifferentiated MSCs. Overall, conduits with macroporous and ladder-like 3D structures are promising platforms in transdifferentiation of MSCs for neuroregeneration and should be further tested in vivo. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE This manuscript focuses on the effect of microstructure and mechanical properties of gelatin-based 3D conduits on the transdifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to Schwann cell-like phenotypes. This work builds on our recently accepted manuscript in Acta Biomaterialia focused on multifunctional 2D films, and focuses on 3D microstructured conduits designed to overcome limitations of current strategies to facilitate peripheral nerve regeneration. The comparison between conduits fabricated with nanofibrous, macroporous and ladder-like microstructures showed that the ladder-like conduits showed the most favorable environment for MSC transdifferentiation to Schwann-cell like phenotypes, as seen by both immunolabeling as well as secretion of neurotrophic factors. This work demonstrates the importance of controlling the 3D microstructure to facilitate tissue engineering strategies involving stem cells that can serve as promising approaches for peripheral nerve regeneration.
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34
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Aguilar-Cuenca R, Llorente-Gonzalez C, Vicente C, Vicente-Manzanares M. Microfilament-coordinated adhesion dynamics drives single cell migration and shapes whole tissues. F1000Res 2017; 6:160. [PMID: 28299195 PMCID: PMC5321130 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10356.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion to the substratum and/or other cells is a crucial step of cell migration. While essential in the case of solitary migrating cells (for example, immune cells), it becomes particularly important in collective cell migration, in which cells maintain contact with their neighbors while moving directionally. Adhesive coordination is paramount in physiological contexts (for example, during organogenesis) but also in pathology (for example, tumor metastasis). In this review, we address the need for a coordinated regulation of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions during collective cell migration. We emphasize the role of the actin cytoskeleton as an intracellular integrator of cadherin- and integrin-based adhesions and the emerging role of mechanics in the maintenance, reinforcement, and turnover of adhesive contacts. Recent advances in understanding the mechanical regulation of several components of cadherin and integrin adhesions allow us to revisit the adhesive clutch hypothesis that controls the degree of adhesive engagement during protrusion. Finally, we provide a brief overview of the major impact of these discoveries when using more physiological three-dimensional models of single and collective cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Aguilar-Cuenca
- Universidad Autonoma de Madrid School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Llorente-Gonzalez
- Universidad Autonoma de Madrid School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Vicente
- Team of Cell Interactions in Plant Symbiosis, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Vicente-Manzanares
- Universidad Autonoma de Madrid School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain; Team of Cell Interactions in Plant Symbiosis, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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35
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Abstract
Cell migration is central to a multitude of physiological processes, including embryonic development, immune surveillance, and wound healing, and deregulated migration is key to cancer dissemination. Decades of investigations have uncovered many of the molecular and physical mechanisms underlying cell migration. Together with protrusion extension and cell body retraction, adhesion to the substrate via specific focal adhesion points has long been considered an essential step in cell migration. Although this is true for cells moving on two-dimensional substrates, recent studies have demonstrated that focal adhesions are not required for cells moving in three dimensions, in which confinement is sufficient to maintain a cell in contact with its substrate. Here, we review the investigations that have led to challenging the requirement of specific adhesions for migration, discuss the physical mechanisms proposed for cell body translocation during focal adhesion-independent migration, and highlight the remaining open questions for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa K Paluch
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom WC1E 6BT; .,Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, United Kingdom, WC1E 6BT
| | - Irene M Aspalter
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom WC1E 6BT; .,Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, United Kingdom, WC1E 6BT
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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36
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Wong H, Jaumouillé V, Freeman S, Doodnauth S, Schlam D, Canton J, Mukovozov I, Saric A, Grinstein S, Robinson L. Chemokine Signaling Enhances CD36 Responsiveness toward Oxidized Low-Density Lipoproteins and Accelerates Foam Cell Formation. Cell Rep 2016; 14:2859-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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37
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Lee MH, Goralczyk AG, Kriszt R, Ang XM, Badowski C, Li Y, Summers SA, Toh SA, Yassin MS, Shabbir A, Sheppard A, Raghunath M. ECM microenvironment unlocks brown adipogenic potential of adult human bone marrow-derived MSCs. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21173. [PMID: 26883894 PMCID: PMC4756694 DOI: 10.1038/srep21173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Key to realizing the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of human brown/brite adipocytes is the identification of a renewable, easily accessible and safe tissue source of progenitor cells, and an efficacious in vitro differentiation protocol. We show that macromolecular crowding (MMC) facilitates brown adipocyte differentiation in adult human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (bmMSCs), as evidenced by substantially upregulating uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and uncoupled respiration. Moreover, MMC also induced ‘browning’ in bmMSC-derived white adipocytes. Mechanistically, MMC creates a 3D extracellular matrix architecture enshrouding maturing adipocytes in a collagen IV cocoon that is engaged by paxillin-positive focal adhesions also at the apical side of cells, without contact to the stiff support structure. This leads to an enhanced matrix-cell signaling, reflected by increased phosphorylation of ATF2, a key transcription factor in UCP1 regulation. Thus, tuning the dimensionality of the microenvironment in vitro can unlock a strong brown potential dormant in bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle H Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,NUS Tissue Engineering Program, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 117510, Singapore
| | - Anna G Goralczyk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore.,NUS Tissue Engineering Program, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 117510, Singapore
| | - Rókus Kriszt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,NUS Tissue Engineering Program, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 117510, Singapore
| | - Xiu Min Ang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,NUS Tissue Engineering Program, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 117510, Singapore
| | | | - Ying Li
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical Graduate School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Scott A Summers
- Translational Metabolic Health Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Sue-Anne Toh
- Department of Medicine, National University Health System, 119228, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - M Shabeer Yassin
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Asim Shabbir
- Department of Surgery, National University Hospital, 119074, Singapore
| | - Allan Sheppard
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Michael Raghunath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore.,NUS Tissue Engineering Program, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 117510, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore
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38
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Elson EL, Genin GM. Tissue constructs: platforms for basic research and drug discovery. Interface Focus 2016; 6:20150095. [PMID: 26855763 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2015.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions, form and mechanical properties of cells are inextricably linked to their extracellular environment. Cells from solid tissues change fundamentally when, isolated from this environment, they are cultured on rigid two-dimensional substrata. These changes limit the significance of mechanical measurements on cells in two-dimensional culture and motivate the development of constructs with cells embedded in three-dimensional matrices that mimic the natural tissue. While measurements of cell mechanics are difficult in natural tissues, they have proven effective in engineered tissue constructs, especially constructs that emphasize specific cell types and their functions, e.g. engineered heart tissues. Tissue constructs developed as models of disease also have been useful as platforms for drug discovery. Underlying the use of tissue constructs as platforms for basic research and drug discovery is integration of multiscale biomaterials measurement and computational modelling to dissect the distinguishable mechanical responses separately of cells and extracellular matrix from measurements on tissue constructs and to quantify the effects of drug treatment on these responses. These methods and their application are the main subjects of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot L Elson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics , Washington University School of Medicine , St Louis, MO 63110 , USA
| | - Guy M Genin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science , Washington University , St Louis, MO 63130 , USA
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39
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Cell sensing of physical properties at the nanoscale: Mechanisms and control of cell adhesion and phenotype. Acta Biomater 2016; 30:26-48. [PMID: 26596568 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry, geometry, topography and mechanical properties of biomaterials modulate biochemical signals (in particular ligand-receptor binding events) that control cells-matrix interactions. In turn, the regulation of cell adhesion by the biochemical and physical properties of the matrix controls cell phenotypes such as proliferation, motility and differentiation. In particular, nanoscale geometrical, topographical and mechanical properties of biomaterials are essential to achieve control of the cell-biomaterials interface. The design of such nanoscale architectures and platforms requires understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying adhesion formation and the assembly of the actin cytoskeleton. This review presents some of the important molecular mechanisms underlying cell adhesion to biomaterials mediated by integrins and discusses the nanoscale engineered platforms used to control these processes. Such nanoscale understanding of the cell-biomaterials interface offers exciting opportunities for the design of biomaterials and their application to the field of tissue engineering. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Biomaterials design is important in the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, in particular to allow the long term expansion of stem cells and the engineering of scaffolds for tissue regeneration. Cell adhesion to biomaterials often plays a central role in regulating cell phenotype. It is emerging that physical properties of biomaterials, and more generally the microenvironment, regulate such behaviour. In particular, cells respond to nanoscale physical properties of their matrix. Understanding how such nanoscale physical properties control cell adhesion is therefore essential for biomaterials design. To this aim, a deeper understanding of molecular processes controlling cell adhesion, but also a greater control of matrix engineering is required. Such multidisciplinary approaches shed light on some of the fundamental mechanisms via which cell adhesions sense their nanoscale physical environment.
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40
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Kurniawan NA, Chaudhuri PK, Lim CT. Mechanobiology of cell migration in the context of dynamic two-way cell-matrix interactions. J Biomech 2015; 49:1355-1368. [PMID: 26747513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Migration of cells is integral in various physiological processes in all facets of life. These range from embryonic development, morphogenesis, and wound healing, to disease pathology such as cancer metastasis. While cell migratory behavior has been traditionally studied using simple assays on culture dishes, in recent years it has been increasingly realized that the physical, mechanical, and chemical aspects of the matrix are key determinants of the migration mechanism. In this paper, we will describe the mechanobiological changes that accompany the dynamic cell-matrix interactions during cell migration. Furthermore, we will review what is to date known about how these changes feed back to the dynamics and biomechanical properties of the cell and the matrix. Elucidating the role of these intimate cell-matrix interactions will provide not only a better multi-scale understanding of cell motility in its physiological context, but also a more holistic perspective for designing approaches to regulate cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Kurniawan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Department of Systems Biophysics, FOM Institute AMOLF, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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41
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Baker BM, Trappmann B, Wang WY, Sakar MS, Kim IL, Shenoy VB, Burdick JA, Chen CS. Cell-mediated fibre recruitment drives extracellular matrix mechanosensing in engineered fibrillar microenvironments. NATURE MATERIALS 2015; 14:1262-8. [PMID: 26461445 PMCID: PMC4654682 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
To investigate how cells sense stiffness in settings structurally similar to native extracellular matrices, we designed a synthetic fibrous material with tunable mechanics and user-defined architecture. In contrast to flat hydrogel surfaces, these fibrous materials recapitulated cell-matrix interactions observed with collagen matrices including stellate cell morphologies, cell-mediated realignment of fibres, and bulk contraction of the material. Increasing the stiffness of flat hydrogel surfaces induced mesenchymal stem cell spreading and proliferation; however, increasing fibre stiffness instead suppressed spreading and proliferation for certain network architectures. Lower fibre stiffness permitted active cellular forces to recruit nearby fibres, dynamically increasing ligand density at the cell surface and promoting the formation of focal adhesions and related signalling. These studies demonstrate a departure from the well-described relationship between material stiffness and spreading established with hydrogel surfaces, and introduce fibre recruitment as a previously undescribed mechanism by which cells probe and respond to mechanics in fibrillar matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon M. Baker
- Tissue Microfabrication Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Center for Life Science Boston Building, 5th Floor, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115
- Corresponding Authors: Christopher S. Chen, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, SLB201, 36 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, Phone: (617) 353-1699, Fax: (617) 353-6766, , Brendon M. Baker, Ph.D., Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, SLB304, 36 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, Phone: (617) 353-1699, Fax: (617) 353-6766,
| | - Britta Trappmann
- Tissue Microfabrication Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Center for Life Science Boston Building, 5th Floor, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115
| | - William Y. Wang
- Tissue Microfabrication Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Mahmut S. Sakar
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Iris L. Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Vivek B. Shenoy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jason A. Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Christopher S. Chen
- Tissue Microfabrication Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Center for Life Science Boston Building, 5th Floor, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115
- Corresponding Authors: Christopher S. Chen, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, SLB201, 36 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, Phone: (617) 353-1699, Fax: (617) 353-6766, , Brendon M. Baker, Ph.D., Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, SLB304, 36 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, Phone: (617) 353-1699, Fax: (617) 353-6766,
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42
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Doyle AD, Yamada KM. Mechanosensing via cell-matrix adhesions in 3D microenvironments. Exp Cell Res 2015; 343:60-66. [PMID: 26524505 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment plays a central role in cell migration by providing physiochemical information that influences overall cell behavior. Much of this external information is accessed by direct interaction of the cell with ECM ligands and structures via integrin-based adhesions that are hypothesized to act as mechanosensors for testing the surrounding microenvironment. Our current understanding of these mechanical complexes is derived primarily from studies of cellular adhesions formed on two-dimensional (2D) substrates in vitro. Yet the rules of cell/ECM engagement and mechanosensing in three-dimensional (3D) microenvironments are invariably more complex under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Here we review the current understanding of how cellular mechanosensing occurs through adhesion complexes within 3D microenvironments and discuss how these mechanisms can vary and differ from interactions on 2D substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Doyle
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Kenneth M Yamada
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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43
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Cell type-specific adaptation of cellular and nuclear volume in micro-engineered 3D environments. Biomaterials 2015; 69:121-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
SUMMARY Stimuli that promote cell migration, such as chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors in metazoans and cyclic AMP in Dictyostelium, activate signaling pathways that control organization of the actin cytoskeleton and adhesion complexes. The Rho-family GTPases are a key convergence point of these pathways. Their effectors include actin regulators such as formins, members of the WASP/WAVE family and the Arp2/3 complex, and the myosin II motor protein. Pathways that link to the Rho GTPases include Ras GTPases, TorC2, and PI3K. Many of the molecules involved form gradients within cells, which define the front and rear of migrating cells, and are also established in related cellular behaviors such as neuronal growth cone extension and cytokinesis. The signaling molecules that regulate migration can be integrated to provide a model of network function. The network displays biochemical excitability seen as spontaneous waves of activation that propagate along the cell cortex. These events coordinate cell movement and can be biased by external cues to bring about directed migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Devreotes
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Alan Rick Horwitz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
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45
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Wiesner C, Le-Cabec V, El Azzouzi K, Maridonneau-Parini I, Linder S. Podosomes in space: macrophage migration and matrix degradation in 2D and 3D settings. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 8:179-91. [PMID: 24713854 DOI: 10.4161/cam.28116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Migration of macrophages is a key process for a variety of physiological functions, such as pathogen clearance or tissue homeostasis. However, it can also be part of pathological scenarios, as in the case of tumor-associated macrophages. This review presents an overview of the different migration modes macrophages can adopt, depending on the physical and chemical properties of specific environments, and the constraints they impose upon cells. We discuss the importance of these environmental and also of cellular parameters, as well as their relative impact on macrophage migration and on the formation of matrix-lytic podosomes in 2D and 3D. Moreover, we present an overview of routinely used and also newly developed assays for the study of macrophage migration in both 2D and 3D contexts, their respective advantages and limitations, and also their potential to reliably mimic in vivo situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Wiesner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology; Virology and Hygiene; University Medical Center Eppendorf; Hamburg, Germany
| | - Véronique Le-Cabec
- CNRS UMR 5089; IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), BP64182, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France; Université de Toulouse; UPS; IPBS; F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Karim El Azzouzi
- Institute for Medical Microbiology; Virology and Hygiene; University Medical Center Eppendorf; Hamburg, Germany
| | - Isabelle Maridonneau-Parini
- CNRS UMR 5089; IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), BP64182, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France; Université de Toulouse; UPS; IPBS; F-31077 Toulouse, France; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Stefan Linder
- Institute for Medical Microbiology; Virology and Hygiene; University Medical Center Eppendorf; Hamburg, Germany; These authors contributed equally to this work
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46
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Golji J, Mofrad MRK. The talin dimer structure orientation is mechanically regulated. Biophys J 2015; 107:1802-1809. [PMID: 25418161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Formation of a stable cell-substrate contact can be regulated by mechanical force, especially at the focal adhesion. Individual proteins that make up the focal adhesions, such as talin, can exhibit mechanosensing. We previously described one mode of talin mechanosensing in which the vinculin-binding site of talin is exposed after force-induced stretch of a single talin rod domain. Here, we describe a second mode of talin mechanosensing in which the talin dimer itself can adopt different orientations in response to mechanical stimulation. Using molecular dynamics models, we demonstrate that the C-terminus region of the talin dimer is flexible mainly at the linker between the dimerization helices and the nearby actin-binding helical bundle. Our molecular dynamics simulations reveal two possible orientations of the talin dimer at its C-terminus. The extracellular matrix (ECM)-bound integrins cross-linked by talin can be forced apart leading to an elongated orientation of the talin dimer, and the ECM-bound integrins can be forced together by the ECM producing a collapsed orientation of the talin dimer. Formation of the elongated orientation is shown to be more favorable. Switching between the two talin dimer orientations constitutes a mode of mechanosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Golji
- Molecular Cell Biomechanics Laboratory, Departments of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Mohammad R K Mofrad
- Molecular Cell Biomechanics Laboratory, Departments of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California; Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California.
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47
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Burgstaller G, Vierkotten S, Lindner M, Königshoff M, Eickelberg O. Multidimensional immunolabeling and 4D time-lapse imaging of vital ex vivo lung tissue. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L323-32. [PMID: 26092995 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00061.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decades, the study of cell behavior was largely accomplished in uncoated or extracellular matrix (ECM)-coated plastic dishes. To date, considerable cell biological efforts have tried to model in vitro the natural microenvironment found in vivo. For the lung, explants cultured ex vivo as lung tissue cultures (LTCs) provide a three-dimensional (3D) tissue model containing all cells in their natural microenvironment. Techniques for assessing the dynamic live interaction between ECM and cellular tissue components, however, are still missing. Here, we describe specific multidimensional immunolabeling of living 3D-LTCs, derived from healthy and fibrotic mouse lungs, as well as patient-derived 3D-LTCs, and concomitant real-time four-dimensional multichannel imaging thereof. This approach allowed the evaluation of dynamic interactions between mesenchymal cells and macrophages with their ECM. Furthermore, fibroblasts transiently expressing focal adhesions markers incorporated into the 3D-LTCs, paving new ways for studying the dynamic interaction between cellular adhesions and their natural-derived ECM. A novel protein transfer technology (FuseIt/Ibidi) shuttled fluorescently labeled α-smooth muscle actin antibodies into the native cells of living 3D-LTCs, enabling live monitoring of α-smooth muscle actin-positive stress fibers in native tissue myofibroblasts residing in fibrotic lesions of 3D-LTCs. Finally, this technique can be applied to healthy and diseased human lung tissue, as well as to adherent cells in conventional two-dimensional cell culture. This novel method will provide valuable new insights into the dynamics of ECM (patho)biology, studying in detail the interaction between ECM and cellular tissue components in their natural microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Burgstaller
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany; and
| | - Sarah Vierkotten
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany; and
| | - Michael Lindner
- Center for Thoracic Surgery, Asklepios Biobank for Lung Diseases, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Asklepios Clinic Munich-Gauting, Germany
| | - Melanie Königshoff
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany; and
| | - Oliver Eickelberg
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany; and
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48
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Plasticity of the actin cytoskeleton in response to extracellular matrix nanostructure and dimensionality. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 42:1356-66. [PMID: 25233415 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mobile cells discriminate and adapt to mechanosensory input from extracellular matrix (ECM) topographies to undergo actin-based polarization, shape change and migration. We tested 'cell-intrinsic' and adaptive components of actin-based cell migration in response to widely used in vitro collagen-based substrates, including a continuous 2D surface, discontinuous fibril-based surfaces (2.5D) and fibril-based 3D geometries. Migrating B16F1 mouse melanoma cells expressing GFP-actin developed striking diversity and adaptation of cytoskeletal organization and migration efficacy in response to collagen organization. 2D geometry enabled keratinocyte-like cell spreading and lamellipod-driven motility, with barrier-free movement averaging the directional vectors from one or several leading edges. 3D fibrillar collagen imposed spindle-shaped polarity with a single cylindrical actin-rich leading edge and terminal filopod-like protrusions generating a single force vector. As a mixed phenotype, 2.5D environments prompted a broad but fractalized leading lamella, with multiple terminal filopod-like protrusions engaged with collagen fibrils to generate an average directional vector from multiple, often divergent, interactions. The migratory population reached >90% of the cells with high speeds for 2D, but only 10-30% of the cells and a 3-fold lower speed range for 2.5D and 3D substrates, suggesting substrate continuity as a major determinant of efficient induction and maintenance of migration. These findings implicate substrate geometry as an important input for plasticity and adaptation of the actin cytoskeleton to cope with varying ECM topography and highlight striking preference of moving cells for 2D continuous-shaped over more complex-shaped discontinuous 2.5 and 3D substrate geometries.
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49
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Jansen KA, Donato DM, Balcioglu HE, Schmidt T, Danen EHJ, Koenderink GH. A guide to mechanobiology: Where biology and physics meet. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:3043-52. [PMID: 25997671 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cells actively sense and process mechanical information that is provided by the extracellular environment to make decisions about growth, motility and differentiation. It is important to understand the underlying mechanisms given that deregulation of the mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is implicated in various diseases, such as cancer and fibrosis. Moreover, matrix mechanics can be exploited to program stem cell differentiation for organ-on-chip and regenerative medicine applications. Mechanobiology is an emerging multidisciplinary field that encompasses cell and developmental biology, bioengineering and biophysics. Here we provide an introductory overview of the key players important to cellular mechanobiology, taking a biophysical perspective and focusing on a comparison between flat versus three dimensional substrates. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin A Jansen
- Systems Biophysics Department, FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dominique M Donato
- Physics of Life Processes, Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hayri E Balcioglu
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Physics of Life Processes, Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H J Danen
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsje H Koenderink
- Systems Biophysics Department, FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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50
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Rubashkin MG, Cassereau L, Bainer R, DuFort CC, Yui Y, Ou G, Paszek MJ, Davidson MW, Chen YY, Weaver VM. Force engages vinculin and promotes tumor progression by enhancing PI3K activation of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate. Cancer Res 2015; 74:4597-611. [PMID: 25183785 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness induces focal adhesion assembly to drive malignant transformation and tumor metastasis. Nevertheless, how force alters focal adhesions to promote tumor progression remains unclear. Here, we explored the role of the focal adhesion protein vinculin, a force-activated mechanotransducer, in mammary epithelial tissue transformation and invasion. We found that ECM stiffness stabilizes the assembly of a vinculin-talin-actin scaffolding complex that facilitates PI3K-mediated phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate phosphorylation. Using defined two- and three-dimensional matrices, a mouse model of mammary tumorigenesis with vinculin mutants, and a novel super resolution imaging approach, we established that ECM stiffness, per se, promotes the malignant progression of a mammary epithelium by activating and stabilizing vinculin and enhancing Akt signaling at focal adhesions. Our studies also revealed that vinculin strongly colocalizes with activated Akt at the invasive border of human breast tumors, where the ECM is stiffest, and we detected elevated mechanosignaling. Thus, ECM stiffness could induce tumor progression by promoting the assembly of signaling scaffolds, a conclusion underscored by the significant association we observed between highly expressed focal adhesion plaque proteins and malignant transformation across multiple types of solid cancer. See all articles in this Cancer Research section, "Physics in Cancer Research."
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Rubashkin
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Luke Cassereau
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Russell Bainer
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Christopher C DuFort
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Yoshihiro Yui
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Guanqing Ou
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Matthew J Paszek
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California. Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Michael W Davidson
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Yunn-Yi Chen
- Department of Pathology, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Valerie M Weaver
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California. Department of Pathology, UCSF, San Francisco, California. Departments of Anatomy and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California.
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