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Ai JY, Liu CF, Zhang W, Rao GW. Current status of drugs targeting PDGF/PDGFR. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103989. [PMID: 38663580 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.103989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
As an important proangiogenic factor, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and its receptor PDGFR are highly expressed in a variety of tumors, fibrosis, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Targeting the PDGF/PDGFR pathway is therefore a promising therapeutic strategy. At present, a variety of PDGF/PDGFR targeted drugs with potential therapeutic effects have been developed, mainly including PDGF agonists, inhibitors targeting PDGFR and proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTACs). This review clarifies the structure, biological function and disease correlation of PDGF and PDGFR, and it discusses the current status of PDGFR-targeted drugs, so as to provide a reference for subsequent research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yan Ai
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, and Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Chen-Fu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, PR China
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, and Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Guo-Wu Rao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, and Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
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2
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Marongiu L, Mingozzi F, Cigni C, Marzi R, Di Gioia M, Garrè M, Parazzoli D, Sironi L, Collini M, Sakaguchi R, Morii T, Crosti M, Moro M, Schurmans S, Catelani T, Rotem R, Colombo M, Shears S, Prosperi D, Zanoni I, Granucci F. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase B promotes Ca 2+ mobilization and the inflammatory activity of dendritic cells. Sci Signal 2021; 14:14/676/eaaz2120. [PMID: 33785611 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaz2120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune responses to Gram-negative bacteria depend on the recognition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by a receptor complex that includes CD14 and TLR4. In dendritic cells (DCs), CD14 enhances the activation not only of TLR4 but also that of the NFAT family of transcription factors, which suppresses cell survival and promotes the production of inflammatory mediators. NFAT activation requires Ca2+ mobilization. In DCs, Ca2+ mobilization in response to LPS depends on phospholipase C γ2 (PLCγ2), which produces inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). Here, we showed that the IP3 receptor 3 (IP3R3) and ITPKB, a kinase that converts IP3 to inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (IP4), were both necessary for Ca2+ mobilization and NFAT activation in mouse and human DCs. A pool of IP3R3 was located on the plasma membrane of DCs, where it colocalized with CD14 and ITPKB. Upon LPS binding to CD14, ITPKB was required for Ca2+ mobilization through plasma membrane-localized IP3R3 and for NFAT nuclear translocation. Pharmacological inhibition of ITPKB in mice reduced both LPS-induced tissue swelling and the severity of inflammatory arthritis to a similar extent as that induced by the inhibition of NFAT using nanoparticles that delivered an NFAT-inhibiting peptide specifically to phagocytic cells. Our results suggest that ITPKB may represent a promising target for anti-inflammatory therapies that aim to inhibit specific DC functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marongiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Mingozzi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Clara Cigni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Marzi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Di Gioia
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Immunology, Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | - Laura Sironi
- Department of Physics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Maddalena Collini
- Department of Physics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Reiko Sakaguchi
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Morii
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Mariacristina Crosti
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Moro
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Stéphane Schurmans
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics, GIGA-B34, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Tiziano Catelani
- Piattaforma Interdipartimentale di Microscopia, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Rany Rotem
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Miriam Colombo
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Stephen Shears
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, NIEHS/NIH, 111 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Davide Prosperi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Immunology, Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Francesca Granucci
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy. .,INGM, Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", 20122 Milan, Italy
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3
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Weddell JC, Chen S, Imoukhuede PI. VEGFR1 promotes cell migration and proliferation through PLCγ and PI3K pathways. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2017; 4:1. [PMID: 29263797 PMCID: PMC5736688 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-017-0037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to control vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling offers promising therapeutic potential for vascular diseases and cancer. Despite this promise, VEGF-targeted therapies are not clinically effective for many pathologies, such as breast cancer. VEGFR1 has recently emerged as a predictive biomarker for anti-VEGF efficacy, implying a functional VEGFR1 role beyond its classically defined decoy receptor status. Here we introduce a computational approach that accurately predicts cellular responses elicited via VEGFR1 signaling. Aligned with our model prediction, we show empirically that VEGFR1 promotes macrophage migration through PLCγ and PI3K pathways and promotes macrophage proliferation through a PLCγ pathway. These results provide new insight into the basic function of VEGFR1 signaling while offering a computational platform to quantify signaling of any receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared C. Weddell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - P. I. Imoukhuede
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
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Xiang RF, Stack D, Huston SM, Li SS, Ogbomo H, Kyei SK, Mody CH. Ras-related C3 Botulinum Toxin Substrate (Rac) and Src Family Kinases (SFK) Are Proximal and Essential for Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K) Activation in Natural Killer (NK) Cell-mediated Direct Cytotoxicity against Cryptococcus neoformans. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:6912-22. [PMID: 26867574 PMCID: PMC4807276 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.681544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of Rac in leukocytes is essential for immunity. However, its role in NK cell-mediated anti-microbial signaling remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of Rac in NK cell mediated anti-cryptococcal killing. We found thatCryptococcus neoformansindependently activates both Rac and SFK pathways in NK cells, and unlike in tumor killing,Cryptococcusinitiated a novel Rac → PI3K → Erk cytotoxicity cascade. Remarkably, Rac was not required for conjugate formation, despite its essential role in NK cytotoxicity againstC. neoformans Taken together, our data show that, unlike observations with tumor cells, NK cells use a novel Rac cytotoxicity pathway in conjunction with SFK, to killC. neoformans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Xiang
- From the Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases and the Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Danuta Stack
- From the Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases and the Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Shaunna M Huston
- From the Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases and the Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Shu Shun Li
- From the Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases and the Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Henry Ogbomo
- From the Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases and the Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Stephen K Kyei
- From the Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases and the Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Christopher H Mody
- From the Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases and the Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada Internal Medicine and
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5
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Liu W, Cai MJ, Zheng CC, Wang JX, Zhao XF. Phospholipase Cγ1 connects the cell membrane pathway to the nuclear receptor pathway in insect steroid hormone signaling. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:13026-41. [PMID: 24692553 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.547018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to the classical nuclear receptor pathway, there is a nongenomic pathway in the cell membrane that regulates gene expression in animal steroid hormone signaling; however, this mechanism is unclear. Here, we report that the insect steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) regulates calcium influx via phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCG1) to modulate the protein kinase C phosphorylation of the transcription factor ultraspiracle (USP1) in the lepidopteran insect Helicoverpa armigera. The PLCG1 mRNA levels are increased during the molting and metamorphic stages. The depletion of PLCG1 by RNA interference can block 20E-enhanced pupation, cause larvae death and pupation defects, and repress 20E-induced gene expression. 20E may induce the tyrosine phosphorylation of PLCG1 at the cytosolic tyrosine kinase (Src) homology 2 domains and then determine the migration of PLCG1 toward the plasma membrane. The G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) inhibitor suramin, Src family kinase inhibitor PP2, and the depletions of ecdysone-responsible GPCR (ErGPCR) and Gαq restrain the 20E-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of PLCG1. PLCG1 participates in the 20E-induced Ca(2+) influx. The inhibition of GPCR, PLC, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor, and calcium channels represses the 20E-induced Ca(2+) influx. Through calcium signaling, PLCG1 mediates the transcriptional activation driven by the ecdysone-response element. Through PLCG1 and calcium signaling, 20E regulates PKC phosphorylation of USP1 at Ser-21 to determine its ecdysone-response element binding activity. These results suggest that 20E activates PLCG1 via the ErGPCR and Src family kinases to regulate Ca(2+) influx and PKC phosphorylation of USP1 to subsequently modulate gene transcription for metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- From the Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
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6
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Pons J, Kitlinska J, Jacques D, Perreault C, Nader M, Everhart L, Zhang Y, Zukowska Z. Interactions of multiple signaling pathways in neuropeptide Y-mediated bimodal vascular smooth muscle cell growth. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2008; 86:438-48. [PMID: 18641693 PMCID: PMC2923562 DOI: 10.1139/y08-054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a sympathetic cotransmitter, acts via G protein-coupled receptors to stimulate constriction and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation through interactions with its Y1 receptors. However, VSMC proliferation appears bimodal, with high- and low-affinity peaks differentially blocked by antagonists of both Y1 and Y5 receptors. Here, we sought to determine the signaling mechanisms of NPY-mediated bimodal mitogenesis. In rat aortic VSMCs, NPY's mitogenic effect at all concentrations was blocked by pertussis toxin and was associated with decreased forskolin-stimulated cAMP levels. NPY also increased intracellular calcium levels; in contrast to mitogenesis, this effect was dose dependent. The rise in intracellular Ca2+ depended on extracellular Ca2+ and was mediated via activation of Y1 receptors, but not Y5 receptors. Despite differences in calcium, the signaling pathways activated at low and high NPY concentrations were similar. The mitogenic effect of the peptide at all doses was completely blocked by inhibitors of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII), protein kinase C (PKC), and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, MEK1/2. Thus, in VSMCs, NPY-mediated mitogenesis signals primarily via Y1 receptors activating 2 Ca2+-dependent, growth-promoting pathways -- PKC and CaMKII. At the high-affinity peak, these 2 pathways are amplified by Y5 receptor-mediated, calcium-independent inhibition of the adenylyl cyclase - protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. All 3 mechanisms converge to the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) signaling cascade and lead to VSMC proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Pons
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Box 571460, Washington, DC 20057-1460, USA
| | - Joanna Kitlinska
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Box 571460, Washington, DC 20057-1460, USA
| | - Danielle Jacques
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Claudine Perreault
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Moni Nader
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Lindsay Everhart
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Box 571460, Washington, DC 20057-1460, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Zofia Zukowska
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Box 571460, Washington, DC 20057-1460, USA
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7
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Yasuda E, Nagasawa K, Nishida K, Fujimoto S. Decreased Expression of Phospholipase C-.BETA.1 Protein in Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Loaded Neurons. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:719-21. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eri Yasuda
- Department of Environmental Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Kazuki Nagasawa
- Department of Environmental Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Kentaro Nishida
- Department of Environmental Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Sadaki Fujimoto
- Department of Environmental Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
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8
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Wu C, Ma MH, Brown KR, Geisler M, Li L, Tzeng E, Jia CYH, Jurisica I, Li SSC. Systematic identification of SH3 domain-mediated human protein–protein interactions by peptide array target screening. Proteomics 2007; 7:1775-85. [PMID: 17474147 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200601006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Systematic identification of direct protein-protein interactions is often hampered by difficulties in expressing and purifying the corresponding full-length proteins. By taking advantage of the modular nature of many regulatory proteins, we attempted to simplify protein-protein interactions to the corresponding domain-ligand recognition and employed peptide arrays to identify such binding events. A group of 12 Src homology (SH) 3 domains from eight human proteins (Swiss-Prot ID: SRC, PLCG1, P85A, NCK1, GRB2, FYN, CRK) were used to screen a peptide target array composed of 1536 potential ligands, which led to the identification of 921 binary interactions between these proteins and 284 targets. To assess the efficiency of the peptide array target screening (PATS) method in identifying authentic protein-protein interactions, we examined a set of interactions mediated by the PLCgamma1 SH3 domain by coimmunoprecipitation and/or affinity pull-downs using full-length proteins and achieved a 75% success rate. Furthermore, we characterized a novel interaction between PLCgamma1 and hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1) identified by PATS and demonstrated that the PLCgamma1 SH3 domain negatively regulated HPK1 kinase activity. Compared to protein interactions listed in the online predicted human interaction protein database (OPHID), the majority of interactions identified by PATS are novel, suggesting that, when extended to the large number of peptide interaction domains encoded by the human genome, PATS should aid in the mapping of the human interactome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and the Siebens-Drake Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Yu P, Constien R, Dear N, Katan M, Hanke P, Bunney TD, Kunder S, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Huffstadt U, Schröder A, Jones NP, Peters T, Fuchs H, de Angelis MH, Nehls M, Grosse J, Wabnitz P, Meyer TPH, Yasuda K, Schiemann M, Schneider-Fresenius C, Jagla W, Russ A, Popp A, Josephs M, Marquardt A, Laufs J, Schmittwolf C, Wagner H, Pfeffer K, Mudde GC. Autoimmunity and Inflammation Due to a Gain-of-Function Mutation in Phospholipase Cγ2 that Specifically Increases External Ca2+ Entry. Immunity 2005; 22:451-65. [PMID: 15845450 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2004] [Revised: 01/07/2005] [Accepted: 01/12/2005] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The identification of specific genetic loci that contribute to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases has proved difficult due to the contribution of multiple interacting genes, the inherent genetic heterogeneity present in human populations, and a lack of new mouse mutants. By using N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis to discover new immune regulators, we identified a point mutation in the murine phospholipase Cg2 (Plcg2) gene that leads to severe spontaneous inflammation and autoimmunity. The disease is composed of an autoimmune component mediated by autoantibody immune complexes and B and T cell independent inflammation. The underlying mechanism is a gain-of-function mutation in Plcg2, which leads to hyperreactive external calcium entry in B cells and expansion of innate inflammatory cells. This mutant identifies Plcg2 as a key regulator in an autoimmune and inflammatory disease mediated by B cells and non-B, non-T haematopoietic cells and emphasizes that by distinct genetic modulation, a single point mutation can lead to a complex immunological phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Yu
- Ingenium Pharmaceuticals AG, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, 82152 Martinsried, Munich, Germany.
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10
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Abstract
In electrically nonexcitable cells, Ca2+influx is essential for regulating a host of kinetically distinct processes involving exocytosis, enzyme control, gene regulation, cell growth and proliferation, and apoptosis. The major Ca2+entry pathway in these cells is the store-operated one, in which the emptying of intracellular Ca2+stores activates Ca2+influx (store-operated Ca2+entry, or capacitative Ca2+entry). Several biophysically distinct store-operated currents have been reported, but the best characterized is the Ca2+release-activated Ca2+current, ICRAC. Although it was initially considered to function only in nonexcitable cells, growing evidence now points towards a central role for ICRAC-like currents in excitable cells too. In spite of intense research, the signal that relays the store Ca2+content to CRAC channels in the plasma membrane, as well as the molecular identity of the Ca2+sensor within the stores, remains elusive. Resolution of these issues would be greatly helped by the identification of the CRAC channel gene. In some systems, evidence suggests that store-operated channels might be related to TRP homologs, although no consensus has yet been reached. Better understood are mechanisms that inactivate store-operated entry and hence control the overall duration of Ca2+entry. Recent work has revealed a central role for mitochondria in the regulation of ICRAC, and this is particularly prominent under physiological conditions. ICRACtherefore represents a dynamic interplay between endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and plasma membrane. In this review, we describe the key electrophysiological features of ICRACand other store-operated Ca2+currents and how they are regulated, and we consider recent advances that have shed insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in this ubiquitous and vital Ca2+entry pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anant B Parekh
- Department of Physiology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
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11
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Saha S, Gupta DD, Chakrabarti MK. Involvement of phospholipase C in Yersinia enterocolitica heat stable enterotoxin (Y-STa) mediated rise in intracellular calcium level in rat intestinal epithelial cells. Toxicon 2005; 45:361-7. [PMID: 15683875 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Revised: 11/02/2004] [Accepted: 11/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In response to Yersinia enterocolitica heat stable enterotoxin (Y-STa) intracellular calcium level was increased with a prolong sustained phase in presence of calcium chloride in extracellular environment in rat intestinal epithelial cells. Chelation of extracellular calcium with EGTA (extracellular calcium chelator) and suspension of cells in calcium free buffer demonstrated a rapid but transient rise in calcium level, which suggested that Y-STa induced rise in intracellular calcium concentration was the combination of both intracellular calcium store depletion and calcium influx from extracellular environment. Moreover, in response to Y-STa phosphoinositide specific phospholipase C activity and inositol tri phosphate (IP3) level was increased and U73122, a phospholipase C inhibitor could completely inhibit Y-STa induced calcium rise. However, treatment of rat enterocytes with dantrolene IP3, a mediated calcium release inhibitor from intracellular store resulted partial inhibition of Y-STa induced rise in intracellular calcium level. Similar observation was noted with IP3 receptor antagonist 2ABP (2-amino-ethoxydiphenylborate). These results suggested that beside phospholipase C IP3 pathway, phospholipase C might have an independent role in Y-STa induced calcium influx. Rise in phospholipase Cgamma isoform activity in response to Y-STa suggested that gamma isoform of phospholipase C might have a role in Y-STa mediated rise in intracellular calcium level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhrajit Saha
- Pathophysiology Division, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Calcutta 700010, India
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12
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Nagasawa K, Aoki H, Yasuda E, Nagai K, Shimohama S, Fujimoto S. Possible involvement of group I mGluRs in neuroprotective effect of theanine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 320:116-22. [PMID: 15207710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the molecular mechanism underlying the neuroprotective effect of theanine, a green tea component, using primary cultured rat cortical neurons, focusing on group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). Theanine and a group I mGluR agonist, DHPG, inhibited the delayed death of neurons caused by brief exposure to glutamate, and this effect of theanine was abolished by group I mGluR antagonists. Although the administration of glutamate alone decreased the neuronal expression of phospholipase C (PLC)-beta1 and -gamma1, which are linked to group I mGluRs, their expression was equal to the control levels on cotreatment with theanine. Treatment with theanine or DHPG alone for 5-7 days resulted in increased expression of PLC-beta1 and -gamma1, and the action of theanine was completely abolished by group I mGluR antagonists. These findings indicate that group I mGluRs might be involved in neuroprotective effect of theanine by increasing the expression levels of PLC-beta1 and -gamma1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Nagasawa
- Department of Environmental Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
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Takenaka K, Fukami K, Otsuki M, Nakamura Y, Kataoka Y, Wada M, Tsuji K, Nishikawa SI, Yoshida N, Takenawa T. Role of phospholipase C-L2, a novel phospholipase C-like protein that lacks lipase activity, in B-cell receptor signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:7329-38. [PMID: 14517301 PMCID: PMC230318 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.20.7329-7338.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) plays important roles in phosphoinositide turnover by regulating the calcium-protein kinase C signaling pathway. PLC-L2 is a novel PLC-like protein which lacks PLC activity, although it is very homologous with PLC delta. PLC-L2 is expressed in hematopoietic cells, but its physiological roles and intracellular functions in the immune system have not yet been clarified. To elucidate the physiological function of PLC-L2, we generated mice which had a genetic PLC-L2 deficiency. PLC-L2-deficient mice grew with no apparent abnormalities. However, mature B cells from PLC-L2-deficient mice were hyperproliferative in response to B-cell receptor (BCR) cross-linking, although B2 cell development appeared to be normal. Molecular biological analysis revealed that calcium influx and NFATc accumulation in nuclei were increased in PLC-L2-deficient B cells. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity was also enhanced in PLC-L2-deficient B cells. These mice had a stronger T-cell-independent antigen response. These results indicate that PLC-L2 is a novel negative regulator of BCR signaling and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Takenaka
- Department of Biochemistry, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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Nishida M, Sugimoto K, Hara Y, Mori E, Morii T, Kurosaki T, Mori Y. Amplification of receptor signalling by Ca2+ entry-mediated translocation and activation of PLCgamma2 in B lymphocytes. EMBO J 2003; 22:4677-88. [PMID: 12970180 PMCID: PMC212724 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdg457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2003] [Revised: 07/22/2003] [Accepted: 07/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In non-excitable cells, receptor-activated Ca2+ signalling comprises initial transient responses followed by a Ca2+ entry-dependent sustained and/or oscillatory phase. Here, we describe the molecular mechanism underlying the second phase linked to signal amplification. An in vivo inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) sensor revealed that in B lymphocytes, receptor-activated and store-operated Ca2+ entry greatly enhanced IP3 production, which terminated in phospholipase Cgamma2 (PLCgamma2)-deficient cells. Association between receptor-activated TRPC3 Ca2+ channels and PLCgamma2, which cooperate in potentiating Ca2+ responses, was demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation. PLCgamma2-deficient cells displayed diminished Ca2+ entry-induced Ca2+ responses. However, this defect was canceled by suppressing IP3-induced Ca2+ release, implying that IP3 and IP3 receptors mediate the second Ca2+ phase. Furthermore, confocal visualization of PLCgamma2 mutants demonstrated that Ca2+ entry evoked a C2 domain-mediated PLCgamma2 translocation towards the plasma membrane in a lipase-independent manner to activate PLCgamma2. Strikingly, Ca2+ entry-activated PLCgamma2 maintained Ca2+ oscillation and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation downstream of protein kinase C. We suggest that coupling of Ca2+ entry with PLCgamma2 translocation and activation controls the amplification and co-ordination of receptor signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Nishida
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Center for Integrative Bioscience, Okazaki National Research Institutes, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
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Abstract
The Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channel is a highly Ca2+-selective store-operated channel that is expressed in T lymphocytes, mast cells, and other hematopoietic cells. In T cells, CRAC channels are essential for generating the prolonged intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+](i)) elevation required for the expression of T-cell activation genes. Here we review recent work addressing CRAC channel regulation, pore properties, and the search for CRAC channel genes. Of the current models for CRAC current (I(CRAC)) activation, several new studies argue against a conformational coupling mechanism in which IP(3) receptors communicate store depletion to CRAC channels through direct physical interaction. The study of CRAC channels has been complicated by the fact that they lose activity in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. Attempts to maintain current size by removing intracellular Mg2+ have been found to unmask Mg2+-inhibited cation (MIC/MagNuM/TRPM7) channels, which have been mistaken in several studies for the CRAC channel. Recent studies under conditions that prevent MIC activation reveal that CRAC channels use high-affinity binding of Ca2+ in the pore to achieve high Ca2+ selectivity but have a surprisingly low conductance for both Ca2+ (approximately 10fS) and Na+ (approximately 0.2pS). Pore properties provide a unique fingerprint that provides a stringent test for potential CRAC channel genes and suggest models for the ion selectivity mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Prakriya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center B-111A, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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