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Reshi HA, Medishetti R, Ahuja A, Balasubramanian D, Babu K, Jaiswal M, Chatti K, Maddika S. EYA protein complex is required for Wntless retrograde trafficking from endosomes to Golgi. Dev Cell 2024; 59:2443-2459.e7. [PMID: 38870942 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Retrograde transport of WLS (Wntless) from endosomes to trans-Golgi network (TGN) is required for efficient Wnt secretion during development. However, the molecular players connecting endosomes to TGN during WLS trafficking are limited. Here, we identified a role for Eyes Absent (EYA) proteins during retrograde trafficking of WLS to TGN in human cell lines. By using worm, fly, and zebrafish models, we found that the EYA-secretory carrier-associated membrane protein 3 (SCAMP3) axis is evolved in vertebrates. EYAs form a complex and interact with retromer on early endosomes. Retromer-bound EYA complex recruits SCAMP3 to endosomes, which is necessary for the fusion of WLS-containing endosomes to TGN. Loss of EYA complex or SCAMP3 leads to defective transport of WLS to TGN and failed Wnt secretion. EYA mutations found in patients with hearing loss form a dysfunctional EYA-retromer complex that fails to activate Wnt signaling. These findings identify the EYA complex as a component of retrograde trafficking of WLS from the endosome to TGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Ahmad Reshi
- Laboratory of Cell Death & Cell Survival, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Uppal, Hyderabad 500039, India; Graduate Studies, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Raghavender Medishetti
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences (DRILS), University of Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Aishwarya Ahuja
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore 560012, India
| | | | - Kavita Babu
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Manish Jaiswal
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Kiranam Chatti
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences (DRILS), University of Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Subbareddy Maddika
- Laboratory of Cell Death & Cell Survival, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Uppal, Hyderabad 500039, India.
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Sharma S, Chaudhary V. Dissociation of Drosophila Evi-Wg Complex Occurs Post Apical Internalization in the Maturing Acidic Endosomes. Traffic 2024; 25:e12955. [PMID: 39313313 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Signaling pathways activated by secreted Wnt ligands play an essential role in tissue development and the progression of diseases, like cancer. Secretion of the lipid-modified Wnt proteins is tightly regulated by a repertoire of intracellular factors. For instance, a membrane protein, Evi, interacts with the Wnt ligand in the ER, and it is essential for its further trafficking and release in the extracellular space. After dissociating from the Wnt, the Wnt-unbound Evi is recycled back to the ER via Golgi. However, where in this trafficking path Wnt proteins dissociate from Evi remains unclear. Here, we have used the Drosophila wing epithelium to trace the route of the Evi-Wg (Wnt homolog) complex leading up to their separation. In these polarized cells, Wg is first trafficked to the apical surface; however, the secretion of Wg is believed to occurs post-internalization via recycling. Our results show that the Evi-Wg complex is internalized from the apical surface and transported to the retromer-positive endosomes. Furthermore, using antibodies that specifically label the Wnt-unbound Evi, we show that Evi and Wg separation occurs post-internalization in the acidic endosomes. These results refine our understanding of the polarized trafficking of Wg and highlight the importance of Wg endocytosis in its secondary secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyam Sharma
- Cell and Developmental Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Varun Chaudhary
- Cell and Developmental Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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3
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Martínez-Valencia D, Bañuelos C, García-Rivera G, Talamás-Lara D, Orozco E. The Entamoeba histolytica Vps26 (EhVps26) retromeric protein is involved in phagocytosis: Bioinformatic and experimental approaches. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304842. [PMID: 39116045 PMCID: PMC11309391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The retromer is a cellular structure that recruits and recycles proteins inside the cell. In mammalian and yeast, the retromer components have been widely studied, but very little in parasites. In yeast, it is formed by a SNX-BAR membrane remodeling heterodimer and the cargo selecting complex (CSC), composed by three proteins. One of them, the Vps26 protein, possesses a flexible and intrinsically disordered region (IDR), that facilitates interactions with other proteins and contributes to the retromer binding to the endosomal membrane. In Entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan parasite responsible for human amoebiasis, the retromer actively participates during the high mobility and phagocytosis of trophozoites, but the molecular details in these events, are almost unknown. Here, we studied the EhVps26 role in phagocytosis. Bioinformatic analyses of EhVps26 revealed a typical arrestin folding structure of the protein, and a long and charged IDR, as described in other systems. EhVps26 molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) allowed us to predict binding pockets for EhVps35, EhSNX3, and a PX domain-containing protein; these pockets were disorganized in a EhVps26 truncated version lacking the IDR. The AlphaFold2 software predicted the interaction of EhVps26 with EhVps35, EhVps29 and EhSNX3, in a model similar to the reported mammalian crystals. By confocal and transmission electron microscopy, EhVps26 was found in the trophozoites plasma membrane, cytosol, endosomes, and Golgi-like apparatus. During phagocytosis, it followed the erythrocytes pathway, probably participating in cargoes selection and recycling. Ehvps26 gene knocking down evidenced that the EhVps26 protein is necessary for efficient phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Martínez-Valencia
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Cecilia Bañuelos
- Doctorado Transdisciplinario en Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico para la Sociedad, Cinvestav, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Guillermina García-Rivera
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Daniel Talamás-Lara
- Laboratorios Nacionales de Servicios Experimentales (LaNSE), Cinvestav, Unidad de Microscopía Electrónica, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Esther Orozco
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Ciudad de México, México
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Knop F, Zounarová A, Šabata V, Middelkoop TC, Macůrková M. Caenorhabditis elegans SEL-5/AAK1 regulates cell migration and cell outgrowth independently of its kinase activity. eLife 2024; 13:e91054. [PMID: 39028260 PMCID: PMC11333045 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
During Caenorhabditis elegans development, multiple cells migrate long distances or extend processes to reach their final position and/or attain proper shape. The Wnt signalling pathway stands out as one of the major coordinators of cell migration or cell outgrowth along the anterior-posterior body axis. The outcome of Wnt signalling is fine-tuned by various mechanisms including endocytosis. In this study, we show that SEL-5, the C. elegans orthologue of mammalian AP2-associated kinase AAK1, acts together with the retromer complex as a positive regulator of EGL-20/Wnt signalling during the migration of QL neuroblast daughter cells. At the same time, SEL-5 in cooperation with the retromer complex is also required during excretory canal cell outgrowth. Importantly, SEL-5 kinase activity is not required for its role in neuronal migration or excretory cell outgrowth, and neither of these processes is dependent on DPY-23/AP2M1 phosphorylation. We further establish that the Wnt proteins CWN-1 and CWN-2, together with the Frizzled receptor CFZ-2, positively regulate excretory cell outgrowth, while LIN-44/Wnt and LIN-17/Frizzled together generate a stop signal inhibiting its extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Knop
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Apolena Zounarová
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Šabata
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | | | - Marie Macůrková
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
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5
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Jang D, Kim CJ, Shin BH, Lim DH. The Biological Roles of microRNAs in Drosophila Development. INSECTS 2024; 15:491. [PMID: 39057224 PMCID: PMC11277110 DOI: 10.3390/insects15070491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Drosophila is a well-established insect model system for studying various physiological phenomena and developmental processes, with a focus on gene regulation. Drosophila development is controlled by programmed regulatory mechanisms specific to individual tissues. When key developmental processes are shared among various insects, the associated regulatory networks are believed to be conserved across insects. Thus, studies of developmental regulation in Drosophila have substantially contributed to our understanding of insect development. Over the past two decades, studies on microRNAs (miRNAs) in Drosophila have revealed their crucial regulatory roles in various developmental processes. This review focuses on the biological roles of miRNAs in specific tissues and processes associated with Drosophila development. Additionally, as a future direction, we discuss sequencing technologies that can analyze the interactions between miRNAs and their target genes, with the aim of enhancing miRNA studies in Drosophila development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Do-Hwan Lim
- School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea; (D.J.); (C.J.K.); (B.H.S.)
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Zhang M, Liu Q, Meng H, Duan H, Liu X, Wu J, Gao F, Wang S, Tan R, Yuan J. Ischemia-reperfusion injury: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:12. [PMID: 38185705 PMCID: PMC10772178 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01688-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury paradoxically occurs during reperfusion following ischemia, exacerbating the initial tissue damage. The limited understanding of the intricate mechanisms underlying I/R injury hinders the development of effective therapeutic interventions. The Wnt signaling pathway exhibits extensive crosstalk with various other pathways, forming a network system of signaling pathways involved in I/R injury. This review article elucidates the underlying mechanisms involved in Wnt signaling, as well as the complex interplay between Wnt and other pathways, including Notch, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B, transforming growth factor-β, nuclear factor kappa, bone morphogenetic protein, N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor-Ca2+-Activin A, Hippo-Yes-associated protein, toll-like receptor 4/toll-interleukine-1 receptor domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β, and hepatocyte growth factor/mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor. In particular, we delve into their respective contributions to key pathological processes, including apoptosis, the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, extracellular matrix remodeling, angiogenesis, cell hypertrophy, fibrosis, ferroptosis, neurogenesis, and blood-brain barrier damage during I/R injury. Our comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms involved in Wnt signaling during I/R reveals that activation of the canonical Wnt pathway promotes organ recovery, while activation of the non-canonical Wnt pathways exacerbates injury. Moreover, we explore novel therapeutic approaches based on these mechanistic findings, incorporating evidence from animal experiments, current standards, and clinical trials. The objective of this review is to provide deeper insights into the roles of Wnt and its crosstalk signaling pathways in I/R-mediated processes and organ dysfunction, to facilitate the development of innovative therapeutic agents for I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272067, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Clinical Medical College, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272067, China
| | - Hui Meng
- Clinical Medical College, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272067, China
| | - Hongxia Duan
- Clinical Medical College, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272067, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272067, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Gao
- The Collaborative Innovation Center, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272067, China
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shijun Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Rubin Tan
- Department of Physiology, Basic medical school, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
| | - Jinxiang Yuan
- The Collaborative Innovation Center, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272067, China.
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Hu J, Liu WF, Zhang XY, Shi GM, Yang XR, Zhou KQ, Hu B, Chen FY, Zhou C, Lau WY, Fan J, Wang Z, Zhou J. Synthetic miR-26a mimics delivered by tumor exosomes repress hepatocellular carcinoma through downregulating lymphoid enhancer factor 1. Hepatol Int 2023; 17:1265-1278. [PMID: 37115456 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-023-10527-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dysregulation of exosomal microRNAs plays an important role in the progression of hepatocarcinogenesis. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of synthetic exosomal miR-26a against HCC cells and explored the feasibility of tumor-derived exosomes as drug delivery vehicles. METHODS Proliferation and migration assays were performed to examine the effects of miR-26a on HCC in vitro. The direct target gene of miR-26a was identified through miRecords analysis and target validation. The transferring efficiency and anti-HCC effect of exosomes with different origin were studied and the optimal miR-26a delivery method was established and verified in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the relationships between prognosis of HCC patients and miR-26a expression in HCC serum and exosomes were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS Here, we found that tumor cell-derived exosomes were taken in preferentially by HCC cells and promoted HCC progression through Wnt pathway by low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6). HCC cells with vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 35 knocked down were adopted to generate engineered LRP6-exosomes. The engineered HCC-derived exosomes loading miR-26a inhibited HCC progression in vitro and in vivo effectively. Overexpression of miR-26a impaired the growth and migration of HCC by targeting lymphoid enhancer factor 1 (LEF1). Moreover, low expression of exosomal miR-26a was an independent prognostic factor for recurrence and survival in HCC patients. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested the exosomal miR-26a could serve as a non-invasive prognostic marker for HCC patients. Genetically modified tumor-derived exosomes showed preferable transfection efficiency but reduced Wnt activity, which provides a novel therapeutic strategy for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei-Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guo-Ming Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xin-Rong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Kai-Qian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Fei-Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wan-Yee Lau
- Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jia Fan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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8
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Doll RM, Boutros M, Port F. A temperature-tolerant CRISPR base editor mediates highly efficient and precise gene editing in Drosophila. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj1568. [PMID: 37647411 PMCID: PMC10468138 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj1568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR nucleases generate a broad spectrum of mutations that includes undesired editing outcomes. Here, we develop optimized C-to-T base editing systems for the generation of precise loss- or gain-of-function alleles in Drosophila and identify temperature as a crucial parameter for efficiency. We find that a variant of the widely used APOBEC1 deaminase has attenuated activity at 18° to 29°C and shows considerable dose-dependent toxicity. In contrast, the temperature-tolerant evoCDA1 domain mediates editing of typically more than 90% of alleles and is substantially better tolerated. Furthermore, formation of undesired mutations is exceptionally rare in Drosophila compared to other species. The predictable editing outcome, high efficiency, and product purity enables near homogeneous induction of STOP codons or alleles encoding protein variants in vivo. Last, we demonstrate how optimized expression enables conditional base editing in marked cell populations. This work substantially facilitates creation of precise alleles in Drosophila and provides key design parameters for developing efficient base editing systems in other ectothermic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman M. Doll
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics and BioQuant & Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Biosciences/Cancer Biology Program, Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Boutros
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics and BioQuant & Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fillip Port
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics and BioQuant & Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Ma XY, Yang TT, Liu L, Peng XC, Qian F, Tang FR. Ependyma in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Radiation-Induced Brain Injury and as a Therapeutic Target for Neurotrophic Factors. Biomolecules 2023; 13:754. [PMID: 37238624 PMCID: PMC10216700 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuron loss caused by the progressive damage to the nervous system is proposed to be the main pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Ependyma is a layer of ciliated ependymal cells that participates in the formation of the brain-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCB). It functions to promotes the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the material exchange between CSF and brain interstitial fluid. Radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI) shows obvious impairments of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In the neuroinflammatory processes after acute brain injury, a large amount of complement proteins and infiltrated immune cells are circulated in the CSF to resist brain damage and promote substance exchange through the BCB. However, as the protective barrier lining the brain ventricles, the ependyma is extremely vulnerable to cytotoxic and cytolytic immune responses. When the ependyma is damaged, the integrity of BCB is destroyed, and the CSF flow and material exchange is affected, leading to brain microenvironment imbalance, which plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and other neurotrophic factors promote the differentiation and maturation of ependymal cells to maintain the integrity of the ependyma and the activity of ependymal cilia, and may have therapeutic potential in restoring the homeostasis of the brain microenvironment after RIBI or during the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Ma
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Ting-Ting Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Lian Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Peng
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Feng Qian
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Feng-Ru Tang
- Radiation Physiology Laboratory, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore
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10
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Patel DK, Kesharwani R, Verma A, Al-Abbasi FA, Anwar F, Kumar V. Scope of Wnt signaling in the precise diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Drug Discov Today 2023:103597. [PMID: 37100166 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Malignant breast cancers are responsible for a growing number of deaths among women globally. The latest research has demonstrated that Wnt signaling is pivotal in this disease, regulating a safe microenvironment for the growth and proliferation of cancer cells {AuQ: Edit OK?}, sustained stemness, resistance to therapy, and aggregate formation. The three highly conserved {AuQ: Edit OK?} Wnt signaling pathways, Wnt-planar cell polarity (PCP), Wnt/β-catenin signaling and Wnt-Ca2+ signaling, assume various roles in the maintenance and amelioration of breast cancer. In this review, we examine ongoing studies on the Wnt signaling pathways and discuss how dysregulation of these pathways promotes breast cancers. We also look at how Wnt dysregulation could be exploited to foster new treatments for malignant breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip K Patel
- Department of Pharmacy, Government Polytechnic Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Roohi Kesharwani
- Chandra Shekhar Singh College of Pharmacy, Koilaha, Kaushambi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amita Verma
- Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Fahad A Al-Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Firoz Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Natural Product Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Naini, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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11
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Abstract
Intercellular communication by Wnt proteins governs many essential processes during development, tissue homeostasis and disease in all metazoans. Many context-dependent effects are initiated in the Wnt-producing cells and depend on the export of lipidated Wnt proteins. Although much focus has been on understanding intracellular Wnt signal transduction, the cellular machinery responsible for Wnt secretion became better understood only recently. After lipid modification by the acyl-transferase Porcupine, Wnt proteins bind their dedicated cargo protein Evi/Wntless for transport and secretion. Evi/Wntless and Porcupine are conserved transmembrane proteins, and their 3D structures were recently determined. In this Review, we summarise studies and structural data highlighting how Wnts are transported from the ER to the plasma membrane, and the role of SNX3-retromer during the recycling of its cargo receptor Evi/Wntless. We also describe the regulation of Wnt export through a post-translational mechanism and review the importance of Wnt secretion for organ development and cancer, and as a future biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Wolf
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Signalling and Functional Genomics and Heidelberg University, BioQuant and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Boutros
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Signalling and Functional Genomics and Heidelberg University, BioQuant and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Alvarez-Rodrigo I, Willnow D, Vincent JP. The logistics of Wnt production and delivery. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 153:1-60. [PMID: 36967191 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Wnts are secreted proteins that control stem cell maintenance, cell fate decisions, and growth during development and adult homeostasis. Wnts carry a post-translational modification not seen in any other secreted protein: during biosynthesis, they are appended with a palmitoleoyl moiety that is required for signaling but also impairs solubility and hence diffusion in the extracellular space. In some contexts, Wnts act only in a juxtacrine manner but there are also instances of long range action. Several proteins and processes ensure that active Wnts reach the appropriate target cells. Some, like Porcupine, Wntless, and Notum are dedicated to Wnt function; we describe their activities in molecular detail. We also outline how the cell infrastructure (secretory, endocytic, and retromer pathways) contribute to the progression of Wnts from production to delivery. We then address how Wnts spread in the extracellular space and form a signaling gradient despite carrying a hydrophobic moiety. We highlight particularly the role of lipid-binding Wnt interactors and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Finally, we briefly discuss how evolution might have led to the emergence of this unusual signaling pathway.
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13
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Hegazy M, Koetsier JL, Huffine AL, Broussard JA, Godsel BM, Cohen-Barak E, Sprecher E, Wolfgeher DJ, Kron SJ, Godsel LM, Green KJ. Epidermal stratification requires retromer-mediated desmoglein-1 recycling. Dev Cell 2022; 57:2683-2698.e8. [PMID: 36495876 PMCID: PMC9973369 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sorting transmembrane cargo is essential for tissue development and homeostasis. However, mechanisms of intracellular trafficking in stratified epidermis are poorly understood. Here, we identify an interaction between the retromer endosomal trafficking component, VPS35, and the desmosomal cadherin, desmoglein-1 (Dsg1). Dsg1 is specifically expressed in stratified epidermis and, when properly localized on the plasma membrane of basal keratinocytes, promotes stratification. We show that the retromer drives Dsg1 recycling from the endo-lysosomal system to the plasma membrane to support human keratinocyte stratification. The retromer-enhancing chaperone, R55, promotes the membrane localization of Dsg1 and a trafficking-deficient mutant associated with a severe inflammatory skin disorder, enhancing its ability to promote stratification. In the absence of Dsg1, retromer association with and expression of the glucose transporter GLUT1 increases, exposing a potential link between Dsg1 deficiency and epidermal metabolism. Our work provides evidence for retromer function in epidermal regeneration, identifying it as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marihan Hegazy
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jennifer L Koetsier
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Amber L Huffine
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Joshua A Broussard
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Brendan M Godsel
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Eran Cohen-Barak
- Department of Dermatology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel; Bruce and Ruth Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Donald J Wolfgeher
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephen J Kron
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lisa M Godsel
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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14
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Functional regulation of Wnt protein through post-translational modifications. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1797-1808. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20220735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Wnts are lipid-modified signaling glycoproteins present in all metazoans that play key roles in development and homeostasis. Post-translational modifications of Wnts regulate their function. Wnts have a unique post-translational modification, O-linked palmitoleation, that is absolutely required for their function. This Wnt-specific modification occurs during Wnt biosynthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), catalyzed by the O-acyltransferase Porcupine (PORCN). Palmitoleation is required for Wnt to bind to its transporter Wntless (WLS/Evi) as well as to its receptor Frizzled (FZD). Recent structural studies have illustrated how PORCN recognizes its substrates, and how drugs inhibit this. The abundance of WLS is tightly regulated by intracellular recycling and ubiquitylation-mediated degradation in the ER. The function of Wnt glycosylation is less well understood, and the sites and types of glycosylation are not largely conserved among different Wnts. In polarized tissues, the type of glycans can determine whether the route of trafficking is apical or basolateral. In addition, pairing of the 24 highly conserved cysteines in Wnts to form disulfide bonds is critical in maintaining proper structure and activities. Extracellularly, the amino terminus of a subset of Wnts can be cleaved by a dedicated glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored metalloprotease TIKI, resulting in the inactivation of these Wnt proteins. Additionally, NOTUM is a secreted extracellular carboxylesterase that removes the palmitoleate moiety from Wnt, antagonizing its activity. In summary, Wnt signaling activity is controlled at multiple layers by post-translational modifications.
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15
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Blanchette CR, Scalera AL, Harris KP, Zhao Z, Dresselhaus EC, Koles K, Yeh A, Apiki JK, Stewart BA, Rodal AA. Local regulation of extracellular vesicle traffic by the synaptic endocytic machinery. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202112094. [PMID: 35320349 PMCID: PMC8952828 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202112094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal extracellular vesicles (EVs) are locally released from presynaptic terminals, carrying cargoes critical for intercellular signaling and disease. EVs are derived from endosomes, but it is unknown how these cargoes are directed to the EV pathway rather than for conventional endolysosomal degradation. Here, we find that endocytic machinery plays an unexpected role in maintaining a release-competent pool of EV cargoes at synapses. Endocytic mutants, including nervous wreck (nwk), shibire/dynamin, and AP-2, unexpectedly exhibit local presynaptic depletion specifically of EV cargoes. Accordingly, nwk mutants phenocopy synaptic plasticity defects associated with loss of the EV cargo synaptotagmin-4 (Syt4) and suppress lethality upon overexpression of the EV cargo amyloid precursor protein (APP). These EV defects are genetically separable from canonical endocytic functions in synaptic vesicle recycling and synaptic growth. Endocytic machinery opposes the endosomal retromer complex to regulate EV cargo levels and acts upstream of synaptic cargo removal by retrograde axonal transport. Our data suggest a novel molecular mechanism that locally promotes cargo loading into synaptic EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kathryn P. Harris
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zechuan Zhao
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA
| | | | - Kate Koles
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA
| | - Anna Yeh
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA
| | | | - Bryan A. Stewart
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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16
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Canonical Wnt Signaling in the Pathology of Iron Overload-Induced Oxidative Stress and Age-Related Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7163326. [PMID: 35116092 PMCID: PMC8807048 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7163326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Iron accumulates in the vital organs with aging. This is associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction leading to age-related disorders. Abnormal iron levels are linked to neurodegenerative diseases, liver injury, cancer, and ocular diseases. Canonical Wnt signaling is an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway that regulates many cellular functions including cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell migration, and stem cell renewal. Recent evidences indicate that iron regulates Wnt signaling, and iron chelators like deferoxamine and deferasirox can inhibit Wnt signaling and cell growth. Canonical Wnt signaling is implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases, and there are significant efforts ongoing to develop innovative therapies targeting the aberrant Wnt signaling. This review examines how intracellular iron accumulation regulates Wnt signaling in various tissues and their potential contribution in the progression of age-related diseases.
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17
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An itch for things remote: The journey of Wnts. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 150:91-128. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Xiong L, Pan JX, Guo HH, Mei L, Xiong WC. Parkinson's in the bone. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:190. [PMID: 34740382 PMCID: PMC8569842 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00702-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) exhibit systemic deficits, including arthritis and osteoporosis-like symptoms. However, the questions, how the deficits in periphery organs or tissues occur in PD patients, and what are the relationship (s) of the periphery tissue deficits with the brain pathology (e.g., dopamine neuron loss), are at the beginning stage to be investigated. Notice that both PD and osteoporosis are the products of a complex interaction of genetic and environmental risk factors. Genetic mutations in numerous genes have been identified in patients either with recessive or autosomal dominant PD. Most of these PD risk genes are ubiquitously expressed; and many of them are involved in regulation of bone metabolism. Here, we review the functions of the PD risk genes in regulating bone remodeling and homeostasis. The knowledge gaps in our understanding of the bone-to-brain axis in PD development are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xiong
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Louis Stoke VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Jin-Xiu Pan
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Louis Stoke VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Hao-Han Guo
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Louis Stoke VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Wen-Cheng Xiong
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA. .,Louis Stoke VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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19
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Gross JC. Extracellular WNTs: Trafficking, Exosomes, and Ligand-Receptor Interaction. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 269:29-43. [PMID: 34505202 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
WNT signaling is a key developmental pathway in tissue organization. A recent focus of research is the secretion of WNT proteins from source cells. Research over the past decade on how WNTs are produced and released into the extracellular space has unravelled very specific control mechanisms in the early secretory pathway, specialized trafficking routes, and redundant forms of packaging for delivery to target cells. In this review I discuss the findings that WNT proteins have been found on extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes and possible functional implications. There is an ongoing debate in the WNT signaling field whether EV are relevant in vivo and can fulfill specific functions, also fueled by the general preconception of EV secretion as cellular garbage disposal. As part of the EV research community, I want to give an overview of what we know and don't know about WNT secretion on EVs and offer a more unifying model that can explain current discrepancies in observations regarding WNT secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Christina Gross
- Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany. .,Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany. .,Health and Medical University Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
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20
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Mehta S, Hingole S, Chaudhary V. The Emerging Mechanisms of Wnt Secretion and Signaling in Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:714746. [PMID: 34485301 PMCID: PMC8415634 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.714746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnts are highly-conserved lipid-modified secreted proteins that activate multiple signaling pathways. These pathways regulate crucial processes during various stages of development and maintain tissue homeostasis in adults. One of the most fascinating aspects of Wnt protein is that despite being hydrophobic, they are known to travel several cell distances in the extracellular space. Research on Wnts in the past four decades has identified several factors and uncovered mechanisms regulating their expression, secretion, and mode of extracellular travel. More recently, analyses on the importance of Wnt protein gradients in the growth and patterning of developing tissues have recognized the complex interplay of signaling mechanisms that help in maintaining tissue homeostasis. This review aims to present an overview of the evidence for the various modes of Wnt protein secretion and signaling and discuss mechanisms providing precision and robustness to the developing tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Varun Chaudhary
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
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21
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Zhong Q, Zhao Y, Ye F, Xiao Z, Huang G, Xu M, Zhang Y, Zhan X, Sun K, Wang Z, Cheng S, Feng S, Zhao X, Zhang J, Lu P, Xu W, Zhou Q, Ma D. Cryo-EM structure of human Wntless in complex with Wnt3a. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4541. [PMID: 34315898 PMCID: PMC8316347 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wntless (WLS), an evolutionarily conserved multi-pass transmembrane protein, is essential for secretion of Wnt proteins. Wnt-triggered signaling pathways control many crucial life events, whereas aberrant Wnt signaling is tightly associated with many human diseases including cancers. Here, we report the cryo-EM structure of human WLS in complex with Wnt3a, the most widely studied Wnt, at 2.2 Å resolution. The transmembrane domain of WLS bears a GPCR fold, with a conserved core cavity and a lateral opening. Wnt3a interacts with WLS at multiple interfaces, with the lipid moiety on Wnt3a traversing a hydrophobic tunnel of WLS transmembrane domain and inserting into membrane. A β-hairpin of Wnt3a containing the conserved palmitoleoylation site interacts with WLS extensively, which is crucial for WLS-mediated Wnt secretion. The flexibility of the Wnt3a loop/hairpin regions involved in the multiple binding sites indicates induced fit might happen when Wnts are bound to different binding partners. Our findings provide important insights into the molecular mechanism of Wnt palmitoleoylation, secretion and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhong
- Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangfei Ye
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zaiyu Xiao
- Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gaoxingyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiechao Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ke Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhizhi Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Cheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, The Biomedical Research Core Facility, Center for Research Equipment and Facilities, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiuxiu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, The Biomedical Research Core Facility, Center for Research Equipment and Facilities, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jizhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peilong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenqing Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Dan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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22
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Wolf LM, Lambert AM, Haenlin J, Boutros M. EVI/WLS function is regulated by ubiquitination and linked to ER-associated degradation by ERLIN2. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:271857. [PMID: 34406391 PMCID: PMC8435288 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.257790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
WNT signalling is important for development in all metazoans and is associated with various human diseases. The ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) and regulatory endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) have been implicated in the production of WNT proteins. Here, we investigated how the WNT secretory factor EVI (also known as WLS) is ubiquitylated, recognised by ERAD components and subsequently removed from the secretory pathway. We performed a focused immunoblot-based RNAi screen for factors that influence EVI/WLS protein stability. We identified the VCP-binding proteins FAF2 and UBXN4 as novel interaction partners of EVI/WLS and showed that ERLIN2 links EVI/WLS to the ubiquitylation machinery. Interestingly, we also found that EVI/WLS is ubiquitylated and degraded in cells irrespective of their level of WNT production. This K11, K48 and K63-linked ubiquitylation is mediated by the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes UBE2J2, UBE2K and UBE2N, but is independent of the E3 ubiquitin ligases HRD1 (also known as SYVN1) and GP78 (also known as AMFR). Taken together, our study identifies factors that link the UPS to the WNT secretory pathway and provides mechanistic details of the fate of an endogenous substrate of regulatory ERAD in mammalian cells. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: The WNT secretory factor EVI/WLS is ubiquitylated and linked to ER-associated degradation by multiple proteins, providing insight into the link between WNT signalling and the ubiquitin–proteasome system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie M Wolf
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Signalling and Functional Genomics and Heidelberg University, BioQuant & Department for Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annika M Lambert
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Signalling and Functional Genomics and Heidelberg University, BioQuant & Department for Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julie Haenlin
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Signalling and Functional Genomics and Heidelberg University, BioQuant & Department for Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Boutros
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Signalling and Functional Genomics and Heidelberg University, BioQuant & Department for Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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23
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Walsh RB, Dresselhaus EC, Becalska AN, Zunitch MJ, Blanchette CR, Scalera AL, Lemos T, Lee SM, Apiki J, Wang S, Isaac B, Yeh A, Koles K, Rodal AA. Opposing functions for retromer and Rab11 in extracellular vesicle traffic at presynaptic terminals. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212178. [PMID: 34019080 PMCID: PMC8144913 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202012034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal extracellular vesicles (EVs) play important roles in intercellular communication and pathogenic protein propagation in neurological disease. However, it remains unclear how cargoes are selectively packaged into neuronal EVs. Here, we show that loss of the endosomal retromer complex leads to accumulation of EV cargoes including amyloid precursor protein (APP), synaptotagmin-4 (Syt4), and neuroglian (Nrg) at Drosophila motor neuron presynaptic terminals, resulting in increased release of these cargoes in EVs. By systematically exploring known retromer-dependent trafficking mechanisms, we show that EV regulation is separable from several previously identified roles of neuronal retromer. Conversely, mutations in rab11 and rab4, regulators of endosome-plasma membrane recycling, cause reduced EV cargo levels, and rab11 suppresses cargo accumulation in retromer mutants. Thus, EV traffic reflects a balance between Rab4/Rab11 recycling and retromer-dependent removal from EV precursor compartments. Our data shed light on previous studies implicating Rab11 and retromer in competing pathways in Alzheimer's disease, and suggest that misregulated EV traffic may be an underlying defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rylie B Walsh
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA
| | | | | | | | | | - Amy L Scalera
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA
| | - Tania Lemos
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA
| | - So Min Lee
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA
| | - Julia Apiki
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA
| | - ShiYu Wang
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA
| | - Berith Isaac
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA
| | - Anna Yeh
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA
| | - Kate Koles
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA
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24
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Clark BS, Miesfeld JB, Flinn MA, Collery RF, Link BA. Dynamic Polarization of Rab11a Modulates Crb2a Localization and Impacts Signaling to Regulate Retinal Neurogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:608112. [PMID: 33634099 PMCID: PMC7900515 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.608112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Interkinetic nuclear migration (IKNM) is the process in which pseudostratified epithelial nuclei oscillate from the apical to basal surface and in phase with the mitotic cycle. In the zebrafish retina, neuroepithelial retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) increase Notch activity with apical movement of the nuclei, and the depth of nuclear migration correlates with the probability that the next cell division will be neurogenic. This study focuses on the mechanisms underlying the relationships between IKNM, cell signaling, and neurogenesis. In particular, we have explored the role IKNM has on endosome biology within RPCs. Through genetic manipulation and live imaging in zebrafish, we find that early (Rab5-positive) and recycling (Rab11a-positive) endosomes polarize in a dynamic fashion within RPCs and with reference to nuclear position. Functional analyses suggest that dynamic polarization of recycling endosomes and their activity within the neuroepithelia modulates the subcellular localization of Crb2a, consequently affecting multiple signaling pathways that impact neurogenesis including Notch, Hippo, and Wnt activities. As nuclear migration is heterogenous and asynchronous among RPCs, Rab11a-affected signaling within the neuroepithelia is modulated in a differential manner, providing mechanistic insight to the correlation of IKNM and selection of RPCs to undergo neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Clark
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Joel B Miesfeld
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Michael A Flinn
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Ross F Collery
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin Eye Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Brian A Link
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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25
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Wu YC, Chiang YC, Chou SH, Pan CL. Wnt signalling and endocytosis: Mechanisms, controversies and implications for stress responses. Biol Cell 2020; 113:95-106. [PMID: 33253438 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Wnt signalling is one of a few conserved pathways that control diverse aspects of development and morphogenesis in all metazoan species. Endocytosis is a key mechanism that regulates the secretion and graded extracellular distribution of Wnt glycoproteins from the source cells, as well as Wnt signal transduction in the receiving cells. However, controversies exist regarding the requirement of clathrin-dependent endocytosis in Wnt signalling. Various lines of evidence from recent studies suggest that Wnt-β-catenin signalling is also involved in the regulation of cellular stress responses in adulthood, a role that is beyond its canonical functions in animal development. In this review, we summarise recent advances in the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which endocytosis modulates Wnt signalling. We also discuss how Wnt signalling could be repurposed to regulate mitochondrial stress response in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chun Wu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Center for Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Chen Chiang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Center for Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hua Chou
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Center for Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Liang Pan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Center for Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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26
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Zheng D, Jiang C, Yan N, Miao Y, Wang K, Gao G, Jiao Y, Zhang X, He M, Yang Z. Wntless (Wls): A Prognostic Index for Progression and Patient Survival of Breast Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:12649-12659. [PMID: 33335405 PMCID: PMC7737487 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s265324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wntless (Wls) is an essential protein that is necessary for the secretion of Wnt proteins. While numerous researches have demonstrated that aberrations in Wnt/β-catenin expression lead to tumorigenesis and progression in many cancer types, the effects of Wls in breast cancer (BC) are less studied. Methods The mRNA and protein expression of Wls in BC cell lines were detected by RT-qPCR and Western blot; the protein expression of patient samples was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The associations between Wls expression and clinicopathological factors as well as survival time, including overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were analyzed. Bioinformatics analysis was used to reveal the correlation between Wls genes and associated genes or pathways. Results Wls was overexpressed in BC cell lines and tissues. The expression level of Wls was significantly correlated with tumor size, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), Ki-67, molecular classification, and follow-up status. Spearman correlation analysis showed that Wls protein expression was negatively correlated with ER and PR, which was confirmed by bioinformatics analysis in mRNA level. However, there were positive relationships with MBNG (modified Black's nuclear grade), tumor size, Ki-67, molecular classification, follow-up, and vital status. Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that Wls was an independent prognostic factor for OS and DFS in BC patients. Moreover, Wls was a significant prognostic indicator of OS and DFS in a hormone receptor-positive (HR+) subgroup. GSEA showed that estrogen and androgen response, as well as epithelial-mesenchymal transition pathways, were up-regulated in the Wls high-expression group. Conclusion Overexpression of Wls is a significant marker of worse prognosis in BC and might play a crucial role in the HR+ subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, People's Republic of China.,Department of Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengwei Jiang
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Yan
- Department of Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Yayun Miao
- Department of Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Keren Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Ge Gao
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Jiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangkai Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao He
- Department of Anesthesia, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoying Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, People's Republic of China
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27
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Xu X, Zhang M, Xu F, Jiang S. Wnt signaling in breast cancer: biological mechanisms, challenges and opportunities. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:165. [PMID: 33234169 PMCID: PMC7686704 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling is a highly conserved signaling pathway that plays a critical role in controlling embryonic and organ development, as well as cancer progression. Genome-wide sequencing and gene expression profile analyses have demonstrated that Wnt signaling is involved mainly in the processes of breast cancer proliferation and metastasis. The most recent studies have indicated that Wnt signaling is also crucial in breast cancer immune microenvironment regulation, stemness maintenance, therapeutic resistance, phenotype shaping, etc. Wnt/β-Catenin, Wnt-planar cell polarity (PCP), and Wnt-Ca2+ signaling are three well-established Wnt signaling pathways that share overlapping components and play different roles in breast cancer progression. In this review, we summarize the main findings concerning the relationship between Wnt signaling and breast cancer and provide an overview of existing mechanisms, challenges, and potential opportunities for advancing the therapy and diagnosis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufang Xu
- School of Medical Imaging, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang China
| | - Miaofeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
| | - Faying Xu
- School of Medical Imaging, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang China
| | - Shaojie Jiang
- School of Medical Imaging, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang China
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28
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Matusek T, Marcetteau J, Thérond PP. Functions of Wnt and Hedgehog-containing extracellular vesicles in development and disease. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/18/jcs209742. [PMID: 32989011 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.209742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted morphogens play a major role in the intercellular communication necessary for animal development. It was initially thought that, in order to organize tissue morphogenesis and control cell fate and proliferation, morphogens diffused freely in the extracellular space. This view has since changed following the discovery that morphogens of the Wnt and Hedgehog (Hh) families are modified by various lipid adducts during their biosynthesis, providing them with high affinity for the membrane bilayer. Recent work performed in model organisms suggests that Wnt and Hh proteins are carried on extracellular vesicles. In this Review, we provide our perspectives on the mechanisms of formation of Wnt- and Hh-containing extracellular vesicles, and discuss their functions during animal development, as well as in various human physiopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Matusek
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Julien Marcetteau
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Pascal P Thérond
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
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29
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Port F, Starostecka M, Boutros M. Multiplexed conditional genome editing with Cas12a in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:22890-22899. [PMID: 32843348 PMCID: PMC7502738 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004655117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas genome engineering has revolutionized biomedical research by enabling targeted genome modification with unprecedented ease. In the popular model organism Drosophila melanogaster, gene editing has so far relied exclusively on the prototypical CRISPR nuclease Cas9. Additional CRISPR systems could expand the genomic target space, offer additional modes of regulation, and enable the independent manipulation of genes in different cells of the same animal. Here we describe a platform for efficient Cas12a gene editing in Drosophila We show that Cas12a from Lachnospiraceae bacterium, but not Acidaminococcus spec., can mediate robust gene editing in vivo. In combination with most CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs), LbCas12a activity is high at 29 °C, but low at 18 °C, enabling modulation of gene editing by temperature. LbCas12a can directly utilize compact crRNA arrays that are substantially easier to construct than Cas9 single-guide RNA arrays, facilitating multiplex genome engineering. Furthermore, we show that conditional expression of LbCas12a is sufficient to mediate tightly controlled gene editing in a variety of tissues, allowing detailed analysis of gene function in a multicellular organism. We also test a variant of LbCas12a with a D156R point mutation and show that it has substantially higher activity and outperforms a state-of-the-art Cas9 system in identifying essential genes. Cas12a gene editing expands the genome-engineering toolbox in Drosophila and will be a powerful method for the functional annotation of the genome. This work also presents a fully genetically encoded Cas12a system in an animal, laying out principles for the development of similar systems in other genetically tractable organisms for multiplexed conditional genome engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fillip Port
- Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Department for Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maja Starostecka
- Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Department for Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Boutros
- Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Department for Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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30
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Linnemannstöns K, Witte L, Karuna M P, Kittel JC, Danieli A, Müller D, Nitsch L, Honemann-Capito M, Grawe F, Wodarz A, Gross JC. Ykt6-dependent endosomal recycling is required for Wnt secretion in the Drosophila wing epithelium. Development 2020; 147:dev.185421. [PMID: 32611603 PMCID: PMC7438013 DOI: 10.1242/dev.185421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Morphogens are important signalling molecules for tissue development and their secretion requires tight regulation. In the wing imaginal disc of flies, the morphogen Wnt/Wingless is apically presented by the secreting cell and re-internalized before final long-range secretion. Why Wnt molecules undergo these trafficking steps and the nature of the regulatory control within the endosomal compartment remain unclear. Here, we have investigated how Wnts are sorted at the level of endosomes by the versatile v-SNARE Ykt6. Using in vivo genetics, proximity-dependent proteomics and in vitro biochemical analyses, we show that most Ykt6 is present in the cytosol, but can be recruited to de-acidified compartments and recycle Wnts to the plasma membrane via Rab4-positive recycling endosomes. Thus, we propose a molecular mechanism by which producing cells integrate and leverage endocytosis and recycling via Ykt6 to coordinate extracellular Wnt levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Linnemannstöns
- Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Goettingen 37075, Germany.,Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Leonie Witte
- Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Goettingen 37075, Germany.,Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Pradhipa Karuna M
- Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Goettingen 37075, Germany.,Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Jeanette Clarissa Kittel
- Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Goettingen 37075, Germany.,Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Adi Danieli
- Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Goettingen 37075, Germany.,Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Denise Müller
- Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Goettingen 37075, Germany.,Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lena Nitsch
- Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Goettingen 37075, Germany.,Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Mona Honemann-Capito
- Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Goettingen 37075, Germany.,Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Grawe
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute I for Anatomy, University of Cologne Medical School, Cologne 50931, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence-Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne 50931, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Wodarz
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute I for Anatomy, University of Cologne Medical School, Cologne 50931, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence-Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne 50931, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Julia Christina Gross
- Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Goettingen 37075, Germany .,Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Goettingen 37077, Germany
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31
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Witte L, Linnemannstöns K, Schmidt K, Honemann-Capito M, Grawe F, Wodarz A, Gross JC. The kinesin motor Klp98A mediates apical to basal Wg transport. Development 2020; 147:dev.186833. [PMID: 32665246 PMCID: PMC7438014 DOI: 10.1242/dev.186833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Development and tissue homeostasis rely on the tight regulation of morphogen secretion. In the Drosophila wing imaginal disc epithelium, Wg secretion for long-range signal transduction occurs after apical Wg entry into the endosomal system, followed by secretory endosomal transport. Although Wg release appears to occur from the apical and basal cell sides, its exact post-endocytic fate and the functional relevance of polarized endosomal Wg trafficking are poorly understood. Here, we identify the kinesin-3 family member Klp98A as the master regulator of intracellular Wg transport after apical endocytosis. In the absence of Klp98A, functional mature endosomes accumulate in the apical cytosol, and endosome transport to the basal cytosol is perturbed. Despite the resulting Wg mislocalization, Wg signal transduction occurs normally. We conclude that transcytosis-independent routes for Wg trafficking exist and demonstrate that Wg can be recycled apically via Rab4-recycling endosomes in the absence of Klp98A. Summary: In the polarized wing disc epithelium of Drosophila, Kinesin-like protein 98A mediates transcytosis of multivesicular endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Witte
- Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany.,Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Karen Linnemannstöns
- Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany.,Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Kevin Schmidt
- Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany.,Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Mona Honemann-Capito
- Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany.,Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Grawe
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute I for Anatomy, University of Cologne Medical School, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence-Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Wodarz
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute I for Anatomy, University of Cologne Medical School, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence-Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Julia Christina Gross
- Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany .,Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
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32
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Mammalian Retromer Is an Adaptable Scaffold for Cargo Sorting from Endosomes. Structure 2020; 28:393-405.e4. [PMID: 32027819 PMCID: PMC7145723 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Metazoan retromer (VPS26/VPS35/VPS29) associates with sorting nexins on endosomal tubules to sort proteins to the trans-Golgi network or plasma membrane. Mechanisms of metazoan retromer assembly remain undefined. We combine single-particle cryoelectron microscopy with biophysical methods to uncover multiple oligomer structures. 2D class averages reveal mammalian heterotrimers; dimers of trimers; tetramers of trimers; and flat chains. These species are further supported by biophysical solution studies. We provide reconstructions of all species, including key sub-structures (∼5 Å resolution). Local resolution variation suggests that heterotrimers and dimers adopt multiple conformations. Our structures identify a flexible, highly conserved electrostatic dimeric interface formed by VPS35 subunits. We generate structure-based mutants to disrupt this interface in vitro. Equivalent mutations in yeast demonstrate a mild cargo-sorting defect. Our data suggest the metazoan retromer is an adaptable and plastic scaffold that accommodates interactions with different sorting nexins to sort multiple cargoes from endosomes their final destinations.
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33
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Port F, Strein C, Stricker M, Rauscher B, Heigwer F, Zhou J, Beyersdörffer C, Frei J, Hess A, Kern K, Lange L, Langner N, Malamud R, Pavlović B, Rädecke K, Schmitt L, Voos L, Valentini E, Boutros M. A large-scale resource for tissue-specific CRISPR mutagenesis in Drosophila. eLife 2020; 9:e53865. [PMID: 32053108 PMCID: PMC7062466 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic screens are powerful tools for the functional annotation of genomes. In the context of multicellular organisms, interrogation of gene function is greatly facilitated by methods that allow spatial and temporal control of gene abrogation. Here, we describe a large-scale transgenic short guide (sg) RNA library for efficient CRISPR-based disruption of specific target genes in a constitutive or conditional manner. The library consists currently of more than 2600 plasmids and 1700 fly lines with a focus on targeting kinases, phosphatases and transcription factors, each expressing two sgRNAs under control of the Gal4/UAS system. We show that conditional CRISPR mutagenesis is robust across many target genes and can be efficiently employed in various somatic tissues, as well as the germline. In order to prevent artefacts commonly associated with excessive amounts of Cas9 protein, we have developed a series of novel UAS-Cas9 transgenes, which allow fine tuning of Cas9 expression to achieve high gene editing activity without detectable toxicity. Functional assays, as well as direct sequencing of genomic sgRNA target sites, indicates that the vast majority of transgenic sgRNA lines mediate efficient gene disruption. Furthermore, we conducted the so far largest fully transgenic CRISPR screen in any metazoan organism, which further supported the high efficiency and accuracy of our library and revealed many so far uncharacterized genes essential for development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fillip Port
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics and Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Claudia Strein
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics and Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Mona Stricker
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics and Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Benedikt Rauscher
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics and Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Florian Heigwer
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics and Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Jun Zhou
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics and Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Celine Beyersdörffer
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics and Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Jana Frei
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics and Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Amy Hess
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics and Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Katharina Kern
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics and Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Laura Lange
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics and Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Nora Langner
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics and Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Roberta Malamud
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics and Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Bojana Pavlović
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics and Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Kristin Rädecke
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics and Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Lukas Schmitt
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics and Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Lukas Voos
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics and Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Erica Valentini
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics and Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Michael Boutros
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics and Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
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34
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Exocyst-mediated apical Wg secretion activates signaling in the Drosophila wing epithelium. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008351. [PMID: 31527874 PMCID: PMC6764796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt proteins are secreted signaling factors that regulate cell fate specification and patterning decisions throughout the animal kingdom. In the Drosophila wing epithelium, Wingless (Wg, the homolog of Wnt1) is secreted from a narrow strip of cells at the dorsal-ventral boundary. However, the route of Wg secretion in polarized epithelial cells remains poorly understood and key proteins involved in this process are still unknown. Here, we performed an in vivo RNAi screen and identified members of the exocyst complex to be required for apical but not basolateral Wg secretion. Specifically blocking the apical Wg secretion leads to reduced downstream signaling. Using an in vivo ‘temporal-rescue’ assay, our results further indicate that apically secreted Wg activates target genes that require high signaling activity. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the exocyst is required for an apical route of Wg secretion from polarized wing epithelial cells. Regulation of Wnt signaling and the production of Wnt ligands is crucial for proper development and homeostasis, as dysregulation leads to developmental defects and diseases such as cancer. This study addresses the question of how functional Wnt ligands are secreted by epithelial cells. By using the polarized epithelium of the developing Drosophila wing as a model system to study Wnt/Wg secretion, the authors performed a large-scale RNAi screen and identified proteins of the exocyst complex to be required for Wnt signaling. The study shows that exocyst complex preferentially regulates apical secretion of Wg proteins. Taken together, this study identifies routes and regulators for secretion of signaling-active Wnt proteins from polarized epithelial cells.
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35
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Won JH, Kim GW, Kim JY, Cho DG, Kwon B, Bae YK, Cho KO. ADAMTS Sol narae cleaves extracellular Wingless to generate a novel active form that regulates cell proliferation in Drosophila. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:564. [PMID: 31332194 PMCID: PMC6646336 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1794-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Wnt/ Wingless (Wg) is essential for embryonic development and adult homeostasis in all metazoans, but the mechanisms by which secreted Wnt/Wg is processed remain largely unknown. A Drosophila Sol narae (Sona) is a member of ADisintegrin And Metalloprotease with ThromboSpondin motif (ADAMTS) family, and positively regulates Wg signaling by promoting Wg secretion. Here we report that Sona and Wg are secreted by both conventional Golgi and exosomal transports, and Sona cleaves extracellular Wg at the two specific sites, leading to the generation of N-terminal domain (NTD) and C-terminal domain (CTD) fragments. The cleaved forms of extracellular Wg were detected in the extracellular region of fly wing discs, and its level was substantially reduced in sona mutants. Transient overexpression of Wg-CTD increased wing size while prolonged overexpression caused lethality and developmental defects. In contrast, Wg-NTD did not induce any phenotype. Moreover, the wing defects and lethality induced by sona RNAi were considerably rescued by Wg-CTD, indicating that a main function of extracellular Sona is the generation of Wg-CTD. Wg-CTD stabilized cytoplasmic Armadillo (Arm) and had genetic interactions with components of canonical Wg signaling. Wg-CTD also induced Wg downstream targets such as Distal-less (Dll) and Vestigial (Vg). Most importantly, Cyclin D (Cyc D) was induced by Wg-CTD but not by full-length Wg. Because Sona also induces Cyc D in a cell non-autonomous manner, Wg-CTD generated by Sona in the extracellular region activates a subset of Wg signaling whose major function is the regulation of cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hoon Won
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Go-Woon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ja-Young Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dong-Gyu Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Buki Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young-Kyung Bae
- Center for Bioanalysis, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 267 Gajung-ro, Yuseung-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kyung-Ok Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea.
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36
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Petko J, Thileepan M, Sargen M, Canfield V, Levenson R. Alternative splicing of the Wnt trafficking protein, Wntless and its effects on protein-protein interactions. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2019; 20:22. [PMID: 31286866 PMCID: PMC6615345 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-019-0208-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wntless (Wls) is a protein that regulates secretion of Wnt signaling molecules from Wnt-producing cells. Wnt signaling is known to be critical for several developmental and homeostatic processes. However, Wnt-independent functions of Wls are now being elucidated. Primates express an alternative splice variant of Wls (here termed WlsX). WlsX contains an alternatively spliced COOH-terminus, and does not appear to be able to sustain significant levels of WNT secretion because of its inability to undergo retrograde trafficking to the endoplasmic reticulum. The functional significance for this alternatively spliced form of Wls has not yet been elucidated. We previously identified a cohort of Wls interacting proteins using a combination of yeast 2-hybrid and candidate gene approaches. Results In the present study, we analyzed the interaction of WlsX with previously identified Wls interactors, and additionally screened for novel protein interactors of WlsX utilizing a membrane yeast two hybrid screen. Three novel Wls interactors, Glycoprotein M6A (GPM6A), Alkylglycerol Monooxygenase (AGMO), and ORAI1 were identified. Each of these novel WlsX interactors, as well as all other Wls interacting proteins identified previously, with the exception of the mu-opioid receptor, were found to interact with both Wls and WlsX splice forms. We show that WlsX can form homodimers, but that WlsX may not interact with Wls. Conclusions WlsX has the ability to form homodimers and to interact with most known Wls interacting proteins. Taken together, our results suggest that Wls and WlsX may have overlapping, but distinct functions, including sensitivity to opioid drugs. While studies have focused on the ability of Wls interacting proteins to affect Wnt secretion, future efforts will explore the reciprocal regulation of these proteins by Wls, possibly via Wnt-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Molly Sargen
- Biology Department, Penn State York, York, Pa, USA
| | - Victor Canfield
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Robert Levenson
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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37
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Torres VI, Godoy JA, Inestrosa NC. Modulating Wnt signaling at the root: Porcupine and Wnt acylation. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 198:34-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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38
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Abstract
Wnt proteins are secreted glycoproteins that regulate multiple processes crucial to the development and tissue homeostasis of multicellular organisms, including tissue patterning, proliferation, cell fate specification, cell polarity and migration. To elicit these effects, Wnts act as autocrine as well as paracrine signalling molecules between Wnt-producing and Wnt-receiving cells. More than 40 years after the discovery of the Wg/Wnt pathway, it is still unclear how they are transported to fulfil their paracrine signalling functions. Several mechanisms have been proposed to mediate intercellular Wnt transport, including Wnt-binding proteins, lipoproteins, exosomes and cytonemes. In this Review, we describe the evidence for each proposed mechanism, and discuss how they may contribute to Wnt dispersal in tissue-specific and context-dependent manners, to regulate embryonic development precisely and maintain the internal steady state within a defined tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Routledge
- Living Systems Institute, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Steffen Scholpp
- Living Systems Institute, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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39
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Torpe N, Gopal S, Baltaci O, Rella L, Handley A, Korswagen HC, Pocock R. A Protein Disulfide Isomerase Controls Neuronal Migration through Regulation of Wnt Secretion. Cell Rep 2019; 26:3183-3190.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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40
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Strutt H, Langton PF, Pearson N, McMillan KJ, Strutt D, Cullen PJ. Retromer Controls Planar Polarity Protein Levels and Asymmetric Localization at Intercellular Junctions. Curr Biol 2019; 29:484-491.e6. [PMID: 30661800 PMCID: PMC6370945 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The coordinated polarization of cells in the plane of a tissue, termed planar polarity, is a characteristic feature of epithelial tissues [1]. In the fly wing, trichome positioning is dependent on the core planar polarity proteins adopting asymmetric subcellular localizations at apical junctions, where they form intercellular complexes that link neighboring cells [1-3]. Specifically, the seven-pass transmembrane protein Frizzled and the cytoplasmic proteins Dishevelled and Diego localize to distal cell ends, the four-pass transmembrane protein Strabismus and the cytoplasmic protein Prickle localize proximally, and the seven-pass transmembrane spanning atypical cadherin Flamingo localizes both proximally and distally. To establish asymmetry, these core proteins are sorted from an initially uniform distribution; however, the mechanisms underlying this polarized trafficking remain poorly understood. Here, we describe the identification of retromer, a master controller of endosomal recycling [4-6], as a key component regulating core planar polarity protein localization in Drosophila. Through generation of mutants, we verify that loss of the retromer-associated Snx27 cargo adaptor, but notably not components of the Wash complex, reduces junctional levels of the core proteins Flamingo and Strabismus in the developing wing. We establish that Snx27 directly associates with Flamingo via its C-terminal PDZ binding motif, and we show that Snx27 is essential for normal Flamingo trafficking. We conclude that Wash-independent retromer function and the Snx27 cargo adaptor are important components in the endosomal recycling of Flamingo and Strabismus back to the plasma membrane and thus contribute to the establishment and maintenance of planar polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Strutt
- Department of Biomedical Science, Firth Court, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Paul F Langton
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Neil Pearson
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Kirsty J McMillan
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - David Strutt
- Department of Biomedical Science, Firth Court, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Peter J Cullen
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
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41
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Cullen PJ, Steinberg F. To degrade or not to degrade: mechanisms and significance of endocytic recycling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2018; 19:679-696. [PMID: 30194414 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-018-0053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Newly endocytosed integral cell surface proteins are typically either directed for degradation or subjected to recycling back to the plasma membrane. The sorting of integral cell surface proteins, including signalling receptors, nutrient transporters, ion channels, adhesion molecules and polarity markers, within the endolysosomal network for recycling is increasingly recognized as an essential feature in regulating the complexities of physiology at the cell, tissue and organism levels. Historically, endocytic recycling has been regarded as a relatively passive process, where the majority of internalized integral proteins are recycled via a nonspecific sequence-independent 'bulk membrane flow' pathway. Recent work has increasingly challenged this view. The discovery of sequence-specific sorting motifs and the identification of cargo adaptors and associated coat complexes have begun to uncover the highly orchestrated nature of endosomal cargo recycling, thereby providing new insight into the function and (patho)physiology of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Cullen
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Florian Steinberg
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, Albert Ludwigs Universitaet Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
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42
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Chen XZ, Hu QX, Liu QQ, Wu G. Cloning of Wing-Development-Related Genes and mRNA Expression Under Heat Stress in Chlorpyrifos-Resistant and -Susceptible Plutella xylostella. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15279. [PMID: 30323169 PMCID: PMC6189056 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33315-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos-resistant (Rc) Plutella xylostella (DBM) shows higher wing-vein injury than chlorpyrifos-susceptible (Sm) DBM under heat stress in our previous study. To investigate the toxicological mechanisms of the differences in injury of wing vein between Rc- and Sm-DBM collected from Fuzhou, China, total ten cDNA sequences of wing-development-related genes were isolated and characterized in DBM, including seven open reading frame (ORF) (ash1, ah2, ash3, ase, dpp, srf and dll encoded 187 amino acids, 231 aa, 223aa, 397aa, 423aa, 229aa and 299aa, respectively), and three partly sequences (salm, ser and wnt-1 encoded 614aa, 369aa and 388aa, respectively). The mRNA expression of the genes was inhibited in Rc- and Sm-DBM under heat stress, as compared with that an average temperature (25 °C). And, in general, significantly higher down-regulated expressions of the mRNA expression of the wing development-related genes were found in Rc-DBM as compared to those in Sm-DBM under heat stress. The results indicated that Sm-DBM displayed higher adaptability at high temperature because of significantly lower inhibition the mRNA expressions of wing-development-related genes. We suggest that significantly higher injury of wing vein showed in Rc-DBM under heat stress might be associated with the strong down-regulation of wing-development-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qi Xing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qi Qing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
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43
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He CW, Liao CP, Pan CL. Wnt signalling in the development of axon, dendrites and synapses. Open Biol 2018; 8:rsob.180116. [PMID: 30282660 PMCID: PMC6223216 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnts are a highly conserved family of secreted glycoproteins that play essential roles in the morphogenesis and body patterning during the development of metazoan species. In recent years, mounting evidence has revealed important functions of Wnt signalling in diverse aspects of neural development, including neuronal polarization, guidance and branching of the axon and dendrites, as well as synapse formation and its structural remodelling. In contrast to Wnt signalling in cell proliferation and differentiation, which mostly acts through β-catenin-dependent pathways, Wnts engage a diverse array of non-transcriptional cascades in neuronal development, such as the planar cell polarity, cytoskeletal or calcium signalling pathways. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the mechanisms of Wnt signalling in the development of axon, dendrite and synapse formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wei He
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chien-Po Liao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chun-Liang Pan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan, Republic of China
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44
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McGough IJ, de Groot REA, Jellett AP, Betist MC, Varandas KC, Danson CM, Heesom KJ, Korswagen HC, Cullen PJ. SNX3-retromer requires an evolutionary conserved MON2:DOPEY2:ATP9A complex to mediate Wntless sorting and Wnt secretion. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3737. [PMID: 30213940 PMCID: PMC6137200 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Wntless transports Wnt morphogens to the cell surface and is required for Wnt secretion and morphogenic gradients formation. Recycling of endocytosed Wntless requires the sorting nexin-3 (SNX3)-retromer-dependent endosome-to-Golgi transport pathway. Here we demonstrate the essential role of SNX3-retromer assembly for Wntless transport and report that SNX3 associates with an evolutionary conserved endosome-associated membrane re-modelling complex composed of MON2, DOPEY2 and the putative aminophospholipid translocase, ATP9A. In vivo suppression of Ce-mon-2, Ce-pad-1 or Ce-tat-5 (respective MON2, DOPEY2 and ATP9A orthologues) phenocopy a loss of SNX3-retromer function, leading to enhanced lysosomal degradation of Wntless and a Wnt phenotype. Perturbed Wnt signalling is also observed upon overexpression of an ATPase-inhibited TAT-5(E246Q) mutant, suggesting a role for phospholipid flippase activity during SNX3-retromer-mediated Wntless sorting. Together, these findings provide in vitro and in vivo mechanistic details to describe SNX3-retromer-mediated transport during Wnt secretion and the formation of Wnt-morphogenic gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J McGough
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Reinoud E A de Groot
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Adam P Jellett
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Marco C Betist
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Katherine C Varandas
- Program in Cell Biology, University of California, San Francisco, 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Chris M Danson
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Kate J Heesom
- Proteomics Facility, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Hendrik C Korswagen
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter J Cullen
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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45
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Li B, Wong C, Gao SM, Zhang R, Sun R, Li Y, Song Y. The retromer complex safeguards against neural progenitor-derived tumorigenesis by regulating Notch receptor trafficking. eLife 2018; 7:38181. [PMID: 30176986 PMCID: PMC6140715 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The correct establishment and maintenance of unidirectional Notch signaling are critical for the homeostasis of various stem cell lineages. However, the molecular mechanisms that prevent cell-autonomous ectopic Notch signaling activation and deleterious cell fate decisions remain unclear. Here we show that the retromer complex directly and specifically regulates Notch receptor retrograde trafficking in Drosophila neuroblast lineages to ensure the unidirectional Notch signaling from neural progenitors to neuroblasts. Notch polyubiquitination mediated by E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch/Su(dx) is inherently inefficient within neural progenitors, relying on retromer-mediated trafficking to avoid aberrant endosomal accumulation of Notch and cell-autonomous signaling activation. Upon retromer dysfunction, hypo-ubiquitinated Notch accumulates in Rab7+ enlarged endosomes, where it is ectopically processed and activated in a ligand-dependent manner, causing progenitor-originated tumorigenesis. Our results therefore unveil a safeguard mechanism whereby retromer retrieves potentially harmful Notch receptors in a timely manner to prevent aberrant Notch activation-induced neural progenitor dedifferentiation and brain tumor formation. Most cells in the animal body are tailored to perform particular tasks, but stem cells have not yet made their choice. Instead, they have unlimited capacity to divide and, with the right signals, they can start to specialize to become a given type of cells. In the brain, this process starts with a stem cell dividing. One of the daughters will remain a stem cell, while the other, the neural progenitor, will differentiate to form a mature cell such as a neuron. Keeping this tight balance is crucial for the health of the organ: if the progenitor reverts back to being a stem cell, there will be a surplus of undifferentiated cells that can lead to a tumor. A one-way signal driven by the protein Notch partly controls the distinct fates of the two daughter cells. While the neural progenitor carries Notch at its surface, its neural stem cell sister has a Notch receptor on its membrane instead. This ensures that the Notch signaling goes in one direction, from the cell with Notch to the one sporting the receptor. When a stem cell divides, one daughter gets more of a protein called Numb than the other. Numb pulls Notch receptors away from the external membrane and into internal capsules called endosomes. This guarantees that only one of the siblings will be carrying the receptors at its surface. Yet, sometimes the Notch receptors can get activated in the endosomes, which may make neural progenitors revert to being stem cells. It is still unclear what tools the cells have to stop this abnormal activation. Here, Li et al. screened brain cells from fruit fly larvae to find out the genes that might play a role in suppressing the inappropriate Notch signaling. This highlighted a protein complex known as the retromer, which normally helps to transport proteins in the cell. Experiments showed that, in progenitors, the retromer physically interacts with Notch receptors and retrieves them from the endosomes back to the cell surface. If the retromer is inactive, the Notch receptors accumulate in the endosomes, where they can be switched on. It seems that, in fruit flies, the retromer acts as a bomb squad that recognizes and retrieves potentially harmful Notch receptors, thereby preventing brain tumor formation. Several retromer components are less present in patients with various cancers, including glioblastoma, an aggressive form of brain cancer. The results by Li et al. may therefore shed light on the link between the protein complex and the emergence of the disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chouin Wong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shihong Max Gao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Rulan Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Rongbo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Song
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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46
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Grainger S, Willert K. Mechanisms of Wnt signaling and control. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 10:e1422. [PMID: 29600540 PMCID: PMC6165711 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway is a highly conserved system that regulates complex biological processes across all metazoan species. At the cellular level, secreted Wnt proteins serve to break symmetry and provide cells with positional information that is critical to the patterning of the entire body plan. At the organismal level, Wnt signals are employed to orchestrate fundamental developmental processes, including the specification of the anterior-posterior body axis, induction of the primitive streak and ensuing gastrulation movements, and the generation of cell and tissue diversity. Wnt functions extend into adulthood where they regulate stem cell behavior, tissue homeostasis, and damage repair. Disruption of Wnt signaling activity during embryonic development or in adults results in a spectrum of abnormalities and diseases, including cancer. The molecular mechanisms that underlie the myriad of Wnt-regulated biological effects have been the subject of intense research for over three decades. This review is intended to summarize our current understanding of how Wnt signals are generated and interpreted. This article is categorized under: Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling Developmental Biology > Stem Cell Biology and Regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Grainger
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla California
| | - Karl Willert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla California
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47
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Zhang J, Liu J, Norris A, Grant BD, Wang X. A novel requirement for ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBC-13 in retrograde recycling of MIG-14/Wntless and Wnt signaling. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:2098-2112. [PMID: 29927348 PMCID: PMC6232959 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-11-0639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
After endocytosis, transmembrane cargoes such as signaling receptors, channels, and transporters enter endosomes where they are sorted to different destinations. Retromer and ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) are functionally distinct protein complexes on endosomes that direct cargo sorting into the recycling retrograde transport pathway and the degradative multivesicular endosome pathway (MVE), respectively. Cargoes destined for degradation in lysosomes are decorated with K63-linked ubiquitin chains, which serve as an efficient sorting signal for entry into the MVE pathway. Defects in K63-linked ubiquitination disrupt MVE sorting and degradation of membrane proteins. Here, we unexpectedly found that UBC-13, the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme that generates K63-linked ubiquitin chains, is essential for retrograde transport of multiple retromer-dependent cargoes including MIG-14/Wntless. Loss of ubc-13 disrupts MIG-14/Wntless trafficking from endosomes to the Golgi, causing missorting of MIG-14 to lysosomes and impairment of Wnt-dependent processes. We observed that retromer-associated SNX-1 and the ESCRT-0 subunit HGRS-1/Hrs localized to distinct regions on a common endosome in wild type but overlapped on ubc-13(lf) endosomes, indicating that UBC-13 is important for the separation of retromer and ESCRT microdomains on endosomes. Our data suggest that cargo ubiquitination mediated by UBC-13 plays an important role in maintaining the functionally distinct subdomains to ensure efficient cargo segregation on endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbing Zhang
- College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinchao Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Anne Norris
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Barth D Grant
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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48
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Abstract
Spatial organization of membrane domains within cells and cells within tissues is key to the development of organisms and the maintenance of adult tissue. Cell polarization is crucial for correct cell-cell signalling, which, in turn, promotes cell differentiation and tissue patterning. However, the mechanisms linking internal cell polarity to intercellular signalling are just beginning to be unravelled. The Hedgehog (Hh) and Wnt pathways are major directors of development and their malfunction can cause severe disorders like cancer. Here we discuss parallel advances into understanding the mechanism of Hedgehog and Wnt signal dissemination and reception. We hypothesize that cell polarization of the signal-sending and signal-receiving cells is crucial for proper signal spreading and activation of the pathway and, thus, fundamental for development of multicellular organisms.
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49
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Xiong Y, Yu J. Modeling Parkinson's Disease in Drosophila: What Have We Learned for Dominant Traits? Front Neurol 2018; 9:228. [PMID: 29686647 PMCID: PMC5900015 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is recognized as the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s disease. Unfortunately, there is no cure or proven disease modifying therapy for PD. The recent discovery of a number of genes involved in both sporadic and familial forms of PD has enabled disease modeling in easily manipulable model systems. Various model systems have been developed to study the pathobiology of PD and provided tremendous insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Among all the model systems, the power of Drosophila has revealed many genetic factors involved in the various pathways, and provided potential therapeutic targets. This review focuses on Drosophila models of PD, with emphasis on how Drosophila models have provided new insights into the mutations of dominant genes causing PD and what are the convergent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Xiong
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jianzhong Yu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
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50
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Liao CP, Li H, Lee HH, Chien CT, Pan CL. Cell-Autonomous Regulation of Dendrite Self-Avoidance by the Wnt Secretory Factor MIG-14/Wntless. Neuron 2018; 98:320-334.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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