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Lin Y, Pal DS, Banerjee P, Banerjee T, Qin G, Deng Y, Borleis J, Iglesias PA, Devreotes PN. Ras suppression potentiates rear actomyosin contractility-driven cell polarization and migration. Nat Cell Biol 2024; 26:1062-1076. [PMID: 38951708 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01453-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Ras has been extensively studied as a promoter of cell proliferation, whereas few studies have explored its role in migration. To investigate the direct and immediate effects of Ras activity on cell motility or polarity, we focused on RasGAPs, C2GAPB in Dictyostelium amoebae and RASAL3 in HL-60 neutrophils and macrophages. In both cellular systems, optically recruiting the respective RasGAP to the cell front extinguished pre-existing protrusions and changed migration direction. However, when these respective RasGAPs were recruited uniformly to the membrane, cells polarized and moved more rapidly, whereas targeting to the back exaggerated these effects. These unexpected outcomes of attenuating Ras activity naturally had strong, context-dependent consequences for chemotaxis. The RasGAP-mediated polarization depended critically on myosin II activity and commenced with contraction at the cell rear, followed by sustained mTORC2-dependent actin polymerization at the front. These experimental results were captured by computational simulations in which Ras levels control front- and back-promoting feedback loops. The discovery that inhibiting Ras activity can produce counterintuitive effects on cell migration has important implications for future drug-design strategies targeting oncogenic Ras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyan Lin
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dhiman Sankar Pal
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Parijat Banerjee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tatsat Banerjee
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guanghui Qin
- Department of Computer Science, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jane Borleis
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pablo A Iglesias
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter N Devreotes
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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2
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Craig EM, Oprea F, Alam S, Grodsky A, Miller KE. A simple active fluid model unites cytokinesis, cell crawling, and axonal outgrowth. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.22.595337. [PMID: 38826455 PMCID: PMC11142150 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.22.595337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Axonal outgrowth, cell crawling, and cytokinesis utilize actomyosin, microtubule-based motors, cytoskeletal dynamics, and substrate adhesions to produce traction forces and bulk cellular motion. While it has long been appreciated that growth cones resemble crawling cells and that the mechanisms that drive cytokinesis help power cell crawling, they are typically viewed as unique processes. To better understand the relationship between these modes of motility, here, we developed a unified active fluid model of cytokinesis, amoeboid migration, mesenchymal migration, neuronal migration, and axonal outgrowth in terms of cytoskeletal flow, adhesions, viscosity, and force generation. Using numerical modeling, we fit subcellular velocity profiles of the motions of cytoskeletal structures and docked organelles from previously published studies to infer underlying patterns of force generation and adhesion. Our results indicate that, during cytokinesis, there is a primary converge zone at the cleavage furrow that drives flow towards it; adhesions are symmetric across the cell, and as a result, cells are stationary. In mesenchymal, amoeboid, and neuronal migration, the site of the converge zone shifts, and differences in adhesion between the front and back of the cell drive crawling. During neuronal migration and axonal outgrowth, the primary convergence zone lies within the growth cone, which drives actin retrograde flow in the P-domain and bulk anterograde flow of the axonal shaft. They differ in that during neuronal migration, the cell body is weakly attached to the substrate and thus moves forward at the same velocity as the axon. In contrast, during axonal outgrowth, the cell body strongly adheres to the substrate and remains stationary, resulting in a decrease in flow velocity away from the growth cone. The simplicity with which cytokinesis, cell crawling, and axonal outgrowth can be modeled by varying coefficients in a simple model suggests a deep connection between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Craig
- Central Washington University, Department of Physics, 400 E. University Way, Ellensburg, WA 98926-7422, USA
| | - Francesca Oprea
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sajid Alam
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Ania Grodsky
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Kyle E Miller
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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3
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Bement WM, Goryachev AB, Miller AL, von Dassow G. Patterning of the cell cortex by Rho GTPases. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:290-308. [PMID: 38172611 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00682-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The Rho GTPases - RHOA, RAC1 and CDC42 - are small GTP binding proteins that regulate basic biological processes such as cell locomotion, cell division and morphogenesis by promoting cytoskeleton-based changes in the cell cortex. This regulation results from active (GTP-bound) Rho GTPases stimulating target proteins that, in turn, promote actin assembly and myosin 2-based contraction to organize the cortex. This basic regulatory scheme, well supported by in vitro studies, led to the natural assumption that Rho GTPases function in vivo in an essentially linear matter, with a given process being initiated by GTPase activation and terminated by GTPase inactivation. However, a growing body of evidence based on live cell imaging, modelling and experimental manipulation indicates that Rho GTPase activation and inactivation are often tightly coupled in space and time via signalling circuits and networks based on positive and negative feedback. In this Review, we present and discuss this evidence, and we address one of the fundamental consequences of coupled activation and inactivation: the ability of the Rho GTPases to self-organize, that is, direct their own transition from states of low order to states of high order. We discuss how Rho GTPase self-organization results in the formation of diverse spatiotemporal cortical patterns such as static clusters, oscillatory pulses, travelling wave trains and ring-like waves. Finally, we discuss the advantages of Rho GTPase self-organization and pattern formation for cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Bement
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Andrew B Goryachev
- Center for Engineering Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Ann L Miller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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4
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Wang Z, Guo Y, Zhang Y, Wu L, Wang L, Lin Q, Wan B. An Intriguing Structural Modification in Neutrophil Migration Across Blood Vessels to Inflammatory Sites: Progress in the Core Mechanisms. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024; 82:67-75. [PMID: 37962751 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-023-01198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The role and function of neutrophils are well known, but we still have incomplete understanding of the mechanisms by which neutrophils migrate from blood vessels to inflammatory sites. Neutrophil migration is a complex process that involves several distinct steps. To resist the blood flow and maintain their rolling, neutrophils employ tether and sling formation. They also polarize and form pseudopods and uropods, guided by hierarchical chemotactic agents that enable precise directional movement. Meanwhile, chemotactic agents secreted by neutrophils, such as CXCL1, CXCL8, LTB4, and C5a, can recruit more neutrophils and amplify their response. In the context of diapedesis neutrophils traverse the endothelial cells via two pathways: the transmigratory cup and the lateral border recycling department. These structures aid in overcoming the narrow pore size of the endothelial barrier, resulting in more efficient transmembrane migration. Interestingly, neutrophils exhibit a preference for the paracellular pathway over the transcellular pathway, likely due to the former's lower resistance. In this review, we will delve into the intricate process of neutrophil migration by focusing on critical structures that underpins this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexu Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Yufang Guo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Yulei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Liangquan Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Qiuqi Lin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Bing Wan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, China.
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5
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Nanda S, Calderon A, Sachan A, Duong TT, Koch J, Xin X, Solouk-Stahlberg D, Wu YW, Nalbant P, Dehmelt L. Rho GTPase activity crosstalk mediated by Arhgef11 and Arhgef12 coordinates cell protrusion-retraction cycles. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8356. [PMID: 38102112 PMCID: PMC10724141 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43875-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases play a key role in the spatio-temporal coordination of cytoskeletal dynamics during cell migration. Here, we directly investigate crosstalk between the major Rho GTPases Rho, Rac and Cdc42 by combining rapid activity perturbation with activity measurements in mammalian cells. These studies reveal that Rac stimulates Rho activity. Direct measurement of spatio-temporal activity patterns show that Rac activity is tightly and precisely coupled to local cell protrusions, followed by Rho activation during retraction. Furthermore, we find that the Rho-activating Lbc-type GEFs Arhgef11 and Arhgef12 are enriched at transient cell protrusions and retractions and recruited to the plasma membrane by active Rac. In addition, their depletion reduces activity crosstalk, cell protrusion-retraction dynamics and migration distance and increases migration directionality. Thus, our study shows that Arhgef11 and Arhgef12 facilitate exploratory cell migration by coordinating cell protrusion and retraction by coupling the activity of the associated regulators Rac and Rho.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchet Nanda
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, TU Dortmund University, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Abram Calderon
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, TU Dortmund University, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Arya Sachan
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, TU Dortmund University, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thanh-Thuy Duong
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, TU Dortmund University, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Johannes Koch
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Xiaoyi Xin
- SciLifeLab and Department of Chemistry, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Djamschid Solouk-Stahlberg
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, TU Dortmund University, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yao-Wen Wu
- SciLifeLab and Department of Chemistry, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Perihan Nalbant
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany.
| | - Leif Dehmelt
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, TU Dortmund University, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
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6
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Clausen BE, Amon L, Backer RA, Berod L, Bopp T, Brand A, Burgdorf S, Chen L, Da M, Distler U, Dress RJ, Dudziak D, Dutertre CA, Eich C, Gabele A, Geiger M, Ginhoux F, Giusiano L, Godoy GJ, Hamouda AEI, Hatscher L, Heger L, Heidkamp GF, Hernandez LC, Jacobi L, Kaszubowski T, Kong WT, Lehmann CHK, López-López T, Mahnke K, Nitsche D, Renkawitz J, Reza RA, Sáez PJ, Schlautmann L, Schmitt MT, Seichter A, Sielaff M, Sparwasser T, Stoitzner P, Tchitashvili G, Tenzer S, Tochoedo NR, Vurnek D, Zink F, Hieronymus T. Guidelines for mouse and human DC functional assays. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2249925. [PMID: 36563126 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202249925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This article is part of the Dendritic Cell Guidelines article series, which provides a collection of state-of-the-art protocols for the preparation, phenotype analysis by flow cytometry, generation, fluorescence microscopy, and functional characterization of mouse and human dendritic cells (DC) from lymphoid organs and various non-lymphoid tissues. Recent studies have provided evidence for an increasing number of phenotypically distinct conventional DC (cDC) subsets that on one hand exhibit a certain functional plasticity, but on the other hand are characterized by their tissue- and context-dependent functional specialization. Here, we describe a selection of assays for the functional characterization of mouse and human cDC. The first two protocols illustrate analysis of cDC endocytosis and metabolism, followed by guidelines for transcriptomic and proteomic characterization of cDC populations. Then, a larger group of assays describes the characterization of cDC migration in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. The final guidelines measure cDC inflammasome and antigen (cross)-presentation activity. While all protocols were written by experienced scientists who routinely use them in their work, this article was also peer-reviewed by leading experts and approved by all co-authors, making it an essential resource for basic and clinical DC immunologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn E Clausen
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Paul Klein Center for Immune Intervention, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lukas Amon
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ronald A Backer
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Paul Klein Center for Immune Intervention, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Luciana Berod
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Bopp
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Paul Klein Center for Immune Intervention, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna Brand
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Paul Klein Center for Immune Intervention, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sven Burgdorf
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Luxia Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Meihong Da
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ute Distler
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Paul Klein Center for Immune Intervention, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Regine J Dress
- Institute of Systems Immunology, Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen (MICE), Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Germany
| | - Charles-Antoine Dutertre
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Christina Eich
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Paul Klein Center for Immune Intervention, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna Gabele
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Paul Klein Center for Immune Intervention, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Melanie Geiger
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Medical Faculty, Aachen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lucila Giusiano
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Gloria J Godoy
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Ahmed E I Hamouda
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Medical Faculty, Aachen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lukas Hatscher
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Heger
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gordon F Heidkamp
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lola C Hernandez
- Cell Communication and Migration Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Jacobi
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tomasz Kaszubowski
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wan Ting Kong
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Christian H K Lehmann
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen (MICE), Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Germany
| | - Tamara López-López
- Cell Communication and Migration Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karsten Mahnke
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Nitsche
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jörg Renkawitz
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Klinikum der Universität, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rifat A Reza
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Klinikum der Universität, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Pablo J Sáez
- Cell Communication and Migration Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laura Schlautmann
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Madeleine T Schmitt
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Klinikum der Universität, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Seichter
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Malte Sielaff
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Paul Klein Center for Immune Intervention, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology & Allergology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Giorgi Tchitashvili
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Paul Klein Center for Immune Intervention, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Translational Oncology Mainz (HI-TRON Mainz), Mainz, Germany
| | - Nounagnon R Tochoedo
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Damir Vurnek
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabian Zink
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Hieronymus
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Medical Faculty, Aachen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Cell and Tumor Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Medical Faculty, Germany
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7
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Banerjee T, Matsuoka S, Biswas D, Miao Y, Pal DS, Kamimura Y, Ueda M, Devreotes PN, Iglesias PA. A dynamic partitioning mechanism polarizes membrane protein distribution. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7909. [PMID: 38036511 PMCID: PMC10689845 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43615-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane is widely regarded as the hub of the numerous signal transduction activities. Yet, the fundamental biophysical mechanisms that spatiotemporally compartmentalize different classes of membrane proteins remain unclear. Using multimodal live-cell imaging, here we first show that several lipid-anchored membrane proteins are consistently depleted from the membrane regions where the Ras/PI3K/Akt/F-actin network is activated. The dynamic polarization of these proteins does not depend upon the F-actin-based cytoskeletal structures, recurring shuttling between membrane and cytosol, or directed vesicular trafficking. Photoconversion microscopy and single-molecule measurements demonstrate that these lipid-anchored molecules have substantially dissimilar diffusion profiles in different regions of the membrane which enable their selective segregation. When these diffusion coefficients are incorporated into an excitable network-based stochastic reaction-diffusion model, simulations reveal that the altered affinity mediated selective partitioning is sufficient to drive familiar propagating wave patterns. Furthermore, normally uniform integral and lipid-anchored membrane proteins partition successfully when membrane domain-specific peptides are optogenetically recruited to them. We propose "dynamic partitioning" as a new mechanism that can account for large-scale compartmentalization of a wide array of lipid-anchored and integral membrane proteins during various physiological processes where membrane polarizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsat Banerjee
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Satomi Matsuoka
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Single Molecule Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Debojyoti Biswas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yuchuan Miao
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dhiman Sankar Pal
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yoichiro Kamimura
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ueda
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Single Molecule Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Peter N Devreotes
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Pablo A Iglesias
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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8
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Zhang M, Kim S, Yang HW. Non-canonical pathway for Rb inactivation and external signaling coordinate cell-cycle entry without CDK4/6 activity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7847. [PMID: 38030655 PMCID: PMC10687137 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43716-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) are critical for initiating cell proliferation by inactivating the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein. However, mammalian cells can bypass CDK4/6 for Rb inactivation. Here we show a non-canonical pathway for Rb inactivation and its interplay with external signals. We find that the non-phosphorylated Rb protein in quiescent cells is intrinsically unstable, offering an alternative mechanism for initiating E2F activity. Nevertheless, this pathway incompletely induces Rb-protein loss, resulting in minimal E2F activity. To trigger cell proliferation, upregulation of mitogenic signaling is required for stabilizing c-Myc, thereby augmenting E2F activity. Concurrently, stress signaling promotes Cip/Kip levels, competitively regulating cell proliferation with mitogenic signaling. In cancer, driver mutations elevate c-Myc levels, facilitating adaptation to CDK4/6 inhibitors. Differentiated cells, despite Rb-protein loss, maintain quiescence through the modulation of c-Myc and Cip/Kip levels. Our findings provide mechanistic insights into an alternative model of cell-cycle entry and the maintenance of quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Sungsoo Kim
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Hee Won Yang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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9
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Qian W, Yamaguchi N, Lis P, Cammer M, Knaut H. Pulses of RhoA Signaling Stimulate Actin Polymerization and Flow in Protrusions to Drive Collective Cell Migration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.03.560679. [PMID: 37873192 PMCID: PMC10592895 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.03.560679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
In animals, cells often move as collectives to shape organs, close wounds, or-in the case of disease-metastasize. To accomplish this, cells need to generate force to propel themselves forward. The motility of singly migrating cells is driven largely by an interplay between Rho GTPase signaling and the actin network (Yamada and Sixt, 2019). Whether cells migrating as collectives use the same machinery for motility is unclear. Using the zebrafish posterior lateral line primordium as a model for collective cell migration, we find that active RhoA and myosin II cluster on the basal sides of the primordium cells and are required for primordium motility. Positive and negative feedbacks cause RhoA and myosin II activities to pulse. These pulses of RhoA signaling stimulate actin polymerization at the tip of the protrusions and myosin II-dependent actin flow and protrusion retraction at the base of the protrusions, and deform the basement membrane underneath the migrating primordium. This suggests that RhoA-induced actin flow on the basal sides of the cells constitutes the motor that pulls the primordium forward, a scenario that likely underlies collective migration in other-but not all (Bastock and Strutt, 2007; Lebreton and Casanova, 2013; Matthews et al., 2008)-contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Qian
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Naoya Yamaguchi
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Patrycja Lis
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Michael Cammer
- Microscopy laboratory, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Holger Knaut
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
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10
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Lundgren SM, Rocha-Gregg BL, Akdoǧan E, Mysore MN, Hayes S, Collins SR. Signaling dynamics distinguish high- and low-priority neutrophil chemoattractant receptors. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eadd1845. [PMID: 37788324 PMCID: PMC10680494 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.add1845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Human neutrophils respond to multiple chemoattractants to guide their migration from the vasculature to sites of infection and injury, where they clear pathogens and amplify inflammation. To properly focus their responses during this complex navigation, neutrophils prioritize pathogen- and injury-derived signals over long-range inflammatory signals, such as the leukotriene LTB4, secreted by host cells. Different chemoattractants can also drive qualitatively different modes of migration even though their receptors couple to the same Gαi family of G proteins. Here, we used live-cell imaging to demonstrate that the responses differed in their signaling dynamics. Low-priority chemoattractants caused transient responses, whereas responses to high-priority chemoattractants were sustained. We observed this difference in both primary neutrophils and differentiated HL-60 cells, for downstream signaling mediated by Ca2+, a major regulator of secretion, and Cdc42, a primary regulator of polarity and cell steering. The rapid attenuation of Cdc42 activation in response to LTB4 depended on the phosphorylation sites Thr308 and Ser310 in the carboxyl-terminal tail of its receptor LTB4R in a manner independent of endocytosis. Mutation of these residues to alanine impaired chemoattractant prioritization, although it did not affect chemoattractant-dependent differences in migration persistence. Our results indicate that distinct temporal regulation of shared signaling pathways distinguishes between receptors and contributes to chemoattractant prioritization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M. Lundgren
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Briana L. Rocha-Gregg
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Emel Akdoǧan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Maya N. Mysore
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Samantha Hayes
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sean R. Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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11
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Liguori GL, Kralj-Iglič V. Pathological and Therapeutic Significance of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Cell Migration and Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4425. [PMID: 37760395 PMCID: PMC10648223 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The infiltration of primary tumors and metastasis formation at distant sites strongly impact the prognosis and the quality of life of cancer patients. Current therapies including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy are limited in targeting the complex cell migration mechanisms responsible for cancer cell invasiveness and metastasis. A better understanding of these mechanisms and the development of new therapies are urgently needed. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-enveloped particles involved in inter-tissue and inter-cell communication. This review article focuses on the impact of EVs released by tumor cells, specifically on cancer cell migration and metastasis. We first introduce cell migration processes and EV subtypes, and we give an overview of how tumor-derived EVs (TDEVs) may impact cancer cell migration. Then, we discuss ongoing EV-based cancer therapeutic approaches, including the inhibition of general EV-related mechanisms as well as the use of EVs for anti-cancer drug delivery, focusing on the harnessing of TDEVs. We propose a protein-EV shuttle as a route alternative to secretion or cell membrane binding, influencing downstream signaling and the final effect on target cells, with strong implications in tumorigenesis. Finally, we highlight the pitfalls and limitations of therapeutic EV exploitation that must be overcome to realize the promise of EVs for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna L. Liguori
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IGB) “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso”, National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Veronika Kralj-Iglič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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12
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Lin Y, Pal DS, Banerjee P, Banerjee T, Qin G, Deng Y, Borleis J, Iglesias PA, Devreotes PN. Ras-mediated homeostatic control of front-back signaling dictates cell polarity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.30.555648. [PMID: 37693515 PMCID: PMC10491231 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.30.555648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Studies in the model systems, Dictyostelium amoebae and HL-60 neutrophils, have shown that local Ras activity directly regulates cell motility or polarity. Localized Ras activation on the membrane is spatiotemporally regulated by its activators, RasGEFs, and inhibitors, RasGAPs, which might be expected to create a stable 'front' and 'back', respectively, in migrating cells. Focusing on C2GAPB in amoebae and RASAL3 in neutrophils, we investigated how Ras activity along the cortex controls polarity. Since existing gene knockout and overexpression studies can be circumvented, we chose optogenetic approaches to assess the immediate, local effects of these Ras regulators on the cell cortex. In both cellular systems, optically targeting the respective RasGAPs to the cell front extinguished existing protrusions and changed the direction of migration, as might be expected. However, when the expression of C2GAPB was induced globally, amoebae polarized within hours. Furthermore, within minutes of globally recruiting either C2GAPB in amoebae or RASAL3 in neutrophils, each cell type polarized and moved more rapidly. Targeting the RasGAPs to the cell backs exaggerated these effects on migration and polarity. Overall, in both cell types, RasGAP-mediated polarization was brought about by increased actomyosin contractility at the back and sustained, localized F-actin polymerization at the front. These experimental results were accurately captured by computational simulations in which Ras levels control front and back feedback loops. The discovery that context-dependent Ras activity on the cell cortex has counterintuitive, unanticipated effects on cell polarity can have important implications for future drug-design strategies targeting oncogenic Ras.
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13
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Town JP, Weiner OD. Local negative feedback of Rac activity at the leading edge underlies a pilot pseudopod-like program for amoeboid cell guidance. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002307. [PMID: 37747905 PMCID: PMC10553818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To migrate efficiently, neutrophils must polarize their cytoskeletal regulators along a single axis of motion. This polarization process is thought to be mediated through local positive feedback that amplifies leading edge signals and global negative feedback that enables sites of positive feedback to compete for dominance. Though this two-component model efficiently establishes cell polarity, it has potential limitations, including a tendency to "lock" onto a particular direction, limiting the ability of cells to reorient. We use spatially defined optogenetic control of a leading edge organizer (PI3K) to probe how neutrophil-like HL-60 cells balance "decisiveness" needed to polarize in a single direction with the flexibility needed to respond to new cues. Underlying this balancing act is a local Rac inhibition process that destabilizes the leading edge to promote exploration. We show that this local inhibition enables cells to process input signal dynamics, linking front stability and orientation to local temporal increases in input signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P. Town
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Orion D. Weiner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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14
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Liu XH, Liu Z, Ren ZH, Chen HX, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Cao N, Luo GZ. Co-effects of m6A and chromatin accessibility dynamics in the regulation of cardiomyocyte differentiation. Epigenetics Chromatin 2023; 16:32. [PMID: 37568210 PMCID: PMC10416456 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-023-00506-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiomyocyte growth and differentiation rely on precise gene expression regulation, with epigenetic modifications emerging as key players in this intricate process. Among these modifications, N6-methyladenosine (m6A) stands out as one of the most prevalent modifications on mRNA, exerting influence over mRNA metabolism and gene expression. However, the specific function of m6A in cardiomyocyte differentiation remains poorly understood. RESULTS We investigated the relationship between m6A modification and cardiomyocyte differentiation by conducting a comprehensive profiling of m6A dynamics during the transition from pluripotent stem cells to cardiomyocytes. Our findings reveal that while the overall m6A modification level remains relatively stable, the m6A levels of individual genes undergo significant changes throughout cardiomyocyte differentiation. We discovered the correlation between alterations in chromatin accessibility and the binding capabilities of m6A writers, erasers, and readers. The changes in chromatin accessibility influence the recruitment and activity of m6A regulatory proteins, thereby impacting the levels of m6A modification on specific mRNA transcripts. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that the coordinated dynamics of m6A modification and chromatin accessibility are prominent during the cardiomyocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Hong Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhun Liu
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No.74 Zhongshan Rd.2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ze-Hui Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Hong-Xuan Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No.74 Zhongshan Rd.2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhang Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Nan Cao
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No.74 Zhongshan Rd.2, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Guan-Zheng Luo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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15
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Dreyer CA, VanderVorst K, Natwick D, Bell G, Sood P, Hernandez M, Angelastro JM, Collins SR, Carraway KL. A complex of Wnt/planar cell polarity signaling components Vangl1 and Fzd7 drives glioblastoma multiforme malignant properties. Cancer Lett 2023; 567:216280. [PMID: 37336284 PMCID: PMC10582999 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Targeting common oncogenic drivers of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) in patients has remained largely ineffective, raising the possibility that alternative pathways may contribute to tumor aggressiveness. Here we demonstrate that Vangl1 and Fzd7, components of the non-canonical Wnt planar cell polarity (Wnt/PCP) signaling pathway, promote GBM malignancy by driving cellular proliferation, migration, and invasiveness, and engage Rho GTPases to promote cytoskeletal rearrangements and actin dynamics in migrating GBM cells. Mechanistically, we uncover the existence of a novel Vangl1/Fzd7 complex at the leading edge of migrating GBM cells and propose that this complex is critical for the recruitment of downstream effectors to promote tumor progression. Moreover, we observe that depletion of FZD7 results in a striking suppression of tumor growth and latency and extends overall survival in an intracranial mouse xenograft model. Our observations support a novel mechanism by which Wnt/PCP components Vangl1 and Fzd7 form a complex at the leading edge of migratory GBM cells to engage downstream effectors that promote actin cytoskeletal rearrangements dynamics. Our findings suggest that interference with Wnt/PCP pathway function may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for patients diagnosed with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A Dreyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Kacey VanderVorst
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Dean Natwick
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - George Bell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Prachi Sood
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Maria Hernandez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - James M Angelastro
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sean R Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kermit L Carraway
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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16
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VanderVorst K, Dreyer CA, Hatakeyama J, Bell GRR, Learn JA, Berg AL, Hernandez M, Lee H, Collins SR, Carraway KL. Vangl-dependent Wnt/planar cell polarity signaling mediates collective breast carcinoma motility and distant metastasis. Breast Cancer Res 2023; 25:52. [PMID: 37147680 PMCID: PMC10163820 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-023-01651-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In light of the growing appreciation for the role of collective cell motility in metastasis, a deeper understanding of the underlying signaling pathways will be critical to translating these observations to the treatment of advanced cancers. Here, we examine the contribution of Wnt/planar cell polarity (Wnt/PCP), one of the non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways and defined by the involvement of the tetraspanin-like proteins Vangl1 and Vangl2, to breast tumor cell motility, collective cell invasiveness and mammary tumor metastasis. METHODS Vangl1 and Vangl2 knockdown and overexpression and Wnt5a stimulation were employed to manipulate Wnt/PCP signaling in a battery of breast cancer cell lines representing all breast cancer subtypes, and in tumor organoids from MMTV-PyMT mice. Cell migration was assessed by scratch and organoid invasion assays, Vangl protein subcellular localization was assessed by confocal fluorescence microscopy, and RhoA activation was assessed in real time by fluorescence imaging with an advanced FRET biosensor. The impact of Wnt/PCP suppression on mammary tumor growth and metastasis was assessed by determining the effect of conditional Vangl2 knockout on the MMTV-NDL mouse mammary tumor model. RESULTS We observed that Vangl2 knockdown suppresses the motility of all breast cancer cell lines examined, and overexpression drives the invasiveness of collectively migrating MMTV-PyMT organoids. Vangl2-dependent RhoA activity is localized in real time to a subpopulation of motile leader cells displaying a hyper-protrusive leading edge, Vangl protein is localized to leader cell protrusions within leader cells, and actin cytoskeletal regulator RhoA is preferentially activated in the leader cells of a migrating collective. Mammary gland-specific knockout of Vangl2 results in a striking decrease in lung metastases in MMTV-NDL mice, but does not impact primary tumor growth characteristics. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that Vangl-dependent Wnt/PCP signaling promotes breast cancer collective cell migration independent of breast tumor subtype and facilitates distant metastasis in a genetically engineered mouse model of breast cancer. Our observations are consistent with a model whereby Vangl proteins localized at the leading edge of leader cells in a migrating collective act through RhoA to mediate the cytoskeletal rearrangements required for pro-migratory protrusion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacey VanderVorst
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Courtney A Dreyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jason Hatakeyama
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - George R R Bell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Julie A Learn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Anastasia L Berg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Maria Hernandez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Hyun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Sean R Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kermit L Carraway
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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17
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Hadjitheodorou A, Bell GRR, Ellett F, Irimia D, Tibshirani R, Collins SR, Theriot JA. Leading edge competition promotes context-dependent responses to receptor inputs to resolve directional dilemmas in neutrophil migration. Cell Syst 2023; 14:196-209.e6. [PMID: 36827986 PMCID: PMC10150694 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining persistent migration in complex environments is critical for neutrophils to reach infection sites. Neutrophils avoid getting trapped, even when obstacles split their front into multiple leading edges. How they re-establish polarity to move productively while incorporating receptor inputs under such conditions remains unclear. Here, we challenge chemotaxing HL60 neutrophil-like cells with symmetric bifurcating microfluidic channels to probe cell-intrinsic processes during the resolution of competing fronts. Using supervised statistical learning, we demonstrate that cells commit to one leading edge late in the process, rather than amplifying structural asymmetries or early fluctuations. Using optogenetic tools, we show that receptor inputs only bias the decision similarly late, once mechanical stretching begins to weaken each front. Finally, a retracting edge commits to retraction, with ROCK limiting sensitivity to receptor inputs until the retraction completes. Collectively, our results suggest that cell edges locally adopt highly stable protrusion/retraction programs that are modulated by mechanical feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Hadjitheodorou
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - George R R Bell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Felix Ellett
- Department of Surgery, BioMEMS Resource Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Irimia
- Department of Surgery, BioMEMS Resource Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Tibshirani
- Department of Statistics and Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sean R Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Julie A Theriot
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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18
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Fu S, Deng H, Bertolini I, Perego M, Chen ES, Sanseviero E, Mostafa A, Alicea-Torres K, Garcia-Gerique L, Stone EL, Kossenkov AV, Schug ZT, Nam B, Mulligan C, Altieri DC, Nefedova Y, Gabrilovich DI. Syntaphilin Regulates Neutrophil Migration in Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2023; 11:278-289. [PMID: 36548516 PMCID: PMC9991994 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-22-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pathologically activated neutrophils (PMN) with immunosuppressive activity, which are termed myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSC), play a critical role in regulating tumor progression. These cells have been implicated in promoting tumor metastases by contributing to premetastatic niche formation. This effect was facilitated by enhanced spontaneous migration of PMN from bone marrow to the premetastatic niches during the early-stage of cancer development. The molecular mechanisms underpinning this phenomenon remained unclear. In this study, we found that syntaphilin (SNPH), a cytoskeletal protein previously known for anchoring mitochondria to the microtubule in neurons and tumor cells, could regulate migration of PMN. Expression of SNPH was decreased in PMN from tumor-bearing mice and patients with cancer as compared with PMN from tumor-free mice and healthy donors, respectively. In Snph-knockout (SNPH-KO) mice, spontaneous migration of PMN was increased and the mice showed increased metastasis. Mechanistically, in SNPH-KO mice, the speed and distance travelled by mitochondria in PMN was increased, rates of oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis were elevated, and generation of adenosine was increased. Thus, our study reveals a molecular mechanism regulating increased migratory activity of PMN during cancer progression and suggests a novel therapeutic targeting opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Fu
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878
| | - Hui Deng
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Irene Bertolini
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Michela Perego
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Eric S. Chen
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | | | - Ali Mostafa
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878
| | - Kevin Alicea-Torres
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- University of Puerto Rico at Humacao
| | - Laura Garcia-Gerique
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Erica L. Stone
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Andrew V. Kossenkov
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Zachary T. Schug
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
| | - Brian Nam
- Helen F Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Christiana Care, Newark, DE, USA 19713
| | - Charles Mulligan
- Helen F Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Christiana Care, Newark, DE, USA 19713
| | - Dario C. Altieri
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Yulia Nefedova
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
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19
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Kunida K, Takagi N, Aoki K, Ikeda K, Nakamura T, Sakumura Y. Decoding cellular deformation from pseudo-simultaneously observed Rho GTPase activities. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112071. [PMID: 36764299 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Limitations in simultaneously observing the activity of multiple molecules in live cells prevent researchers from elucidating how these molecules coordinate the dynamic regulation of cellular functions. Here, we propose the motion-triggered average (MTA) algorithm to characterize pseudo-simultaneous dynamic changes in arbitrary cellular deformation and molecular activities. Using MTA, we successfully extract a pseudo-simultaneous time series from individually observed activities of three Rho GTPases: Cdc42, Rac1, and RhoA. To verify that this time series encoded information on cell-edge movement, we use a mathematical regression model to predict the edge velocity from the activities of the three molecules. The model accurately predicts the unknown edge velocity, providing numerical evidence that these Rho GTPases regulate edge movement. Data preprocessing using MTA combined with mathematical regression provides an effective strategy for reusing numerous individual observations of molecular activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Kunida
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 8916-5, Japan; School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Takagi
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Aichi Prefectural University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1342, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Kazushi Ikeda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 8916-5, Japan; Data Science Center, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 8916-5, Japan; RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (RIKEN AIP), Kyoto 619-0288, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakamura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sakumura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 8916-5, Japan; Data Science Center, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 8916-5, Japan.
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20
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Banerjee T, Matsuoka S, Biswas D, Miao Y, Pal DS, Kamimura Y, Ueda M, Devreotes PN, Iglesias PA. A dynamic partitioning mechanism polarizes membrane protein distribution. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.03.522496. [PMID: 36712016 PMCID: PMC9881856 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.03.522496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane is widely regarded as the hub of the signal transduction network activities that drives numerous physiological responses, including cell polarity and migration. Yet, the symmetry breaking process in the membrane, that leads to dynamic compartmentalization of different proteins, remains poorly understood. Using multimodal live-cell imaging, here we first show that multiple endogenous and synthetic lipid-anchored proteins, despite maintaining stable tight association with the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, were unexpectedly depleted from the membrane domains where the signaling network was spontaneously activated such as in the new protrusions as well as within the propagating ventral waves. Although their asymmetric patterns resembled those of standard peripheral "back" proteins such as PTEN, unlike the latter, these lipidated proteins did not dissociate from the membrane upon global receptor activation. Our experiments not only discounted the possibility of recurrent reversible translocation from membrane to cytosol as it occurs for weakly bound peripheral membrane proteins, but also ruled out the necessity of directed vesicular trafficking and cytoskeletal supramolecular structure-based restrictions in driving these dynamic symmetry breaking events. Selective photoconversion-based protein tracking assays suggested that these asymmetric patterns instead originate from the inherent ability of these membrane proteins to "dynamically partition" into distinct domains within the plane of the membrane. Consistently, single-molecule measurements showed that these lipid-anchored molecules have substantially dissimilar diffusion profiles in different regions of the membrane. When these profiles were incorporated into an excitable network-based stochastic reaction-diffusion model of the system, simulations revealed that our proposed "dynamic partitioning" mechanism is sufficient to give rise to familiar asymmetric propagating wave patterns. Moreover, we demonstrated that normally uniform integral and lipid-anchored membrane proteins in Dictyostelium and mammalian neutrophil cells can be induced to partition spatiotemporally to form polarized patterns, by optogenetically recruiting membrane domain-specific peptides to these proteins. Together, our results indicate "dynamic partitioning" as a new mechanism of plasma membrane organization, that can account for large-scale compartmentalization of a wide array of lipid-anchored and integral membrane proteins in different physiological processes.
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21
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Jiang X, Isogai T, Chi J, Danuser G. Fine-grained, nonlinear registration of live cell movies reveals spatiotemporal organization of diffuse molecular processes. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009667. [PMID: 36584219 PMCID: PMC9870159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We present an application of nonlinear image registration to align in microscopy time lapse sequences for every frame the cell outline and interior with the outline and interior of the same cell in a reference frame. The registration relies on a subcellular fiducial marker, a cell motion mask, and a topological regularization that enforces diffeomorphism on the registration without significant loss of granularity. This allows spatiotemporal analysis of extremely noisy and diffuse molecular processes across the entire cell. We validate the registration method for different fiducial markers by measuring the intensity differences between predicted and original time lapse sequences of Actin cytoskeleton images and by uncovering zones of spatially organized GEF- and GTPase signaling dynamics visualized by FRET-based activity biosensors in MDA-MB-231 cells. We then demonstrate applications of the registration method in conjunction with stochastic time-series analysis. We describe distinct zones of locally coherent dynamics of the cytoplasmic protein Profilin in U2OS cells. Further analysis of the Profilin dynamics revealed strong relationships with Actin cytoskeleton reorganization during cell symmetry-breaking and polarization. This study thus provides a framework for extracting information to explore functional interactions between cell morphodynamics, protein distributions, and signaling in cells undergoing continuous shape changes. Matlab code implementing the proposed registration method is available at https://github.com/DanuserLab/Mask-Regularized-Diffeomorphic-Cell-Registration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexia Jiang
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tadamoto Isogai
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joseph Chi
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gaudenz Danuser
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Chetty AK, Ha BH, Boggon TJ. Rho family GTPase signaling through type II p21-activated kinases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:598. [PMID: 36401658 PMCID: PMC10105373 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04618-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Signaling from the Rho family small GTPases controls a wide range of signaling outcomes. Key among the downstream effectors for many of the Rho GTPases are the p21-activated kinases, or PAK group. The PAK family comprises two types, the type I PAKs (PAK1, 2 and 3) and the type II PAKs (PAK4, 5 and 6), which have distinct structures and mechanisms of regulation. In this review, we discuss signal transduction from Rho GTPases with a focus on the type II PAKs. We discuss the role of PAKs in signal transduction pathways and selectivity of Rho GTPases for PAK family members. We consider the less well studied of the Rho GTPases and their PAK-related signaling. We then discuss the molecular basis for kinase domain recognition of substrates and for regulation of signaling. We conclude with a discussion of the role of PAKs in cross talk between Rho family small GTPases and the roles of PAKs in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin K Chetty
- Yale College, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Byung Hak Ha
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Titus J Boggon
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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23
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Banerjee T, Biswas D, Pal DS, Miao Y, Iglesias PA, Devreotes PN. Spatiotemporal dynamics of membrane surface charge regulates cell polarity and migration. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:1499-1515. [PMID: 36202973 PMCID: PMC10029748 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00997-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During cell migration and polarization, numerous signal transduction and cytoskeletal components self-organize to generate localized protrusions. Although biochemical and genetic analyses have delineated many specific interactions, how the activation and localization of so many different molecules are spatiotemporally orchestrated at the subcellular level has remained unclear. Here we show that the regulation of negative surface charge on the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane plays an integrative role in the molecular interactions. Surface charge, or zeta potential, is transiently lowered at new protrusions and within cortical waves of Ras/PI3K/TORC2/F-actin network activation. Rapid alterations of inner leaflet anionic phospholipids-such as PI(4,5)P2, PI(3,4)P2, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid-collectively contribute to the surface charge changes. Abruptly reducing the surface charge by recruiting positively charged optogenetic actuators was sufficient to trigger the entire biochemical network, initiate de novo protrusions and abrogate pre-existing polarity. These effects were blocked by genetic or pharmacological inhibition of key signalling components such as AKT and PI3K/TORC2. Conversely, increasing the negative surface charge deactivated the network and locally suppressed chemoattractant-induced protrusions or subverted EGF-induced ERK activation. Computational simulations involving excitable biochemical networks demonstrated that slight changes in feedback loops, induced by recruitment of the charged actuators, could lead to outsized effects on system activation. We propose that key signalling network components act on, and are in turn acted upon, by surface charge, closing feedback loops, which bring about the global-scale molecular self-organization required for spontaneous protrusion formation, cell migration and polarity establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsat Banerjee
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Debojyoti Biswas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dhiman Sankar Pal
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yuchuan Miao
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pablo A Iglesias
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter N Devreotes
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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24
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Chen PC, Feng XQ, Li B. Unified multiscale theory of cellular mechanical adaptations to substrate stiffness. Biophys J 2022; 121:3474-3485. [PMID: 35978549 PMCID: PMC9515123 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rigidity of the extracellular matrix markedly regulates many cellular processes. However, how cells detect and respond to matrix rigidity remains incompletely understood. Here, we propose a unified two-dimensional multiscale framework accounting for the chemomechanical feedback to explore the interrelated cellular mechanosensing, polarization, and migration, which constitute the dynamic cascade in cellular response to matrix stiffness but are often modeled separately in previous theories. By combining integrin dynamics and intracellular force transduction, we show that substrate stiffness can act as a switch to activate or deactivate cell polarization. Our theory quantitatively reproduces rich stiffness-dependent cellular dynamics, including spreading, polarity selection, migration pattern, durotaxis, and even negative durotaxis, reported in a wide spectrum of cell types, and reconciles some inconsistent experimental observations. We find that a specific bipolarized mode can determine the optimal substrate stiffness, which enables the fastest cell migration rather than the largest traction forces that cells apply on the substrate. We identify that such a mechanical adaptation stems from the force balance across the whole cell. These findings could yield universal insights into various stiffness-mediated cellular processes within the context of tissue morphogenesis, wound healing, and cancer invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Cheng Chen
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xi-Qiao Feng
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bo Li
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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25
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Tang WC, Liu YT, Yeh CH, Lu CH, Tu CH, Lin YL, Lin YC, Hsu TL, Gao L, Chang SW, Chen P, Chen BC. Optogenetic manipulation of cell migration with high spatiotemporal resolution using lattice lightsheet microscopy. Commun Biol 2022; 5:879. [PMID: 36028551 PMCID: PMC9418249 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03835-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lattice lightsheet microscopy (LLSM) featuring three-dimensional recording is improved to manipulate cellular behavior with subcellular resolution through optogenetic activation (optoLLSM). A position-controllable Bessel beam as a stimulation source is integrated into the LLSM to achieve spatiotemporal photoactivation by changing the spatial light modulator (SLM) patterns. Unlike the point-scanning in a confocal microscope, the lattice beams are capable of wide-field optical sectioning for optogenetic activation along the Bessel beam path.We show that the energy power required for optogenetic activations is lower than 1 nW (or 24 mWcm-2) for time-lapses of CRY2olig clustering proteins, and membrane ruffling can be induced at different locations within a cell with subcellular resolution through light-triggered recruitment of phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Moreover, with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) fused with CRY2olig, we are able to demonstrate guided cell migration using optogenetic stimulation for up to 6 h, where 463 imaging volumes are collected, without noticeable cellular damages. Using a Bessel beam as a simulation source allows the use of lattice lightsheet microscopy for spatiotemporal control of photoactivation, illustrated by the control of cellular migration behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Tang
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ting Liu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Yeh
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Han Lu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Hui Tu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Biomedical Translation Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Tsui-Ling Hsu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Liang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
| | - Shu-Wei Chang
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Peilin Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan. .,Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Bi-Chang Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
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26
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Sugawara T, Kaneko K. Chemophoresis engine: A general mechanism of ATPase-driven cargo transport. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010324. [PMID: 35877681 PMCID: PMC9363008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity regulates the orientation of the cytoskeleton members that directs intracellular transport for cargo-like organelles, using chemical gradients sustained by ATP or GTP hydrolysis. However, how cargo transports are directly mediated by chemical gradients remains unknown. We previously proposed a physical mechanism that enables directed movement of cargos, referred to as chemophoresis. According to the mechanism, a cargo with reaction sites is subjected to a chemophoresis force in the direction of the increased concentration. Based on this, we introduce an extended model, the chemophoresis engine, as a general mechanism of cargo motion, which transforms chemical free energy into directed motion through the catalytic ATP hydrolysis. We applied the engine to plasmid motion in a ParABS system to demonstrate the self-organization system for directed plasmid movement and pattern dynamics of ParA-ATP concentration, thereby explaining plasmid equi-positioning and pole-to-pole oscillation observed in bacterial cells and in vitro experiments. We mathematically show the existence and stability of the plasmid-surfing pattern, which allows the cargo-directed motion through the symmetry-breaking transition of the ParA-ATP spatiotemporal pattern. We also quantitatively demonstrate that the chemophoresis engine can work even under in vivo conditions. Finally, we discuss the chemophoresis engine as one of the general mechanisms of hydrolysis-driven intracellular transport. The formation of organelle/macromolecule patterns depending on chemical concentration under non-equilibrium conditions, first observed during macroscopic morphogenesis, has recently been observed at the intracellular level as well, and its relevance as intracellular morphogen has been demonstrated in the case of bacterial cell division. These studies have discussed how cargos maintain positional information provided by chemical concentration gradients/localization. However, how cargo transports are directly mediated by chemical gradients remains unknown. Based on the previously proposed mechanism of chemotaxis-like behavior of cargos (referred to as chemophoresis), we introduce a chemophoresis engine as a physicochemical mechanism of cargo motion, which transforms chemical free energy to directed motion. The engine is based on the chemophoresis force to make cargoes move in the direction of the increasing ATPase(-ATP) concentration and an enhanced catalytic ATPase hydrolysis at the positions of the cargoes. Applying the engine to ATPase-driven movement of plasmid-DNAs in bacterial cells, we constructed a mathematical model to demonstrate the self-organization for directed plasmid motion and pattern dynamics of ATPase concentration, as is consistent with in vitro and in vivo experiments. We propose that this chemophoresis engine works as a general mechanism of hydrolysis-driven intracellular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Sugawara
- Universal Biology Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kunihiko Kaneko
- Center for Complex Systems Biology, Universal Biology Institute, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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27
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Consalvo KM, Kirolos SA, Sestak CE, Gomer RH. Sex-Based Differences in Human Neutrophil Chemorepulsion. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:354-367. [PMID: 35793910 PMCID: PMC9283293 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A considerable amount is known about how eukaryotic cells move toward an attractant, and the mechanisms are conserved from Dictyostelium discoideum to human neutrophils. Relatively little is known about chemorepulsion, where cells move away from a repellent signal. We previously identified pathways mediating chemorepulsion in Dictyostelium, and here we show that these pathways, including Ras, Rac, protein kinase C, PTEN, and ERK1 and 2, are required for human neutrophil chemorepulsion, and, as with Dictyostelium chemorepulsion, PI3K and phospholipase C are not necessary, suggesting that eukaryotic chemorepulsion mechanisms are conserved. Surprisingly, there were differences between male and female neutrophils. Inhibition of Rho-associated kinases or Cdc42 caused male neutrophils to be more repelled by a chemorepellent and female neutrophils to be attracted to the chemorepellent. In the presence of a chemorepellent, compared with male neutrophils, female neutrophils showed a reduced percentage of repelled neutrophils, greater persistence of movement, more adhesion, less accumulation of PI(3,4,5)P3, and less polymerization of actin. Five proteins associated with chemorepulsion pathways are differentially abundant, with three of the five showing sex dimorphism in protein localization in unstimulated male and female neutrophils. Together, this indicates a fundamental difference in a motility mechanism in the innate immune system in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara A Kirolos
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Chelsea E Sestak
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Richard H Gomer
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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28
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Oster L, Schröder J, Rugi M, Schimmelpfennig S, Sargin S, Schwab A, Najder K. Extracellular pH Controls Chemotaxis of Neutrophil Granulocytes by Regulating Leukotriene B 4 Production and Cdc42 Signaling. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:136-144. [PMID: 35715008 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil granulocytes are the first and robust responders to the chemotactic molecules released from an inflamed acidic tissue. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of microenvironmental pH in neutrophil chemotaxis. To this end, we used neutrophils from male C57BL/6J mice and combined live cell imaging chemotaxis assays with measurements of the intracellular pH (pHi) in varied extracellular pH (pHe). Observational studies were complemented by biochemical analyses of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) production and activation of the Cdc42 Rho GTPase. Our data show that pHi of neutrophils dose-dependently adapts to a given pH of the extracellular milieu. Neutrophil chemotaxis toward C5a has an optimum at pHi ∼7.1, and its pHi dependency is almost parallel to that of LTB4 production. Consequently, a shallow pHe gradient, resembling that encountered by neutrophils during extravasation from a blood vessel (pH ∼7.4) into the interstitium (pH ∼7.2), favors chemotaxis of stimulated neutrophils. Lowering pHe below pH 6.8, predominantly affects neutrophil chemotaxis, although the velocity is largely maintained. Inhibition of the Na+/H+ exchanger 1 (NHE1) with cariporide drastically attenuates neutrophil chemotaxis at the optimal pHi irrespective of the high LTB4 production. Neutrophil migration and chemotaxis are almost completely abrogated by inhibiting LTB4 production or blocking its receptor (BLT1). The abundance of the active GTP-bound form of Cdc42 is strongly reduced by NHE1 inhibition or pHe 6.5. In conclusion, we propose that the pH dependence of neutrophil chemotaxis toward C5a is caused by a pHi-dependent production of LTB4 and activation of Cdc42. Moreover, it requires the activity of NHE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Oster
- Institute of Physiology II, Westfälische Wilhelms University, Münster, Germany
| | - Julia Schröder
- Institute of Physiology II, Westfälische Wilhelms University, Münster, Germany
| | - Micol Rugi
- Institute of Physiology II, Westfälische Wilhelms University, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Sarah Sargin
- Institute of Physiology II, Westfälische Wilhelms University, Münster, Germany
| | - Albrecht Schwab
- Institute of Physiology II, Westfälische Wilhelms University, Münster, Germany
| | - Karolina Najder
- Institute of Physiology II, Westfälische Wilhelms University, Münster, Germany
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29
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Noh J, Isogai T, Chi J, Bhatt K, Danuser G. Granger-causal inference of the lamellipodial actin regulator hierarchy by live cell imaging without perturbation. Cell Syst 2022; 13:471-487.e8. [PMID: 35675823 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Many cell regulatory systems implicate nonlinearity and redundancy among components. The regulatory network governing lamellipodial and lamellar actin structures is prototypical of such a system, containing tens of actin-nucleating and -modulating molecules with functional overlap and feedback loops. Due to instantaneous and long-term compensation, phenotyping the system response to perturbation provides limited information on the roles the targeted component plays in the unperturbed system. Accordingly, how individual actin regulators contribute to lamellipodial dynamics remains ambiguous. Here, we present a perturbation-free reconstruction of cause-effect relations among actin regulators by applying Granger-causal inference to constitutive image fluctuations that indicate regulator recruitment as a proxy for activity. Our analysis identifies distinct zones of actin regulator activation and of causal effects on filament assembly and delineates actin-dependent and actin-independent regulator roles in controlling edge motion. We propose that edge motion is driven by assembly of two independently operating actin filament systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungsik Noh
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tadamoto Isogai
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Joseph Chi
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kushal Bhatt
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Gaudenz Danuser
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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30
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Bai H, Yang J, Meng S, Liu C. Oral Microbiota-Driven Cell Migration in Carcinogenesis and Metastasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:864479. [PMID: 35573798 PMCID: PMC9103474 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.864479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity harbors approximately 1,000 microbial species, and both pathogenic and commensal strains are involved in the development of carcinogenesis by stimulating chronic inflammation, affecting cell proliferation, and inhibiting cell apoptosis. Moreover, some substances produced by oral bacteria can also act in a carcinogenic manner. The link between oral microbiota and chronic inflammation as well as cell proliferation has been well established. Recently, increasing evidence has indicated the association of the oral microbiota with cell migration, which is crucial in regulating devastating diseases such as cancer. For instance, increased cell migration induced the spread of highly malignant cancer cells. Due to advanced technologies, the mechanistic understanding of cell migration in carcinogenesis and cancer metastasis is undergoing rapid progress. Thus, this review addressed the complexities of cell migration in carcinogenesis and cancer metastasis. We also integrate recent findings on the molecular mechanisms by which the oral microbiota regulates cell migration, with emphasis on the effect of the oral microbiota on adhesion, polarization, and guidance. Finally, we also highlight critical techniques, such as intravital microscopy and superresolution microscopy, for studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, West China School & Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China School & Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shu Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, West China School & Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Shu Meng, ; Chengcheng Liu,
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, West China School & Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Shu Meng, ; Chengcheng Liu,
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Guenther C. β2-Integrins – Regulatory and Executive Bridges in the Signaling Network Controlling Leukocyte Trafficking and Migration. Front Immunol 2022; 13:809590. [PMID: 35529883 PMCID: PMC9072638 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.809590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte trafficking is an essential process of immunity, occurring as leukocytes travel within the bloodstream and as leukocyte migration within tissues. While it is now established that leukocytes can utilize the mesenchymal migration mode or amoeboid migration mode, differences in the migratory behavior of leukocyte subclasses and how these are realized on a molecular level in each subclass is not fully understood. To outline these differences, first migration modes and their dependence on parameters of the extracellular environments will be explained, as well as the intracellular molecular machinery that powers migration in general. Extracellular parameters are detected by adhesion receptors such as integrins. β2-integrins are surface receptors exclusively expressed on leukocytes and are essential for leukocytes exiting the bloodstream, as well as in mesenchymal migration modes, however, integrins are dispensable for the amoeboid migration mode. Additionally, the balance of different RhoGTPases – which are downstream of surface receptor signaling, including integrins – mediate formation of membrane structures as well as actin dynamics. Individual leukocyte subpopulations have been shown to express distinct RhoGTPase profiles along with their differences in migration behavior, which will be outlined. Emerging aspects of leukocyte migration include signal transduction from integrins via actin to the nucleus that regulates DNA status, gene expression profiles and ultimately leukocyte migratory phenotypes, as well as altered leukocyte migration in tumors, which will be touched upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Guenther
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Carla Guenther,
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32
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Vaidžiulytė K, Macé AS, Battistella A, Beng W, Schauer K, Coppey M. Persistent cell migration emerges from a coupling between protrusion dynamics and polarized trafficking. eLife 2022; 11:69229. [PMID: 35302488 PMCID: PMC8963884 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Migrating cells present a variety of paths, from random to highly directional ones. While random movement can be explained by basal intrinsic activity, persistent movement requires stable polarization. Here, we quantitatively address emergence of persistent migration in (hTERT)–immortalizedRPE1 (retinal pigment epithelial) cells over long timescales. By live cell imaging and dynamic micropatterning, we demonstrate that the Nucleus-Golgi axis aligns with direction of migration leading to efficient cell movement. We show that polarized trafficking is directed toward protrusions with a 20-min delay, and that migration becomes random after disrupting internal cell organization. Eventually, we prove that localized optogenetic Cdc42 activation orients the Nucleus-Golgi axis. Our work suggests that polarized trafficking stabilizes the protrusive activity of the cell, while protrusive activity orients this polarity axis, leading to persistent cell migration. Using a minimal physical model, we show that this feedback is sufficient to recapitulate the quantitative properties of cell migration in the timescale of hours.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kristine Schauer
- Tumor Cell Dynamics Unit, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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33
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Brunetti RM, Kockelkoren G, Raghavan P, Bell GR, Britain D, Puri N, Collins SR, Leonetti MD, Stamou D, Weiner OD. WASP integrates substrate topology and cell polarity to guide neutrophil migration. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202104046. [PMID: 34964841 PMCID: PMC8719638 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202104046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To control their movement, cells need to coordinate actin assembly with the geometric features of their substrate. Here, we uncover a role for the actin regulator WASP in the 3D migration of neutrophils. We show that WASP responds to substrate topology by enriching to sites of inward, substrate-induced membrane deformation. Superresolution imaging reveals that WASP preferentially enriches to the necks of these substrate-induced invaginations, a distribution that could support substrate pinching. WASP facilitates recruitment of the Arp2/3 complex to these sites, stimulating local actin assembly that couples substrate features with the cytoskeleton. Surprisingly, WASP only enriches to membrane deformations in the front half of the cell, within a permissive zone set by WASP's front-biased regulator Cdc42. While WASP KO cells exhibit relatively normal migration on flat substrates, they are defective at topology-directed migration. Our data suggest that WASP integrates substrate topology with cell polarity by selectively polymerizing actin around substrate-induced membrane deformations in the front half of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Brunetti
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Gabriele Kockelkoren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Preethi Raghavan
- University of California, Berkeley–University of California, San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA
| | - George R.R. Bell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Derek Britain
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Natasha Puri
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sean R. Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | | | - Dimitrios Stamou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Orion D. Weiner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Abstract
Accurate decoding of spatial chemical landscapes is critical for many cell functions. Eukaryotic cells decode local chemical gradients to orient growth or movement in productive directions. Recent work on yeast model systems, whose gradient sensing pathways display much less complexity than those in animal cells, has suggested new paradigms for how these very small cells successfully exploit information in noisy and dynamic pheromone gradients to identify their mates. Pheromone receptors regulate a polarity circuit centered on the conserved Rho-family GTPase, Cdc42. The polarity circuit contains both positive and negative feedback pathways, allowing spontaneous symmetry breaking and also polarity site disassembly and relocation. Cdc42 orients the actin cytoskeleton, leading to focused vesicle traffic that promotes movement of the polarity site and also reshapes the cortical distribution of receptors at the cell surface. In this article, we review the advances from work on yeasts and compare them with the excitable signaling pathways that have been revealed in chemotactic animal cells. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biophysics, Volume 51 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debraj Ghose
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Timothy Elston
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel Lew
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA;
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Yang JM, Chi WY, Liang J, Takayanagi S, Iglesias PA, Huang CH. Deciphering cell signaling networks with massively multiplexed biosensor barcoding. Cell 2021; 184:6193-6206.e14. [PMID: 34838160 PMCID: PMC8686192 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors are powerful tools for monitoring biochemical activities in live cells, but their multiplexing capacity is limited by the available spectral space. We overcome this problem by developing a set of barcoding proteins that can generate over 100 barcodes and are spectrally separable from commonly used biosensors. Mixtures of barcoded cells expressing different biosensors are simultaneously imaged and analyzed by deep learning models to achieve massively multiplexed tracking of signaling events. Importantly, different biosensors in cell mixtures show highly coordinated activities, thus facilitating the delineation of their temporal relationship. Simultaneous tracking of multiple biosensors in the receptor tyrosine kinase signaling network reveals distinct mechanisms of effector adaptation, cell autonomous and non-autonomous effects of KRAS mutations, as well as complex interactions in the network. Biosensor barcoding presents a scalable method to expand multiplexing capabilities for deciphering the complexity of signaling networks and their interactions between cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jr-Ming Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Wei-Yu Chi
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jessica Liang
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Saki Takayanagi
- XDBio Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, MD 21205, USA
| | - Pablo A Iglesias
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Chuan-Hsiang Huang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Xu J, Meng X, Yang Q, Zhang J, Hu W, Fu H, Chen JW, Ma W, Chisholm AD, Sun Q, Xu S. Redox-sensitive CDC-42 clustering promotes wound closure in C. elegans. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110040. [PMID: 34818546 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue damage induces immediate-early signals, activating Rho small GTPases to trigger actin polymerization essential for later wound repair. However, how tissue damage is sensed to activate Rho small GTPases locally remains elusive. Here, we found that wounding the C. elegans epidermis induces rapid relocalization of CDC-42 into plasma membrane-associated clusters, which subsequently recruits WASP/WSP-1 to trigger actin polymerization to close the wound. In addition, wounding induces a local transient increase and subsequent reduction of H2O2, which negatively regulates the clustering of CDC-42 and wound closure. CDC-42 CAAX motif-mediated prenylation and polybasic region-mediated cation-phospholipid interaction are both required for its clustering. Cysteine residues participate in intermolecular disulfide bonds to reduce membrane association and are required for negative regulation of CDC-42 clustering by H2O2. Collectively, our findings suggest that H2O2-regulated fine-tuning of CDC-42 localization can create a distinct biomolecular cluster that facilitates rapid epithelial wound repair after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiu Xu
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xinan Meng
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qingxian Yang
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianqin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongying Fu
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jack Wei Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weirui Ma
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Andrew D Chisholm
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Qiming Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Suhong Xu
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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37
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Hadjitheodorou A, Bell GRR, Ellett F, Shastry S, Irimia D, Collins SR, Theriot JA. Directional reorientation of migrating neutrophils is limited by suppression of receptor input signaling at the cell rear through myosin II activity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6619. [PMID: 34785640 PMCID: PMC8595366 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26622-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To migrate efficiently to target locations, cells must integrate receptor inputs while maintaining polarity: a distinct front that leads and a rear that follows. Here we investigate what is necessary to overwrite pre-existing front-rear polarity in neutrophil-like HL60 cells migrating inside straight microfluidic channels. Using subcellular optogenetic receptor activation, we show that receptor inputs can reorient weakly polarized cells, but the rear of strongly polarized cells is refractory to new inputs. Transient stimulation reveals a multi-step repolarization process, confirming that cell rear sensitivity to receptor input is the primary determinant of large-scale directional reversal. We demonstrate that the RhoA/ROCK/myosin II pathway limits the ability of receptor inputs to signal to Cdc42 and reorient migrating neutrophils. We discover that by tuning the phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain we can modulate the activity and localization of myosin II and thus the amenability of the cell rear to 'listen' to receptor inputs and respond to directional reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Hadjitheodorou
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - George R R Bell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Felix Ellett
- Department of Surgery, BioMEMS Resource Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shashank Shastry
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Irimia
- Department of Surgery, BioMEMS Resource Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sean R Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Julie A Theriot
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Bell GRR, Rincón E, Akdoğan E, Collins SR. Optogenetic control of receptors reveals distinct roles for actin- and Cdc42-dependent negative signals in chemotactic signal processing. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6148. [PMID: 34785668 PMCID: PMC8595684 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26371-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
During chemotaxis, neutrophils use cell surface G Protein Coupled Receptors to detect chemoattractant gradients. The downstream signaling system is wired with multiple feedback loops that amplify weak inputs and promote spatial separation of cell front and rear activities. Positive feedback could promote rapid signal spreading, yet information from the receptors is transmitted with high spatial fidelity, enabling detection of small differences in chemoattractant concentration across the cell. How the signal transduction network achieves signal amplification while preserving spatial information remains unclear. The GTPase Cdc42 is a cell-front polarity coordinator that is predictive of cell turning, suggesting an important role in spatial processing. Here we directly measure information flow from receptors to Cdc42 by pairing zebrafish parapinopsina, an optogenetic G Protein Coupled Receptor with reversible ON/OFF control, with a spectrally compatible red/far red Cdc42 Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer biosensor. Using this toolkit, we show that positive and negative signals downstream of G proteins shape a rapid, dose-dependent Cdc42 response. Furthermore, F-actin and Cdc42 itself provide two distinct negative signals that limit the duration and spatial spread of Cdc42 activation, maintaining output signals local to the originating receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R R Bell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Esther Rincón
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Emel Akdoğan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sean R Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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Gordon MT, Ziemba BP, Falke JJ. Single-molecule studies reveal regulatory interactions between master kinases PDK1, AKT1, and PKC. Biophys J 2021; 120:5657-5673. [PMID: 34673053 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte migration is controlled by a leading-edge chemosensory pathway that generates the regulatory lipid phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3), a growth signal, thereby driving leading-edge expansion up attractant gradients toward sites of infection, inflammation, or tissue damage. PIP3 also serves as an important growth signal in growing cells and oncogenesis. The kinases PDK1, AKT1 or PKB, and PKCα are key components of a plasma-membrane-based PIP3 and Ca2+ signaling circuit that regulates these processes. PDK1 and AKT1 are recruited to the membrane by PIP3, whereas PKCα is recruited to the membrane by Ca2+. All three of these master kinases phosphoregulate an array of protein targets. For example, PDK1 activates AKT1, PKCα, and other AGC kinases by phosphorylation at key sites. PDK1 is believed to form PDK1-AKT1 and PDK1-PKCα heterodimers stabilized by a PDK1-interacting fragment (PIF) interaction between the PDK1 PIF pocket and the PIF motif of the AGC binding partner. Here, we present the first, to our knowledge, single-molecule studies of full-length PDK1 and AKT1 on target membrane surfaces, as well as their interaction with full-length PKCα. These studies directly detect membrane-bound PDK1-AKT1 and PDK1-PKCα heterodimers stabilized by PIF interactions formed at physiological ligand concentrations. PKCα exhibits eightfold higher PDK1 affinity than AKT1 and can competitively displace AKT1 from PDK1-AKT1 heterodimers. Ensemble activity measurements under matched conditions reveal that PDK1 activates AKT1 via a cis mechanism by phosphorylating an AKT1 molecule in the same PDK1-AKT1 heterodimer, whereas PKCα acts as a competitive inhibitor of this phosphoactivation reaction by displacing AKT1 from PDK1. Overall, the findings provide insights into the binding and regulatory interactions of the three master kinases on their target membrane and suggest that a recently described tumor suppressor activity of PKC isoforms may arise from its ability to downregulate PDK1-AKT1 phosphoactivation in the PIP3-PDK1-AKT1-mTOR pathway linked to cell growth and oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe T Gordon
- Molecular Biophysics Program and Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Brian P Ziemba
- Molecular Biophysics Program and Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Joseph J Falke
- Molecular Biophysics Program and Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.
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Inoue H, Takatsu H, Hamamoto A, Takayama M, Nakabuchi R, Muranaka Y, Yagi T, Nakayama K, Shin HW. The interaction of ATP11C-b with ezrin contributes to its polarized localization. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:272204. [PMID: 34528675 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP11C, a member of the P4-ATPase family, translocates phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine at the plasma membrane. We previously revealed that its C-terminal splice variant ATP11C-b exhibits polarized localization in motile cell lines, such as MDA-MB-231 and Ba/F3. In the present study, we found that the C-terminal cytoplasmic region of ATP11C-b interacts specifically with ezrin. Notably, the LLxY motif in the ATP11C-b C-terminal region is crucial for its interaction with ezrin as well as its polarized localization on the plasma membrane. A constitutively active, C-terminal phosphomimetic mutant of ezrin was colocalized with ATP11C-b in polarized motile cells. ATP11C-b was partially mislocalized in cells depleted of ezrin alone, and exhibited greater mislocalization in cells simultaneously depleted of the family members ezrin, radixin and moesin (ERM), suggesting that ERM proteins, particularly ezrin, contribute to the polarized localization of ATP11C-b. Furthermore, Atp11c knockout resulted in C-terminally phosphorylated ERM protein mislocalization, which was restored by exogenous expression of ATP11C-b but not ATP11C-a. These observations together indicate that the polarized localizations of ATP11C-b and the active form of ezrin to the plasma membrane are interdependently stabilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Inoue
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takatsu
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Asuka Hamamoto
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takayama
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Riki Nakabuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yumeka Muranaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Yagi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Nakayama
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hye-Won Shin
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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41
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Hannum ME, Lin C, Bell K, Toskala A, Koch R, Galaniha T, Nolden A, Reed DR, Joseph P. The genetics of eating behaviors: research in the age of COVID-19. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.09.03.458854. [PMID: 34518838 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.03.438340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
How much pleasure we take in eating is more than just how much we enjoy the taste of food. Food involvement - the amount of time we spend on food beyond the immediate act of eating and tasting - is key to the human food experience. We took a biological approach to test whether food-related behaviors, together capturing food involvement, have genetic components and are partly due to inherited variation. We collected data via an internet survey from a genetically informative sample of 419 adult twins (114 monozygotic twin pairs, 31 dizygotic twin pairs, and 129 singletons). Because we conducted this research during the pandemic, we also ascertained how many participants had experienced COVID-19-associated loss of taste and smell. Since these respondents had previously participated in research in person, we measured their level of engagement to evaluate the quality of their online responses. Additive genetics explained 16-44% of the variation in some measures of food involvement, most prominently various aspects of cooking, suggesting some features of the human food experience may be inborn. Other features reflected shared (early) environment, captured by respondents' twin status. About 6% of participants had a history of COVID-19 infection, many with transitory taste and smell loss, but all but one had recovered before the survey. Overall, these results suggest that people may have inborn as well as learned variations in their involvement with food. We also learned to adapt to research during a pandemic by considering COVID-19 status and measuring engagement in online studies of human eating behavior.
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Rocha-Gregg B, Huttenlocher A. Signal integration in forward and reverse neutrophil migration: Fundamentals and emerging mechanisms. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 72:124-130. [PMID: 34411839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils migrate to sites of tissue damage, where they protect the host against pathogens. Often, the cost of these neutrophil defenses is collateral damage to healthy tissues. Thus, the immune system has evolved multiple mechanisms to regulate neutrophil migration. One of these mechanisms is reverse migration - the process whereby neutrophils leave the source of inflammation. In vivo, neutrophils arrive and depart the wound simultaneously - indicating that neutrophils dynamically integrate conflicting signals to engage in forward and reverse migration. This finding is seemingly at odds with the established chemoattractant hierarchy in vitro, which places wound-derived signals at the top. Here we will discuss recent work that has uncovered key players involved in retaining and dispersing neutrophils from wounds. These findings offer the opportunity to integrate established and emerging mechanisms into a holistic model for neutrophil migration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana Rocha-Gregg
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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43
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Yang Q, Jiang N, Xu H, Zhang Y, Xiong C, Huang J. Integration of electrotaxis and durotaxis in cancer cells: Subtle nonlinear responses to electromechanical coupling cues. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 186:113289. [PMID: 33975207 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cells in living organisms live in multiphysics-coupled environments. There is growing evidence indicating that both exogenous electric field (EEF) and extracellular stiffness gradient (ESG) can regulate directional movement of cells, which are known as electrotaxis and durotaxis, respectively. How single cells respond to the ubiquitous electromechanical coupling cues, however, remains mysterious. Using microfluidic chip-based methodology and finite element-based electromechanical coupling design strategies, we develope an electromechanical coupling microchip system, enabling us to quantitatively investigate polarization and directional migration governed by EEF and ESG at the single cell level. It is revealed that both of electrotaxis and durotaxis nonlinearly depend on the physiological EEF and ESG, respectively. Specific combinations of EEF and ESG can subtly modify the polarization states of single cells and thus induce hyperpolarization and depolarization. Cells can integrate electrotaxis and durotaxis in response to multi-cue microenvironments via subtle mechanisms involving cooperation and competition during cellular electrosensing and mechanosensing. The work offers a platform for quantifying migration and polarization of cells driven by electromechanical cues, which is essential not only for elucidating physiological and pathological processes like embryo development, and invasion and metastasis of cancer cells, but for manipulating cell behaviors in a controllable and programmable fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunfeng Yang
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hongwei Xu
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yajun Zhang
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chunyang Xiong
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jianyong Huang
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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44
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Imoto D, Saito N, Nakajima A, Honda G, Ishida M, Sugita T, Ishihara S, Katagiri K, Okimura C, Iwadate Y, Sawai S. Comparative mapping of crawling-cell morphodynamics in deep learning-based feature space. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009237. [PMID: 34383753 PMCID: PMC8360578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Navigation of fast migrating cells such as amoeba Dictyostelium and immune cells are tightly associated with their morphologies that range from steady polarized forms that support high directionality to those more complex and variable when making frequent turns. Model simulations are essential for quantitative understanding of these features and their origins, however systematic comparisons with real data are underdeveloped. Here, by employing deep-learning-based feature extraction combined with phase-field modeling framework, we show that a low dimensional feature space for 2D migrating cell morphologies obtained from the shape stereotype of keratocytes, Dictyostelium and neutrophils can be fully mapped by an interlinked signaling network of cell-polarization and protrusion dynamics. Our analysis links the data-driven shape analysis to the underlying causalities by identifying key parameters critical for migratory morphologies both normal and aberrant under genetic and pharmacological perturbations. The results underscore the importance of deciphering self-organizing states and their interplay when characterizing morphological phenotypes. Migratory cells that move by crawling do so by extending and retracting their plasma membrane. When and where these events take place determine the cell shape, and this is directly linked to the movement patterns. Understanding how the highly plastic and interconvertible morphologies appear from their underlying dynamics remains a challenge partly because their inherent complexity makes quantitatively comparison against the outputs of mathematical models difficult. To this end, we employed machine-learning based classification to extract features that characterize the basic migrating morphologies. The obtained features were then used to compare real cell data with outputs of a conceptual model that we introduced which describes coupling via feedback between local protrusive dynamics and polarity. The feature mapping showed that the model successfully recapitulates the shape dynamics that were not covered by previous related models and also hints at the critical parameters underlying state transitions. The ability of the present approach to compare model outputs with real cell data systematically and objectively is important as it allows outputs of future mathematical models to be quantitatively tested in an accessible and common reference frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Imoto
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nen Saito
- Universal Biological Institute, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakajima
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Complex Systems Biology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gen Honda
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motohiko Ishida
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toyoko Sugita
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Ishihara
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Koko Katagiri
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Chika Okimura
- Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | | | - Satoshi Sawai
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Universal Biological Institute, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Complex Systems Biology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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45
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Ramirez SA, Pablo M, Burk S, Lew DJ, Elston TC. A novel stochastic simulation approach enables exploration of mechanisms for regulating polarity site movement. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008525. [PMID: 34264926 PMCID: PMC8315557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells polarize their movement or growth toward external directional cues in many different contexts. For example, budding yeast cells grow toward potential mating partners in response to pheromone gradients. Directed growth is controlled by polarity factors that assemble into clusters at the cell membrane. The clusters assemble, disassemble, and move between different regions of the membrane before eventually forming a stable polarity site directed toward the pheromone source. Pathways that regulate clustering have been identified but the molecular mechanisms that regulate cluster mobility are not well understood. To gain insight into the contribution of chemical noise to cluster behavior we simulated clustering using the reaction-diffusion master equation (RDME) framework to account for molecular-level fluctuations. RDME simulations are a computationally efficient approximation, but their results can diverge from the underlying microscopic dynamics. We implemented novel concentration-dependent rate constants that improved the accuracy of RDME-based simulations, allowing us to efficiently investigate how cluster dynamics might be regulated. Molecular noise was effective in relocating clusters when the clusters contained low numbers of limiting polarity factors, and when Cdc42, the central polarity regulator, exhibited short dwell times at the polarity site. Cluster stabilization occurred when abundances or binding rates were altered to either lengthen dwell times or increase the number of polarity molecules in the cluster. We validated key results using full 3D particle-based simulations. Understanding the mechanisms cells use to regulate the dynamics of polarity clusters should provide insights into how cells dynamically track external directional cues. Cells localize polarity molecules in a small region of the plasma membrane forming a polarity cluster that directs functions such as migration, reproduction, and growth. Guided by external signals, these clusters move across the membrane allowing cells to reorient growth or motion. The polarity molecules continuously and randomly shuttle between the cluster and the cell cytosol and, as a result, the number and distribution of molecules at the cluster constantly changes. Here we present an improved stochastic simulation algorithm to investigate how such molecular-scale fluctuations induce cluster movement across the cell membrane. Unexpectedly, cluster mobility does not correlate with variations in total molecule abundance within the cluster, but rather with changes in the spatial distribution of molecules that form the cluster. Cluster motion is faster when polarity molecules are scarce and when they shuttle rapidly between the cluster and the cytosol. Our results suggest that cells control cluster mobility by regulating the abundance of polarity molecules and biochemical reactions that affect the time molecules spend at the cluster. We provide insights into how cells harness random molecular behavior to perform functions important for survival, such as detecting the direction of external signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A. Ramirez
- Department of Pharmacology and Computational Medicine Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SAR); (TCE)
| | - Michael Pablo
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sean Burk
- Department of Pharmacology and Computational Medicine Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Lew
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Timothy C. Elston
- Department of Pharmacology and Computational Medicine Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SAR); (TCE)
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46
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Kilian LS, Frank D, Rangrez AY. RhoA Signaling in Immune Cell Response and Cardiac Disease. Cells 2021; 10:1681. [PMID: 34359851 PMCID: PMC8306393 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation, the activation of immune cells and their cross-talk with cardiomyocytes in the pathogenesis and progression of heart diseases has long been overlooked. However, with the latest research developments, it is increasingly accepted that a vicious cycle exists where cardiomyocytes release cardiocrine signaling molecules that spiral down to immune cell activation and chronic state of low-level inflammation. For example, cardiocrine molecules released from injured or stressed cardiomyocytes can stimulate macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils and even T-cells, which then subsequently increase cardiac inflammation by co-stimulation and positive feedback loops. One of the key proteins involved in stress-mediated cardiomyocyte signal transduction is a small GTPase RhoA. Importantly, the regulation of RhoA activation is critical for effective immune cell response and is being considered as one of the potential therapeutic targets in many immune-cell-mediated inflammatory diseases. In this review we provide an update on the role of RhoA at the juncture of immune cell activation, inflammation and cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Sophie Kilian
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology, Angiology, Intensive Care, University Medical Center Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
- DZHK, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Derk Frank
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology, Angiology, Intensive Care, University Medical Center Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
- DZHK, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ashraf Yusuf Rangrez
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology, Angiology, Intensive Care, University Medical Center Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
- DZHK, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Yu LY, Tseng TJ, Lin HC, Hsu CL, Lu TX, Tsai CJ, Lin YC, Chu I, Peng CT, Chen HJ, Tsai FC. Synthetic dysmobility screen unveils an integrated STK40-YAP-MAPK system driving cell migration. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg2106. [PMID: 34321207 PMCID: PMC8318371 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg2106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Integrating signals is essential for cell survival, leading to the concept of synthetic lethality. However, how signaling is integrated to control cell migration remains unclear. By conducting a "two-hit" screen, we revealed the synergistic reduction of cell migration when serine-threonine kinase 40 (STK40) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were simultaneously suppressed. Single-cell analyses showed that STK40 knockdown reduced cell motility and coordination by strengthening focal adhesion (FA) complexes. Furthermore, STK40 knockdown reduced the stability of yes-associated protein (YAP) and subsequently decreased YAP transported into the nucleus, while MAPK inhibition further weakened YAP activities in the nucleus to disturb FA remodeling. Together, we unveiled an integrated STK40-YAP-MAPK system regulating cell migration and introduced "synthetic dysmobility" as a novel strategy to collaboratively control cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yea Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Jen Tseng
- Department of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Chao Lin
- Department of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Lin Hsu
- Department of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Xuan Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Chia-Jung Tsai
- Department of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yu-Chiao Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I Chu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Tzu Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hou-Jen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Chiao Tsai
- Department of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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48
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Natwick DE, Collins SR. Optimized iLID Membrane Anchors for Local Optogenetic Protein Recruitment. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:1009-1023. [PMID: 33843200 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetic protein dimerization systems are powerful tools to investigate the biochemical networks that cells use to make decisions and coordinate their activities. These tools, including the improved Light-Inducible Dimer (iLID) system, offer the ability to selectively recruit components to subcellular locations, such as micron-scale regions of the plasma membrane. In this way, the role of individual proteins within signaling networks can be examined with high spatiotemporal resolution. Currently, consistent recruitment is limited by heterogeneous optogenetic component expression, and spatial precision is diminished by protein diffusion, especially over long time scales. Here, we address these challenges within the iLID system with alternative membrane anchoring domains and fusion configurations. Using live cell imaging and mathematical modeling, we demonstrate that the anchoring strategy affects both component expression and diffusion, which in turn impact recruitment strength, kinetics, and spatial dynamics. Compared to the commonly used C-terminal iLID fusion, fusion proteins with large N-terminal anchors show stronger local recruitment, slower diffusion of recruited components, efficient recruitment over wider gene expression ranges, and improved spatial control over signaling outputs. We also define guidelines for component expression regimes for optimal recruitment for both cell-wide and subcellular recruitment strategies. Our findings highlight key sources of imprecision within light-inducible dimer systems and provide tools that allow greater control of subcellular protein localization across diverse cell biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean E. Natwick
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Sean R. Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Kim JM, Jo Y, Jung JW, Park K. A mechanogenetic role for the actomyosin complex in branching morphogenesis of epithelial organs. Development 2021; 148:dev.190785. [PMID: 33658222 DOI: 10.1242/dev.190785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The actomyosin complex plays crucial roles in various life processes by balancing the forces generated by cellular components. In addition to its physical function, the actomyosin complex participates in mechanotransduction. However, the exact role of actomyosin contractility in force transmission and the related transcriptional changes during morphogenesis are not fully understood. Here, we report a mechanogenetic role of the actomyosin complex in branching morphogenesis using an organotypic culture system of mouse embryonic submandibular glands. We dissected the physical factors arranged by characteristic actin structures in developing epithelial buds and identified the spatial distribution of forces that is essential for buckling mechanism to promote the branching process. Moreover, the crucial genes required for the distribution of epithelial progenitor cells were regulated by YAP and TAZ through a mechanotransduction process in epithelial organs. These findings are important for our understanding of the physical processes involved in the development of epithelial organs and provide a theoretical background for developing new approaches for organ regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Man Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - YoungJu Jo
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Won Jung
- Department of Dentistry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungpyo Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
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50
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On the influence of cell shape on dynamic reaction-diffusion polarization patterns. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248293. [PMID: 33735291 PMCID: PMC7971540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The distribution of signaling molecules following mechanical or chemical stimulation of a cell defines cell polarization, with regions of high active Cdc42 at the front and low active Cdc42 at the rear. As reaction-diffusion phenomena between signaling molecules, such as Rho GTPases, define the gradient dynamics, we hypothesize that the cell shape influences the maintenance of the “front-to-back” cell polarization patterns. We investigated the influence of cell shape on the Cdc42 patterns using an established computational polarization model. Our simulation results showed that not only cell shape but also Cdc42 and Rho-related (in)activation parameter values affected the distribution of active Cdc42. Despite an initial Cdc42 gradient, the in silico results showed that the maximal Cdc42 concentration shifts in the opposite direction, a phenomenon we propose to call “reverse polarization”. Additional in silico analyses indicated that “reverse polarization” only occurred in a particular parameter value space that resulted in a balance between inactivation and activation of Rho GTPases. Future work should focus on a mathematical description of the underpinnings of reverse polarization, in combination with experimental validation using, for example, dedicated FRET-probes to spatiotemporally track Rho GTPase patterns in migrating cells. In summary, the findings of this study enhance our understanding of the role of cell shape in intracellular signaling.
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